Soil pH - Knowledge

1200:. Aluminium can exist in many different forms and is a responsible agent for limiting growth in various parts of the world. Aluminium tolerance studies have been conducted in different plant species to see viable thresholds and concentrations exposed along with function upon exposure. Aluminium inhibits root growth; lateral roots and root tips become thickened and roots lack fine branching; root tips may turn brown. In the root, the initial effect of Al is the inhibition of the expansion of the cells of the 6761: 6396: 2205:. Soils with high clay content will have a higher buffering capacity than soils with little clay, and soils with high organic matter will have a higher buffering capacity than those with low organic matter. Soils with higher buffering capacity require a greater amount of lime to achieve an equivalent change in pH. The buffering of soil pH is often directly related to the quantity of aluminium in soil solution and taking up exchange sites as part of the 6750: 6777: 40: 5572: 1254:(nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium) are frequently encountered in very strongly acidic to ultra-acidic soils (pH<5.0). When aluminum levels increase in the soil, it decreases the pH levels. This does not allow for trees to take up water, meaning they cannot photosynthesize, leading them to die. The trees can also develop yellowish colour on their leaves and veins. 1235: 1226:-containing minerals, Mn toxicity can become a problem at pH 5.6 and lower. Manganese, like aluminium, becomes increasingly soluble as pH drops, and Mn toxicity symptoms can be seen at pH levels below 5.6. Manganese is an essential plant nutrient, so plants transport Mn into leaves. Classic symptoms of Mn toxicity are crinkling or cupping of leaves. 1385:

have different suitable soil pH ranges. Plant breeders can use this to breed varieties that can tolerate conditions that are otherwise considered unsuitable for that species – examples are projects to breed aluminium-tolerant and manganese-tolerant varieties of cereal crops for food production in strongly acidic soils.

2209:. This aluminium can be measured in a soil test in which it is extracted from the soil with a salt solution, and then is quantified with a laboratory analysis. Then, using the initial soil pH and the aluminium content, the amount of lime needed to raise the pH to a desired level can be calculated. 1384:

plants at pH 5.5, but soils with sufficient molybdenum allow optimal growth at that pH. Similarly, some calcifuges (plants intolerant of high-pH soils) can tolerate calcareous soils if sufficient phosphorus is supplied. Another confounding factor is that different varieties of the same species often

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is the most widespread problem in acid soils. Aluminium is present in all soils to varying degrees, but dissolved Al is toxic to plants; Al is most soluble at low pH; above pH 5.0, there is little Al in soluble form in most soils. Aluminium is not a plant nutrient, and as such, is not actively

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is the main natural factor to mobilize aluminium from natural sources and the main reason for the environmental effects of aluminium; however, the main factor of presence of aluminium in salt and freshwater are the industrial processes that also release aluminium into air. Plants grown in acid soils

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of the soil. A high mesh size (60 mesh = 0.25 mm; 100 mesh = 0.149 mm) indicates a finely ground lime that will react quickly with soil acidity. The buffering capacity of a soil depends on the clay content of the soil, the type of clay, and the amount of organic matter present, and may be

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availability varies considerably, depending on soil conditions and the crop in question. The prevailing view in the 1940s and 1950s was that P availability was maximized near neutrality (soil pH 6.5–7.5), and decreased at higher and lower pH. Interactions of phosphorus with pH in the moderately to

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of soil biota, the species composition of soil microbial and animal communities varies with soil pH. Along altitudinal gradients, changes in the species distribution of soil animal and microbial communities can be at least partly ascribed to variation in soil pH. The shift from toxic to non-toxic

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is poor when the soil is wet; while in dry conditions, plant-available water is rapidly depleted and the soils become hard and cloddy (high soil strength). The higher the pH in the soil, the less water available to be distributed to the plants and organisms that depend on it. With a decreased pH,

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However, in high-pH soils with a high calcium carbonate content (more than 2%), it can be very costly and/or ineffective to attempt to reduce the pH with acids. In such cases, it is often more efficient to add phosphorus, iron, manganese, copper and/or zinc instead, because deficiencies of these

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Bolan, Nanthi; Brennan, Ross; Budianta, Dedik; Camberato, James J.; Naidu, Ravi; Pan, William L.; Sharpley, Andrew; Sparks, Donald L.; Sumner, Malcolm E. (2012). "Bioavailability of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Si, and micronutrients". In Huang, Pan Ming; Li, Yuncong; Sumner, Malcolm E. (eds.).

1947:. Soil animals exhibit distinct pH preferences when allowed to exert a choice along a range of pH values, explaining that various field distributions of soil organisms, motile microbes included, could at least partly result from active movement along pH gradients. Like for plants, 1290:

slightly acidic range (pH 5.5–6.5) are, however, far more complex than is suggested by this view. Laboratory tests, glasshouse trials and field trials have indicated that increases in pH within this range may increase, decrease, or have no effect on P availability to plants.

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availability by controlling the chemical forms of the different nutrients and influencing the chemical reactions they undergo. The optimum pH range for most plants is between 5.5 and 7.5; however, many plants have adapted to thrive at pH values outside this range.

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of vegetation. While both very low and very high pH values are detrimental to plant growth, there is an increasing trend of plant biodiversity along the range from extremely acidic (pH 3.5) to strongly alkaline (pH 9) soils, i.e. there are more

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A 20-g soil sample is mixed with 20 mL of reverse osmosis (RO) water (1:1 w:v) with occasional stirring. The sample is allowed to stand 1 h with occasional stirring. The sample is stirred for 30 s, and the 1:1 water pH is measured. The 0.02 M

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The accumulation of alkalinity in a soil (as carbonates and bicarbonates of Na, K, Ca and Mg) occurs when there is insufficient water flowing through the soils to leach soluble salts. This may be due to arid conditions, or poor internal soil

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As discussed above, aluminium toxicity has direct effects on plant growth; however, by limiting root growth, it also reduces the availability of plant nutrients. Because roots are damaged, nutrient uptake is reduced, and deficiencies of the

1204:, leading to their rupture; thereafter it is known to interfere with many physiological processes including the uptake and transport of calcium and other essential nutrients, cell division, cell wall formation, and enzyme activity. 711:

occurs over time as the products of weathering are leached by water moving laterally or downwards through the soil. In dry climates, however, soil weathering and leaching are less intense and soil pH is often neutral or alkaline.

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Soil Survey Field and Laboratory Methods Manual. In this document the three-page protocol for soil pH measurement includes the following sections: Application; Summary of Method; Interferences; Safety; Equipment; Reagents; and

1970:, like between soil fungi and bacteria, here too with a strong involvement of competition. It has been suggested that soil organisms more tolerant of soil acidity, and thus living mainly in soils at pH less than 5, were more 1082:

Addition of silicate, aluminosilicate and carbonate minerals to soils; this may happen by deposition of material eroded elsewhere by wind or water, or by mixing of the soil with less weathered material (such as the

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species, at least in terrestrial environments. Although widely reported and supported by experimental results, the observed increase of plant species richness with pH is still in need of a clearcut explanation.

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Precise, repeatable measures of soil pH are required for scientific research and monitoring. This generally entails laboratory analysis using a standard protocol; an example of such a protocol is that in the

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In general terms, different plant species are adapted to soils of different pH ranges. For many species, the suitable soil pH range is fairly well known. Online databases of plant characteristics, such as

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Desie, Ellen; Van Meerbeek, Koenraad; De Wandeler, Hans; Bruelheide, Helge; Domisch, Timo; Jaroszewicz, Bogdan; Joly, François-Xavier; Vancampenhout, Karen; Vesterdal, Lars; Muys, Bart (August 2020).

4174: 1219:. A high proton activity (pH within the range 3.0–4.0 for most plant species) in the external growth medium overcomes the capacity of the cell to maintain the cytoplasmic pH and growth shuts down. 907:

ions from the root. Some plants also exude organic acids into the soil to acidify the zone around their roots to help solubilize metal nutrients that are insoluble at neutral pH, such as iron (Fe).

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increases, but the balance of the added cations also has a marked effect on the soil pH. For example, increasing the amount of sodium in an alkaline soil tends to induce dissolution of

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However, a plant may be intolerant of a particular pH in some soils as a result of a particular mechanism, and that mechanism may not apply in other soils. For example, a soil low in

1922:, soil animals) are sensitive to soil pH, either directly upon contact or after soil ingestion or indirectly through the various soil properties to which pH contributes (e.g. 682: 650: 615: 583: 551: 519: 2655: 4079:

Crawley, Michael J.; Johnston, A. Edward; Silvertown, Jonathan; Dodd, Mike; de Mazancourt, Claire; Heard, Matthew S.; Henman, D. F.; Edwards, Grant R. (February 2005).

