494:, a common and aggressive form of brain cancer. The 5 year survival rate for GBM using current standard of care is 5%. The phase III trial sites include over 80 medical institutions in the U.S., Canada, Germany and the U.K. The results of the trial were peer reviewed and published in the Journal of American Medical Association Oncology in Nov 2022. The trial showed a meaningful increase in survival for both new diagnosed and recurrent GBM patients. For newly diagnosed the median overall survival was 19.3 months vs. 16.5 months in the external control group. The 60 month survival rate was 13% vs. 5.7%. For recurrent GBM the mean overall survival rate was markedly higher at 13.2% vs 7.8%. Over 2,100 doses of DCVax-L were administer with only 5 serious adverse advents.
535:
then find their way to the local lymph node for presentation of the tumor protein antigens to T cells and B cells. The activated T and B cells then travel to the tumor and kill tumor cells. Ruptured tumor cells release more mutant proteins that are picked up by dendritic cells and other immune cells, and are carried to the lymph nodes to excite still more B and T cells. Theoretically, this cycle repeats, accelerates, then levels off at a high but safe level. The Phase 1 trial that finished enrollment in July, 2014 seeks to confirm this.
66:
223:
25:
168:
309:
454:
through a combination of cash payments and stock. Cognate has also provided
Northwest with at least one short-term loan, provided and paid in mid-2013. As of 2014, Northwest's expanding clinical trials have led to an increased reliance on Cognate's services, and subsequent renegotiation of their agreement.
501:
These dendritic cells are grown in the lab from stem cells extracted from the patient's blood. Only a sugar-cube-sized sample of the tumor is needed for subsequent presentation to the dendritic cells. The tumor sample is first broken down into constituent proteins using a caustic process known as
534:
At least two adjuncts are added to the dendritic cells. One adjunct excites a general aspect of the body's immune response; another excites a more tumor-specific response. This mixture is then injected into the patient's tumor. There, the dendritic cells are expected to scavenge tumor proteins,
497:
In this variation of the DCVax line, the tumor is removed through surgery, and some of the tumor presented to the aforementioned dendritic cells for the scavenging of tumor proteins. These dendritic cells, laden with tumor protein antigens, are then injected under the skin near lymph nodes. The
453:
Cognate
Bioservices for services supporting manufacture of its products for clinical trials. Their relationship with Cognate began before 2007, and is slated to extend through the first quarter of 2016. Due to cash flow issues common to development-stage companies, Northwest compensates Cognate
481:
Discover in 1973 at
Rockefeller University by Dr. Ralph Steinman, dendritic cells act as the general for the adaptive immune system. They educate and direct T-Cells and other immune system cells to mount an immune response to cancer cells. The basic principle behind the therapy is that if one
467:
with tissue from the patient's tumour. The dendritic cells thereby identify the antigenic make-up of the tumour after which the activated dendritic cells are injected subcutaneously into the patients in aliquots at intervals. Alternatively, in a process still under development, the harvested
519:
DCVax-Direct, the latest addition to the DCVax line. It does not require removal of the tumor, making it ideal for inoperable tumors, if proven effective. It is currently in Phase 1 testing on patients with inoperable tumors of a very large range of cancer types.
510:
in the name DCVax-L). After the resulting "tumor lysate" is presented to the dendritic cells, they are ready for subcutaneous injection near the selected lymph node(s). (There are approximately 500 lymph nodes in the body; most are peripheral, some are internal.)
462:
The DCVax technology upon which NWBO's therapies rely involves injecting cancer patients with dendritic cells which have been harvested from them by leukapheresis (i.e. they are "autologous") and activated by incubating them
472:
with the same result. The activated dendritic cells pass information to generations of "killer" T-cells and B-cells so that those immune cells can recognise and attack the tumourous tissue wherever it may be found.
755:
482:
injects or creates a large enough number of dendritic cells carrying mutant proteins matching a cancer, they excite enough T-cells and B-cells to overwhelm the cancer's defenses.
538:
DCVax-L and DCVax-Direct, if effective, could address virtually all forms of solid tumor cancers, operable and inoperable, with the possible exception of prostate cancer.
748:
523:
In the procedure, dendritic cells are developed as in DCVax-L, prior to antigen exposure/"pulsing". However, the subsequent exposure to tumor antigens does not occur
233:
730:
1537:
764:
741:
1532:
1246:
1236:
1226:
1216:
1206:
1196:
1186:
1176:
1166:
1547:
498:
dendritic cells then travel to the local lymph node where the dendritic cells present the proteins to the T- and B-cells, as previously described.
