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396:, subjects were shown a videotape of a car accident and then asked either "How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?" or the same question with the verb "hit" replaced by the verb "smashed". Subjects who were asked the question with the word "smashed" gave higher estimates of speed. Additionally, when asked if there was broken glass at the scene, those who heard "smashed" were more likely to answer affirmatively, even though there was no broken glass shown in the video.
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Thompson has since become a critic of eyewitness testimony because of its proven unreliability. She was filled with remorse after learning that she had contributed to Cotton, an innocent man, being convicted and sent to prison. Upon release for wrongful conviction (proved by DNA analysis), Cotton was
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retested, which found that his DNA was not present, resulting in Cotton being exonerated and freed. Authorities also tested the DNA in the rape kit of Mary
Williams, who was raped by the same assailant as Thompson on the very same night, and the DNA was found to be that of Bobby Poole, another inmate
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in the prison where Cotton was incarcerated; Poole had also boasted to his fellow inmates that he had committed the crimes for which Cotton was convicted. Poole confessed to raping both
Thompson and Williams and was sentenced to 70 years in prison. He died of cancer in prison in 2000.
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defense. Another common scenario where the SODDI defense is available is where the police find contraband in a car or residence containing multiple people. In this scenario, each person present could assert that one of the other people possessed the contraband.
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to the crime incorrectly thought that they saw the defendant, when in fact the person seen by the witness was someone else. The defendant may question both the memory of the witness (suggesting, for example, that the identification is the result of a
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that there is reasonable doubt about whether the witness actually saw what they claim to have seen, or recalls having seen. Although scientific studies have shown that mistaken identity is a common phenomenon, jurors give very strong credence to
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in 1858. He referred to a farmer's almanac to prove that a witness could not have seen
Armstrong in the moonlight, as claimed, because the position of the moon that night would not have provided sufficient illumination. Armstrong was acquitted.
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and raped her. During the attack, she studied the attacker's face, determined to identify him if she survived the attack. When presented with a photo lineup, she identified Cotton as her attacker. Twice, she
439:, who served several years in prison as a swindler, was released upon completion of his sentence, and then arrested again on the same charges before the actual swindler of similar appearance was apprehended.
484:("Some Other Dude Did It" or "Some Other Dude Done It") is a slang term referring to a situation in which the defendant does not deny that a crime (e.g., murder or assault) occurred and is not asserting
488:, but rather is asserting that they are not the one who did it. The SODDI defense in a murder, rape or assault case is often accompanied by a mistaken identity defense and/or an
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911:
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882:"Evidence of a Third Party's Guilt of the Crime that the Accused is Charged with: The Constitutionalization of the SODDI (Some Other Dude Did It) Defense 2.0"
364:), and the perception of the witness (suggesting, for example, that the witness had poor eyesight, or that the crime occurred in a poorly lit place).
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472:. Cotton and Thompson reconciled and became close friends; they conduct speaking tours to promote reform of procedures for eyewitness testimony.
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statute that prohibited putting on a SODDI defense when the state's case was "strong" violated the Sixth
Amendment right to put on a defense.
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822:"Ethics in Criminal Advocacy, Symposium, Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar?: The Law and Ethics of Shifting Blame in Criminal Cases"
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Another case demonstrating mistaken identity is the case of Ronald Cotton. In July 1984, a man broke into
Jennifer Thompson's home in
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by saying she had identified him. Cotton was found guilty of rape and burglary and sentenced to life plus 54 years in prison.
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and DNA evidence now commonplace, many convictions based on eyewitness testimony are being re-examined. According to
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Mistaken identity: Keith Lamont
Johnson, Detroit man sues over repeated arrests for another man's crimes
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Many experiments have demonstrated how the memories of eyewitnesses can be manipulated. In one study by
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A famous case of mistaken identity in the United
Kingdom is the case of
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626:(1). Springfield, Illinois: Illinois State Historical Society: 26.
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in a criminal case must prove the guilt of the accused beyond a
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This article is about the criminal defense. For other uses, see
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851:"Technical SODDI Defenses: The Trojan Horse Defense Revisited"
407:, 73% of the cases of DNA exonerations have involved mistaken
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153:
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Mistaken identity discussed from a psychological perspective
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In March 1995, Cotton's lawyers had the DNA in
Thompson's
588:"Why Science Tells Us Not to Rely on Eyewitness Accounts"
586:
Arkowitz, Hal; Lillienfield, Scott O. (January 1, 2010).
909:
585:
1275:Race in the United States criminal justice system
1213:List of wrongful convictions in the United States
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620:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
53:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1374:List of death row inmates in the United States
855:Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law
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1228:Overturned convictions in the United States
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468:awarded $ 110,000 in compensation from the
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932:Mistaken Identity at the Innocence Project
766:Dowling, Claudia Glenn (August 14, 2000).
