148:
826:
282:
271:
260:
163:
293:
192:
236:
124:
136:
37:
814:" policy ordered by the Shah, the Ottoman army reached Baghdad and invested it in November on three sides. The Ottoman assaults on the city managed to penetrate the outer fortifications, but failed to take the city before the arrival of a relief army under Shah Abbas. The Ottomans then withdrew within their strongly fortified camp, and continued to prosecute the siege. In response, Abbas decided to intercept Ottoman supply
247:
224:
212:
111:
889:
the next year, Shah Safi retook Revan and defeated an
Ottoman army. Renewed Persian peace proposals failed, and in 1638, Murad IV again personally led an army against Baghdad. The city fell in December after a siege of 39 days, effectively restoring Ottoman control over Iraq, and peace negotiations began soon after.
937:(Meskheti) was irrevocably lost to the Ottomans as well, making Samtskhe in its entirety an Ottoman possession. The peace established a permanent equilibrium of power in the region, and despite future conflicts and minor adjustments, the frontier postulated by the treaty remains to this day the western border of
853:. Hüsrev Pasha then turned back towards Baghdad and besieged it in November. However the siege had to be lifted soon, as the onset of another heavy winter threatened his lines of communication. In the wake of his withdrawal, the Persians re-established their control of Iraq, and subdued the rebellious
888:
In 1635, in a conscious effort to emulate his warrior predecessors, Sultan Murad IV himself took up the leadership of the army. The
Ottomans took Revan (on 8 August) and plundered Tabriz. The victorious Sultan returned in triumph to Constantinople, but his victories were short-lived: in the spring of
533:, having lost it for 90 years, the war became a stalemate as the Persians were unable to press further into the Ottoman Empire, and the Ottomans themselves were distracted by wars in Europe and weakened by internal turmoil. Eventually, the Ottomans were able to recover Baghdad, taking heavy losses in
1123:
In
October 1638 Ottoman forces returned to Mesopotamia, stormed Baghdad, and captured the city in December despite sustaining heavy casualties. These included the grand vizier, who "was killed leading the assault" (Sykes: 2:211). The Safavids were forced to sue for peace. On May 17, 1639 the Ottoman
1002:
845:. A severe winter and heavy floods made operations in central Iraq impossible, and Hüsrev turned his army east instead, invading Persia proper. On 4 May 1630 he routed the Persians under Zainal Khan Begdeli Shamlu in battle at Mahidasht near
1174:
DM Lang. "Georgia and the Fall of the Safavi
Dynasty", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 14, No. 3, Studies Presented to Vladimir Minorsky by His Colleagues and Friends (1952), pp.
767:, to intervene. Bakr then turned to Abbas, who sent troops to Bakr's aid. To forestall a Persian capture of Baghdad, Hafız Ahmed quickly restored relations with Bakr, who returned to Ottoman allegiance. In response, the Persians
771:
on 14 January 1624, with the aid of Bakr's son, Muhammad. The fall of the city was followed by the massacre of a large part of its Sunni inhabitants, as the Shah endeavored to transform
Baghdad into a purely Shiite city.
1062:
1094:
Another high-ranking defector from the east who joined Murad IV's court almost a century later, in 1635, was the former governor of Erivan, Emir Gune-oğlu, who was assigned the name Yusuf Paşa after his defection to
901:, concluded on 17 May 1639, finally settled the Ottoman–Persian frontier, with Iraq permanently ceded to the Ottomans. Mesopotamia, which had formed an important part of various Persian empires from the time of the
1032:
327:
569:(Meskheti) was irrevocably lost to the Ottomans as well as Mesopotamia. Although parts of Mesopotamia were briefly retaken by the Iranians later on in history, notably during the reigns of
786:
The fall of
Baghdad was a major blow to Ottoman prestige. Ottoman garrisons and the local tribes began to defect, and the Persians soon captured most of Iraq, including the cities of
320:
404:
313:
297:
818:. This strategy bore fruit: the Ottomans were forced to risk an attack on the Persian army, which was repulsed with heavy losses, and on 4 July 1626, the
397:
841:
In 1629, the
Ottomans, having secured peace with the Habsburgs, mustered their forces for another offensive under the new and capable Grand Vizier
1630:
390:
1650:
885:. He would nevertheless manage to restore himself on the throne of Kakheti in 1638, and even win Persian recognition of this fact.