1552:
248:
130:
83:
38:
102:
1542:
109:
662:
Zhang, Si-Wei; Wang, Han; Ding, Xiao-Hong; Xiao, Yu-Ling; Shao, Zhi-Ming; You, Chao; Gu, Ya-Jia; Jiang, Yi-Zhou (2022-03-26).
308:
637:
116:
186:
178:
450:
98:
582:
288:
270:
204:
149:
52:
1511:
664:"Bidirectional crosstalk between therapeutic cancer vaccines and the tumor microenvironment: Beyond tumor antigens"
252:
1379:
87:
44:
918:
1137:
1494:
948:
943:
622:
123:
1117:
1087:
1072:
985:
923:
868:
531:: The prepared dendritic cells, along with adjuncts, are injected directly into one or more tumors.
1449:
1384:
1092:
833:
240:
1299:
1020:
1010:
1005:
863:
803:
491:
76:
733:
1404:
1374:
1324:
1279:
1127:
818:
426:
347:
1479:
1284:
1102:
1067:
913:
893:
1439:
1414:
1364:
1359:
1339:
1289:
1222:
1212:
1082:
1057:
965:
960:
928:
858:
828:
556:
DCVax-Prostate finished Phase 2 trials and has been approved for Phase 3 trials in the US.
8:
1464:
1429:
1419:
1344:
1329:
1052:
1047:
788:
778:
698:
663:
553:
DCVax-Direct is a therapy to treat inoperable solid tumors in Phase 1 trials in the US.
1389:
1202:
1172:
1122:
888:
873:
703:
547:
375:
1369:
1334:
823:
707:
685:
337:
620:"Northwest Biotherapeutics Gets Ready to Scale-Up Production". News: Bioprocessing.
1097:
1035:
1015:
970:
955:
898:
693:
675:
602:
1444:
1354:
1349:
990:
938:
908:
1274:
980:
680:
468:
dendritic cells are injected directly into the tumour where they are activated
319:
244:
1526:
1454:
1252:
1154:
1062:
689:
434:
423:
327:
1232:
1424:
1107:
975:
1484:
1112:
843:
1434:
1304:
1077:
1042:
903:
878:
546:
DCVax-L is now in Phase 3 trials in USA & Europe. It was awarded
65:
1314:
1309:
1192:
1182:
853:
430:
1469:
1319:
1242:
1162:
1132:
1030:
995:
933:
848:
808:
793:
763:
626:(paper). Vol. 34, no. 4. 15 February 2014. p. 24.
1474:
1409:
1399:
1294:
1025:
838:
783:
438:
333:
1489:
1459:
1394:
883:
813:
798:
587:
591:. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 15 November 2013.
490:
DCVax-L is a solid-tumor cancer therapy for newly diagnosed
1269:
724:
251:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
408:
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
661:
16:Development-stage American pharmaceutical company
1524:
638:"T-cell Transfer Therapy - Immunotherapy - NCI"
441:. It was founded in 1996 by Alton L. Boynton.
1538:Pharmaceutical companies of the United States
765:Pharmaceutical companies of the United States
749:
1533:Biotechnology companies of the United States
1153:
577:
575:
573:
571:
569:
613:
559:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
756:
742:
697:
679:
566:
289:Learn how and when to remove this message
271:Learn how and when to remove this message
205:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
1548:Health care companies based in Maryland
1525:
232:contains content that is written like
1553:Companies based in Bethesda, Maryland
737:
216:
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
451:contract manufacturing organization
395:See more complete products listing.
13:
1043:Pharmaceutical Product Development
725:Northwest Biotherapeutics homepage
476:
177:tone or style may not reflect the
14:
1564:
718:
444:
34:This article has multiple issues.
1512:List of pharmaceutical companies
307:
221:
187:guide to writing better articles
166:
64:
23:
603:"Northwest Biotherapeutics Inc"
514:
420:Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc.
302:NorthWest Biotherapeutics, Inc.
