2066:
1355:
2384:
849:
1347:
2228:
2913:
1844:
2065:
1929:
2415:
2216:
306:
1318:
4056:
187:
1611:
748:
85:
1828:
establish their own courts of justice for the purpose of administering justice and conducting litigation between
Armenians, and for deciding all questions relating to marriage, divorce, estate, inheritance, etc., appertaining to themselves. Also Armenians were allowed the right to establish their own prisons for the incarceration of offending Armenians, and in no case should an Armenian be imprisoned in an Ottoman prison.
44:
1226:
1479:(therefore large parts of the native lands of the Armenians), causing the region and its peoples to be passed between the Ottomans and Persians numerous times. The wars between the arch-rivals started from the early 16th century and lasted till well into the 19th century, having disastrous effects for the native inhabitants of these regions, including the Armenians of Western Armenia.
261:
3396:
July), p. 89; Great
Britain, Turkey No. 1 (1890), op. cit., no. 4. Sir W. White to the Marquis of Salisbury-(Received 9 August), p. 4; ibid., Inclosure 1 in no. 4, Colonel Chermside to Sir W. White, p. 4; ibid., Inclosure 2 in no. 4. Vice-Consul Devey to Colonel Chermside, pp. 4–7; ibid., Inclosure 3 in no. 4. M. Patiguian to M. Koulaksizian, pp. 7–9; ibid., Inclosure 4 in no.
1394:; they were subjected to elevated taxation, but in return they were granted autonomy within their own religious communities and were exempted from military service. Growing religious and political influence from neighboring communities necessitated implementation of security measures that often required a longer waiting period for minorities to seek
1695:
population lacked, and as the empire became more settled it began to feel its increasing backwardness in relation to the
European powers. European powers on the other side, engaged in a power struggle to safeguard their strategic and commercial interests in the Empire, this gave motivation to the powers to help people in need. The
1207:
century, various
Armenian families became the Sultan's goldsmiths, Sultan's architects and took over the currency reserves and the reserves of gold and silver, including customs duty. Sixteen of the eighteen most important bankers in the Ottoman Empire were Armenian". Ottoman Armenians were overrepresented in commerce. As
2282:
1957:
of the
Ottoman Empire. The event was important, as it was reflected in main Armenian newspapers as the recovered documents on the Armenakans showed an extensive plot for a national movement. Ottoman officials believed that the men were members of a large revolutionary apparatus and the discussion was
1636:
and literature during this period established institutions that were critical; this attitude has been invaluable in reforming abuses and introducing improvements in
Armenian communities. Thus their critical instinct was positive, rather than negative. Armenians organized themselves into civil society
3395:
Darbinian, op. cit., p. 123; Adjemian, op. cit., p. 7; Varandian, Dashnaktsuthian
Patmuthiun, I, 30; Great Britain, Turkey No. 1 (1889), op. cit., Inclosure in no. 95. Extract from the "Eastern Express" of 25 June 1889, pp. 83–84; ibid., no. 102. Sir W. White to the Marquis of Salisbury-(Received 15
2399:
was an arrangement negotiated with Russia, acting on behalf of the Great Powers, and the
Ottoman Empire. It aimed to introduce reforms to the Armenian citizens of the empire. This agreement, which was solidified in February 1914 was based on the arrangements nominally made in 1878. According to this
2116:
threatening to level the entire building itself. However, intervention on part of the
European diplomats in the city managed to persuade the government to give safe passage to the survivors to France. Despite the level of violence the incident had wrought, the takeover was reported positively in the
1299:
in 1839, the patriarch, within limits, possessed penal authority over the
Armenian people. At the capital, the patriarchate had its own jail and maintained a small police force. Its authority over the clergy being absolute, the patriarch could imprison or exile Armenians at will; and while they were
2317:
movement. In a general assembly meeting in 1907, the ARF acknowledged that the Armenian and Turkish revolutionaries had the same goals. Although the Tanzimat reforms had given Armenians more rights, the ARF hoped to gain autonomy to govern Armenian populated areas of the Ottoman Empire as a "state
1872:
The Armenian charitable works, hospitals, and provident institutions were organized along the explained perspective. The Armenians, in addition to paying taxes to the state, voluntarily imposed extra burdens on themselves in order to support these philanthropic agencies. The taxes to the State did
2143:, did not want the formation of another semi-autonomous Armenian region in the Eastern vilayets. In Sasun, Armenian activists were working to arm the folk and to recruit young men by motivating them to the Armenian cause. 50,000 Turkish and Kurdish troops started the offensive in Sasun, where 500
2018:
interrupted the Divine Liturgy to read a manifesto and denounce the indifference of the Armenian patriarch and Armenian National Assembly to national liberation. Jangülian then tried to assassinate the Patriarch. The goal was to persuade the Armenian clerics to bring their policies into alignment
1694:
during the 18th century; including instability in the territories ruled by the Ottoman Empire. The position of educated and privileged Christians within the Ottoman Empire improved in the 17th and 18th centuries, and the Ottomans increasingly recognized the missing skills which the larger Ottoman
1178:
Certain elite Armenian families in the Ottoman Empire gained the trust of the Sultans and were able to achieve important positions in the Ottoman government and the Ottoman economy. Even though their numbers were small compared to the whole Ottoman Armenian population, this caused some resentment
2978:
The Armenian Genocide laid the groundwork for the Turkish nation-state to become more homogeneous. By the end of World War I, over 90 percent of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire were gone with most traces of their existence erased. The women and children who survived were frequently forced to
1308:
was easily obtained. The patriarchal system of government, in placing civil powers in the hands of high ecclesiastics, was an outcome of the fact that the Sultan made no distinction between church and community, and often lent the weight of its authority to maintain the integrity of the church.
1827:
The Armenian National Assembly had wide-ranging functions. Muslim officials were not employed to collect taxes in Armenian villages, but the taxes in all the Armenian villages were to be collected by Armenian tax-collectors appointed by the Armenian National Assembly. Armenians were allowed to
1337:
was something of a leader for the village, and their house was typically the most luxurious dwelling in a village. It was not uncommon to have three priests for thirty-five families. Most Armenians traveled on horseback to neighbouring villages, sometimes for religious ceremonies (like the Van
1206:
and the Turkish Petroleum Corporation, which later became the Iraqi Oil Corporation. Historian A. Tchamkerten writes "Armenian achievements in the Empire was not only in trade, however. They were involved in almost all economic sectors and held the highest levels of responsibility. In the 19th
2369:. His detachment consisted of 273 Armenian volunteers. On 5 May 1912, the Dashnak Party officially severed the relations with the Ottoman government; a public declaration of the Western Bureau printed in the official announcement was directed to "Ottoman Citizens". The June issue of
1789:, which was promulgated on 23 November 1876. It established freedom of belief and equality of all citizens before the law. "Firman of the Reforms" gave immense privileges to the Armenians, which formed a "governance in governance" to eliminate the aristocratic dominance of the
2111:
in Constantinople. The seizure of the bank lasted 14 hours, resulting in the deaths of 10 of the Armenian men and Ottoman soldiers. The Porte's reaction to the takeover saw further massacres and pogroms of the several thousand Armenians living in Constantinople and Sultan
1891:) and the immediate involvement of the European powers in the Eastern question had a powerful effect on the hitherto suppressed national movement among the Armenians of the Ottoman Empire – on the development of a national liberation ideology. The
2330:(Dashnak) attended. During the meeting, an alliance between the three parties was officially declared. The Dashnaks decided to cooperate with the CUP, hoping that if the Young Turks came to power, autonomy would be granted to the Armenians.
2308:
On 24 July 1908, Armenians' hopes for equality in the empire brightened when the country returned to constitutional monarchy. Two of the largest revolutionary groups trying to overthrow Sultan Abdul Hamid II had been the Dashnak and the
3568:
Kirakosian, J. S., ed. Hayastane michazkayin divanakitut'yan ew sovetakan artakin kaghakakanut'yan pastateghterum, 1828–1923 (Armenia in the documents of international diplomacy and Soviet foreign policy, 1828–1923). Erevan, 1972.
1482:
Owing to these events, Armenians constituted, over the whole extent of their ancient homeland, no more than a quarter of the total inhabitants. Despite this they kept and defended factual autonomy in certain isolated areas like
1519:, and the Ottomans led to ever increasing numbers of Muslims in the region. After the Ottoman conquests many Armenians also moved west and settled in Anatolia, in large and prosperous Ottoman cities like Constantinople and
3132:
6120:
2400:
arrangement the inspectors general, whose powers and duties constituted the key to the question, were to be named for a period of ten years, and their engagement was not to be revocable during that period.