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84:Learn how and when to remove this message
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422:used mistaken identity as a defense for
1362:Capital punishment in the United States
896:Loyola University Chicago School of Law
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737:
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613:
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887:Loyola University Chicago Law Journal
880:Imwinkelried, Edward J. (Fall 2015).
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793:"I Was Certain, But I Was Dead Wrong"
710:Weinberg, Steve (November 27, 2012).
616:"Lincoln's Defense of Duff Armstrong"
1223:List of miscarriage of justice cases
1218:List of exonerated death row inmates
819:
791:Thompson, Jennifer (June 20, 2000).
740:"Confession Brings End to Rape Case"
682:Murnane, Kevin (December 21, 2015).
25:
545:Loftus, Elizabeth (November 2003).
13:
654:. October 16, 2004. Archived from
375:, the defendant must convince the
21:Mistaken Identity (disambiguation)
14:
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1300:Ineffective assistance of counsel
1254:National Registry of Exonerations
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836:Fordham University School of Law
738:Thorner, James (July 11, 1995).
646:"The strange case of Adolf Beck"
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805:on March 21, 2006 – via
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820:Suni, Ellen Yankiver (2000).
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614:Gridley, J.N. (April 1910).
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1280:Innocent prisoner's dilemma
565:10.1037/0003-066X.58.11.867
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449:Burlington, North Carolina
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129:Mental disorder (Insanity)
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1173:Eyewitness identification
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949:February 4, 2009, at the
937:February 4, 2007, at the
849:Steel, Chad M.S. (2014).
409:eyewitness identification
134:Diminished responsibility
1346:Innocence Protection Act
1006:Prosecutorial misconduct
894:(1). Chicago, Illinois:
499:Holmes v. South Carolina
424:William "Duff" Armstrong
39:This section includes a
1341:Equal Protection Clause
1259:Investigating Innocence
1190:Tampering with evidence
547:"Make-believe memories"
470:state of North Carolina
68:more precise citations.
1106:Spoliation of evidence
992:Miscarriage of justice
914:July 24, 2011, at the
401:genetic fingerprinting
1331:Right to a fair trial
1185:Misinformation effect
1031:Selective enforcement
1026:Malicious prosecution
1021:Selective prosecution
717:The American Prospect
712:"Seeing is Believing"
552:American Psychologist
454:testified against him
405:the Innocence Project
1326:Exculpatory evidence
1305:Prosecutor's fallacy
1285:Blue wall of silence
1268:Contributing factors
1205:Wrongful convictions
834:(5). New York City:
382:eyewitness testimony
1051:Abuse of discretion
1041:Attorney misconduct
999:Types of misconduct
780:on August 16, 2012.
768:"Mistaken Identity"
593:Scientific American
1368:Batson v. Kentucky
1314:Norms and remedies
1233:Wrongful execution
1151:Child sexual abuse
827:Fordham Law Review
658:on August 18, 2023
353:criminal defendant
41:list of references
1411:Criminal defenses
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1397:
1249:Innocence Project
1178:Cross-race effect
1168:Eyewitness memory
1163:Mistaken identity
1134:Forced confession
1096:Witness tampering
1071:Legal malpractice
1066:Gaming the system
1016:Police corruption
1011:Police misconduct
798:Houston Chronicle
347:which claims the
341:Mistaken identity
338:
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100:Criminal defenses
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1355:Related concepts
1336:Actual innocence
1290:Racial profiling
1141:False accusation
1129:False confession
1101:Brady disclosure
1036:Abuse of process
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119:Actual innocence
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367:Because the
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362:false memory
345:criminal law
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218:Criminal law
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189:Self-defense
139:Intoxication
106:Part of the
80:
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60:Please help
52:
1421:Legal error
1111:Civil wrong
865:January 22,
751:January 22,
723:January 22,
695:January 22,
599:January 22,
526:Gaslighting
369:prosecution
184:Provocation
66:introducing
1405:Categories
1081:Show trial
1056:Entrapment
1046:Bad apples
898:: 121–122.
662:August 18,
532:References
437:Adolf Beck
431:Adolf Beck
357:eyewitness
232:common law
199:Entrapment
149:Automatism
108:common law
222:procedure
179:Necessity
1295:Loophole
1242:Advocacy
947:Archived
935:Archived
912:Archived
632:40194333
573:14609374
510:See also
461:rape kit
278:Evidence
258:Property
248:Contract
243:Criminal
212:See also
124:Immunity
1195:Frameup
838:: 1644.
388:Studies
351:of the
287:Portals
273:Estates
164:Mistake
159:Consent
144:Infancy
62:improve
773:People
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268:Trusts
230:Other
169:Duress
110:series
628:JSTOR
490:alibi
399:With
263:wills
234:areas
154:Alibi
47:, or
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