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
1543:Companies listed on the Nasdaq
655:
630:
595:
1:
919:Institute for OneWorld Health
457:
394:
1138:West Pharmaceutical Services
7:
541:
437:against different types of
433:that focuses on developing
99:"Northwest Biotherapeutics"
10:
1569:
944:McNeil Consumer Healthcare
681:10.1016/j.fmre.2022.03.009
623:Gen. Eng. Biotechnol. News
485:
449:Northwest relies upon the
1507:
1450:Smith, Kline & French
1262:
1146:
1001:Northwest Biotherapeutics
986:Merrimack Pharmaceuticals
771:
403:
381:
371:
353:
343:
325:
315:
306:
560:Footnotes and references
422:is a development-stage
1375:Leiner Health Products
819:Amneal Pharmaceuticals
427:pharmaceutical company
359:; 26 years ago
929:Johnson & Johnson
253:neutral point of view
1223:Jazz Pharmaceuticals
1213:Horizon Therapeutics
1083:Sarepta Therapeutics
1058:Proteon Therapeutics
1053:Procter & Gamble
966:Melinta Therapeutics
859:Bristol Myers Squibb
668:Fundamental Research
357:January 1, 1998
84:improve this article
1430:Repros Therapeutics
1345:Forest Laboratories
1330:Cutter Laboratories
1048:Prasco Laboratories
789:Acorda Therapeutics
779:Abbott Laboratories
607:www.marketwatch.com
303:
245:promotional content
1390:Miles Laboratories
1380:Martek Biosciences
1203:Endo International
1123:Ventria Bioscience
889:Danco Laboratories
548:orphan drug status
376:Bethesda, Maryland
301:
247:and inappropriate
1520:
1519:
1503:
1502:
1335:DNAPrint Genomics
824:Avax Technologies
429:headquartered in
417:
416:
299:
298:
291:
281:
280:
273:
215:
214:
207:
181:used on Knowledge
179:encyclopedic tone
160:
159:
152:
134:
57:
1560:
1151:
1150:
1098:Tec Laboratories
971:Melior Discovery
956:Kinetic Concepts
899:Galena Biopharma
758:
751:
744:
735:
734:
712:
711:
701:
683:
674:(6): 1005–1024.
659:
653:
652:
650:
649:
634:
628:
627:
617:
611:
610:
599:
593:
592:
579:
413:
410:
367:
365:
360:
311:
304:
300:
294:
287:
276:
269:
265:
262:
256:
234:an advertisement
225:
224:
217:
210:
203:
199:
196:
190:
189:for suggestions.
185:See Knowledge's
170:
169:
162:
155:
148:
144:
141:
135:
133:
92:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1499:
1445:Schering-Plough
1355:ImClone Systems
1258:
1142:
991:Myriad Genetics
981:Merck & Co.
939:Janssen Biotech
909:Gilead Sciences
767:
762:
721:
716:
715:
660:
656:
647:
645:
636:
635:
631:
619:
618:
614:
601:
600:
596:
581:
580:
567:
562:
544:
517:
488:
479:
477:Dendritic cells
460:
447:
435:immunotherapies
407:
399:
363:
361:
358:
348:Pharmaceuticals
330:
295:
284:
283:
282:
277:
266:
260:
257:
238:
226:
222:
211:
200:
194:
191:
184:
175:This article's
171:
167:
156:
145:
139:
136:
93:
91:
81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1566:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1275:Allergan, Inc.
1272:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1255:(Canada, 2010)
1250:
1240:
1230:
1220:
1210:
1200:
1190:
1180:
1170:
1159:
1157:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1006:Norwich Pharma
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
952:
951:
946:
941:
936:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
775:
773:
769:
768:
761:
760:
753:
746:
738:
728:
727:
720:
719:External links
717:
714:
713:
654:
642:www.cancer.gov
629:
612:
594:
564:
563:
561:
558:
543:
540:
516:
513:
487:
484:
478:
475:
459:
456:
446:
445:Business model
443:
415:
414:
405:
401:
400:
398:
397:
392:
391:DCVax Prostate
389:
385:
383:
379:
378:
373:
369:
368:
355:
351:
350:
345:
341:
340:
331:
326:
323:
322:
317:
313:
312:
297:
296:
279:
278:
261:September 2022
249:external links
229:
227:
220:
213:
212:
195:September 2022
174:
172:
165:
158:
157:
140:September 2022
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1565:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1455:Sterling Drug
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1253:Bausch Health
1251:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1155:Tax inversion
1152:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1063:Purdue Pharma
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
774:
770:
766:
759:
754:
752:
747:
745:
740:
739:
736:
732:
731:
726:
723:
722:
709:
705:
700:
695:
691:
687:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
658:
643:
639:
633:
625:
624:
616:
608:
604:
598:
590:
589:
584:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
565:
557:
554:
551:
549:
539:
536:
532:
530:
526:
521:
512:
509:
505:
499:
495:
493:
483:
474:
471:
466:
455:
452:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
425:
421:
412:
406:
402:
396:
393:
390:
387:
386:
384:
380:
377:
374:
370:
356:
352:
349:
346:
342:
339:
335:
332:
329:
324:
321:
318:
314:
310:
305:
293:
290:
275:
272:
264:
254:
250:
246:
242:
236:
235:
230:This article
228:
219:
218:
209:
206:
198:
188:
182:
180:
173:
164:
163:
154:
151:
143:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1233:Mallinckrodt
1118:Upsher-Smith
1000:
949:Ortho-McNeil
729:
671:
667:
657:
646:. Retrieved
644:. 2019-09-24
641:
632:
621:
615:
606:
597:
586:
555:
552:
545:
537:
533:
528:
524:
522:
518:
515:DCVax-Direct
507:
503:
500:
496:
489:
480:
469:
464:
461:
448:
419:
418:
372:Headquarters
316:Company type
285:
267:
258:
243:by removing
239:Please help
231:
201:
192:
176:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
1425:Parke-Davis
1108:Trevena Inc
976:Mentholatum
784:AbbVie Inc.