2117:
European press, praising the men for their courage and the objectives they attempted to accomplish. The years between 1894 and 1896 ended, with estimates of the dead ranging from 80,000 to 300,000. The
1045:
2963:
in the region, developed against the activities of the Ottoman Empire. The events of 1915 to 1917 are regarded by Armenians, Western historians, and some Turkish writers and historians like
704:. They played a crucial role in Ottoman industry and commerce, and Armenian communities existed in almost every major city of the empire. The majority of the Armenian population made up a
1816:
was promulgated. It was a form of a "Code of Regulations," composed of 150 articles drafted by the Armenian intelligentsia, which defined the powers of the Patriarch, the newly formed
1861:, the association of the schools with the Church was close, but the same principle obtains. This became a problem for the Russian administration, which peaked during 1897 when
1149:
273:
1831:
The Armenian National Assembly also had the power to elect the Armenian Governor by a local Armenian legislative council. The councils later will be part of elections during
4871:
4901:
3129:
1038:
1857:
Beginning in 1863, education was available to all subjects, as far as funds permitted it. Such education was under the direction of lay committees. During this period in
1699:
was a direct result of enlightenment of Christian millets through education. Armenians, for the most part, remained passive during these years, earning them the title of
1292:) to Constantinople. It is theorized that no Armenian churches existed in Constantinople before the Ottoman conquest, but after 1453, 55 Armenian churches were built.
6495:
4891:
4876:
1448:). Over the centuries, tribes of Turks and Kurds settled into Anatolia and Armenia, which was left severely depopulated by a slew of devastating events such as the
1628:, the chief occupations of Armenian Ottomans were trade and commerce, industry, and agriculture. In the empire, Armenians were raised to higher occupations, like
1031:
2027:. It is significant that this massacre, in which 6000 Armenians are said to have perished, was not the result of a general rising of the Muslim population. The
5127:
4805:
2944:
1354:
6127:
5483:
3104:
1974:) and the responses were on the Armenian papers. In some Armenian circles, this event was considered as a martyrdom and brought other armed conflicts. The
1144:
understood two separate "establishments" to share state power, one responsible for governing a nation's citizens and the other its military. In addition,
720:. Despite their importance, Armenians were persecuted by the Ottoman authorities, especially from the latter half of the 19th century, culminating in the
6057:
2391:
declared that the vilayets which Armenians living were to be under an inspectors general, (the map is an archive document of 1914 population statistics).
6137:
5229:
5219:
1632:
was a businessman and philanthropist. He played a major role in making the petroleum reserves of the Middle East available to Western development. The
5927:
2506:
1170:
Armenians became religious leaders and bureaucrats under the Ottoman Empire, allowing them to become more influential than just their own community.
5018:
4970:
2939:, and the CUP began to look on the Armenians with distrust and suspicion. This was due to the fact that the Russian army contained a contingent of
1156:, including Armenians. Civil and judicial administration was carried out under a separate parallel system of small municipal or rural units called
765:
102:
57:
5446:
5353:
2084:, or the Dashnak Party also played a significant role in arming the people of the region. The Armenians of Sasun confronted the Ottoman army and
2072:
The first notable battle in the Armenian resistance movement took place in Sasun, where nationalist ideals were proliferated by activists of the
1691:
1167:, who represented executive authority on reaya, could not carry out justice without a sanction from the religious leader of the person's faith.
1641:
was a painter who became very famous in the Empire. During this period Armenians would establish churches, schools, libraries, and newspapers.
1625:
1773:
reforms, among its many goals to improve the situation of non-Muslim minorities, although these would prove largely ineffective. In 1856, the
812:
149:
6488:
4820:
4251:
784:
121:
6169:
5510:
2121:
are named for Sultan Abdul Hamid II, whose efforts to reinforce the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire resulted in the massacres.
1762:
Great Britain, France and Russia took issue with the Ottoman Empire's treatment of its Christian minorities and increasingly pressured the
1696:
1191:
668:
3701:
A list of Armenian Ministers, Members of Parliament, Ambassadors, General Directors and other High-level bureaucrats of the Ottoman Empire
2185:
policies gave way for the Dashnaks to plan an assassination attempt on the sultan to enact vengeance. Dashnak members, led by ARF founder
6664:
6256:
5957:
5102:
5023:
4705:
2375:
ran an editorial about it. There were overwhelming numbers of Armenians who served the Empire units with distinction during Balkan wars.
1723:
6669:
6062:
5520:
5256:
5203:
3038:
2276:
2232:
1111:
791:
128:
6360:
5857:
5530:
2362:
1677:
965:
945:
2318:
within a state". The "Second Congress of the Ottoman opposition" took place in Paris, France, in 1907. Opposition leaders including
6633:
6481:
6325:
5594:
3727:
1852:
1198:
were granted a monopoly over gunpowder production, putting them in a key position in the munitions industry of the Ottoman Empire.
733:
1645:
was a prolific and multifarious writer educated in Constantinople. Many of his works are still scattered in Armenian periodicals.
5666:
5505:
1888:
1277:
1257:
1220:
1119:
798:
135:
6409:
6201:
6189:
6106:
5788:
5661:
5525:
2006:, the seat of the Armenian Patriarch, who was spared through the prompt action of the commandant, Hassan Aga. On 27 July 1890,
1925:, ruling from 31 August 1876 until he was deposed on 27 April 1909. He was the last Ottoman Sultan to rule with absolute power.
1338:
festival), sometimes to fetch a bride, accompanying her, with musical instruments and clapping of hands, to their own village.
865:
1648:
Many Armenians, who after having emigrated to foreign countries and becoming prosperous there, returned to their native land.
6570:
6320:
5614:
5076:
3590:
3114:
3087:
2252:
1892:
780:
117:
5798:
5773:
5742:
5417:
4850:
4236:
3008:
2383:
2289:
63:
1800:, a derivative of the Eastern Question, became a common place among diplomatic circles and in the popular press after the
1777:
promised equality for all Ottoman citizens irrespective of their ethnicity and confession, widening the scope of the 1839
5584:
5405:
5346:
5310:
5273:
5263:
5092:
4936:
4226:
4169:
4086:
3197:
G. L. Selenoy and N. von Seidlitz: "Die Verbreitung der Armenier in der asiatischen Türkei und in Trans-Kaukassien", in:
1433:
and finally the Ottomans), the centres with a high concentration of Armenians lost their geographic continuity (parts of
4008:
6454:
6414:
6388:
6342:
6083:
5830:
5478:
5115:
4003:
3553:
3018:
1782:
610:
1362:
Armenians preserved their culture, history, and language through the course of time, largely thanks to their distinct
5712:
5629:
5619:
5463:
5251:
5097:
4830:
4663:
3740:
3684:
3654:
3513:
3302:
3233:
3159:
2353:
and the two pledged to work jointly for the oppressed peoples of Armenia and Macedonia. Andranik participated in the
2293:
2260:
2210:
2201:
was unsuccessful in killing Abdul Hamid II, although it resulted in the death of 26 people and a further 58 wounded.
2198:
2172:
2081:
1922:
1653:
1495:(Tunceli). An Armenian stronghold and a symbol of factual Armenian autonomy, Zeitoun (Ulnia) was located between the
831:
247:
229:
168:
71:
6052:
5135:
4530:
2077:
2073:
1730:
changed several times over the centuries. Armenian involvement on the international stage would have to wait until
661:
17:
1633:
1211:, despite the wealth of some Armenians, their overall political power was low, making them especially vulnerable.
6315:
6221:
6179:
5473:
5039:
4800:
4698:
3945:
2310:
2256:
1979:
1869:
as governor of Transcaucasia, and Armenian schools, cultural associations, newspapers and libraries were closed.
615:
545:
196:
1835:. Local Armenian legislative councils were composed of six Armenians elected by the Armenian National Assembly.
6593:
6174:
6000:
5941:
5547:
5339:
5320:
4906:
4569:
4257:
4096:
3859:
2936:
2301:
2140:
2089:
2052:
2048:
1990:
to launch an armed expedition across the border into the Ottoman Empire in 1890 in support of local Armenians.
1813:
1229:
769:
415:
106:
3676:
Armenia Christiana: Armenian Religious Identity and the Churches of Constantinople and Rome (4th-15th century)
1738:, as used in European history, became commonplace among diplomatic circles and in the popular press after the
6473:
6447:
6393:
6243:
6233:
5727:
5515:
5370:
5236:
5224:
5150:
4886:
4779:
4336:
4306:
4142:
1986:, which followed within the couple months, was an attempt by a small group of Armenian nationalists from the
1824:
issued a decree permitting women to have equal votes with men and asking them to take part in all elections.
885:
857:
805:
580:
350:
340:
142:
6011:
5793:
5542:
5167:
4810:
4774:
4580:
4497:
4264:
4189:
3755:
3720:
2998:
2993:
1774:
1461:
636:
538:
6419:
6383:
6365:
6332:
6303:
5818:
5315:
5190:
4953:
4931:
4881:
4564:
4559:
4463:
4346:
4321:
4221:
4040:
3910:
3782:
2409:
1882:
1731:
1504:
1411:
1346:
1281:
1265:
1240:
communities, clergy, tradesmen, state and military officials were strictly regulated during the reign of
908:
848:
697:
654:
525:
430:
325:
285:
1241:
207:
6078:
5383:
4866:
4825:
4691:
4034:
3073:
3033:
2227:
2104:
1817:
1629:
585:
495:
455:
1911:. Those Armenians who did not support national liberation aspirations or who were neutral were called
1843:
5468:
5006:
4549:
4246:
4121:
4116:
4101:
4029:
3998:
2530:
2244:
2240:
1832:
1711:
1403:
1363:
1261:
1141:
1103:
1063:
689:
605:
480:
598:
6226:
5985:
5974:
5456:
5241:
4986:
4911:
4554:
4519:
4126:
2940:
2194:
2107:
was perpetrated by Dashnaks armed with pistols, grenades, dynamite and hand-held bombs against the
1552:
1407:
1115:
693:
3295:
The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus
3075:
The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians
305:
6461:
5967:
5810:
5197:
5183:
4769:
4607:
4474:
4301:
4296:
4216:
4199:
4174:
4131:
3807:
3787:
3772:
3713:
3079:
2753:
2396:
2388:
2024:
1584:
1442:
1387:
1203:
1127:
913:
758:
717:
709:
701:
640:
515:
330:
95:
3700:
3270:
6035:
5636:
5422:
5398:
5293:
4602:
4364:
4291:
4204:
3357:
3313:
3028:
3023:
2459:
2019:
with the national politics. They soon forced the patriarch to join a procession heading to the
1999:
1790:
1548:
1249:
1131:
1091:
200:
6281:
3428:(in Armenian). Athens, Greece: Hradaragoutioun Azkayin Ousoumnagan Khorhourti. pp. 42–44.