698:
645:
497:
492:
480:
475:
453:
448:
443:
438:
857:
populations. The next few years saw constant raiding and skirmishes, without either side claiming any decisive advantage. Shah
881:, a Georgian convert to Islam, was sent by the Shah to subdue them. Teimuraz was defeated, but managed to escape to safety in
1685:
1475:
1072:
1042:
1012:
629:
865:, rejected its demands. The Caucasian front of the Persians flared up again in 1633, when the restless Georgian kingdoms of
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251:
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819:
356:
783:. The Ottoman-Portuguese coalition was able to inflict a severe defeat on the Persians, who retreated from Basra.
657:
905:, was thereby irrevocably lost. The rest of the borders were restored roughly according to the way they were in
1585:
1547:
1680:
833:(1635) (Revan on the map) was led by sultan Murad IV and resulted in the capture of Yerevan on 8 August and
760:
275:
648:
began in 1578. The
Persians were hard pressed, as the Ottoman advances were combined with an attack by the
554:
681:
463:
862:
1430:
The New
Cambridge Modern History, Volume IV: The Decline of Spain and the Thirty Years War, 1609–48/59
713:, and encouraged by the internal turmoil within the Ottoman Empire that followed the murder of Sultan
41:
Map of the
Safavid state. The area of Mesopotamia, permanently lost to the Ottomans in 1639 is shaded.
1506:
Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri
954:
768:
534:
371:
351:
1645:
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in Europe, failed to offer effective resistance. By 1622, following a successful conclusion of the
598:
414:
366:
28:
361:
929:
were made decisive. In broad terms, the Treaty of Zuhab reconfirmed the provisions of the 1555
1339:
1366:
874:
825:
842:
803:
541:
ended the war in an Ottoman victory. Roughly speaking, the treaty restored the borders of
286:
8:
922:
779:
made an alliance with the Portuguese since he was being pressed by a Safavid army led by
625:
433:
196:
697:
armed with the best equipment and training, and bided his time. In 1603, he launched an
1542:. The Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 1a. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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861:(r. 1629–42) sent a peace delegation to the Ottoman court, but the new Grand Vizier,
706:
661:
633:
546:
128:
16:
Series of conflicts fought between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire (1623-1639)
653:
641:
1523:
305:
930:
926:
910:
906:
898:
738:
676:
574:
562:
558:
550:
542:
538:
240:
178:
613:, and the rivalry was further fueled by dogmatic differences: the Ottomans were
858:
811:
729:
The Shah's opportunity came with a series of rebellions in the Ottoman Empire:
602:
590:
514:
228:
183:
167:
70:
1619:
1535:
756:
577:(1751–1779), it remained thenceforth in Ottoman hands until the aftermath of
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216:
152:
115:
1090:
Tradition, Image and Practice in the Ottoman Imperial Household, 1400-1800
1531:
902:
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and Georgia in the same year. The Ottomans, distracted by wars with the
1540:
The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War
1527:
846:
764:
649:
570:
382:
1578:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods
751:
Bakr, and his followers. Bakr had sought his recognition as the local
741:, while Baghdad had been since 1621 in the hands of an officer of the
694:
610:
36:
1449:
The Cambridge History of Turkey: The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603–1839
1341:
Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death
914:
747:
714:
292:
264:
191:
173:
717:(r. 1618–22), Abbas resolved to attack the Ottoman possessions in
882:
850:
830:
799:
734:
665:
637:
526:
1526:(1978). "2 - The heyday and decline of the Ottoman empire". In
1064:
An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914
942:
866:
834:
815:
787:
669:
1368:
Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity
925:
remaining Persian, while Ottoman gains in Western Georgia and
854:
795:
791:
776:
752:
660:
in 1590, with a clear Ottoman victory: the Ottomans occupied
614:
521:, then the two major powers of Western Asia, over control of
1004:
Portuguese Conquest and Commerce in Southern Asia, 1500-1750
1580:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–350.
938:
718:
679:(reigned 1588–1629), reorganized his army, raising the new
618:
530:
66:
975:
Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843–1914
1468:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923
1056:
1054:
1026:
1024:
565:
decisively came under Ottoman rule. The eastern part of
1365:
Herzig, Edmund; Kurkchiyan, Marina (10 November 2004).
996:
994:
640:
in 1534 and securing recognition of their gains by the
1051:
1021:
644:
in 1555. Peace lasted for two decades before another
628:
eliminated Safavid influence in Anatolia, during the
1397:
991:
621:
Muslims, who were seen as heretics by the Ottomans.
1385:
335:
1617:
1364:
1060:
977:. UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 106.
689:, conscripted from tens of thousands of mostly
525:. After initial Persian success in recapturing
1087:
1109:The Ottoman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia
609:. The two states were the greatest powers of
398:
321:
1576:Roemer, H. R. (1986). "The Safavid Period".