583:"Form 10-Q"
388:DCVax Brain
1527:Categories
1485:ViroPharma
1385:Massengill
1113:Ultragenyx
844:Bioverativ
648:2022-07-16
506:(thus the
458:Technology
364:1998-01-01
241:improve it
110:newspapers
39:improve it
1435:Qualitest
1305:CancerVax
1088:Sheffield
1078:RespireRx
1073:Regeneron
924:Intercept
904:Genentech
894:Eli Lilly
879:CytoSport
869:Ceragenix
708:247753306
690:2667-3258
328:Traded as
45:talk page
1315:CoTherix
1310:Cephalon
1193:Covidien
1183:Allergan
1173:Alkermes
1093:Spectrum
961:McKesson
854:Biovista
834:BioCryst
699:11197801
542:Products
525:in vitro
465:in vitro
431:Maryland
424:American
382:Products
344:Industry
1470:Trubion
1320:Covance
1300:Bradley
1249:, 2013)
1247:Ireland
1243:Perrigo
1239:, 2013)
1237:Ireland
1229:, 2012)
1227:Ireland
1219:, 2014)
1217:Ireland
1209:, 2014)
1207:Ireland
1199:, 2007)
1197:Ireland
1189:, 2015)
1187:Ireland
1179:, 2011)
1177:Ireland
1169:, 2013)
1167:Ireland
1163:Actavis
1133:Viatris
1031:Hospira
1021:Ovation
1016:Organon
1011:NovaBay
996:Moderna
934:Ethicon
864:Century
849:Biovest
809:Alnylam
804:Alexion
794:Advaxis
772:Current
529:in vivo
486:DCVax-L
470:in situ
404:Website
362: (
354:Founded
336::
124:scholar
1495:Zonite
1475:Upjohn
1410:Nuvelo
1405:Nereus
1400:Naurex
1325:Cubist
1295:Biolex
1280:Amylin
1147:Former
1128:Vertex
1036:Searle
1026:Pfizer
839:Biogen
829:Baxter
706:
696:
688:
504:lysing
439:cancer
334:Nasdaq
320:Public
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
1490:Wyeth
1480:Verus
1460:Tanox
1440:Rib-X
1415:Ortho
1395:Mylan
1350:Genta
1285:ARIAD
1263:Other
1103:Titan
1068:Quark
914:Ionis
884:CytRx
874:Combe
814:Amgen
799:Alcon
704:S2CID
588:EDGAR
409:nwbio
131:JSTOR
117:books
1365:King
1360:ISTA
1340:Epix
1290:Barr
1270:Alza
686:ISSN
527:but
411:.com
338:NWBO
103:news
1465:TAP
1420:OSI
694:PMC
676:doi
492:GBM
86:by
1529::
1370:KV
702:.
692:.
684:.
670:.
666:.
640:.
605:.
585:.
568:^
550:.
48:.
1245:(
1235:(
1225:(
1215:(
1205:(
1195:(
1185:(
1175:(
1165:(
757:e
750:t
743:v
710:.
678::
672:3
651:.
609:.
508:L
366:)
292:)
286:(
274:)
268:(
263:)
259:(
255:.
237:.
208:)
202:(
197:)
193:(
183:.
153:)
147:(
142:)
138:(
128:·
121:·
114:·
107:·
80:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.