2972:"Occurrence, exposure, effects, recommended intake and possible dietary use of selected trace compounds (aluminium, bismuth, cobalt, gold, lithium, nickel, silver)" 1943:

around pH5 marks the passage from acid-tolerance to acid-intolerance, with few changes in the species composition of soil communities above this threshold, even in

439:. A small sample of soil is mixed with distilled water, into which a strip of litmus paper is inserted. If the soil is acidic the paper turns red, if basic, blue. 1951:

between acido-tolerant and acido-intolerant soil-dwelling organisms was suspected to play a role in the shifts in species composition observed along pH ranges.

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sequence, since podzols are strongly acidic: in these soils, a pale eluvial (E) horizon lies under the organic surface layer and overlies a dark B horizon;

2057:, commonly living in soils at pH higher than 5, could be cultured in more acid soils provided that predators were absent. Its attraction to earthworm 1107:; in these situations most of the water that enters the soil is transpired (taken up by plants) or evaporates, rather than flowing through the soil. 84:. Soil pH is a key characteristic that can be used to make informative analysis both qualitative and quantitatively regarding soil characteristics. 4788:"Species living in harsh environments have low clade rank and are localized on former Laurasian continents: a case study of Willemia (Collembola)" 6558: 2415:

Slessarev, Eric W.; Lin, Yuan; Bingham, Nina L.; Johnson, Jennifer E.; Dai, Yongjiu; Schimel, Joshua P.; Chadwick, Oliver A. (21 November 2016).

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between plant species with overlapping pH ranges most probably contributes to the observed shifts of vegetation composition along pH gradients.

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High levels of aluminium occur near mining sites; small amounts of aluminium are released to the environment at the coal-fired power plants or

1161:. Aluminium in the air is washed out by the rain or normally settles down but small particles of aluminium remain in the air for a long time. 5470: 2829: 2363:. In Sparks, D. L.; Page, A. L.; Helmke, P. A.; Loeppert, R. H.; Soltanpour, P. N.; Tabatabai, M. A.; Johnston, C. T.; Sumner, M. E. (eds.). 5227:"Improvement of the chemical properties and buffering capacity of coastal sandy soil as affected by clay and organic by-product application" 959:: The burning of fossil fuels releases oxides of sulfur and nitrogen into the atmosphere. These react with water in the atmosphere to form 297:

Observation of soil profile: certain profile characteristics can be indicators of either acid, saline, or sodic conditions. Examples are:

3798: 896:. However, plants must maintain a neutral charge in their roots. In order to compensate for the extra positive charge, they will release 2945: 6813: 6568: 6674: 5830: 5413: 4326:"Soil pH and organic carbon properties drive soil bacterial communities in surface and deep layers along an elevational gradient" 2609: 2605:"Development of a spectrophotometric method for determining pH of soil extracts and comparison with glass electrode measurements" 2093:, and indirectly by acting on the physical environment. Many soil fungi, although not all of them, acidify the soil by excreting 1260:

availability is increased at higher pH; this is because the molybdate ion is more strongly sorbed by clay particles at lower pH.

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Scott, Brendan J.; Fisher, J.A. (1989). "Selection of genotypes tolerant of aluminium and manganese". In Robson, Alan D. (ed.).

2268:(90–99% S) has been used at application rates of 300–500 kg/ha (270–450 lb/acre) – it slowly oxidizes in soil to form 461:

is inserted into moistened soil or a mixture (suspension) of soil and water; the pH is usually read on a digital display screen.

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Bloom, Paul R.; Skyllberg, Ulf (2012). "Soil pH and pH buffering". In Huang, Pan Ming; Li, Yuncong; Sumner, Malcolm E. (eds.).

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this does not allow for plants to uptake water like they normally would. This causes them to not be able to photosynthesize.

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methods were developed to measure soil pH involving addition of an indicator dye to the soil extract. These compare well to

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Poor incorporation of the organic surface layer with the underlying mineral layer – this can indicate strongly acidic soils;

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Schrader, Stefan (1994). "Influence of earthworms on the pH conditions of their environment by cutaneous mucus secretion".

3860: 5181:"Humusica 1, article 8: Terrestrial humus systems and forms – Biologicalactivity and soil aggregates, space-time dynamics" 4216:"Pyrosequencing-based assessment of soil pH as a predictor of soil bacterial community structure at the continental scale" 6847: 6611: 5813: 5272: 6091: 5623: 3954: 3868: 3734: 2556: 446:

juice turns more reddish if acid is added, and becomes indigo if titrated with sufficient base to yield a high pH. Red

4417:"Positive feedback loop between earthworms, humus form and soil pH reinforces earthworm abundance in European forests" 6842: 6096: 5463: 5353: 5345: 4037: 3908: 3711: 3486: 3119: 2879: 4416: 3979:"Local and regional patterns of species richness in Central European vegetation types along the pH/calcium gradient" 3482:"Direct damage to vegetation caused by acid rain and polluted cloud: definition of critical levels for forest trees" 6887: 6852: 6639: 6579: 6563: 724:

Rainfall: Average rainfall has a pH of 5.6 and is moderately acidic due to dissolved atmospheric carbon dioxide (

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Soil pH is considered a master variable in soils as it affects many chemical processes. It specifically affects

6622: 6606: 6112: 5495: 3333: 3153: 5268:"Lime requirement of acidic Queensland soils. I. Relationships between soil properties and pH buffer capacity" 3197:"Differences in soil properties in adjacent stands of Scots pine, Norway spruce and silver birch in SW Sweden" 6882: 6806: 5633: 5133: 4910: 4721: 4282: 3201: 2264:

The pH of an alkaline soil can be reduced by adding acidifying agents or acidic organic materials. Elemental

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measurements but offer substantial advantages such as lack of drift, liquid junction and suspension effects.

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and thus depriving the soil solution from this necessary element. On the opposite side, earthworms exert a

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have a pH above 7. Ultra-acidic soils (pH < 3.5) and very strongly alkaline soils (pH > 9) are rare.

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Prince, Candice M.; MacDonald, Gregory E.; Ferrell, Jason A.; Sellers, Brent A.; Wang, Jingjing (2018).

3649: 7077: 6753: 6589: 6117: 5556: 5000:"The impact of earthworms on the abundance of Collembola: improvement of food resources or of habitat?" 4714:"Investigating the mechanisms for the opposing pH relationships of fungal and bacterial growth in soil" 4487: 1005: 585:

to the soil suspension that was prepared for the water pH, the final soil-solution ratio is 1:2 0.01 M

4579: 2680: 5561: 5405: 4906:(Hexapoda, Collembola) according to soil acidity: interactions with earthworms and predator pressure" 4330: 4175:"Impact of soil pH on cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) and bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) competition" 2102: 1971: 17: 2971: 2657:

Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual. Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42, Version 5.0

2512: 7082: 7046: 6892: 6799: 6711: 6505: 6127: 5444:"A Study of Lime Potential, R.C. Turner, Research Branch, Canadian Department of Agriculture, 1965" 3932: 3697: 3533: 3195:

Hansson, Karna; Olsson, Bengt A.; Olsson, Mats; Johansson, Ulf; Kleja, Dan Berggren (August 2011).

3105: 2857: 2660:. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. pp. 276–279 2319: 2206: 2202: 1991: 1845: 1521: 1329: 1321: 793: 6857: 5054:"Quantification of oxalate ions and protons released by ectomycorrhizal fungi in rhizosphere soil" 655: 623: 588: 556: 524: 492: 7087: 6780: 6122: 6085: 5806: 5490: 5300: 4792: 4786:

Prinzing, Andreas; D'Haese, Cyrille A.; Pavoine, Sandrine; Ponge, Jean-François (February 2014).

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The table below gives suitable soil pH ranges for some widely cultivated plants as found in the

6399: 5773: 4656: 2237: 1325: 155:), and normally falls between 3 and 10, with 7 being neutral. Acid soils have a pH below 7 and 2159:

larvae, contribute to decrease the natural acidity of raw organic matter, as observed in mull

7072: 6918: 6877: 6770: 6454: 5384: 5108: 4483:"The development of a bioindicator system for soil acidity based on arthropod pH preferences" 4031:

Pärtel, Meelis; Helm, Aveliina; Ingerpuu, Nele; Reier, Ülle; Tuvi, Eva-Liis (December 2004).

