601:
country, Dessalines called off his invasion, and retreated through the Cibao, setting entire municipalities on fire, slaughtering many civilians he encountered, and committed numerous atrocities with no regards to race, sex or age. It is said that while
Dessalines essentially targeted white and mixed-race residents, he extended his order to anyone not based on color or race, but by "sentiment." As a result, many black residents (both free and enslaved) fell victim to the Haitian army. In addition, both black and mixed-race Dominicans were prohibited from leaving the island. In a church of Moca, two young black girls, Maria and Nicolasa de Medina, were able to survive the massacre, but had to witness the horrors of their entire family be put to death by the invading army. From each city attacked, citizens were taken captive and forced to accompany the army back to Haiti, with many of them dying of hunger. Haitian soldiers raped the young girls and women, with some forced to serve as sex slaves. Upon their arrival in Haitian territory, these prisoners were either massacred in the streets, or forced on plantations. This massacre came to be known as the
367:, one of the indigenous names for the island that Columbus called Hispaniola. By the turn of the century, not even the captured neighbors could supply the labor demands of the mines and plantations. Rudimentary mining techniques and the always backbreaking mass-production of food-stuff required an ever-growing number of coerced workers. Expanding the colonization project to Puerto Rico and requesting the Crown permission to purchase enslaved Africans were the only two solutions colonists seemed capable of conceiving. Ferdinand I of Aragon, widowed and freed from Isabel's more cautious hand, granted both wishes to the embattled colonists in the Indies. It was never a liberal expansion nor an open trade, however. Though unrestrained by religious piety, Ferdinand, who was the ideal Prince in Machiavelli's imagination, was wary in the extreme of potential Conquistador-owned kingdoms (medieval style) in his new possessions, and of slave rebellions in the colonies. So, the first group of enslaved Africans to arrive at the
798:"The people of the Dominican Republic are mainly of Spanish descent, some pure white, others mixed with African American blood, others with an admixture of Indian, and still others a combination of white, Indian, and black. While the pure black, or nearly black, African American is far less in evidence than in Haiti. Along the coast and on the plantations there are an immense number of negros from Turks Islands, the Bahamas, Jamaica, and the other West Indies. In other localities the blacks are scattered among the other people so that they are scarcely noticeable, and while the Dominican Republic cannot by any stretch of the imagination be called a “black republic” it is distinctly a coloured one, but the colour is far lighter than in most of the West Indies and to a superficial observer a large portion of them would pass for white."
699:
311:
1026:
994:
554:, proclaimed emancipation for all slaves in French Saint-Domingue, hoping to bring the black troops over to his side. In February 1794, the French revolutionary government officially proclaimed the abolition of slavery. Louverture had been in diplomatic contact with the French generals. During this time, competition between him and other rebel leaders was growing, and the Spanish had started to look with disfavor on his control of a strategically important region. In May 1794, when the decision of the French government became known in Saint-Domingue, Louverture switched allegiance from the
1695:"parsley" to differentiate Haitians from Afro-Dominicans when necessary, the "r" of parsley was difficult pronunciation for Haitians. As a result of the slaughter, the Dominican Republic agreed pay to Haiti the amount of $ 750,000, later reduced to $ 525,000. The genocide sought to be justified on the pretext of fearing infiltration, but was actually also a retaliation, commented on both in national currencies, as well as having been informed by the Military Intelligence Service (the dreaded SIM), the government Haitian cooperating with a plan that sought to overthrow Dominican exiles.