2912:
6042:
5757:
5552:
4991:
4815:
4764:
4748:
4395:
4194:
4179:
3975:
3533:(in Armenian). Athens, Greece: Hradaragutiun Azkayin Oosoomnagan Khorhoortee. pp. 52–53.
2366:
2285:
2272:
2248:
2056:
1391:
1375:
1075:
1018:
550:
490:
2007:
6529:
6266:
6251:
5995:
5110:
4784:
4492:
4356:
4241:
4211:
4184:
4111:
4064:
2186:
2044:
1975:
1896:
1743:
1727:
1661:
1472:
1208:
3477:(in Armenian). Athens, Greece: Hradaragoutioun Azkayin Ousoumnagan Khorhourti. p. 47.
3056:
Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian: The man and his work. Lisbon: Gulbenkian Foundation Press.2010
211:
8:
5990:
5752:
5393:
4941:
4738:
4541:
4442:
4331:
4326:
4157:
3013:
2960:
2327:
2136:
2130:
2060:
2015:
1983:
1942:
1707:
1614:
1453:
1289:
1199:
1187:
625:
318:
30:
6375:
5427:
2031:
took no part in it, and many Armenians found refuge in the Muslim sections of the city.
1778:
1296:
6628:
6298:
5557:
5434:
5410:
5157:
4743:
4656:
4457:
4378:
4341:
4279:
4091:
4081:
3852:
3748:
2988:
2778:
2178:
2118:
2040:
1801:
1739:
1642:
1580:
1449:
1422:
1152:. In the Ottoman Empire, townspeople, villagers, and farmers formed a class called the
1099:
955:
505:
435:
420:
405:
294:
5823:
5069:
1690:(normally dated to 1774) refers to the diplomatic and political problems posed by the
6429:
6271:
5624:
5145:
4838:
4733:
4714:
4512:
4502:
4482:
4425:
4405:
4390:
4316:
4231:
4024:
3905:
3874:
3847:
3680:
3650:
3614:
3596:
3586:
3549:
3509:
3499:
3497:
3298:
3229:
3155:
3110:
3083:
3003:
2972:
2956:
2932:
2907:
2628:
2604:
2431:
Distribution of Ottoman Armenians and locales in 1914 according to Raymond Kévorkian
2255:. A series of elections during this period resulted in the gradual ascendance of the
2156:
1797:
1747:
1735:
1596:
1430:
1334:
1114:
began to take a more definite shape in the first half of the sixteenth century under
1110:
was the highest power in the land and had control over almost everything. However, a
721:
575:
570:
500:
445:
6598:
6288:
6047:
5845:
5378:
5246:
5179:
5011:
4946:
4843:
4672:
4574:
4524:
4487:
4452:
4447:
4435:
4430:
4410:
3970:
3915:
3879:
2354:
2182:
2148:
2085:
1866:
1821:
1714:
setting an example of non-Muslims gaining independence against the Ottoman Empire.
1687:
1681:
1457:
1273:
1148:
did not separate religious and secular matters. Armenians were administered by the
1059:
933:
485:
468:
450:
345:
5651:
3494:
6643:
6618:
6603:
6588:
6534:
6519:
6293:
6147:
6088:
5850:
5609:
5268:
5001:
4978:
4612:
3982:
3869:
3842:
3777:
3674:
3644:
3136:
2952:
2917:
2803:
2323:
2220:
2152:
2144:
2097:
2011:
1987:
1946:
1858:
1726:
deemed the preservation of Empire to be in their best interests. The position of
1719:
1592:
1568:
1558:
1544:
1476:
1367:
1123:
923:
737:
644:
565:
560:
510:
398:
1750:, the two movements share more similarities than those of other ethnic groups.
6638:
6623:
6613:
6608:
6565:
6550:
6505:
6355:
6308:
5362:
5298:
4753:
4597:
4420:
3965:
3459:
3438:
3290:
3069:
2928:
2828:
2728:
2653:
2423:
2346:
2113:
1928:
1918:
1786:
1715:
1649:
1638:
1600:
1576:
1438:
1395:
1383:
1269:
1067:
950:
685:
520:
410:
6503:
2964:
1350:
Western Armenia in the first half of the 18th century. Herman Moll's map, 1736
1182:
Those elite Armenians that did achieve great success were individuals such as
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2020:
1904:
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The Eastern Question gained even more traction by the late 1820s, due to the
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1135:
1083:
880:
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2100:
to encourage resistance, and established new branches of the Hunchak Party.
1718:
stood to benefit from the decline of the Ottoman Empire; on the other hand,
1284:, this shifted the center of Armenian ecclesiastical and national life from
1280:. As the influence of the Constantinople Patriarchate surpassed that of the
6555:
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5840:
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5044:
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4400:
4136:
4076:
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3935:
2419:
2160:
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1978:
was on the Persian border, which the Armenakans were in communication with
1759:
1618:
1564:
1540:
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1003:
928:
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under Ottoman protection which was allowed to govern itself using its own
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gave them legitimacy in ruling over them. Armenians were thus governed as
5962:
5671:
5537:
5059:
5049:
4758:
4637:
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3454:
2968:
2921:
2853:
2342:
2314:
1862:
1665:
1572:
1512:
1434:
1322:
1285:
355:
3489:
The Armenian Massacres, 1894–1896: 1894–1896 : U.S. media testimony
2349:
as a commander of Armenian auxiliary troops. Andranik met revolutionist
6211:
5835:
4959:
4106:
3930:
2948:
2319:
2281:
2215:
2166:
1954:
1900:
1508:
980:
918:
772: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5678:
2189:, secretly started producing explosives and planning the operation in
2003:
1950:
1503:, which also had a strong Armenian presence since the creation of the
1317:
1163:
The civil system was considered a check on the military system, since
6206:
5979:
5906:
5889:
5683:
4996:
4896:
4507:
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2243:
of the Empire began shortly after Sultan Abdul Hamid II restored the
1610:
1087:
890:
681:
440:
5562:
4683:
2951:(29 May 1915), eventually a large proportion of Armenians living in
1820:, and the rights and privileges of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire.
1225:
747:
84:
6005:
5737:
5451:
3895:
3817:
3705:
3371:
British Diplomacy and the Armenian Question: From the 1830s to 1914
2338:
1770:
1418:
1398:
in the courts. Under Ottoman rule, Armenians formed three distinct
1300:
compelled to secure the consent of the Sultan to imprison or exile
1071:
975:
713:
475:
370:
6157:
5762:
3646:
Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923
2147:
had to defend 20,000 unarmed people. The Armenians were headed by
1657:
1624:
Aside from the learned professions taught at the schools that had
1524:
1488:
1475:
between the rival empires, the battlegrounds of which ranged over
6152:
5922:
5896:
5577:
5572:
5331:
4627:
4055:
3822:
3802:
3736:
3348:
by Lebanese Association of Armenian University Graduates, pp. 4–6
2371:
2297:
2093:
1908:
1604:
1591:) up to World War I, under Ottoman rule, was also referred to as
1516:
1500:
1445:
1426:
1233:
620:
360:
6142:
3443:
The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response
3226:
Armenian Organization and Ideology Under Ottoman Rule: 1908–1914
2357:
alongside Nzhdeh as a Chief Commander of 12th Battalion of
6424:
5901:
5884:
5732:
3832:
3827:
3812:
3615:"Armenian Genocide | History, Causes, & Facts | Britannica"
2482:
1907:
from Russian and Ottoman rule and re-establish the independent
1520:
1492:
1379:
1358:
Western Armenia on the Ottoman Empire map. John Pinkerton, 1818
1305:
1237:
1122:
to govern the Armenian people. This meant the beginning of the
1107:
1095:
1079:
1008:
998:
385:
380:
365:
5303:
4632:
3837:
2971:, to have been state-sponsored and planned mass killings, or
2259:'s (CUP) domination in politics. This period also marked the
2190:
2028:
1887:
The national liberation movement of the Balkan peoples (see:
1484:
1465:
1371:
1301:
1158:
1153:
1145:
1013:
716:
in the nineteenth century sought to manifest the doctrine of
705:
375:
269:
3154:, İstanbul, Timaş Yayınları (Timaş Press), 2006. pp. 87–89.
