1201:"Studies in American Origins – 1. Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker: Torchbearer of the Revolution: The Story of Bacon's Rebellion and its Leaders. Princeton University Press, 1940. 2. Samuel Hugh Brockunier: The Irrepressible Democrat Roger Williams. New York: The Ronald Press Company, 1940. 3. Perry Miller: The New England Mind of the Seventeenth Century. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1939. 4. Marcus Lee Hansen: The Atlantic Migration 1607–1860, A History of the Continuing Settlement of the United States; edited by Arthur M. Schlesinger. Harvard University Press, 1940. 5. Marcus Lee Hansen: The Immigrant in American History; edited with a foreword by Arthur M. Schlesinger. Harvard University Press, 1940"
564:, which criticized Berkeley's administration, accusing him of levying unfair taxes, appointing friends to high positions, and failing to protect outlying farmers from Indian attack. They also issued a 'Manifesto' urging the "extirpation" of all Indians, asserting that they did not deserve legal protections because they "have bin for these Many years enemies to the King and Country, Robbers and Thieves and Invaders of his Majesty's Right and our Interest and Estate". Months of conflict ensued, including a naval attempt across the Potomac and in Chesapeake Bay by Bacon's allies to capture Berkeley at
547:. They also made the sale of any arms to any Indian punishable by execution. Bacon's followers were unmollified, accusing Berkeley of refusing to authorize retaliation against natives to protect his own fur-trading investments and the monopolies which he had granted to his favorites. After a number of verbal altercations, including a quarrel in a Jamestown street, Berkeley retreated to his plantation and signed the military commission Bacon demanded. Scouting parties accordingly set out to requisition supplies, as well as to kill and enslave Indians, prompting protests from citizens of
444:, including those in friendly tribes living on treaty-protected lands, should be driven out or killed. Historians have noted that the hatred among the settlers towards the Native Americans is a historically underrepresented catalyst of Bacon's Rebellion, as the rebellion was equally about "violently Indians" and " that hatred" as it was about changing frontier policy in Virginia. They also protested against corruption in the government of Governor Berkeley, which has been described as "incorrigibly corrupt, inhumanely oppressive, and inexcusably inefficient, especially in war".
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592:, which criticized both Berkeley and Bacon for their conduct toward friendly tribes, Berkeley was relieved of the governorship, returned to England to protest, and died shortly thereafter. Charles II later supposedly commented, "That old fool has put to death more people in that naked country than I did here for the murder of my father." This may be a colonial myth, arising about 30 years later.
394:(1604–1671) and his wife Ellenor Panton, reputedly in direct defiance of her father's veto. After accusations that Nathaniel had cheated another young man of his inheritance, Thomas Bacon gave his son the considerable sum of £1,800 and the young man sailed into exile across the Atlantic. Upon arriving in Virginia, Nathaniel Bacon bought two frontier plantations on the
572:(who narrowly escaped with her son) to throw herself on the mercy of the Governor's Council. Berkeley raised his own army of mercenaries on the Eastern Shore, and also captured Bacon's naval allies and executed the two leaders. Bacon's forces then turned against the colony's capital, burning Jamestown to the ground on September 19, 1676.
500:, Berkeley advocated containment, proposing the construction of several defensive fortifications along the frontier and urging frontier settlers to gather in a defensive posture. Frontier settlers dismissed the plan as expensive and inadequate, and also suspected that it might be a pretext for raising tax rates.