3804:
2094:
714:
4256:
1660:
in the borderland region, within the
Dominican Republic. Through the years, especially after 1899, the Haitian government claimed the territory populated by Haitians, and under a treaty in 1929 several towns and cities in Central Hispaniola officially became Haitian, comprising 4,572 km. A Dominican census in 1935 revealed that 3.6% of the population was Haitian. In 1936, the Haitian government claimed more territory and the Dominican Republic ceded another 1,628 km to Haiti; the next year, the Dominican dictatorship ordered the
2080:
1092:. Aware of its distinctive heritage, the community, whose singular culture distinguishes them from the rest of Dominicans, refers to itself as Samaná Americans, and is referred to by fellow Dominicans as "los americanos de Samaná". Another Afro-group is the called Cocolo, descendants of those who came to the island from the English-speaking islands in the eastern Caribbean to work in the sugar plantations in the eastern part of the island between the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, they have formed communities in
1053:
1484:
5713:
1315:
505:
5723:
986:) used to categorize people as yellow, white, Indian, and black. In 2011 the Junta planned to replace Indian with mulatto in a new ID card with biometric data that was under development, but in 2014 when it released the new ID card, it decided to just drop racial categorization, the old ID card expired on 10 January 2015. The Ministry of Public Works and Communications uses racial classification in the
1333:, several Dominican popular rhythms. One of the most widespread is the Música de palos (Music of sticks), name that designates both the pace and the membranophones used. National Rhythms with obvious African imprint are sarandunga, Música de Gagá (Ganga's music, arrived from Haiti), Baile de Palos (dance of Sticks), Música de Congos (Music of Congos), Cantos de Hacha (Songs of axe),
1611:
African
American men often prefer "lightskinned" mixed Mulatto looking women, as well as Africa and the Caribbean, where blacks often bleach their skin. Approximately 80% of Dominicans are of mixed racial ancestry and few people self-identify as being black. In Dominican Republic, racial categories differ significantly from that in North America. In the United States, the
1185:, blacks descended from immigrants from other Caribbean islands, especially the Lesser Antilles nations, often settled San Pedro and La Romana. Blacks descended from relocated American slaves, mostly settled Samana and Puerto Plata. Haitian immigrants also have a big presence in places with a lot of construction and tourist activity, larger cities and tourist towns like
762:, (also born to free parents), engaged in negotiations with the elite to guarantee that slavery would remain prohibited in the new nation. However, following the proclamation of Dominican independence in 1844, fears of the return of slavery still accumulated amongst many Black soldiers, especially those who had been former slaves prior to 1822. Such was the case when
3128:
679:
1010:(note that in the 1920, 1935, 1950 and 1960 censuses referred to mixed-race people as mestizo or mulatto), 16% was classified as white, and 11% was classified as black (1,795,000 of people). The Dominican Republic is one of the few countries in Latin America where the majority of the population is made up of
1602:
slang for mulatto in
Dominican Republic. Most Dominicans acknowledge their obvious Mulatto racial mix, oftentimes with slight Taino admixture along with the already heavy African and European. However, even though the majority of Dominicans recognize their mixed race background, many Dominicans often
1503:
The economic field include various institutions of mutual aid, existing both in the fields and in the cities. In rural areas, these institutions are in the form of groups of farmers who come together to collaborate on certain agricultural tasks such as planting, clearing of forests, land preparation,
491:
At the end of the eighteenth century, some fugitive
African slaves from Saint-Domingue, the western French colony of the island fled east to Santo Domingo and formed communities such as San Lorenzo de Los Mina, which is currently part of the "city" of Santo Domingo. Fugitives arrived from other parts
438:
in order to get rich, for they did not find much wealth there. Thus, they also abandoned the slave trade to the island, which led to the collapse of the colony into poverty. Still, during those years, slaves were used to build a cathedral that in time became the oldest in the
Americas. They built the
1527:
and Yoruba. As in
Nigeria and other parts of Afroamerica, the San is composed preferably female. It consists, as is well known, in the establishment of a common fund to which each participant's San, contributes with a sum monthly or weekly. Each partner receives, on a rotating basis, the total value
1659:
During the wars with Haiti (1844–56), Dominicans strongly refused in favor of their
Hispanic heritage. Historically, Haiti was more densely populated than the Dominican Republic. Due to the lack of free lands in Haiti, as land was held by a small group of landlords, Haitian peasants began to settle
1624:
Socio-economic status also heavily influences race classification in the country and tends to be correlated with whiteness. In the
Dominican Republic, those of higher social status tend to be predominately of a lighter color tone as are often labeled as 'blanco/a', 'trigueño/a', or 'indio/a', while
793:
conducted a census in the country during its military occupation. The country was divided into 12 provinces and 63 cities and towns. The most populated
Dominican province was Santo Domingo with 146,652 inhabitants, and the least populated was Samaná with 16,915 inhabitants. The most populated city
766:, leader of the "African Battalion" of the independent army, led a revolt on the dawning hours of February 28, 1844. After this, the abolition of slavery was announced through a decree by the new government. (This would be reinforced through another decree by the Central Government Board chaired by
466:
resumed. However, as industry moved from sugar to livestock, racial and caste divisions became less important, eventually leading to a blend of cultures—Spanish, African, and indigenous—which would form the basis of national identity for Dominicans. It is estimated that the population of the colony
1650:
A large number of Haitian women, often arriving with several health problems, cross the border to Dominican soil during their last weeks of pregnancy to obtain necessary medical care for childbirth, since Dominican public hospitals cannot deny medical services based on nationality or legal status.