5918:
3792:
2945:
Armenian intellectuals were arrested by Ottoman authorities
2088:, succumbing to superior numbers. This was followed by the
1173:
335:
260:
3152:
Son İmparatorluk Osmanlı (The Last Empire: Ottoman Empire)
1769:
Beginning in 1839, the Ottoman government implemented the
3360:"The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times" pg.198
3064:
3062:
1899:
effort to free the historic Armenian homeland of eastern
1330:
1164:
265:
2979:
convert to Islam and give up their Armenian identities.
1949:
and the Ottoman Empire in May 1889. Its name comes from
2223:. Patten, William and J.E. Homas, Turkey in Asia, 1903.
2092:, in which Hunchak activists toured various regions of
1807:
1793:
by development of the political strata in the society.
1652:, who became a philanthropist and active member of the
4806:
Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915
3059:
1637:
organizations, including clubs and political parties.
1595:. There were also significant communities in parts of
3106:
Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453-1924
1753:
1511:
and the subsequent rule by Muslim powers such as the
3546:
Ottomans and Armenians: A Study in Counterinsurgency
2167:
Assassination attempt on Sultan Abdul Hamid II: 1905
3668:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
3522:
1873:not have direct return to Armenians in such cases.
109:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1617:, businessman and philanthropist born in 1869 at
1507:. However, the destruction of the Kingdom by the
1390:. Under this system, non-Muslims were considered
1214:
6656:
3318:The Armenian Genocide: History, Politics, Ethics
2378:
2080:, activists, such as Damadian and Boyajian. The
3582:The Armenian genocide : a complete history
1993:
1563:The remaining Ottoman Armenia, composed of the
1118:. The Ottomans allowed the establishment of an
3417:
3334:Tanzimattan Cumhuriyete Yerel Yönetim Gelenegi
2266:
2023:to demand implementation of Article 61 of the
6489:
5347:
4699:
3721:
3228:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 30–39–40.
1923:decline in the power and extent of the Empire
1530:
1341:
1039:
662:
6504:Administrative regions and provinces of the
3537:
3130:We and They: Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
1921:was the 34th Sultan and oversaw a period of
1876:
1838:
1766:to extend equal rights to all its citizens.
1697:rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire
1603:vilayets bordering Six Vilayets (such as in
3528:
3472:
3466:
3423:
2927:During World War I, the Ottoman Empire and
2300:. He was later elected to be ambassador of
72:Learn how and when to remove these messages
6496:
6482:
5354:
5340:
4706:
4692:
3728:
3714:
3171:Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth and Volker Höhfeld.
3039:Armenian delegation at the Berlin Congress
2277:Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)
1046:
1032:
669:
655:
210:. Please do not remove this message until
3679:. Kraków: Jagiellonian University Press.
3649:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3585:. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 272–278.
3578:
3508:. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 78.
3268:
3212:The Ottoman Peoples and the end of Empire
2955:perished in what has become known as the
1678:Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
1664:, born Trebizond, become an actor in the
1471:In addition, there were the century-long
832:Learn how and when to remove this message
248:Learn how and when to remove this message
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
169:Learn how and when to remove this message
4859:
3543:
3445:. New York: Perennial, 2003. pp. 107–108
3297:. Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1995, p. 192.
3223:
2920:and boundaries between countries before
2911:
2413:
2382:
2280:
2226:
2214:
2064:
2034:
1936:
1927:
1853:Armenian education in the Ottoman Empire
1842:
1609:
1417:After many centuries of Turkish rule in
1353:
1345:
1316:
1312:
1224:
1174:Role of Armenians in the Ottoman economy
734:State organisation of the Ottoman Empire
700:, each church serving as the basis of a
259:
206:Relevant discussion may be found on the
29:For the Armenians in modern Turkey, see
3666:Reform in the Ottoman Empire: 1856-1876
3663:
3068:
2901:
2204:
2124:
1278:Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople
1264:faithful living in the Ottoman Empire.
1221:Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople
1202:became one of the main advisors of the
268:", the executive authority on Armenian
14:
6657:
3672:
3642:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3248:
3102:
2181:and Sultan Abdul Hamid II's continued
2139:, who were previously defeated in the
6477:
5335:
4713:
4687:
3709:
3531:Hayots Badmoutioun (Armenian History)
3503:
1945:was the bloody encounter between the
1893:Armenian national liberation movement
1781:. The reformist period peaked with a
3735:
3346:Armenian Studies: Études Arméniennes
3009:Armenian Sport in the Ottoman Empire
2002:occurred at the Armenian quarter of
1808:Armenian National Constitution, 1863
1626:opened throughout the Ottoman Empire
770:adding citations to reliable sources
741:
180:
107:adding citations to reliable sources
78:
37:
5311:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
5093:May 1915 Triple Entente declaration
3399:
3103:Mansel, Philip (10 November 2011).
2426:according to available information.
1671:
684:were a significant minority in the
24:
6665:Christianity in the Ottoman Empire
5779:(reform and constitutional period)
5361:
5116:National Armenian Relief Committee
4252:President of the National Assembly
3636:
3384:Hai Heghapokhakani Me Hishataknere
3019:Christianity in the Ottoman Empire
2135:Ottoman officials involved in the
1754:Reform implementation, 1860s–1880s
1304:of their community, the necessary
304:
25:
6681:
6670:Armenians from the Ottoman Empire
5667:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
5630:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
5252:Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day
3694:
3386:(Los Angeles, 1952), II, 268–269.
3269:Johansson, Alice (January 2008).
2363:Macedonian-Adrianopolitan militia
2294:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
2261:dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
2211:Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
2082:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
1932:1896, Armenian-populated regions.
1847:Armenian & Turkish Retailers.
1654:Armenian General Benevolent Union
781:"Armenians in the Ottoman Empire"
118:"Armenians in the Ottoman Empire"
53:This article has multiple issues.
5662:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
4054:
3506:The Revolution of 1908 in Turkey
3224:Kaligian, Dikran Mesrob (2009).
2074:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party
1078:regarded the Armenian Church as
847:
746:
185:
83:
42:
5743:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
5040:Committee of Union and Progress
4729:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
3607:
3572:
3562:
3481:
3448:
3432:
3389:
3376:
3363:
3351:
3339:
3323:
3307:
3284:
3262:
3242:
3217:
2345:of 1912–1913 alongside general
2311:Committee of Union and Progress
2257:Committee of Union and Progress
1980:Armenians in the Persian Empire
1732:the Armenian national awakening
757:needs additional citations for
616:Republic of Mountainous Armenia
94:needs additional citations for
61:or discuss these issues on the
5484:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
4744:Hamidian massacres (1894–1897)
3579:Kévorkian, Raymond H. (2011).
3487:Kirakosian, Arman Dzhonovich.
3475:Hayots Badmoutioun, Volume III
3426:Hayots Badmoutioun, Volume III
3204:
3191:
3178:
3175:, Darmstadt 2002. pp. 128–132.
3165:
3141:
3123:
3096:
3050:
2333:
2251:. The period established many
2053:Occupation of the Ottoman Bank
1889:national awakenings in Balkans
1814:Armenian National Constitution
1386:, they constituted a distinct
1295:Until the promulgation of the
1260:was established to govern the
1230:Costumes of the Ottoman Empire
1215:Patriarchate of Constantinople
1066:was not allowed to operate in
688:. They belonged to either the
13:
1:
5151:Assassination of Talaat Pasha
4780:Ottoman Empire in World War I
3271:"Return Migration to Armenia"
3044:
2403:
2379:Armenian reform package: 1914
2365:under the command of Colonel
1692:decline of the Ottoman Empire
1464:and finally the campaigns of
1179:among Ottoman nationalists.
858:History of the Ottoman Empire
727:
4749:Young Turk Revolution (1908)
3643:Frazee, Charles A. (2006) .
3529:Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1996).
3473:Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1996).
3424:Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1996).
2994:Timeline of Armenian history
2173:Yıldız assassination attempt
1994:Kum Kapu demonstration: 1890
1867:Grigory Sergeyevich Golitsin
1404:Armenian Orthodox Gregorians
7:
5928:Vassal and tributary states
5321:Hitler's Armenian reference
5316:Assassination of Hrant Dink
5191:The Forty Days of Musa Dagh
4565:Armenian Brotherhood Church
4560:Armenian Evangelical Church
3911:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
2982:
2410:Ottoman Armenian population
2267:Young Turk Revolution: 1908
2235:with leaders of the millets
1883:Armenian national awakening
1865:appointed the Armenophobic
1192:Minister of Foreign Affairs
431:Christianization of Armenia
212:conditions to do so are met
10:
6686:
4035:Armenian national movement
3673:Stopka, Krzysztof (2016).