1489:. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers.
1324:
1322:
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1067:. Cambridge University Press. p. 353.
405:
391:
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1599:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1559:Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire
1337:
1319:
1303:
1285:
1260:
1219:
1201:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1156:
1061:İnalcık, Halil; Quataert, Donald (1994).
589:Starting in 1514, for over a century the
1242:
1228:
824:
810:, marched to retake Baghdad. Despite a "
412:
1522:
1446:
1030:
877:, defied Safavid sovereignty. In 1634,
668:, and even the former Safavid capital,
1618:
1594:
1575:
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1427:
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93:recognition of Ottoman control of Iraq
1631:Military history of Georgia (country)
1503:
1484:
1403:
1391:
1147:
1124:Empire and Iran signed a treaty (...)
1034:Commentaries of Ruy Freyre de Andrada
1000:
386:
309:
972:
91:Permanent partition of the Caucasus,
1508:. Washington, DC: Mage Publishers.
1106:
802:, which the Shah visited. In 1625,
13:
849:and proceeded to sack the city of
617:, while the Safavids were staunch
513:was a conflict fought between the
14:
1697:
1651:17th century in Georgia (country)
1037:. Psychology Press. p. 313.
1007:. Variorum Reprints. p. 61.
1338:Wallimann, Isidor (March 2000).
511:Ottoman–Safavid War of 1623–1639
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22:Ottoman–Safavid War of 1623–1639
1487:Safavid Government Institutions
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1331:
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1251:
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1168:
1031:Andrada, Ruy Freyre de (2005).
339:Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639)
1451:. Cambridge University Press.
1138:
1129:
1100:
1081:
966:
775:In 1624, the Turkish pasha of
1:
1344:. Syracuse University Press.
1001:Boxer, Charles Ralph (1985).
960:
820:Ottoman army lifted the siege
794:and the Shia holy shrines of
759:, but the Sultan had ordered
685:infantry in imitation of the
584:
464:Occupation of Basra 1697–1701
1686:17th century in Ottoman Iraq
892:
769:besieged Baghdad and took it
561:, while western Georgia and
545:, with the Safavids keeping
7:
1661:1630s in the Ottoman Empire
1656:1620s in the Ottoman Empire
1636:Wars involving Safavid Iran
1144:Finkel (2006), pp. 125, 135
948:
10:
1702:
1671:1639 in the Ottoman Empire
1666:1623 in the Ottoman Empire
1557:Newman, Andrew J. (2006).
1421:
1300:Finkel (2006), pp. 215–216
1198:Finkel (2006), pp. 203–205
1135:Finkel (2006), pp. 104–105
724:
1504:Floor, Willem M. (2008).
1466:Finkel, Caroline (2006).
1447:Faroqhi, Suraiya (2006).
1282:Cooper (1979), pp.631–632
1111:. ABC-CLIO. p. 131.
955:Capture of Baghdad (1638)
656:. The war ended with the
537:, and the signing of the
424:
347:
203:
101:
45:
34:
26:
21:
863:Tabanıyassi Mehmed Pasha
658:Treaty of Constantinople
1676:History of the Caucasus
1597:Iran Under the Safavids
1470:. London: John Murray.
1088:Rhoads Murphey (2011).
921:, and the contemporary
822:and withdrew to Mosul.
711:war against the Mughals
632:the Ottomans conquered
597:were engaged in almost
470:Campaigns of Nader Shah
1595:Savory, Roger (2007).
1485:Floor, Willem (2001).
1428:Cooper, J. P. (1979).
1189:İnalcik (1978), p. 339
1153:İnalcik (1978), p. 338
838:
675:The new Persian Shah,
204:Commanders and leaders
1415:Cooper (1979), p. 634
1328:Finkel (2006), p. 217
1316:Roemer (1989), p. 285
1291:Roemer (1989), p. 286
1273:Roemer (1989), p. 284
1257:Roemer (1989), p. 283
1225:Finkel (2006), p. 205
1216:Cooper (1979), p. 631
1165:Faroqhi (2006), p. 47
1107:Kia, Mehrdad (2017).
828:
298:Rui Freire de Andrade
1681:17th century in Iran
1626:Ottoman–Persian Wars
1248:Savory (2007), p. 90
1239:Savory (2007), p. 89
973:Ateş, Sabri (2013).
873:, under the rule of
701:that retook Tabriz,
601:over control of the
487:Subsequent conflicts
428:Ottoman–Safavid Wars
416:Ottoman–Persian Wars
29:Ottoman–Persian Wars
923:Azerbaijan Republic
626:Battle of Chaldiran
529:and most of modern
197:Kingdom of Portugal
1532:Lambton, Ann K. S.