1646:
Haiti is more impoverished than the Dominican Republic. in 2003, 80% of all Haitians were poor (54% in extreme poverty) and 47.1% were illiterate. The country of ten million people has a fast-growing population, but over two-thirds of the jobs lack a formal workforce. Haiti's GDP per capita was $
623:
In 1812, when the ruling Spanish government refused to abolish slavery and grant Spanish citizenship to free blacks, a revolt erupted. This ended in failure and its leaders, José Leocadio, Pedro de Seda, and Pedro Henríquez, (all of whom were free blacks), were executed. Some nine years later, in
500:
had consisted the majority of Afro-descendant Dominicans, who enjoyed some degree of social and political freedom in Santo Domingo. However, slavery remained legal, and remnants of colonial prejudices still persisted in Dominican society. These would become the underlying issues during the future
1610:
Due to the influence of European colonization and the propagation of Africans or "darker people" as being of the lowest caste, having African ancestry is often not desired in the Dominican Republic, which can also be said of many other parts of the Latin America and even the United States, where
1410:
that has spread throughout the Caribbean. A very similar pace, adds Lizardo, arrived today with the Yoruba of Dahomey. In the African polyrhythm was also the merengue. Also often linked to the origin of merengue a dance called URPA or UPA, a native of Havana and arrived in the Dominican Republic
1173:
Geographic distribution of blacks in the country is often tied to history. Higher concentrations of Afro Dominicans, descended from African slaves bought to colonial Santo Domingo, are in the southeast plain, because that is where most of the slaves were in the Spanish side of the island, around
1620:
have just as much European ancestry as African. In Latin America there is more flexibility in how people racially categorize themselves. In the Dominican Republic a person who has some degree of black ancestry can identify as non-black if appearance wise they can pass of as being another racial
1420:. In fact, in early ls, despite its rise among the masses, the upper class did not accept the merengue for long, because apparently, their connection with African music. Another cause that weighed on the repudiation and attacks the merengue were literary texts that accompany it, usually risqué.
1029:
Timeline of the Dominican Republic's genepool showing a predominantly European-admixed founder population, and an increase of the African population over time. During most of the colonial period, the share of each ancestry group was as follows: 71% European, 10% Native, 19% African. After the
600:
in February 1805. He managed to reach the capital, but it was protected by a large wall, built back in 1540s by the Dominican slaves, thereby preventing Dessalines from laying his siege on the capital. However, after learning of a French ship believed to be heading towards Haiti to attack the
292:
There is a lack of recent official data because the National Office of Statistics (ONE) has not released racial data since 1960, though the Central Electoral Board collected racial data until 2014. The 1996 electoral roll put the figures of "black" at 8.6% and "mulatto" at 52.8% of the adult
1520:. These tasks are accompanied by songs and musical instruments that serve as encouragement and coordination at work. All board members are required to reciprocate the assistance and collaboration in the work of others. After the day is a festival that is the responsibility of the landowner.
418:. The rebellions and subsequent escapes led to the establishment of African communities in the southwest, north and east of the island, including the first communities of African ex-slaves in western Hispaniola that was Spanish administered until 1697, when it was sold to France and became
1005:
The National Institute of Statistics (INE) does not collect racial data since the Census of 1960. In that census, the ethnic features were obtained by direct observation of the people registered by the enumerator, without any questions asked. About 73% of the population was classified as
819:
The towns with the highest proportion of blacks were Restauración with 74%, followed by La Victoria, and Villa Mella; those with the lowest proportion of blacks were Monción with only 4%, and Constanza, Altamira and Jarabacoa with 8% each. The towns with the highest proportion of
3140:
546:
Despite adhering to European royalist political views, Louverture used the language of freedom and equality associated with the French Revolution. From being willing to bargain for better conditions of slavery late in 1791, he had become committed to its complete abolition.