3034:White genocide (Armenians)
2916:Six Armenian provinces of
2905:
2407:
2313:(CUP) a group part of the
2270:
2208:
2170:
2128:
2105:1896 Ottoman Bank takeover
2049:Zeitun rebellion (1895–96)
2038:
1958:reflected on newspapers, (
1880:
1850:
1818:Armenian National Assembly
1785:written by members of the
1675:
1630:Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian
1556:
1534:
1531:Ottoman Armenia: 1829–1878
1342:Ottoman Armenia: 1453–1829
1218:
1092:conquest of Constantinople
900:Ethnoreligious communities
731:
698:Armenian Protestant Church
496:Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget
456:Muslim conquest of Armenia
28:
6581:
6543:
6512:
6442:
6402:
6374:
6341:
6242:
6197:
6188:
6105:
6071:
6021:
5949:
5940:
5877:
5809:
5771:
5710:
5699:
5602:
5593:
5501:
5494:
5447:Decline and modernization
5369:
5286:
5220:Witnesses and testimonies
5212:
5166:
5126:
5085:
5032:
4969:
4924:
4793:
4721:
4650:
4590:
4550:Armenian Apostolic Church
4540:
4473:
4386:
4377:
4355:
4287:
4278:
4227:National Security Service
4165:
4156:
4072:
4063:
4052:
4030:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
4017:
3999:First Republic of Armenia
3991:
3946:1508–1828 Iranian Armenia
3888:
3765:
3747:
3664:Davison, Roderic (1963),
3544:Erickson, Edward (2013).
3410:Creasy, Edward Shepherd.
3184:M. Canard: "Armīniya" in
2241:Second Constitutional Era
1877:National awakening: 1880s
1839:Education and social work
1833:Second Constitutional Era
1712:Greek War of Independence
1505:Kingdom of Lesser Armenia
1282:Catholicos of Etchmiadzin
690:Armenian Apostolic Church
606:First Republic of Armenia
481:Principality of Hamamshen
351:Lchashen–Metsamor culture
341:Trialeti–Vanadzor culture
5975:Six Divisions of Cavalry
5511:Foreign Affairs Ministry
4942:Post-genocide population
4555:Armenian Catholic Church
4170:Administrative divisions
3162:(the book is in Turkish)
3135:21 November 2006 at the
2999:Armenia–Turkey relations
2219:6 Armenian provinces of
1553:Kemani Tatyos Ekserciyan
1242:Süleyman the Magnificent
708:, or peasant, class, in
694:Armenian Catholic Church
5968:Agha of the Janissaries
5615:List of Ottoman sultans
5107:Foreign aid and relief
4932:Pre-genocide population
4770:1914 Greek deportations
4132:Shikahogh State Reserve
3783:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
3336:, Istanbul 1985, pp. 73
3199:Petermanns Mitteilungen
3080:Oxford University Press
2397:Armenian reform package
2389:Armenian reform package
2245:constitutional monarchy
2141:First Zeitoun Rebellion
1703:or the "loyal millet".
1414:(in the 19th century).
1204:National Bank of Turkey
718:equality before the law
516:Principality of Khachen
381:Urartu (Kingdom of Van)
326:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
309:Coat of Arms of Armenia
6594:Bosnia and Herzegovina
6170:Science and technology
5620:Roman succession claim
5294:Late Ottoman genocides
5086:International response
4603:Armenian eternity sign
4365:South Caucasus Railway
3548:. Palgrave Macmillan.
3369:Kirakossian, Arman J.
3186:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3029:Late Ottoman genocides
3024:Christianity in Turkey
2931:engaged each other in
2924:
2427:
2392:
2305:
2292:representative of the
2236:
2224:
2069:
2000:Kum Kapu demonstration
1933:
1848:
1621:
1549:Hampartsoum Limondjian
1491:(Çatak), and parts of
1450:Byzantine-Persian Wars
1366:among the neighboring
1359:
1351:
1326:
1245:
1132:confessional community
310:
277:
272:. The bey was part of
6043:Dragoman of the Fleet
5758:Dragoman of the Porte
5548:Armenian Constitution
5435:Stagnation and reform
4816:20 Hunchakian gallows
4765:1914 Armenian reforms
4754:Adana massacre (1909)
3976:Treaty of Turkmenchay
3504:Kansu, Aykut (1997).
3382:Ter-Minasian, Ruben.
3109:. John Murray Press.
2915:
2420:six Armenian vilayets
2417:
2386:
2367:Aleksandar Protogerov
2361:Third Brigade of the
2286:Karekin Pastermadjian
2284:
2273:Young Turk Revolution
2249:Young Turk Revolution
2230:
2218:
2199:assassination attempt
2068:
2057:Defense of Van (1896)
2035:Bloody years: 1894–96
1937:Bashkaleh clash: 1889
1931:
1846:
1775:Imperial Reform Edict
1746:developed later than
1613:
1392:second-class citizens
1357:
1349:
1320:
1313:Armenian village life
1258:Armenian Patriarchate
1228:
1120:Armenian Patriarchate
1086:early on encountered
1076:Greek Orthodox Church
872:Court and aristocracy
491:Kingdom of Vaspurakan
308:
263:
5763:Outer Palace Service
5679:Inner Palace Service
5111:Near East Foundation
5077:Special Organization
4835:Concentration camps
4785:Battle of Sarikamish
4297:AMX (stock exchange)
3358:Hovannisian, Richard
3314:Hovannisian, Richard
3278:Radboud Universiteit
3249:Cahoon, Ben (2000).
3214:; London, 1981; p.86
2943:. On 24 April 1915,
2902:World War I: 1914–18
2341:participated in the
2304:to the United States
2205:Dissolution: 1908–18
2187:Christapor Mikaelian
2125:Sasun Uprising: 1904
2045:1894 Sasun rebellion
1976:Bashkaleh Resistance
1744:Armenian nationalism
1662:Arthur Edmund Carewe
1473:Ottoman-Persian Wars
1429:, then a variety of
1412:Armenian Protestants
1276:and established the
1209:middleman minorities
1150:civil administration
1142:Ottoman legal theory
1104:Ottoman legal system
766:improve this article
621:Contemporary Armenia
274:civil administration
103:improve this article
5958:Classic period army
5799:Chamber of Deputies
5774:Imperial Government
5168:Cultural depictions
5019:Rescue of Armenians
4937:Genocide casualties
4775:Congress at Erzerum
4739:Turkish nationalism
4307:Central Depository
4009:Independent Armenia
3788:Kura–Araxes culture
3014:Armenians in Turkey
2961:Armenian resistance
2941:Armenian volunteers
2432:
2328:Khachatur Maloumian
2290:Chamber of Deputies
2231:Declaration of the
2131:1904 Sasun uprising
2061:Khanasor Expedition
2016:Hambartsum Boyajian
1984:Gugunian Expedition
1964:Oriental Advertiser
1953:, a border town of
1708:Greek Enlightenment
1615:Calouste Gulbenkian
1454:Byzantine-Arab Wars
1250:Constantinople fell
1200:Calouste Gulbenkian
1188:Gabriel Noradunkyan
966:Rise of nationalism
626:Republic of Artsakh
376:Nairi Confederation
331:Kura–Araxes culture
199:of this article is
31:Armenians in Turkey
5585:Translation Office
5469:2nd Constitutional
5457:1st Constitutional
5411:Sultanate of Women
5158:Treaty of Lausanne
5024:Turkish opposition
4337:Telecommunications
4258:more on government
4082:Armenian highlands
3860:Kingdom of Armenia
3853:Satrapy of Armenia
3619:www.britannica.com
3255:WorldStatesmen.org
3210:McCarthy, Justin:
2989:History of Armenia
2959:. There was local
2925:
2430:
2428:
2393:
2306:
2237:
2225:
2179:Hamidian massacres
2177:The events of the
2119:Hamidian massacres
2086:Kurdish irregulars
2070:
2041:Hamidian massacres
2008:Harutiun Jangülian
1934:
1849:
1822:Patriarch Mikrtich
1802:Congress of Berlin
1740:Congress of Berlin
1643:Sargis Mubayeajian
1622:
1408:Armenian Catholics
1382:minorities of the
1364:religious identity
1360:
1352:
1327:
1246:
1112:state organization
1100:People of the Book
956:Great Fire of 1660
526:Kingdom of Cilicia
506:Kingdom of Artsakh
486:Kingdom of Armenia
476:Emirate of Armenia
436:Kingdom of Sophene
416:Kingdom of Armenia
406:Satrapy of Armenia
311:
278:
6652:
6651:
6471:
6470:
6438:
6437:
6430:Star and crescent
6101:
6100:
6097:
6096:
5936:
5935:
5873:
5872:
5625:Ottoman Caliphate
5506:Foreign relations
5329:
5328:
5257:100th anniversary
5146:Operation Nemesis
4920:
4919:
4734:Armenian question
4715:Armenian genocide
4681:
4680:
4646:
4645:
4498:Ethnic minorities
4373:
4372:
4274:
4273:
4237:Political parties
4222:National Assembly
4190:Foreign relations
4152:
4151:
4050:
4049:
4025:Armenian genocide
3906:Bagratuni Armenia
3875:Byzantine Armenia
3848:Achaemenid Empire
3833:Kingdom of Urartu
3592:978-0-85771-930-0
3291:Dadrian, Vahakn N
3116:978-1-84854-647-9
3089:978-0-19-927356-0
3004:Armenian diaspora
2957:Armenian genocide
2937:Persian Campaigns
2908:Armenian genocide
2899:
2898:
2157:Sepasdatsi Mourad
1897:Armenian national
1798:Armenian Question
1748:Greek nationalism
1736:Armenian Question
1656:was from Smyrna (
1458:Turkish migration
1431:Anatolian beyliks
1425:(at first by the
1056:
1055:
842:
841:
834:
816:
722:Armenian Genocide
679:
678:
586:National movement
576:Armenian genocide
571:Armenian question
501:Kingdom of Syunik
446:Byzantine Armenia
258:
257:
250:
240:
239:
232:
179:
178:
171:
153:
76:
16:(Redirected from
6677:
6498:
6491:
6484:
6475:
6474:
6202:Social structure
6195:
6194:
6048:Imperial Arsenal
5947:
5946:
5781:
5720:
5718:(classic period)
5713:Imperial Council
5708:
5707:
5600:
5599:
5499:
5498:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5333:
5332:
5274:notable visitors
5247:Hidden Armenians
5176:Ravished Armenia
5098:Imperial Germany
5007:Shabin-Karahisar
4979:Armenian militia
4947:Hidden Armenians
4857:
4856:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4685:
4684:
4666:
4659:
4384:
4383:
4347:Waste management
4285:
4284:
4163:
4162:
4070:
4069:
4058:
3971:Karabakh Khanate
3880:Sasanian Armenia
3763:
3762:
3759:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3707:
3706:
3690:
3669:
3660:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3576:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3501:
3492:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3470:
3464:
3452:
3446:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3421:
3415:
3408:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3380:
3374:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3327:
3321:
3311:
3305:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3275:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3221:
3215:
3208:
3202:
3195:
3189:
3182:
3176:
3169:
3163:
3145:
3139:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3082:. pp. 8–9.