508:, and had more cattle. Indian raiders killed Bacon's overseer on that upriver plantation, and Bacon soon emerged as a rebel leader. When Berkeley refused to grant Bacon a military commission to attack all Indians, Bacon mustered his own force of 400–500 men and moved up the James River to attack the Doeg and
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In the meantime, Bacon owned two large plantations along the James River. This main plantation called "Curles" (about 1000 acres, although only a third cleared since it was formed by others circa 1630, and by now worked by a dozen slaves) was on a peninsula formed by a bend of the James River (hence
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passionately reminded the
Governor's Council of the deaths 20 years ago of her husband and 100 warriors whom they had provided in a similar situation. The chairman had ignored her complaint, and instead continued to demand more warriors, receiving a promise in return to supply a dozen. Berkeley did
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then joined
Virginia forces (now led by John Washington and Isaac Allerton), and attacked a fortified Susquehannock village. After five chiefs accepted the Maryland leader's invitation to parley, they were slaughtered, an action which provoked later legislative investigations and reprimands. The
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Susquehannocks retaliated in force against plantations, killing 60 settlers in
Maryland and a further 36 in their first assault on Virginia soil. Then other tribes joined in, killing settlers, burning houses and fields and slaughtering livestock as far as the
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took control of the rebel forces, the rebellion soon collapsed. Governor
Berkeley returned to power, seizing the property of several rebels and ultimately hanging twenty-three men, many without trial. After an investigative committee returned its report to
524:. When the friendly Occoneechee managed to capture a Susquehannock fort, Bacon's forces demanded all the spoils, although they had not assisted in the fighting. They then attacked the Oconeechee by treachery, killing 100 to 400 men, women and children.
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arrest Bacon and remove him from the council, but Bacon's men quickly secured his release, and forced
Berkeley to hold legislative elections. Meanwhile, Bacon's men continued their offensive against the Pamunkeys, who fled into
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instituted the distinct hierarchical separation and selfishness between the
Indians and the Virginians that would eventually mold into the basis for the subduing of the Indians during Bacon's Rebellion. Following a raid by
343:). Nathaniel was his father's only son, and had one full sister, and a half-sister by his father's second wife Martha (Reade), his natural mother having died in 1649 when he was two years old. He was educated at the
418:, the capital. By 1675 Bacon was himself appointed to the governor's council. Berkeley's wife, the former Frances Culpeper, may also have been Bacon's cousin by marriage.
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568:. Bacon himself focused on the Pamunkey in Dragon Swamp; his forces seized 3 horse-loads of goods, enslaved 45 Indians and killed many more, prompting the queen
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tribes. Although both had generally lived peaceably with the colonists, and had not attacked the frontier settlements, their cultivated lands were valuable.
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In March, Berkeley had attempted to secure warriors from the
Pamunkey tribe to fight hostile tribes pursuant to earlier treaties. The Pamunkey queen
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in
Maryland. Maryland Governor Calvert protested against the incursion, and the Susquehannocks retaliated. Maryland militia under Major
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P. Skippon, 'An
Account of a Journey Made through part of the Low-Countries, Germany, Italy and France', in A. and J. Churchill (ed.),
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in 1661. He traveled around Europe (Germany, Italy, Switzerland, France, Netherlands) in 1663–1664 with the celebrated naturalist
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Cynthia Miller
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287:(January 3 , 1647 – October 26, 1676) was an English merchant adventurer who emigrated to the
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who were subject to the militia's exactions. Bacon's forces retreated to Middle Plantation (later renamed
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P. Watson, 'Bacon, Thomas (c. 1620–97), of Friston, Suff. and Wandsworth, Surr.', in B.D. Henning (ed.),
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1175:"Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia in the years 1675 & 1676 | Virginia Museum of History & Culture"
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its name). Another plantation was significantly upstream, near the falls of the James River at
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Before the "Virginia Rebellion" (as it came to be called) began in earnest in 1674, some
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A Collection of Voyages and Travels, Some Now First Printed from Original Manuscripts
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For Bacon's cousin who was the acting Governor of Virginia Colony, see
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Colonist of the Virginia Colony and leader of Bacon's Rebellion
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Lethal Encounters: Englishmen and Indians in Colonial Virginia
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Lethal Encounters: Englishmen and Indians in Colonial Virginia
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tribe, instead of the Doeg tribe, including some across the
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The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1660–1690
655:"American History Nathaniel Bacon – First American Rebel"
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On July 30, 1676, Bacon and his makeshift army issued a
866:(6th ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. pp.
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was a prominent colonial leader and friend of governor
291:, where he sat on the Governor's Council but later led
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James A. Henretta; David Brody; Lynn Dumenil (2007).
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The Register of Admissions to Gray's Inn, 1521–1889
386:Nathaniel married Elizabeth Duke, the daughter of
747:Vol. I Part 1 (Cambridge University Press 1922),
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375:, leaving Willughby and Bacon to return north to
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832:(2011) University of Nebraska Press at p. 154.