1647:
1,300 in 2008, or less than one-sixth of the Dominican figure. As a result, hundreds of thousands of Haitians have migrated to the Dominican Republic, with some estimates of 842,150 Haitians in the country, while others believe they are more than 2 million.
1687:), ordered the Army to kill Haitians living on the border. The Army killed about 10,000 to 15,000 Haitians over six days, from the night of 2 October 1937, to 8 October 1937. To avoid leaving evidence of the Army's involvement, the soldiers used
1353:, is the most typical of the traditional Dominican genres, has two styles: one distinctly Spanish, amétrico and antiphonal, and another polyrhythmic, strongly hybridized between the Spanish and African styles. Among African instruments are the
422:(modern-day Haiti). This caused some concern among slaveholders and contributed to the Spanish emigration to other places. Even as sugarcane increased profitability in the island, the number of escaped Africans continued to rise, mixing with
3625:
362:
to the colony. They were a large number of enslaved Lucayos from the Bahamas and Kalingas from the eastern islands. Now toiling alongside native Hispaniolans, these war captives became the first enslaved foreign workers on the island of
737:
movement.Duarte, a strong advocate for racial unity, sought to establish a nation that guaranteed equal rights to all Dominicans irrespective of race and color. This greatly encouraged many black figures, mostly freedman, such as
1710:, gave a formal statement saying "Our border with Haiti has its problems, this is our reality, and this must be understood. It's important not to confuse national sovereignty with indifference, and not to confuse security with
1157:
as well. However, in the 19th and early 20th century, African ancestry was higher in the southwestern region than in the eastern region, due to the impact of the Afro-Antillean and Haitian immigration during the 20th century.
1161:
Dominicans of Haitian ancestry live scattered across the country, however, communities in the border provinces of Elías Piña and Independence where they predominate among the population, highlighting the presence of
387:. The profit too was meant to stay within his kingdom. Indian resistances, flights, and diseases, however, forced the crown to open the market to thousands of bozales, enslaved Africans directly from the continent.
1402:, one of the musicians considered as fathers of merengue, thinks that the roots of this music genre are purely Spanish. F. Lizardo, Dominican folklorist, by contrast, thinks that this origin is in the Bara tribe of
794:
was Santiago with 72,150 inhabitants, followed by La Vega with 58,466 and the capital city of Santo Domingo with 45,007 inhabitants; the least populated city was El Jovero (now Miches) with only 1,692 inhabitants.
1603:
think "less" of their African side in comparison to the European and even much smaller Taino. Many Dominicans (men and women) often prefer lighter romantic partners because of the more European features and to "
1615:
applies in such that if a person has any degree of African blood in them they are considered black. Which is seen as inaccurate from people in the Dominican Republic and many other Latin American countries, as
342:(Caribs) populations. A decade of intense exploitation and deadly waves of plagues had reduced the indigenous populations to levels that even the Spaniards considered dangerous. As the Hispaniolan Tainos (and
3869:
1415:
which apparently is the way selected to call the dance, and came to the Dominican Republic where he evolved into the genre of merengue. However, the Cuban UPA is also a dance whose origin appears to be in
250:, which eventually became the majority within the Afro-Dominican demographic by the late 1700s. Many of these Africans eventually intermixed with the Europeans, Mestizos, and Natives creating a triracial
824:
were Constanza and Monción, with 73% and 71% percent, respectively; the towns with the lowest proportion of mestizos were Villa Rivas and Pimentel with 9% each. The towns with the highest proportion of
816:(56%), Haiti (20%) and Puerto Rico (17%), in the case of the latter. Proportionately, foreigners represented 26.3% of the population of San Pedro de Macorís and 16.8% of the population of Monte Cristi.
426:
people of these regions, and by 1530, Maroon bands were considered dangerous to the Spanish colonists, who traveled in large armed groups outside the plantations and left the mountainous regions to the
1100:. Its largest population of Afro-people are of Haitian origin, which is also the largest immigrant community in the country and is numbered according to some estimates, to be more than 800,000 people.
1326:, practiced in the Dominican Republic, as elsewhere in America, from the early years of slavery. We must Father Labat, who toured the West Indies in the eighteenth century, a fairly thorough calenda.