3066:
3057:
3054:
2433:
2429:
2355:First Balkan War
2339:Andranik Ozanian
2253:political groups
2149:Andranik Ozanian
2090:Zeitun Rebellion
2025:Treaty of Berlin
1863:Tsar Nicholas II
1779:Edict of Gülhane
1688:Eastern Question
1682:Eastern Question
1672:Eastern Question
1462:Mongol Invasions
1297:Edict of Gülhane
1274:Sultan Mehmed II
1106:. At first, the
1060:Byzantine Empire
1048:
1041:
1034:
866:Social structure
860:
851:
844:
843:
837:
830:
826:
823:
817:
815:
774:
750:
742:
714:Tanzimat reforms
710:Eastern Anatolia
671:
664:
657:
539:Early modern age
451:Sasanian Armenia
298:
280:
279:
253:
246:
235:
228:
224:
221:
215:
189:
188:
181:
174:
167:
163:
160:
154:
152:
111:
87:
79:
68:
46:
45:
38:
21:
18:Ottoman Armenian
6685:
6684:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6674:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6634:North Macedonia
6577:
6539:
6508:
6502:
6472:
6467:
6434:
6398:
6370:
6337:
6238:
6227:Ottoman Turkish
6184:
6093:
6067:
6017:
6012:Modernized army
5996:Sekban-i Djedid
5932:
5869:
5824:Shaykh al-Islām
5805:
5782:
5777:
5776:
5767:
5721:
5716:
5715:
5695:
5610:Ottoman dynasty
5589:
5490:
5365:
5360:
5330:
5325:
5282:
5269:Tsitsernakaberd
5208:
5162:
5122:
5081:
5070:Bahaeddin Şakir
5028:
4965:
4916:
4855:
4789:
4717:
4712:
4682:
4677:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4642:
4623:National anthem
4586:
4536:
4469:
4369:
4351:
4312:Dram (currency)
4270:
4148:
4059:
4046:
4013:
3987:
3983:Russian Armenia
3941:Ottoman Armenia
3884:
3870:Parthian Empire
3843:Orontid dynasty
3753:
3752:
3743:
3734:
3697:
3687:
3657:
3639:
3637:Further reading
3634:
3624:
3622:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3593:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3563:
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3542:
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3516:
3502:
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3486:
3482:
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3467:
3453:
3449:
3439:Balakian, Peter
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3409:
3400:
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3390:
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3308:
3289:
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3273:
3267:
3263:
3247:
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3236:
3222:
3218:
3209:
3205:
3196:
3192:
3183:
3179:
3170:
3166:
3146:
3142:
3137:Wayback Machine
3128:
3124:
3117:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3070:Bloxham, Donald
3067:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3047:
2985:
2953:Western Armenia
2918:Western Armenia
2910:
2904:
2754:Mamuret-ul-Aziz
2507:Sanjak of Ismet
2412:
2406:
2381:
2336:
2326:(Liberal), and
2324:Sabahheddin Bey
2279:
2271:Main articles:
2269:
2247:after the 1908
2221:Western Armenia
2213:
2207:
2175:
2169:
2153:Kevork Chavoush
2133:
2127:
2063:
2037:
2012:Mihran Damadian
1996:
1988:Russian Armenia
1960:Eastern Express
1947:Armenakan Party
1943:Bashkaleh clash
1939:
1885:
1879:
1859:Russian Armenia
1855:
1841:
1810:
1791:Armenian nobles
1756:
1701:millet-i sadıka
1684:
1674:
1666:silent film era
1593:Western Armenia
1561:
1559:Russian Armenia
1555:
1533:
1477:Western Armenia
1344:
1315:
1268:was brought to
1223:
1217:
1176:
1124:Armenian millet
1074:), because the
1064:Armenian Church
1052:
1023:
985:
960:
895:
856:
838:
827:
821:
818:
775:
773:
763:
751:
740:
738:Armenian millet
730:
675:
631:
630:
611:Armenian S.S.R.
601:
591:
590:
581:Western Armenia
566:Armenian Oblast
561:Russian Armenia
556:Ottoman Armenia
546:Iranian Armenia
541:
531:
530:
511:Zakarid Armenia
471:
461:
460:
421:Armenian Empire
401:
391:
390:
321:
296:
289:
254:
243:
242:
241:
236:
225:
219:
216:
205:
190:
186:
175:
164:
158:
155:
112:
110:
100:
88:
47:
43:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6683:
6673:
6672:
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6649:
6647:
6646:
6641:
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6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6585:
6583:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6568:
6566:Southern Syria
6558:
6553:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6516:
6514:
6510:
6509:
6506:Ottoman Empire
6501:
6500:
6493:
6486:
6478:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6458:
6451:
6443:
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6404:
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6396:
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6386:
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6378:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6363:
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6347:
6345:
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6336:
6335:
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6329:
6328:
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6285:
6284:
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6045:
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6039:
6038:
6027:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5991:Nizam-i Djedid
5982:
5977:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5953:
5951:
5944:
5938:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5925:
5916:
5914:Mutasarrifates
5911:
5910:
5909:
5899:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5881:
5879:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5815:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5785:
5783:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5753:Reis ül-Küttab
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5724:
5722:
5711:
5705:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5689:Palace Schools
5686:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5637:Imperial Harem
5634:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5606:
5604:
5603:House of Osman
5597:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5502:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5423:Decline thesis
5418:Transformation
5415:
5414:
5413:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5399:Constantinople
5396:
5391:
5381:
5375:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5363:Ottoman Empire
5359:
5358:
5351:
5344:
5336:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5299:Greek genocide
5296:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5222:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5172:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5143:
5138:
5136:Courts-martial
5132:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5105:
5103:Press coverage
5100:
5095:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4956:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4939:
4934:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4904:
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4889:
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4853:
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4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4711:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4688:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4668:
4667:
4660:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4598:Armenian Cross
4594:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4546:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4479:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4423:
4418:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4387:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4327:Pension reform
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4288:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4249:
4247:Prime Minister
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4117:Municipalities
4114:
4109:
4104:
4102:Extreme points
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4004:Soviet Armenia
4001:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3966:Erivan Khanate
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3845:
3840:
3838:Median kingdom
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3760:
3745:
3744:
3733:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3696:
3695:External links
3693:
3692:
3691:
3685:
3670:
3661:
3655:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3606:
3591:
3571:
3561:
3555:978-1137362209
3554:
3536:
3521:
3514:
3493:
3480:
3465:
3463:. 2006, pg.42.
3460:A Shameful Act
3447:
3431:
3416:
3398:
3388:
3375:
3362:
3350:
3338:
3330:Ortayli, Ilber
3322:
3306:
3283:
3261:
3241:
3234:
3216:
3203:
3190:
3188:, Leiden 1993.
3177:
3164:
3148:Ortaylı, İlber
3140:
3122:
3115:
3095:
3088:
3058:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2984:
2981:
2947:and, with the
2929:Russian Empire
2906:Main article:
2903:
2900:
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2890:
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2460:Constantinople
2456:
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2449:
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2443:
2440:
2437:
2424:Ottoman Empire
2418:Ethnic map of
2408:Main article:
2405:
2402:
2380:
2377:
2347:Garegin Nzhdeh
2335:
2332:
2288:member of the
2268:
2265:
2206:
2203:
2171:Main article:
2168:
2165:
2163:, and others.