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induced by aluminium (Al) affects soil animals the body of which is not protected by a thick

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character in this genus. However the generality of these findings remains to be established.

1948: 1406: 994:: Severely acidic conditions can form in soils near some mine spoils due to the oxidation of 317:

layer indicates the presence of calcium carbonates, which are present in alkaline conditions;

136:. In soils, it is measured in a slurry of soil mixed with water (or a salt solution, such as 4946:"Earthworm excreta (mucus and urine) affect the distribution of springtails in forest soils" 4276:

Loranger, Gladys; Bandyopadhyaya, Ipsa; Razaka, Barbara; Ponge, Jean-François (March 2001).

4137:"Re-evaluation of the liming-fertilization interaction in grasslands on poor and acid soils" 2542: 2212:

Amendments other than agricultural lime that can be used to increase the pH of soil include

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can be used to look up the suitable soil pH range of a wide range of plants. Documents like

1286: 1257: 6535: 6429: 6253: 5312: 5192: 5065: 5011: 4957: 4859: 4801: 4671: 4596: 4580:"Determination of preferred pH for root-knot nematode aggregation using pluronic F-127 gel" 4496: 4430: 4229: 4046: 3990: 3446: 3294: 3248: 3047: 2782: 2726: 2618: 2433: 2334: 2047:

Effects of pH on soil biota can be mediated by the various functional interactions of soil

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Tian, Qiuxiang; Jiang, Ying; Tang, Yanan; Wu, Yu; Tang, Zhiyao; Liu, Feng (30 July 2021).

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Buol, Stanley W.; Southard, Randal J.; Graham, Robert C.; McDaniel, Paul A., eds. (2003).

763:). When this water flows through the soil it results in the leaching of basic cations as 8: 6989: 6928: 6872: 5822: 5763: 5724: 3609: 2053: 1557: 521:) solutions. For convenience, the pH is initially measured in water and then measured in 442:

Certain other fruit and vegetable pigments also change color in response to changing pH.

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particles, and by adding mucus as a glue for some of them, burrowing soil animals, e.g.

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coastal and estuarine environments can become highly acidic when drained or excavated.

6999: 6974: 6969: 6419: 6288: 5679: 5526: 5349: 5157: 5129:"Earthworm mucus contributes to the formation of organo-mineral associations in soil" 5128: 4999: 4945: 4901: 4843: 4842:

Li, Yin-Sheng; Sun, Jing; Robin, Paul; Cluzeau, Daniel; Qiu, Jiangping (April 2014).

4787: 4622: 4460: 4359: 4255: 4152: 4102: 3978: 3950: 3904: 3864: 3707: 3621: 3601: 3543: 3503: 3499: 3414: 3352: 3170: 3115: 3111: 3071: 3063: 3035: 3001: 2993: 2875: 2604: 2552: 2449: 2380: 2314: 2177: 1954:

The opposition between acido-tolerance and acido-intolerance is commonly observed at

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Casarin, Valter; Plassard, Claude; Souche, Gérard; Arvieu, Jean-Claude (July 2003).

4977: 4879: 4821: 4756: 4303: 4200: 4033:"Conservation of Northern European plant diversity: the correspondence with soil pH" 4010: 3675: 3466: 3083: 3013: 2769:"Acidic deposition and internal proton sources in acidification of soils and waters" 2768: 2746: 2712: 2394: 428:

Use of an inexpensive pH testing kit, where in a small sample of soil is mixed with

6938: 6600: 6293: 5756: 5320: 5281: 5241: 5200: 5152: 5142: 5073: 5031: 5019: 4965: 4919: 4867: 4809: 4730: 4691: 4679: 4634: 4612: 4604: 4553: 4504: 4446: 4438: 4390: 4349: 4339: 4291: 4245: 4237: 4188: 4148: 4114: 4094: 4080: 4054: 3998: 3942: 3774: 3663: 3613: 3495: 3454: 3389: 3342: 3302: 3256: 3210: 3162: 3147:

Kopittke, Peter M.; Menzies, Neal W.; Wang, Peng; Blamey, F. Pax C. (August 2016).

3055: 2985: 2867: 2802: 2790: 2773: 2734: 2708: 2626: 2461: 2441: 2424: 2372: 2277: 2273: 2241: 2229: 1998: 1987: 1963: 1944: 1665: 1024: 133: 5147: 4734: 4657:"Reactions to soil acidification in microarthropods: is competition a key factor?" 4538: 3856:

Ellenberg's indicator values for British plants. ECOFACT Volume 2. Technical Annex

2513:"Soil Survey Manual 2017, Chapter 3, Examination and description of soil profiles" 6959: 6902: 6822: 6721: 6701: 6696: 6525: 6459: 6444: 6424: 6358: 6343: 6203: 5699: 5628: 5596: 5204: 5127:

Guhra, Tom; Stolze, Katharina; Schweizer, Steffen; Totsche, Kai Uwe (June 2020).

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Hill, Mark Oliver; Mountford, J. Owen; Roy, David B.; Bunce, Robert G.H. (1999).

3602:"Phosphorus interactions with other nutrients and lime in field cropping systems" 3380: 3214: 2989: 2548: 2300:

nutrients are the most common reasons for poor plant growth in calcareous soils.

2221: 2114: 2110: 1882: 1791: 1773: 1755: 1349: 1303: 1243: 1028: 970: 700: 469: 163: 3617: 7015: 6791: 6730: 6653: 6333: 6278: 5741: 5714: 5694: 5606: 5551: 5546: 3938: 3654: 2717: 2376: 2339: 1967: 1927: 1719: 1503: 1485: 1251: 726: 652:(20 mL) is added to soil suspension, the sample is stirred, and the 1:2 0.01 M 409: 321: 5324: 5023: 4608: 4557: 4344: 4214:

Lauber, Christian L.; Hamady, Micah; Knight, Rob; Fierer, Noah (August 2009).

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Poozesh, Vahid; Castillon, Pierre; Cruz, Pablo; Bertoni, Georges (June 2010).

3650:"Effects of liming on phosphate availability in acid soils: a critical review" 3437:

Sumner, Malcolm E.; Yamada, Tsuioshi (November 2002). "Farming with acidity".

3260: 2824: 2630: 7066: 6933: 6764: 6667: 6660: 6500: 6469: 6378: 6263: 5768: 5645: 5601: 5179:

Zanella, Augusto; Ponge, Jean-François; Briones, Maria J. I. (January 2018).

4278:"Does soil acidity explain altitudinal sequences in collembolan communities?" 3329:"Good and bad protons: genetic aspects of acidity stress responses in plants" 3281:

Rout, Gyana Ranjan; Samantaray, Sanghamitra; Das, Premananda (January 2001).

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showed that tolerance to soil acidity was correlated with tolerance of other

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Many strongly acidic soils, on the other hand, have strong aggregation, good

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neutralizes active acidity in the soil by reacting with H ions to form

7051: 6979: 6964: 6520: 6515: 6490: 6363: 6308: 5736: 5709: 5684: 5640: 5613: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5521: 5479: 5245: 5077: 4626: 4363: 4259: 4106: 3779: 3760: 3507: 3356: 3306: 3174: 3075: 3005: 2453: 2245: 2193: 1890: 1449: 1344:, and good water-holding characteristics. However, for many plant species, 1158: 436: 429: 345: 307: 4969: 4578:

Wang, Congli; Bruening, George; Williamson, Valerie M. (20 October 2009).

4379:"Biocenoses of Collembola in atlantic temperate grass-woodland ecosystems" 3854: 3458: 707:

reactions undergone by that parent material. In warm, humid environments,

7030: 6954: 6716: 6530: 6464: 6434: 6368: 6348: 6268: 6248: 6228: 6218: 6213: 5746: 5669: 5650: 5225:

Minhal, Fibrianty; Ma'as, Aswar; Hanudin, Eko; Sudira, Putu (June 2020).

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Van Breemen, Nico; Driscoll, Charles T.; Mulder, Jan (16 February 1984).

2360: 2285: 2122: 2094: 2005: 1307: 1212: 1208: 1201: 1091: 988:, generate acidity. This process is often accelerated by human activity: 964: 764: 394: 156: 4537:

He, Bin; Wang, Zhipeng; Xu, Changhui; Shen, Runjie; Hu, Sanqing (2013).