1084:, are descendants, of freed slaves from the United States, who entered the country in 1824 when it was under Haitian rule, because of the favorable pro-African immigration policy of Haitian president
2497:
1625:
poorer people tend to be 'moreno/a', 'negro/a, or 'prieto/a', the latter category being heavily associated with Haitian migrants. Ramona Hernández, director of the Dominican Studies Institute at
2204:
1306:
African cultural remnants seen in the Dominican Republic in many different aspects, including music, dance, magic-religious beliefs, cuisine, economy, entertainment, motor habits, and language.
539:. He ran fortified posts between rebel and colonial territory. Toussaint did not take part in the earliest stages of the rebellion, but after a few weeks he sent his family to safety in Spanish
2147:
3005:
246:
were imported from the 16th to 18th centuries due to labor demands. However, with the decline of the sugar industry in the colony the importation of slaves decreased, leading to a rise in
3572:
2975:
273:
came to the island and settled in coastal regions increasing the black population. The Afro-Dominican population can now be found in most parts of the country, from coastal areas such as
5433:
808:
with 40%, with half of those being of foreign origin. The provinces with the most immigrants were Monte Cristi and San Pedro de Macorís, with 11,256 and 10,145 foreigners, mostly from
3762:
1117:) and 28,258 Haitians; the 1935 Census registered almost 9,272 West Indians and 52,657 Haitians. The Haitian population decreased to 18,772 in the 1950 Census, as an aftermath of the
929:
in the first half of the sixteenth century, until the kidnapping of this ethnic group was prohibited after his rebellion in 1522. Many of the slaves were also Ajas, usually taken in
1454:
The first Afro-Dominican models featured on the cover of Vogue Mexico are Licett Morillo, Manuela Sánchez, Annibelis Baez and Ambar Cristal Zarzuela for the September 2019 edition.
2918:
1583:, who governed between 1930 and 1961, tenaciously promoted an anti-Haitian sentiment and used racial persecution and nationalistic fervor against Haitian migrants. An envoy of the
1579:
and a lower class status. Those who possess more African-like phenotypic features are often victims of discrimination, and are seen as illegal foreigners. The Dominican dictator
2267:
1394:
On the other hand, there are also music genres Dominican widespread across the country, whose origin is uncertain, being considered of Spanish and African origin, depending on
581:. After he was deposed in 1802, the French officials reasserted its domain in Santo Domingo, although slavery still remained prohibited. At the same time, the French governor,
1531:
Some Dominican cuisine and dishes containing some products of African origin. Among the former are the guandul, the ñame and the funde. Typical African dishes seem to be the
4222:
2819:
2532:
1555:. In the 1540s, the Spanish authorities ordered the African slaves to build a wall to defend the city from attacks by pirates who ravaged the islands. They also built the
2992:
Entre las novedades del nuevo documento no se establece como se hacía anteriormente el color de la piel de la persona, ya que, la misma fotografía consigna ese elemento.
4244:
4323:
2440:[Latinobarómetro Report 2011: Table Nº16: Race to which responder belongs by country] (in Spanish). Corporación Latinobarómetro. 28 October 2012. p. 58
1706:
issued a preliminary report stating that it found a profound problem of racism and discrimination against people of Haitian origin, the Dominican Foreign Minister,
1587:
in October 2007 found that there was racism against blacks in general, and particularly against Haitians, which proliferate in every segment of Dominican society.
1466:, Protestants make up 21.3% of the population. Atypical magical-religious beliefs are practice among some black Dominicans. The most characteristic feature is the
4328:
1368:
It is important to also mark other musical instruments Dominicans of African origin such as the Palo mayor (mainmast), the canoita, los timbales (present in the
3163:
4360:
3382:
3032:
5762:
4108:
3510:
3385:(Dominican History. "Discrimination of African culture in the Dominican music"). Wrote by Alejandro Paulino. General Archive of the Nation, 25 November 2010.
1411:
between 1838 and 1849. The dance sailed through the Caribbean coming to Puerto Rico where he was well received. One of the movements of this dance is called
2460:
1721:
that struck Haiti in 2010, the number of Haitians doubled to 2 million, most of them illegally crossed after the border opened for international aid.
434:
With the discovery of precious metals in South America, the Spanish abandoned their migration to the island of Hispaniola to emigrate to South America and
644:
which began in February of that year. However, he maintained a system of indentured servitude, the Code Rural, on the newly-emancipated Dominican slaves.