2137:Sasun uprising
2129:Main article:
2126:
2123:
2114:Abdul Hamid II
2036:
2033:
1995:
1992:
1938:
1935:
1919:Abdul Hamid II
1909:Armenian state
1878:
1875:
1851:Main article:
1840:
1837:
1809:
1806:
1787:Young Ottomans
1755:
1752:
1742:(1878). While
1724:United Kingdom
1673:
1670:
1650:Alex Manoogian
1639:Hovsep Pushman
1634:Armenian Press
1532:
1529:
1396:legal recourse
1384:Ottoman Empire
1376:Greek Orthodox
1343:
1340:
1314:
1311:
1270:Constantinople
1236:, Christians,
1216:
1213:
1175:
1172:
1136:religious laws
1068:Constantinople
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822:September 2024
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551:Five Melikdoms
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521:Mongol Armenia
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336:Legend of Hayk
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238:
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51:
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9:
6:
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2:
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6217:Ottoman court
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6064:
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6059:
6058:Naval battles
6056:
6054:
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6044:
6041:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6031:Kapudan Pasha
6029:
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6026:
6024:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
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5992:
5988:
5987:
5986:Reform period
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5673:
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5655:
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5648:
5647:Haseki sultan
5645:
5643:
5642:Valide sultan
5640:
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5521:United States
5519:
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5409:
5408:
5407:
5406:Classical Age
5404:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5379:Osman's Dream
5377:
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5368:
5364:
5357:
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5230:United States
5228:
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5218:
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4858:
4852:
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4837:
4836:
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4827:
4826:Forced labour
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4520:Social issues
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3956:Afsharid Iran
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3865:Roman Armenia
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2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2694:
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2688:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2672:
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2666:
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2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
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2632:
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2627:
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2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
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2608:
2606:
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2598:
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2592:
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2567:
2564:
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2553:
2552:
2548:
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2540:
2537:
2534:
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2524:
2521:
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2513:
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2500:
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2435:
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2421:
2416:
2411:
2401:
2398:
2390:
2385:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:Boris Sarafov
2348:
2344:
2340:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2183:anti-Armenian
2180:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2021:Yildiz Palace
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:Transcaucasus
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1812:In 1863, the
1805:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1764:Sublime Porte
1761:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
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1646:
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1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
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1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:Balyan family
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1348:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1319:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:in 1453, the
1255:
1254:Ottoman Turks
1251:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1232:extending to
1231:
1227:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:Dadian family
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:Abraham Pasha
1180:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:Ottoman Turks
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
994:
993:
989:
988:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
971:
970:
967:
964:
963:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
904:
903:
899:
898:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
881:Ottoman court
879:
878:
876:
875:
871:
870:
867:
864:
863:
859:
855:
854:
850:
846:
845:
836:
833:
825:
814:
811:
807:
804:
800:
797:
793:
790:
786:
783: –
782:
778:
777:Find sources:
771:
767:
761:
760:
755:This section
753:
749:
744:
743:
739:
735:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
672:
667:
665:
660:
658:
653:
652:
650:
649:
646:
642:
638:
635:
634:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
600:
595:
594:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
540:
535:
534:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
470:
465:
464:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
426:Roman Armenia
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
411:Armenia Minor
409:
407:
404:
403:
400:
395:
394:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
323:
320:
315:
314:
307:
303:
302:
299:
293:
292:
287:
282:
281:
275:
271:
267:
262:
252:
249:
234:
231:
223:
213:
209:
203:
202:
198:
192:
183:
182:
173:
170:
162:
151:
148:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
120: –
119:
115:
114:Find sources:
108:
104:
98:
97:
92:This article
90:
86:
81:
80:
75:
73:
66:
65:
60:
59:
54:
49:
40:
39:
36:
32:
27:
19:
6530:Tripolitania
6460:
6455:Bibliography
6453:
6446:
6415:Coat of arms
6389:Christianity
6350:
6343:Demographics
6326:of Armenians
6267:Illumination
6252:Architecture
6133:Central bank
6084:Conscription
6010:
6001:Mansure Army
5984:
5956:
5863:Hakham Bashi
5831:Christianity
5778:
5728:Grand Vizier
5717:
5569:Civil codes
5543:Constitution
5389:Ghaza thesis
5196:
5189:
5175:
5141:Malta exiles
5033:Perpetrators
4983:By location
4958:
4844:Ra's al-'Ayn
4821:Confiscation
4728:
4618:Mount Ararat
4608:Coat of arms
4579:
4529:
4475:Demographics
4462:
4396:Architecture
4302:Central Bank
4263:
4256:
4200:Human rights
4175:Constitution
4141:
4137:Shirak Plain
4077:Ararat Plain
4039:
3951:Safavid Iran
3940:
3936:Kara Koyunlu
3675:
3665:
3645:
3623:. Retrieved
3618:
3609:
3581:
3574:
3564:
3545:
3539:
3530:
3524:
3505:
3488:
3483:
3474:
3468:
3458:
3455:Akcam, Taner
3450:
3442:
3434:
3425:
3419:
3411:
3391:
3383:
3378:
3370:
3365:
3353:
3345:
3341:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3309:
3294:
3286:
3277:
3264:
3254:
3244:
3225:
3219:
3211:
3206:
3198:
3193:
3185:
3180:
3172:
3167:
3151:
3143:
3125:
3105:
3098:
3074:
3052:
2977:
2926:
2531:Hüdavendigâr
2448:Monasteries
2394:
2370:
2337:
2307:
2238:
2233:Constitution
2176:
2161:Hrayr Tjokhk
2134:
2109:Ottoman Bank
2102:
2071:
1997:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1940:
1917:
1912:
1886:
1871:
1856:
1830:
1826:
1811:
1795:
1783:Constitution
1768:
1760:Great Powers
1757:
1734:, which the
1705:
1700:
1685:
1647:
1623:
1565:Six vilayets
1562:
1541:Vartan Pasha
1497:Six Vilayets
1481:
1470:
1416:
1399:
1361:
1328:
1294:
1247:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1157:
1140:
1090:, and their
1057:
940:
828:
819:
809:
802:
795:
788:
776:
764:Please help
759:verification
756:
680:
555:
361:Arme–Shupria
266:Armenian bey
244:
226:
220:January 2013
217:
195:
165:
156:
146:
139:
132:
125:
113:
101:Please help
96:verification
93:
69:
62:
56:
55:Please help
52:
35:
26:
6282:Shadow play
6128:Agriculture
6121:Reformation
6117:Enlargement
5963:Janissaries
5672:Kizlar Agha
5657:Hanımefendi
5652:Kadınefendi
5464:Dissolution
5394:Interregnum
5237:Reparations
5225:Recognition
5198:The Promise
5128:Prosecution
4851:Terminology
4839:Deir ez-Zor
4761:(1912–1913)
4759:Balkan Wars
4638:Pomegranate
4292:Agriculture
4265:on politics
4205:LGBT rights
4097:Earthquakes
3798:Hayasa-Azzi
2969:Orhan Pamuk
2965:Taner Akçam
2922:World War I
2439:Localities
2343:Balkan Wars
2334:Balkan Wars
2315:Young Turks
2151:along with
1513:Dulkadirids
1374:. Like the
1286:Etchmiadzin
1190:who became
469:Middle Ages
356:Hayasa-Azzi
295:History of
6659:Categories
6629:Montenegro
6299:Literature
6212:Ottomanism
5907:Sanjakbeys
5890:Beylerbeys
5878:Provincial
5595:Government
5558:Family law
4971:Resistance
4960:Vorpahavak
4925:Demography
4882:Diyarbekir
4811:Tehcir Law
4722:Background
4443:Literature
4195:Government
4180:Corruption
4107:Lake Sevan
3961:Qajar Iran
3931:Aq Qoyunlu
3491:, Page 33.
3045:References
2949:Tehcir Law
2883:1,914,620
2779:Diyarbakir
2442:Armenians
2404:Population
2320:Ahmed Riza
2209:See also:
2039:See also:
1955:Van Eyalet
1901:Asia Minor
1881:See also:
1676:See also:
1581:Diyarbekir
1557:See also:
1545:Güllü Agop
1535:See also:
1509:Ramadanids
1219:See also:
1116:Suleyman I
981:Ottomanism
792:newspapers
732:See also:
728:Background
599:Modern age
319:Prehistory
197:neutrality
159:April 2013
129:newspapers
58:improve it
6351:Armenians
6316:Education
6272:Miniature
6222:Languages
6207:Devshirme
6180:Transport
5980:Timariots
5846:Bulgarian
5738:Kazaskers
5700:Central (
5684:Kapi Agha
5553:Electoral
5479:Abolition
5474:Partition
5264:Memorials
5213:Aftermath
4997:Musa Dagh
4954:Survivors
4907:Trebizond
4860:By region
4831:Mass rape
4493:Education
4357:Transport
4242:President
4212:Judiciary
4185:Elections
4112:Mountains
4065:Geography
3926:Chobanids
3921:Ilkhanate
3916:Sallarids
3601:742353455
3569:p.149-358
3414:, pg.500.
3373:, page 58
3251:"Armenia"
2629:Trebizond
2605:Kastamonu
2445:Churches
2359:Lozengrad
1597:Trebizond
1466:Tamerlane
1325:Armenians
1266:Hovagim I
1262:Apostolic
1102:, in the
1088:Armenians
1080:heretical
941:Armenians
934:Bulgarian
929:Aromanian
891:Devshirme
696:, or the
682:Armenians
645:Etymology
441:Commagene
399:Antiquity
208:talk page
64:talk page
6599:Bulgaria
6462:Category
6376:Religion
6289:Clothing
6175:Taxation
6138:Currency
6079:Aviation
6053:Admirals
6006:Hamidieh
5942:Military
5923:Kadiluks
5897:Vilayets
5851:Armenian
5789:Assembly
5526:Treaties
5495:Politics
5452:Tanzimat
4794:Genocide
4673:Category
4542:Religion
4513:diaspora
4426:Language
4391:Alphabet
4332:Taxation
4217:Military
4158:Politics
4018:By topic
3896:Arminiya
3818:Urumeans
3756:timeline
3741:articles
3320:, pg.129
3133:Archived
3072:(2005).