839:
763:, the governor of
733:, the governor of
731:Abaza Mehmed Pasha
141:Kingdom of Kakheti
1477:978-0-7195-6112-2
1074:978-0-521-34315-2
1044:978-0-415-34469-2
1014:978-0-385-19351-1
843:Gazi Hüsrev Pasha
837:on 11 September.
804:Hafız Ahmed Pasha
761:Hafız Ahmed Pasha
739:rose in rebellion
707:Habsburg monarchy
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276:Hafız Ahmed Pasha
129:Kingdom of Kartli
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829:The campaign of
642:Treaty of Amasya
599:constant warfare
573:(1736–1747) and
498:War of 1821–1823
493:War of 1775–1776
481:War of 1743–1746
476:War of 1730–1735
459:War of 1623–1639
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911:Eastern Armenia
899:Treaty of Zuhab
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677:Abbas the Great
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575:Karim Khan Zand
563:Western Armenia
559:Eastern Armenia
539:Treaty of Zuhab
535:the final siege
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1524:İnalcik, Halil
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1092:. p. 64.
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984:978-1107245082
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941:with Iraq and
894:
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812:scorched earth
781:Imam Quli Khan
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723:
630:war of 1532–55
603:South Caucasus
591:Ottoman Empire
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1371:. Routledge.
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673:
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652:into Persian
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1596:
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840:
808:Grand Vizier
785:
774:
746:
728:
680:
674:
623:
595:Safavid Iran
588:
519:Safavid Iran
510:
508:
458:
337:
219:(Until 1629)
217:Shah Abbas I
159:
116:Safavid Iran
107:
102:Belligerents
27:Part of the
1528:Holt, P. M.
903:Achaemenids
879:Rustam Khan
743:Janissaries
691:Circassians
687:Janissaries
607:Mesopotamia
579:World War I
523:Mesopotamia
372:3rd Baghdad
357:2nd Baghdad
352:1st Baghdad
231:(From 1629)
86:Territorial
63:Mesopotamia
1620:Categories
1587:0521200946
1549:0521291356
1404:Floor 2008
1392:Floor 2001
961:References
933:. Eastern
917:, eastern
847:Kermanshah
765:Diyarbakir
703:Azerbaijan
650:Shaybanids
624:After the
585:Background
571:Nader Shah
553:, eastern
254:(defected)
1095:Ottomans.
893:Aftermath
755:from the
699:offensive
695:Georgians
636:, taking
634:Arab Iraq
611:West Asia
547:Daghestan
434:Chaldiran
229:Shah Safi
153:Musha'sha
53:1623–1639
1538:(eds.).
949:See also
935:Samtskhe
915:Dagestan
715:Osman II
654:Khorasan
567:Samtskhe
265:Murad IV
174:Muntafiq
58:Location
1422:Sources
919:Georgia
909:, with
883:Imereti
871:Kakheti
855:Kurdish
851:Hamadan
831:Yerevan
816:convoys
800:Karbala
748:subashi
735:Erzurum
725:The war
662:Georgia
638:Baghdad
555:Georgia
551:Shirvan
527:Baghdad
362:Yerevan
88:changes
1603:
1584:
1565:
1546:
1512:
1493:
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1455:
1436:
1375:
1348:
1175:523–39
1115:
1071:
1041:
1011:
981:
943:Turkey
867:Kartli
835:Tabriz
806:, now
788:Kirkuk
745:, the
682:gholam
670:Tabriz
615:Sunnis
557:, and
367:Tabriz
300:(1624)
199:(1624)
78:Result
796:Najaf
792:Mosul
777:Basra
757:Porte
753:pasha
666:Revan
1601:ISBN
1582:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1544:ISBN
1510:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1434:ISBN
1373:ISBN
1346:ISBN
1113:ISBN
1069:ISBN
1039:ISBN
1009:ISBN
979:ISBN
939:Iran
907:1555
897:The
869:and
859:Safi
798:and
790:and
719:Iraq
693:and
619:Shia
605:and
593:and
543:1555
531:Iraq
517:and
509:The
67:Iraq
50:Date
646:war
69:),
1622::
1534:;
1530:;
1321:^
1305:^
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1180:^
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1121:.
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993:^
945:.
913:,
737:,
721:.
672:.
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549:,
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1381:.
1354:.
1077:.
1047:.
1017:.
987:.
406:e
399:t
392:v
329:e
322:t
315:v
65:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