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Handbook of soil sciences: resource management and environmental impacts

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Rosseland, Bjorn Olav; Eldhuset, Toril Drabløs; Staurnes, Magne (1990).

2445: 2284:, can help to reduce the pH of a soil because ammonium oxidises to form 6826: 6706: 6449: 6353: 6303: 6258: 6243: 6208: 6178: 6044: 5951: 5916: 5891: 5731: 5704: 5689: 5591: 5516: 4683: 4516: 4482: 4192: 4002: 3667: 3059: 2738: 2324: 2225: 2217: 2160: 2078: 2041: 2025: 1979: 1975: 1935: 1931: 1919: 1915: 1629: 1377: 1313: 1122:

soils may vary in pH from 7.0 to 9.5, depending on the degree to which

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exposed to sublethal aluminium levels in an artificial soil substrate"

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Bargrizan, Sima; Smernik, Ronald J.; Mosley, Luke M. (November 2017).

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emission, provides food and shelter within earthworm burrows in mull

2058: 2037: 2033: 2009: 2002: 1940: 1899: 1895: 1223: 1216: 1186: 1178: 1170: 956: 458: 443: 384: 363: 350: 334: 97: 89: 5180: 4508: 4378: 4277: 4136: 3196: 2654:

Soil Survey Staff (2014). Rebecca Burt and Soil Survey Staff (ed.).

6691: 6540: 6323: 6238: 6193: 6069: 6049: 6039: 6024: 5996: 5991: 5976: 5946: 5941: 5921: 5911: 5896: 5881: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5751: 5511: 4539:"The study on pH gradient control in solution for driving bacteria" 4098: 4032: 2871: 2293: 2213: 2048: 2017: 2012:, and thus are in more direct contact with the soil solution, e.g. 1983: 1923: 1404:) tolerate only a narrow range in soil pH, whereas others (such as 1341: 1333: 1279: 1174: 1104: 911: 699:

The pH of a natural soil depends on the mineral composition of the

454: 421: 403: 389: 139: 77: 31: 5341:

Efficient fertilizer use in acid upland soils of the humid tropics

2417:"Water balance creates a threshold in soil pH at the global scale" 6485: 6273: 6233: 6198: 6188: 6183: 6173: 6168: 6064: 6034: 6029: 6019: 6014: 5966: 5961: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5901: 5886: 5851: 5846: 5841: 4275: 2236:

shells. These products increase the pH of soils through various

2148: 2106: 2074: 2021: 2013: 1955: 1886: 1381: 1197: 1196:

taken up by the plants, but enters plant roots passively through

1182: 974: 832:

Plant growth: Plants take up nutrients in the form of ions (e.g.

689:— Summary of the USDA NRCS method for soil pH determination 447: 415: 314: 73: 4712:

Rousk, Johannes; Brookes, Philip C.; Bååth, Erland (June 2010).

720:

Many processes contribute to soil acidification. These include:

39: 6383: 6318: 6059: 6054: 5956: 5571: 5448: 5339: 4785: 4081:"Determinants of species richness in the Park Grass Experiment" 3149:"Kinetics and nature of aluminium rhizotoxic effects: a review" 2265: 2233: 2136: 1229: 995: 889: 304: 4761:

Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University

796:

and decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms release

6298: 4172: 4078: 3761:"The role of soil pH in plant nutrition and soil remediation" 3530: 2189: 2118: 2070: 2066: 2062: 1959: 1647: 1215:

of root cells works to maintain the near-neutral pH of their

893: 368: 354: 5224: 3977:

Chytrý, Milan; Tichý, Lubomír; Rolček, Jan (December 2003).

3194: 2128:

By mixing organic matter with mineral matter, in particular

1293: 6328: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 5586: 5126: 5051: 4481:

Van Straalen, Nico M.; Verhoef, Herman A. (February 1997).

4134: 2289: 2281: 2129: 81: 2540: 2414: 1934:). According to the various physiological and behavioural 1234: 489:

The pH is measured in soil-water (1:1) and soil-salt (1:2

6313: 5381:"Solutions to soil problems. II. High pH (alkaline soil)" 3146: 3033: 2766: 2707: 2156: 1181: (Mn) toxicity, as well as nutrient deficiencies of 670: 638: 603: 571: 539: 507: 4213: 2051:. It has been shown experimentally that the collembolan 5266:

Aitken, R.L.; Moody, Philip W.; McKinley, P.G. (1990).

4030: 2510: 1207:

Proton (H ion) stress can also limit plant growth. The

432:

solution which changes colour according to the acidity.

85: 4577: 2929: 2927: 2602: 2522:, United States Department of Agriculture, Handbook 18 3852: 3372:"Nutritional requirements of the edaphic ecotypes in 3027: 2259: 658: 626: 591: 559: 527: 495: 4900:

Salmon, Sandrine; Ponge, Jean-François (July 1999).

2977:

International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition

2711:; Mulder, Jan; Driscoll, Charles T. (October 1983). 2480: 2478: 2180:

is often applied to acid soils to increase soil pH (

1278:

show decreased availability at higher pH (increased

1147: 5265: 5178: 4480: 2924: 2859:

Handbook of soil sciences: properties and processes

2196:size of the lime (how finely it is ground) and the 2084: 285:0 to 6=acidic,7=neutral and 8 and above alkalinity 170: 30:"Mediacid" redirects here. Not to be confused with 3327:Shavrukov, Yuri; Hirai, Yoshihiko (January 2016). 3107:The nature and properties of soils, global edition 1885:, the various pH preferences of plant species (or 1352:can occur even when the soil is relatively moist. 926:) fertilizers react in the soil by the process of 676: 644: 609: 577: 545: 513: 337:plants (those that prefer an acidic soil) include 5305:Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 4841: 4711: 3976: 3439:Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 3370:Ramakrishnan, Palayanoor Sivaswamy (April 1968). 3280: 3241:Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 2653: 2484: 2475: 973:: Oxidation of some primary minerals, especially 553:. With the addition of an equal volume of 0.02 M 7064: 6821: 1889:) at least partly determine the composition and 6559:Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated 4323: 4271: 4269: 3826: 3689: 3142: 3140: 3138: 2171: 1371:Ellenberg's indicator values for British plants 1169:can experience a variety of stresses including 6595:National Society of Consulting Soil Scientists 5331: 3600:Sumner, Malcolm E.; Farina, Mart P.W. (1986). 3326: 2895: 2855: 2760: 1332:. Plant growth is severely restricted because 6807: 5807: 5464: 5338:von Uexkull, H.R. (1986). "Lime and liming". 3595: 3593: 3432: 3430: 3320: 1110:The soil pH usually increases when the total 27:Measure of how acidic or alkaline the soil is 5301:"Reactive aluminum in the Vermont Soil Test" 4536: 4266: 3599: 3576:Science in farming, USDA Yearbook, 1941–1947 3526: 3524: 3436: 3369: 3135: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2408: 1238:Nutrient availability in relation to soil pH 1230:Nutrient availability in relation to soil pH 694: 5337: 4899: 3930: 3893:"The calcicole-calcifuge problem revisited" 3792: 3790: 2713:"Acidification and alkalinization of soils" 2089:Soil biota affect soil pH directly through 1910: 453:Use of a commercially available electronic 6814: 6800: 6776: 5814: 5800: 5471: 5457: 5374: 5372: 5259: 3641: 3590: 3427: 2649: 2647: 5378: 5156: 5146: 4757:"Acidophilic Collembola: living fossils?" 4616: 4546:Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering 4450: 4353: 4343: 4249: 3924: 3796: 3778: 3695: 3563: 3521: 3393: 3346: 3237:"Soil aluminum toxicity and plant growth" 3110:(15th ed.). London, United Kingdom: 3104:Weil, Raymond R.; Brady, Nyle C. (2016). 3103: 2965: 2963: 2844: 2192:needed to change pH is determined by the 1990:factors and that stress tolerance was an 1974:than those intolerant of soil acidity. A 1294:Water availability in relation to soil pH 1242:Soil pH affects the availability of some 6569:Central Soil Salinity Research Institute 5298: 5105: 3846: 3820: 3799:"Plants Database Characteristics Search" 3787: 3283:"Aluminium toxicity in plants: a review" 2904:"Soil alkalinity (alkaline-sodic soils)" 2672: 2367:. SSSA Book Series. Madison, Wisconsin: 1233: 1014: 829:) concentration and subsequent leaching. 387:(lime loving) plants include ash trees ( 38: 6675:Soil Science Society of America Journal 5821: 5369: 3884: 2644: 2610:Soil Science Society of America Journal 2547:(Fifth ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: 2288:. Acidifying organic materials include 1355: 1090:Addition of water containing dissolved 177:United States Department of Agriculture 14: 7065: 6647:Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 6108:Canadian system of soil classification 5418:Natural Resources Conservation Service 4998:Salmon, Sandrine (17 September 2004). 4997: 4943: 4654: 4221:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 3766:Applied and Environmental Soil Science 3647: 3234: 2969: 2960: 2935:"Public health statement for aluminum" 2901: 2822: 2520:Natural Resources Conservation Service 2358: 2117:on soil pH through their excretion of 1019:Total soil alkalinity increases with: 182:classifies soil pH ranges as follows: 180:Natural Resources Conservation Service 6795: 5795: 5452: 4754: 4376: 3758: 3702:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: 3569: 3538:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: 3408: 3040:Environmental Geochemistry and Health 2948:from the original on 12 December 2016 2862:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: 2678: 715: 190: 6749: 6585:International Union of Soil Sciences 3479: 3235:Wright, Robert J. (September 1989). 3036:"Environmental effects of aluminium" 1966:, but it also occurs at much higher 6612:Soil and Water Conservation Society 5379:Cox, Loralie; Koenig, Rich (2010). 5273:Australian Journal of Soil Research 4755:Ponge, Jean-François (March 2000). 3890: 3413:. Kiel, Germany: Hirt. p. 80. 3376:Medic. II. Aluminium and manganese" 2166: 808:which increases the carbonic acid ( 767:; this increases the percentage of 738:) that combines with water to form 293:Methods of determining pH include: 24: 6092:Unified Soil Classification System 5624:Soil retrogression and degradation 4944:Salmon, Sandrine (November 2001). 4377:Ponge, Jean-François (July 1993). 3947:10.1016/B978-0-12-590655-5.50010-4 3395:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1968.tb06385.x 2688:Soil Health - Guides for Educators 2272:. Acidifying fertilizers, such as 2260:Decreasing the pH of alkaline soil 457:, in which a glass or solid-state 333:Observation of predominant flora. 25: 7099: 6097:AASHTO Soil Classification System 5437: 5346:Food and Agriculture Organization 3696:Ellis, Boyd; Foth, Henry (1997). 2081:associated with less acid soils. 1410:) tolerate a very wide pH range. 1348:severely limits root growth, and 1148:Effect of soil pH on plant growth 288: 6775: 6760: 6759: 6748: 6640:Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica B 6580:Indian Institute of Soil Science 6564:Canadian Society of Soil Science 6395: 6394: 5570: 5478: 4153:10.1111/j.1365-2494.2010.00744.x 3861:Institute of Terrestrial Ecology 3411:Pflanzenernährung in Stichworten 2085:Effects of soil biota on soil pH 1222:In soils with a high content of 171:Classification of soil pH ranges 6618:Soil Science Society of America 5398: 5292: 5218: 5172: 5120: 5099: 5045: 4991: 4937: 4893: 4835: 4779: 4748: 4705: 4648: 4571: 4530: 4474: 4408: 4370: 4317: 4207: 4166: 4128: 4072: 4024: 3970: 3752: 3727: 3473: 3402: 3363: 3274: 3228: 3188: 3097: 2816: 2701: 2544:Soil genesis and classification 2369:Soil Science Society of America 888:), and they often take up more 6623:World Congress of Soil Science 6607:Soil Science Society of Poland 6113:Australian Soil Classification 6104:(French classification system) 5004:Biology and Fertility of Soils 4950:Biology and Fertility of Soils 4664:Biology and Fertility of Soils 4655:Hågvar, Sigmund (April 1990). 3897:Advances in Botanical Research 3859:. Huntingdon, United Kingdom: 3735:"Sodic soils and plant growth" 3648:Haynes, R. J. (October 1982). 3480:Cape, J. N. (1 January 1993). 3334:Journal of Experimental Botany 3154:Journal of Experimental Botany 2970:Dolara, Piero (21 July 2014). 2596: 2572: 2534: 2504: 2352: 1144:dominate the soluble cations. 1098:with high-bicarbonate waters). 942:), and in the process release 13: 1: 5634:Soil compaction (agriculture) 5406:"Soil quality indicators: pH" 5148:10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107785 5134:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 4924:10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00034-6 4911:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 4735:10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.02.009 4722:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 4395:10.1016/S0031-4056(24)00100-8 4296:10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00153-X 4283:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 3934:Soil acidity and plant growth 3202:Forest Ecology and Management 2511:Soil Science Division Staff. 2345: 1152: 677:{\displaystyle {\ce {CaCl2}}} 645:{\displaystyle {\ce {CaCl2}}} 610:{\displaystyle {\ce {CaCl2}}} 578:{\displaystyle {\ce {CaCl2}}} 546:{\displaystyle {\ce {CaCl2}}} 514:{\displaystyle {\ce {CaCl2}}} 43:Global variation in soil pH. 5205:10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.07.020 4872:10.1080/02757540.2014.881804 4844:"Responses of the earthworm 4059:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.03.025 3829:"Plant Database Search Page" 3604:. In Stewart, Bob A. (ed.). 3500:10.1016/0269-7491(93)90114-4 3215:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.04.021 2990:10.3109/09637486.2014.937801 2216:, industrial calcium oxide ( 2172:Increasing pH of acidic soil 1312:Strongly alkaline soils are 7: 6858:Magnesium deficiency#Plants 6575:German Soil Science Society 6133:List of vineyard soil types 5299:Bartlett, Richmond (1982). 4588:Journal of Chemical Ecology 3618:10.1007/978-1-4613-8660-5_5 2580:"Evolution of the pH Meter" 2303: 2105:calcium, forming insoluble 1962:or at genus level within a 1881:In natural or near-natural 88:is defined as the negative 10: 7104: 6754:Knowledge:WikiProject Soil 6590:International Year of Soil 6118:Polish Soil Classification 5557:Environmental soil science 4488:Journal of Applied Ecology 3542:. pp. 11–1 to 11–80. 2866:. pp. 19–1 to 19–14. 2823:US EPA, OAR (2016-02-09). 2377:10.2136/sssabookser5.3.c16 2361:"Soil pH and soil acidity" 1297: 1118:, which increases the pH. 789:relative to other cations. 684:pH is measured (4C1a2a2). 