492:Seeking to avoid a larger conflict similar to
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73:For other people named Nathaniel Bacon, see
1332:Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
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1347:British emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
971:(New York, Alfred A Knopf, 1984) pp. 13–21
949:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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1036:(Oxford University Press 2012) pp. 32–33
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527:Despite Bacon's outlaw status, voters of
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764:, 6 vols (J. Walthoe, London 1732), VI,
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49:of all important aspects of the article.
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1304:The Biographical Dictionary of America
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969:1676: The end of American Independence
315:Bacon was born on January 3, 1647, in
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
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579:squadron could arrive, Bacon died of
68:Nathaniel Bacon (Virginia politician)
863:America's History: Volume 1: To 1877
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129:June 1675 – 26 January 1677
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1367:Virginia Governor's Council members
1147:"Nathaniel Bacon, Saint or Sinner?"
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604:of the conflict, many in the early
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1145:Gardner, Andrew G. (Spring 2015).
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379:. He was admitted to study law at
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1307:. Vol. 1. 1906. p. 179.
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1247:"About the Capitol – High School"
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447:Predating Bacon's Rebellion, the
263:St Catharine's College, Cambridge
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1199:McAvoy, Thomas T. (April 1941).
1151:Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
1059:. World Book. 1992. p. 19.
730:(from Boydell and Brewer 1983),
683:. World Book. 1992. p. 18.
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997:McCulley, Susan (June 1987).
706:"Nathaniel Bacon (1647–1676)"
653:Nellie Canfield McFee, Inez.
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414:, Bacon initially settled in
732:History of Parliament Online
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1057:The World Book Encyclopedia
681:The World Book Encyclopedia
626:Virginia House of Delegates
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915:Schmidt, Ethan A. (2015).
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1283:The American Cyclopædia
1179:www.virginiahistory.org
1034:Tales from a Revolution
1005:. National Park Service
743:J.A. Venn and J. Venn,
708:. Encyclopedia Virginia
616:against the control of
345:University of Cambridge
339:, Yoxford and his wife
1205:The Review of Politics
815:(Williamsburg, 1957),
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1055:"Bacon's Rebellion".
921:. Boulder, Colorado.
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1286:. Vol. 2. 1879.
1110:, I (1893) pp. 55–58
893:. GlobalSecurity.org
779:Account of a Journey
679:"Bacon, Nathaniel".
1362:People from Suffolk
999:"Bacon's Rebellion"
891:"Bacon's Rebellion"
751:(Internet Archive).
614:American Revolution
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1108:Virginia Magazine
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794:J. Foster (ed.),
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533:James Crewes
526:
522:Dragon Swamp
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329:Thomas Bacon
317:Friston Hall
314:
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220:(1676-10-26)
173:
153:Succeeded by
133:James Crewes
124:
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1327:1676 deaths
1322:1647 births
585:John Ingram
570:Cockacoeske
517:Cockacoeske
498:New England
434:freeholders
396:James River
141:Preceded by
100:Howard Pyle
1316:Categories
1128:Washburn,
1045:Rice p. 34
1009:October 6,
712:August 24,
640:References
577:Royal Navy
466:militiamen
381:Gray's Inn
258:Alma mater
225:West Point
198:1647-01-02
1233:251375030
1225:0034-6705
945:cite book
937:905914248
819:(Google).
785:(Google).
777:Skippon,
618:the Crown
581:dysentery
575:Before a
416:Jamestown
341:Elizabeth
297:dysentery
269:Known for
243:Dysentery
178:1675–1676
174:In office
125:In office
55:July 2020
39:summarize
1132:, p. 139
897:July 17,
768:(Google)
634:Richmond
600:Despite
541:suffrage
510:Pamunkey
489:rivers.
353:John Ray
1256:May 30,
1184:May 30,
1156:May 30,
1003:nps.gov
566:Accomac
545:freemen
436:on the
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369:Messina
325:England
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596:Legacy
373:Sicily
365:Naples
249:Spouse
1229:S2CID
749:p. 65
483:James
1258:2018
1221:ISSN
1186:2018
1158:2018
1061:ISBN
1011:2015
951:link
933:OCLC
923:ISBN
899:2015
871:ISBN
817:p. 9
714:2015
685:ISBN
666:2016
487:York
485:and
377:Rome
359:and
215:Died
192:Born
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