2983:See also
2973:genocide
2933:Caucasus
2895:173,022
2861:110,897
2836:218,404
2811:202,391
2786:106,867
2761:124,289
2736:189,565
2711:119,414
2686:204,472
2661:135,869
2538:118,992
2467:163,670
2451:Schools
2436:Vilayet
2195:Bulgaria
2159:, Keri,
2145:fedayees
1895:was the
1804:(1878).
1771:Tanzimat
1722:and the
1446:vilayets
1419:Anatolia
1130:being a
1072:Istanbul
976:Tanzimat
924:Armenian
637:Timeline
286:a series
284:Part of
201:disputed
6644:Ukraine
6619:Hungary
6604:Croatia
6589:Albania
6571:Lebanon
6535:Tunisia
6520:Algeria
6448:Outline
6403:Symbols
6394:Judaism
6321:Schools
6294:Cuisine
6257:Mosques
6244:Culture
6234:Slavery
6190:Society
6153:Sultani
6114:By era
6107:Economy
6089:Weapons
5902:Sanjaks
5885:Eyalets
5858:Judaism
5811:Millets
5748:Nişancı
5733:Viziers
5578:Halakha
5573:Mecelle
5516:Safavid
5428:Köprülü
5371:History
5287:Related
5060:Djevdet
4887:Erzurum
4657:Outline
4628:Apricot
4591:Symbols
4581:more...
4570:Judaism
4531:more...
4464:more...
4458:Theatre
4436:Western
4431:Eastern
4411:Cuisine
4379:Culture
4342:Tourism
4280:Economy
4143:more...
4092:Climate
4041:more...
3823:Diauehi
3803:Mitanni
3773:Origins
3749:History
3737:Armenia
3625:15 June
2823:21,348
2804:Erzurum
2773:15,632
2698:20,599
2673:21,298
2636:73,395
2612:13,461
2587:20,738
2562:21,145
2514:61,675
2490:30,316
2454:Pupils
2422:in the
2372:Droshak
2322:(CUP),
2302:Armenia
2298:Erzurum
2094:Cilicia
2078:Hunchak
2004:Kumkapı
1951:Başkale
1913:chezoks
1720:Austria
1660:), and
1619:Üsküdar
1605:Kayseri
1585:Kharput
1569:Erzurum
1517:Mamluks
1501:Cilicia
1489:Shatakh
1443:Kharput
1427:Seljuks
1423:Armenia
1252:to the
1234:Muslims
1096:dhimmis
1058:In the
990:Classes
914:Millets
909:Muslims
886:Slavery
806:scholar
641:Origins
297:Armenia
143:scholar
6639:Serbia
6624:Kosovo
6614:Greece
6609:Cyprus
6582:Europe
6551:Arabia
6513:Africa
6425:Tughra
6410:Anthem
6356:Greeks
6309:Poetry
5794:Senate
5563:Düstur
5242:Denial
5204:others
5065:Reshid
5055:Djemal
5045:Talaat
4987:Zeitun
4892:Harput
4877:Bitlis
4872:Aleppo
4801:Causes
4508:People
4503:Health
4483:Census
4406:Cinema
4322:Mining
4317:Energy
4232:Police
4122:Rivers
4087:Cities
3992:Modern
3901:Sajids
3889:Middle
3828:Etiuni
3813:Mushki
3751:
3739:
3683:
3653:
3599:
3589:
3552:
3512:
3412:Turkey
3301:
3232:
3173:Türkei
3158:
3113:
3086:
2892:1,996
2886:2,538
2880:2,925
2877:TOTAL
2848:9,309
2829:Bitlis
2798:9,660
2748:8,451
2729:Aleppo
2723:5,834
2654:Angora
2648:9,254
2623:2,500
2599:4,585
2574:2,935
2549:6,699
2525:7,480
2501:2,438
2483:Thrace
2197:. The
2098:Zeitun
2059:, and
2029:Softas
1982:. The
1970:, and
1968:Saadet
1728:France
1716:Russia
1601:Ankara
1587:, and
1577:Bitlis
1551:, and
1521:Smyrna
1515:, the
1493:Dersim
1441:, and
1439:Bitlis
1410:, and
1400:millet
1388:millet
1380:Jewish
1321:Local
1306:firman
1302:laymen
1248:After
1238:Jewish
1194:. The
1186:, and
1128:millet
1108:Sultan
1082:. The
1062:, the
1019:Vlachs
1009:Giaour
999:Askeri
951:Greeks
808:
801:
794:
787:
779:
712:. The
702:millet
692:, the
386:Etiuni
366:Mushki
346:Armani
288:on the
145:
138:
131:
124:
116:
6561:Syria
6525:Egypt
6384:Islam
6366:Women
6333:Media
6304:Prose
6277:Music
6158:Kuruş
6072:Other
6063:Ships
5919:Kazas
5841:Ullah
5819:Islam
5702:Porte
5440:Tulip
5304:Sayfo
5050:Enver
5012:Azakh
4902:Sivas
4867:Adana
4664:Index
4633:Grape
4575:Islam
4525:Women
4488:Crime
4453:Sport
4448:Music
4421:Dance
4127:Lakes
3808:Nairi
3766:Early
3274:(PDF)
2704:Adana
2679:Sivas
2580:Konya
2555:Aidin
2296:from
2191:Sofia
2076:, or
1972:Tarik
1658:İzmir
1589:Sivas
1525:İzmir
1485:Sasun
1372:Kurds
1368:Turks
1335:elder
1288:(and
1159:kazas
1154:reaya
1146:Islam
1098:, or
1014:Rayah
813:JSTOR
799:books
706:reaya
371:Urumu
270:reaya
150:JSTOR
136:books
6556:Iraq
6544:Asia
6420:Flag
6361:Jews
6263:Art
6163:Lira
6148:Para
6143:Akçe
6036:List
6023:Navy
5950:Army
5531:Wars
5384:Rise
5184:film
5180:book
5002:Urfa
4613:Flag
4415:wine
3793:Hayk
3778:Name
3681:ISBN
3651:ISBN
3627:2024
3597:OCLC
3587:ISBN
3550:ISBN
3510:ISBN
3299:ISBN
3230:ISBN
3156:ISBN
3111:ISBN
3084:ISBN
2967:and
2935:and
2889:451
2870:192
2864:457
2858:450
2845:207
2842:161
2839:510
2833:681
2820:322
2814:406
2808:425
2795:122
2789:148
2783:249
2770:204
2764:242
2758:279
2745:113
2733:117
2695:204
2689:198
2683:241
2670:126
2664:105
2639:106
2633:118
2395:The
2387:The
2275:and
2239:The
2103:The
2096:and
2014:and
1998:The
1941:The
1903:and
1796:The
1758:The
1710:and
1686:The
1680:and
1599:and
1499:and
1421:and
1378:and
1370:and
1329:The
1165:beys
1126:; a
1004:Ayan
946:Jews
785:news
736:and
264:An "
194:The
122:news
5836:Rūm
5538:Law
4992:Van
4912:Van
4897:Muş
4401:Art
2867:80
2854:Van
2817:76
2792:10
2767:65
2742:16
2739:93
2720:63
2714:44
2708:70
2692:21
2667:11
2658:88
2645:90
2642:31
2620:18
2615:17
2609:18
2596:26
2590:14
2584:15
2571:27
2565:26
2559:16
2546:50
2541:54
2535:58
2522:53
2517:51
2511:42
2498:15
2493:14
2475:64
2470:53
2464:49
1573:Van
1527:).
1435:Van
1402:s:
1333:or
1331:Bey
1323:Van
1290:Sis
1272:by
1138:.
768:by
724:.
105:by
6661::
5989::
5961::
5182:,
3617:.
3595:.
3496:^
3457:.
3441:.
3401:^
3332:,
3316:,
3293:.
3276:.
3253:.
3150:.
3078:.
3061:^
2975:.
2717:5
2593:1
2568:1
2487:9
2263:.
2193:,
2155:,
2055:,
2051:,
2047:,
2043:,
2010:,
1966:,
1962:,
1915:.
1668:.
1607:).
1583:,
1579:,
1575:,
1571:,
1547:,
1543:,
1539:,
1487:,
1468:.
1460:,
1456:,
1452:,
1437:,
1406:,
643:•
639:•
67:.
6497:e
6490:t
6483:v
5921:/
5704:)
5355:e
5348:t
5341:v
5186:)
5178:(
4707:e
4700:t
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4417:)
4413:(
3758:)
3754:(
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3603:.
3558:.
3518:.
3280:.
3259:.
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3238:.
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1567:(
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1070:(
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835:)
829:(
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810:·
803:·
796:·
789:·
762:.
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276:.
251:)
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227:(
222:)
218:(
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204:.
172:)
166:(
161:)
157:(
147:·
140:·
133:·
126:·
99:.
74:)
70:(
33:.
20:)
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