29: 7039: 7008: 6947: 6911: 6833: 6744: 6684: 6631: 6551: 6478: 6412: 6392: 6142:Non-systematic soil types 6141: 6078: 6005: 5829: 5784: 5579: 5568: 5562:Agricultural soil science 5504: 5486: 5325:10.1080/00103628209367289 5158:21.11116/0000-0006-600A-3 5024:10.1007/s00374-004-0782-y 4609:10.1007/s10886-009-9703-8 4558:10.1016/j.bbe.2013.03.003 4345:10.3389/fmicb.2021.646124 4331:Frontiers in Microbiology 3261:10.1080/00103628909368163 2631:10.2136/sssaj2017.04.0119 1869:Barbary fig (pricklypear) 695:Factors affecting soil pH 187: 7047:Algal nutrient solutions 6893:Micronutrient deficiency 6712:Infiltration (hydrology) 6506:Geotechnical engineering 6128:List of U.S. state soils 4141:Grass and Forage Science 3606:Advances in soil science 2365:Methods of soil analysis 2320:Cation-exchange capacity 2207:cation exchange capacity 2203:cation exchange capacity 2101:metabolism. Oxalic acid 1911:pH effects on soil biota 1846:Cotoneaster integerrimus 1522:Rhododendron arborescens 1380:may not be suitable for 1330:available water capacity 6924:Phosphorus assimilation 6781:List of soil scientists 6123:1938 USDA soil taxonomy 6102:Référentiel pédologique 6086:FAO soil classification 5234:Soil and Water Research 4793:Journal of Biogeography 4443:10.1111/1365-2435.13668 4038:Biological Conservation 3487:Environmental Pollution 2485:Queensland Government. 1432:Chrysopogon zizanioides 1373:can also be consulted. 324:can be an indicator of 6552:Societies, Initiatives 5774:Soil water (retention) 3608:. New York, New York: 3409:Finck, Arnold (1976). 2902:Oosterbaan, Roland J. 2359:Thomas, G. W. (1996). 1326:hydraulic conductivity 1239: 692: 678: 646: 611: 579: 547: 515: 450:is similarly affected. 276:Very strongly alkaline 92:(base 10) of the 66: 6919:Nitrogen assimilation 6878:Phosphorus deficiency 6868:Molybdenum deficiency 6771:Category soil science 6455:Soil salinity control 5385:Utah State University 5109:Zoologischer Anzeiger 4970:10.1007/s003740100407 4852:Chemistry and Ecology 3937:. Sydney, Australia: 3891:Lee, John A. (1998). 3827:Plants for a future. 3572:"The liming of soils" 3459:10.1081/CSS-120014461 2491:Queensland Government 2256:), a neutral solute. 2097:, a product of their 1905:Competitive exclusion 1407:Vetiveria zizanioides 1392:. Some species (like 1298:Further information: 1237: 1085:addition of limestone 1015:Sources of alkalinity 977:and those containing 703:of the soil, and the 679: 647: 612: 580: 548: 516: 484: 349:and nearly all other 42: 6934:Microbial assistance 6883:Potassium deficiency 6863:Manganese deficiency 6536:Agricultural science 6430:Soil guideline value 6254:Calcareous grassland 5831:World Reference Base 5246:10.17221/55/2019-SWR 5185:Applied Soil Ecology 5078:10.1051/agro:2003020 4242:10.1128/AEM.00335-09 3941:. pp. 167–203. 3780:10.1155/2019/5794869 3759:Neina, Dora (2019). 3570:Truog, Emil (1946). 3307:10.1051/agro:2001105 2825:"What is acid rain?" 2335:Organic horticulture 2201:related to the soil 1864:Opuntia ficus-indica 1828:Caragana arborescens 1738:Solanum lycopersicum 1594:Vaccinium corymbosum 1401:Opuntia ficus-indica 1390:USDA PLANTS Database 1356:Plant pH preferences 1285:The effect of pH on 1035:minerals containing 1004:formed naturally in 971:Oxidative weathering 656: 624: 589: 557: 525: 493: 212:Very strongly acidic 111:or, more precisely, 72:is a measure of the 6990:Nutrient management 6929:Sulfur assimilation 6873:Nitrogen deficiency 6632:Scientific journals 5823:Soil classification 5764:Soil organic matter 5725:Pore water pressure 5317:1982CSSPA..13..497B 5197:2018AppSE.122..103Z 5070:2003AgSD...23..461C 5016:2004BioFS..40..323S 4962:2001BioFS..34..304S 4904:Heteromurus nitidus 4864:2014ChEco..30..611L 4806:2014JBiog..41..353P 4676:1990BioFS...9..178H 4601:2009JCEco..35.1242W 4501:1997JApEc..34..217V 4435:2020FuEco..34.2598D 4234:2009ApEnM..75.5111L 4086:American Naturalist 4051:2004BCons.120..525P 3995:2003FolGe..38..429C 3612:. pp. 201–36. 3451:2002CSSPA..33.2467S 3299:2001AgSD...21....3R 3253:1989CSSPA..20.1479W 3052:1990EnvGH..12...17R 2787:1984Natur.307..599B 2731:1983PlSoi..75..283V 2623:2017SSASJ..81.1350B 2446:10.1038/nature20139 2438:2016Natur.540..567S 2371:. pp. 475–90. 2238:acid–base reactions 2054:Heteromurus nitidus 1558:Carya illinoinensis 1367:Plants for a Future 1211:, H-ATPase, of the 672: 640: 605: 573: 541: 509: 260:Moderately alkaline 7021:Nutrient pollution 6995:Organic fertilizer 6985:Nutrient budgeting 6848:Calcium deficiency 6727:Impervious surface 6007:USDA soil taxonomy 5833:for Soil Resources 5720:Pore space in soil 5663:Soil acidification 5619:Soil contamination 5348:. pp. 16–22. 4684:10.1007/BF00335804 4422:Functional Ecology 4338:(646124): 646124. 4193:10.1017/wet.2018.3 4003:10.1007/BF02803250 3797:USDA NRCS (2023). 3706:. pp. 73–74. 3668:10.1007/BF02197935 3445:(15–18): 2467–96. 3348:10.1093/jxb/erv437 3247:(15–16): 1479–97. 3167:10.1093/jxb/erw233 3060:10.1007/BF01734045 2944:. September 2008. 2739:10.1007/BF02369968 2310:Acid mine drainage 2198:buffering capacity 1815:common blue violet 1599:highbush blueberry 1346:aluminium toxicity 1240: 1193:Aluminium toxicity 1177: (H), and/or 1002:Acid sulfate soils 716:Sources of acidity 709:soil acidification 674: 660: 642: 628: 607: 593: 575: 561: 543: 529: 511: 497: 486:Summary of Method 466:spectrophotometric 80:(alkalinity) of a 67: 7078:Organic gardening 7060: 7059: 7000:Plant tissue test 6975:Hydroponic dosers 6970:Hoagland solution 6789: 6788: 6420:Soil conservation 6406: 6405: 5680:Soil biodiversity 5527:Soil microbiology 5286:10.1071/SR9900695 4902:"Distribution of 4814:10.1111/jbi.12188 4429:(12): 2598–2610. 3983:Folia Geobotanica 3627:978-1-4613-8660-5 3578:. pp. 566–76 3549:978-1-4398-0308-0 3420:978-3-554-80197-2 3112:Pearson Education 2942:www.atsdr.cdc.gov 2911:www.waterlog.info 2781:(5952): 599–604. 2709:Van Breemen, Nico 2386:978-0-89118-866-7 2315:Acid sulfate soil 2184:). The amount of 2178:agricultural lime 1883:plant communities 1879: 1878: 1833:Siberian peashrub 1612:Manihot esculenta 1576:Tamarindus indica 1468:Rubus chamaemorus 1342:internal drainage 1116:calcium carbonate 930:to form nitrate ( 663: 631: 596: 564: 532: 500: 283: 282: 268:Strongly alkaline 252:Slightly alkaline 228:Moderately acidic 61:= alkaline soil. 16:(Redirected from 7095: 7040:Related concepts 6939:Photorespiration 6843:Boron deficiency 6816: 6809: 6802: 6793: 6792: 6779: 6778: 6763: 6762: 6752: 6751: 6601:OPAL Soil Centre 6398: 6397: 6294:Hydrophobic soil 5816: 5809: 5802: 5793: 5792: 5757:Soil respiration 5574: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5450: 5449: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5410: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5376: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5231: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5160: 5150: 5141:(107785): 1–10. 5124: 5118: 5117: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5038: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4718: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4661: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4620: 4584: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4543: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4454: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4357: 4347: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4273: 4264: 4263: 4253: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3794: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3597: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3528: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3434: 3425: 3424: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3350: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3144: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3020: 2967: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2939: 2931: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2908: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2853: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2795:10.1038/307599a0 2764: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2685: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2651: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2590: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2517: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2482: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2432:(7634): 567–69. 2421: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2356: 2278:ammonium nitrate 2274:ammonium sulfate 2246:monosilicic acid 2242:Calcium silicate 2230:calcium silicate 2167:Changing soil pH 2115:buffering effect 1999:oxidative stress 1997:At low pH, the 1978:analysis on the 1945:calcareous soils 1666:Pinus sylvestris 1413: 1412: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1094:(as occurs when 1078: 1077: 1076: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1045: 1044: 1043: 987: 986: 985: 952: 951: 950: 941: 940: 939: 925: 924: 923: 910:Fertilizer use: 906: 905: 904: 887: 886: 885: 877: 876: 866: 865: 864: 855: 854: 853: 843: 842: 841: 828: 827: 826: 818: 817: 807: 806: 805: 788: 787: 786: 777: 776: 775: 762: 761: 760: 752: 751: 737: 735: 734: 690: 683: 681: 680: 675: 673: 671: 668: 661: 651: 649: 648: 643: 641: 639: 636: 629: 616: 614: 613: 608: 606: 604: 601: 594: 584: 582: 581: 576: 574: 572: 569: 562: 552: 550: 549: 544: 542: 540: 537: 530: 520: 518: 517: 512: 510: 508: 505: 498: 381:Pinus sylvestris 204:Extremely acidic 185: 184: 154: 153: 152: 142: 131: 130: 129: 121: 120: 110: 109: 108: 59: 55:= neutral soil. 53: 47: 21: 7103: 7102: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7083:Plant nutrition 7063: 7062: 7061: 7056: 7035: 7004: 6960:Fertilizer tree 6943: 6907: 6903:Fertilizer burn 6888:Zinc deficiency 6853:Iron deficiency 6829: 6823:Plant nutrition 6820: 6790: 6785: 6740: 6722:Crust (geology) 6702:Land management 6697:Land conversion 6680: 6627: 6547: 6526:Earth materials 6474: 6460:Erosion control 6445:Soil governance 6425:Soil management 6408: 6407: 6402: 6388: 6359:Subaqueous soil 6344:Serpentine soil 6204:Parent material 6137: 6074: 6001: 5832: 5825: 5820: 5780: 5700:Soil resilience 5629:Soil compaction 5597:Soil morphology 5575: 5566: 5500: 5482: 5477: 5440: 5435: 5434: 5424: 5422: 5408: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5389: 5387: 5383:. Logan, Utah: 5377: 5370: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5344:. Rome, Italy: 5336: 5332: 5297: 5293: 5264: 5260: 5250: 5248: 5229: 5223: 5219: 5209: 5207: 5177: 5173: 5163: 5161: 5125: 5121: 5104: 5100: 5090: 5088: 5064:(5–6): 461–69. 5050: 5046: 5036: 5034: 4996: 4992: 4982: 4980: 4942: 4938: 4928: 4926: 4898: 4894: 4884: 4882: 4840: 4836: 4826: 4824: 4784: 4780: 4770: 4768: 4753: 4749: 4739: 4737: 4716: 4710: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4659: 4653: 4649: 4639: 4637: 4595:(10): 1242–51. 4582: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4541: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4509:10.2307/2404860 4479: 4475: 4465: 4463: 4413: 4409: 4399: 4397: 4375: 4371: 4322: 4318: 4308: 4306: 4274: 4267: 4228:(15): 5111–20. 4212: 4208: 4180:Weed Technology 4171: 4167: 4157: 4155: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4077: 4073: 4063: 4061: 4029: 4025: 4015: 4013: 3975: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3929: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3889: 3885: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3851: 3847: 3837: 3835: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3803:plants.usda.gov 3795: 3788: 3757: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3694: 3690: 3680: 3678: 3646: 3642: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3598: 3591: 3581: 3579: 3568: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3529: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3478: 3474: 3435: 3428: 3421: 3407: 3403: 3381:New Phytologist 3368: 3364: 3325: 3321: 3311: 3309: 3279: 3275: 3265: 3263: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3193: 3189: 3179: 3177: 3161:(15): 4451–67. 3145: 3136: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3032: 3028: 3018: 3016: 2968: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2906: 2900: 2896: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2854: 2845: 2835: 2833: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2749: 2706: 2702: 2692: 2690: 2683: 2677: 2673: 2663: 2661: 2652: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2601: 2597: 2588: 2586: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2549:Wiley–Blackwell 2539: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2515: 2509: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2483: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2419: 2413: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2387: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2306: 2262: 2255: 2251: 2222:magnesium oxide 2174: 2169: 2121:, endowed with 2111:calcium oxalate 2087: 2073:), mediated by 1958:level within a 1913: 1792:Punica granatum 1774:Nerium oleander 1756:Psidium guajava 1416:Scientific name 1358: 1350:moisture stress 1310: 1304:Water potential 1296: 1282:at higher pH). 1244:plant nutrients 1232: 1185: (Ca) and 1155: 1150: 1140: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1123: 1087:to acid soils); 1075: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1036: 1029:aluminosilicate 1017: 984: 982: 981: 980: 978: 949: 947: 946: 945: 943: 938: 935: 934: 933: 931: 922: 919: 918: 917: 915: 903: 901: 900: 899: 897: 884: 881: 880: 879: 875: 872: 871: 870: 868: 863: 861: 860: 859: 857: 852: 849: 848: 847: 845: 840: 837: 836: 835: 833: 825: 822: 821: 820: 816: 813: 812: 811: 809: 804: 801: 800: 799: 797: 785: 783: 782: 781: 779: 774: 772: 771: 770: 768: 759: 756: 755: 754: 750: 747: 746: 745: 743: 733: 730: 729: 728: 725: 718: 701:parent material 697: 691: 688: 687: 686: 669: 664: 659: 657: 654: 653: 637: 632: 627: 625: 622: 621: 618: 602: 597: 592: 590: 587: 586: 570: 565: 560: 558: 555: 554: 538: 533: 528: 526: 523: 522: 506: 501: 496: 494: 491: 490: 470:glass electrode 291: 236:Slightly acidic 220:Strongly acidic 173: 151: 148: 147: 146: 144: 137: 128: 125: 124: 123: 119: 116: 115: 114: 112: 107: 105: 104: 103: 101: 57: 51: 49:= acidic soil. 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7101: 7091: 7090: 7088:Soil chemistry 7085: 7080: 7075: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7016:Soil fertility 7012: 7010: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6915: 6913: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6839: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6819: 6818: 6811: 6804: 6796: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6773: 6767: 6756: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6733: 6731:Surface runoff 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6688: 6686: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6671: 6664: 6657: 6654:Plant and Soil 6650: 6643: 6635: 6633: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6609: 6604: 6598: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6566: 6561: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6482: 6480: 6479:Related fields 6476: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6416: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6403: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6334:Prime farmland 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6289:Fuller's earth 6286: 6281: 6279:Expansive clay 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6145: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6082: 6080: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6011: 6009: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5838: 5836: 5827: 5826: 5819: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5796: 5790: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5766: 5761: 5760: 5759: 5749: 5744: 5742:Soil biomantle 5739: 5734: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5715:Soil structure 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5695:Soil fertility 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5643: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5607:Soil formation 5604: 5599: 5589: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5552:Soil chemistry 5549: 5547:Soil mechanics 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5476: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5439: 5438:External links 5436: 5433: 5432: 5397: 5368: 5354: 5330: 5311:(7): 497–506. 5291: 5280:(5): 695–701. 5258: 5217: 5171: 5119: 5116:(5–6): 211–19. 5098: 5044: 4990: 4936: 4918:(8): 1161–70. 4892: 4846:Eisenia andrei 4834: 4778: 4747: 4704: 4647: 4570: 4529: 4473: 4407: 4369: 4316: 4265: 4206: 4165: 4127: 4099:10.1086/427270 4071: 4023: 3969: 3956:978-0125906555 3955: 3939:Academic Press 3923: 3909: 3883: 3870:978-1870393485 3869: 3845: 3819: 3786: 3751: 3726: 3712: 3699:Soil fertility 3688: 3662:(3): 289–308. 3655:Plant and Soil 3640: 3626: 3589: 3562: 3548: 3520: 3494:(2): 167–180. 3472: 3426: 3419: 3401: 3374:Melilotus alba 3362: 3319: 3273: 3227: 3187: 3134: 3120: 3096: 3046:(1–2): 17–27. 3026: 2959: 2923: 2894: 2880: 2872:10.1201/b11267 2843: 2815: 2759: 2725:(3): 283–308. 2718:Plant and Soil 2700: 2671: 2643: 2617:(6): 1350–58. 2595: 2571: 2558:978-0813828732 2557: 2533: 2503: 2474: 2407: 2385: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2340:Redox gradient 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2305: 2302: 2261: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2176:Finely ground 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2086: 2083: 1968:taxonomic rank 1928:metal toxicity 1912: 1909: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720:Pyrus communis 1715: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1635:white mulberry 1633: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1509:Arabian coffee 1507: 1504:Coffea arabica 1499: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486:Ananas comosus 1481: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1357: 1354: 1295: 1292: 1252:macronutrients 1231: 1228: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1139: 1128: 1100: 1099: 1088: 1080: 1074: 1063: 1052: 1041: 1023:Weathering of 1016: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1009: 999: 983: 968: 954: 948: 936: 920: 908: 902: 882: 873: 862: 850: 838: 830: 823: 814: 802: 790: 784: 773: 757: 748: 731: 717: 714: 696: 693: 667: 635: 600: 568: 536: 504: 487: 485: 474: 473: 464:In the 2010s, 462: 451: 440: 433: 426: 413:spp.), lilac ( 353:species, many 331: 330: 329: 318: 313:Presence of a 311: 301: 290: 289:Determining pH 287: 281: 280: 277: 273: 272: 269: 265: 264: 261: 257: 256: 253: 249: 248: 245: 241: 240: 237: 233: 232: 229: 225: 224: 221: 217: 216: 213: 209: 208: 205: 201: 200: 197: 193: 192: 189: 172: 169: 164:plant nutrient 157:alkaline soils 149: 126: 117: 106: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7100: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7038: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7009:Miscellaneous 7007: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6946: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6910: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6817: 6812: 6810: 6805: 6803: 6798: 6797: 6794: 6782: 6774: 6772: 6768: 6766: 6765:Category soil 6757: 6755: 6747: 6746: 6743: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6668:Soil Research 6665: 6663: 6662: 6661:Pochvovedenie 6658: 6656: 6655: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6501:Geomorphology 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6471: 6470:Liming (soil) 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6411: 6401: 6400:Types of soil 6391: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6379:Tropical peat 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6264:Dry quicksand 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6079:Other systems 6077: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6004: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5828: 5824: 5817: 5812: 5810: 5805: 5803: 5798: 5797: 5794: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5769:Soil moisture 5767: 5765: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5646:Soil salinity 5644: 5642: 5639: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5602:Pedodiversity 5600: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5573: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5474: 5469: 5467: 5462: 5460: 5455: 5454: 5451: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5407: 5401: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5373: 5357: 5355:9789251023877 5351: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5262: 5247: 5243: 5240:(2): 93–100. 5239: 5235: 5228: 5221: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5191:(1): 103–37. 5190: 5186: 5182: 5175: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5130: 5123: 5115: 5111: 5110: 5102: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5048: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5010:(5): 523–33. 5009: 5005: 5001: 4994: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4956:(5): 304–10. 4955: 4951: 4947: 4940: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4907: 4905: 4896: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4858:(7): 611–21. 4857: 4853: 4849: 4847: 4838: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4800:(2): 353–65. 4799: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4782: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4751: 4736: 4732: 4729:(6): 926–34. 4728: 4724: 4723: 4715: 4708: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4670:(2): 178–81. 4669: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4581: 4574: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4495:(1): 217–32. 4494: 4490: 4489: 4484: 4477: 4462: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4411: 4396: 4392: 4389:(4): 223–44. 4388: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4320: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4290:(3): 381–93. 4289: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4272: 4270: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4187:(3): 336–41. 4186: 4182: 4181: 4176: 4169: 4154: 4150: 4147:(2): 260–72. 4146: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4093:(2): 179–92. 4092: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4075: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4045:(4): 525–31. 4044: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4027: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3989:(4): 429–42. 3988: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3958: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3927: 3912: 3910:9780080561837 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3872: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3857: 3849: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3791: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3755: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3715: 3713:9781566702430 3709: 3705: 3701: 3700: 3692: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3644: 3629: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3594: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3551: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3536: 3527: 3525: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3431: 3422: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3396: 3391: 3388:(2): 301–08. 3387: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3375: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3323: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3216: 3212: 3209:(3): 522–30. 3208: 3204: 3203: 3198: 3191: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3123: 3121:9781292162232 3117: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3100: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2984:(8): 911–24. 2983: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2966: 2964: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2930: 2928: 2912: 2905: 2898: 2883: 2881:9780429095986 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2832: 2831: 2826: 2819: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2770: 2763: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2704: 2689: 2682: 2675: 2659: 2658: 2650: 2648: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2599: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2560: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2545: 2537: 2521: 2514: 2507: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2479: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2418: 2411: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2355: 2351: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2330:Liming (soil) 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2301: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2270:sulfuric acid 2267: 2257: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1908: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1811: 1810:Viola sororia 1807: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1743:garden tomato 1742: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1702:Cajanus cajan 1699: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1685: 1684:Carica papaya 1681: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1545:Monterey pine 1544: 1542: 1541: 1540:Pinus radiata 1537: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1527:smooth azalea 1526: 1524: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1437:vetiver grass 1436: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1425:pH (maximum) 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1408: 1403: 1402: 1397: 1396: 1395:Pinus radiata 1391: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1300:Water content 1291: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1253: 1247: 1245: 1236: 1227: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1166:precipitation 1162: 1160: 1145: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1086: 1081: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1007: 1003: 1000: 997: 993: 990: 989: 976: 972: 969: 966: 962: 958: 955: 929: 928:nitrification 913: 909: 895: 891: 831: 795: 791: 766: 741: 740:carbonic acid 736: 723: 722: 721: 713: 710: 706: 702: 685: 665: 633: 598: 566: 534: 502: 483: 480: 471: 467: 463: 460: 456: 452: 449: 445: 441: 438: 434: 431: 427: 424: 423: 418: 417: 412: 411: 406: 405: 400: 396: 392: 391: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 365: 361:), foxglove ( 360: 356: 352: 348: 347: 342: 341: 336: 332: 327: 323: 319: 316: 312: 309: 306: 302: 299: 298: 296: 295: 294: 286: 278: 275: 274: 270: 267: 266: 262: 259: 258: 254: 251: 250: 246: 243: 242: 238: 235: 234: 230: 227: 226: 222: 219: 218: 214: 211: 210: 206: 203: 202: 198: 195: 194: 188:Denomination 186: 183: 181: 178: 168: 165: 160: 158: 141: 135: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 64: 60: 54: 48: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7073:Horticulture 7052:Biostimulant 7025: 6980:Living mulch 6965:Green manure 6912:Assimilation 6673: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6645: 6638: 6521:Biogeography 6516:Hydrogeology 6491:Geochemistry 6413:Applications 6309:Martian soil 5737:Soil horizon 5710:Soil texture 5685:Soil quality 5657: 5641:Soil sealing 5614:Soil erosion 5542:Soil physics 5537:Soil ecology 5532:Soil zoology 5522:Soil biology 5480:Soil science 5425:10 September 5423:. 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Retrieved 2364: 2354: 2298: 2263: 2211: 2175: 2127: 2125:properties. 2103:precipitates 2088: 2052: 2046: 2030:enchytraeids 1996: 1953: 1914: 1891:biodiversity 1880: 1862: 1844: 1826: 1808: 1790: 1772: 1754: 1736: 1718: 1700: 1682: 1664: 1646: 1628: 1610: 1592: 1574: 1556: 1538: 1520: 1502: 1484: 1466: 1450:Pinus rigida 1448: 1430: 1422:pH (minimum) 1405: 1399: 1393: 1389: 1387: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1339: 1322:infiltration 1320:, with slow 1311: 1284: 1262: 1256: 1248: 1241: 1221: 1206: 1191: 1189: (Mg). 1173: (Al), 1163: 1159:incinerators 1156: 1109: 1101: 1092:bicarbonates 1018: 765:bicarbonates 719: 698: 488: 475: 437:litmus paper 420: 414: 408: 407:, dogwoods ( 402: 398: 388: 380: 372: 362: 358: 346:Rhododendron 344: 338: 303:The classic 292: 284: 196:Ultra acidic 174: 161: 69: 68: 62: 56: 50: 44: 36: 7031:Agrobiology 6955:Fertigation 6717:Groundwater 6531:Archaeology 6465:Agroecology 6435:Soil survey 6374:Terra rossa 6369:Terra preta 6349:Spodic soil 6269:Duplex soil 6249:Brown earth 6229:Alkali soil 6219:Rhizosphere 6214:Laimosphere 6088:(1974–1998) 6045:Inceptisols 5952:Plinthosols 5917:Kastanozems 5747:Soil carbon 5670:Soil health 5651:Alkali soil 5580:Soil topics 5505:Main fields 5251:3 September 3293:(1): 3–21. 2836:26 February 2808:19 February 2752:19 February 2693:19 February 2679:USDA-NRCS. 2664:19 February 2636:12 February 2584:Lab Manager 2564:12 February 2526:12 February 2296:peat moss. 2286:nitric acid 2161:humus forms 2099:respiratory 2095:oxalic acid 2079:humus forms 2006:exoskeleton 1980:collembolan 1949:competition 1936:adaptations 1851:cotoneaster 1797:pomegranate 1725:common pear 1419:Common name 1363:USDA PLANTS 1308:Alkali soil 1213:plasmalemma 1209:proton pump 1202:rhizodermis 1006:waterlogged 965:nitric acid 794:respiration 395:honeysuckle 375:spp.), and 7067:Categories 6835:Imbalances 6827:Fertilizer 6707:Vegetation 6450:Soil value 6354:Stagnogley 6304:Lunar soil 6259:Dark earth 6244:Brickearth 6209:Pedosphere 6179:Soil crust 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