5747:
3976:
3653:
3076:
17:
4288:
30:
This article is about inhabitants of the Dominican Republic of African descent. For inhabitants of the Commonwealth of Dominica of African descent, see
1330:
372:
1785:
415:
2646:
1199:
654:
began to arrive under the Haitian administered island, benefiting from the favorable pro-African immigration policy of Boyer since 1822, called the
5757:
4197:
3859:
3854:
1917:
3942:
3009:
1968:
747:
2979:
620:. However, slavery was re-established when the Spanish recovered the colony that same year. This caused discontent among the black population.
4237:
411:
4252:
1551:
African slaves were forced to build a cathedral that in time became the oldest in America. They built their monastery, first hospital and the
4313:
4308:
1633:: "During the Trujillo regime, people who had dark skin were rejected, so they created their own mechanism to fight against the rejection".
636:, refused to abolish it in the new nation. Slavery remained intact until 1822, when it was again abolished by the mulatto Haitian president
4037:
4032:
3981:
3752:
1598:
meaning mixed race of any type of mix, unlike in other Latin American countries where it denotes solely a European and Indigenous mix, and
1571:
the idea of black inferiority compared to the white race has been historically propagated due to the subjugation of African slaves. In the
1383:(especially the bolero rhythm) of the Dominican Republic with other musical influences of African origin and other musical styles like the
755:
4027:
3937:
3793:
3691:
3620:
1322:
Perhaps the greatest influence of enslaved Africans is observed in music and dance. Such influence comes from the dances, that, like the
3452:
Quinn, Rachael Afi (2015). ""No tienes que entenderlo": Xiomara Fortuna, Racism, Feminism, and Other Forces in the Dominican Republic".
1535:, prepared with green plantains and derivatives cocola kitchen, the fungí and the calalú. A common drink among the black slaves was the
5752:
4404:
4061:
358:. Raids that cleared out from Santo Domingo under the disguise of pacification and to evangelize nearby islanders had brought in other
3595:
3426:
5645:
5100:
4230:
4126:
4098:
4088:
3844:
3357:
2845:
2271:
1174:
Monte Plata, El Seibo, and Hato Mayor etc. This same region is where there is a high concentration of Haitian immigrants, working on
406:
community in America. With the success of this revolt, slave revolts continued and leaders emerged among the African slaves, such as
5545:
4909:
4293:
3920:
3879:
3874:
3829:
2823:
2536:
5672:
5630:
4015:
3646:
2946:
293:
population. The 1960 population census (the last one in which race was queried) placed it at 8.8%. According to a 2011 survey by
5115:
4141:
4078:
4020:
3927:
3803:
1523:
Another institution of mutual aid, of African origin, is revolving credit system that goes by the name of St. corresponding to
1473:
Funeral rites contain many features of African descent that are shared with other American countries. A typical example is the
1350:
829:
was Pimentel with 73%, followed by Castillo, Gaspar Hernández, La Peña, Villa Rivas, San José de las Matas, Jánico, Esperanza,
1483:
5214:
4605:
3947:
2795:
2622:
2569:
2470:
2400:
2304:
632:. Tensions arose in the government, of which the topic of slavery was among the most divisive. Núñez de Cáceres, although he
323:
297:, "The Adventure Guide to the Dominican Republic" the black population is estimated to be 35% of the Dominican population.
4884:
3524:
1141:, as well as along the Haitian border, particularly the southern parts of the border region; it is least prevalent in the
1129:
Though, African ancestry is common throughout the Dominican Republic, today it is more prevalent in eastern areas such as
274:
5580:
4801:
4622:
4083:
4047:
3932:
3864:
3824:
3812:
3720:
3409:
2122:
2107:
609:
1809:
698:
4806:
4298:
4103:
3971:
3966:
3910:
3893:
3742:
3686:
3639:
1576:
1490:
1470:, which relates directly to the magical activity but it's generally considered taboo in mainstream Dominican society.
1212:
734:
540:
399:
359:
327:
223:
212:
979:
5726:
5189:
4899:
4583:
4303:
4190:
4118:
4042:
3995:
3905:
3671:
3171:
2243:
1227:) ancestry, Afro-Dominicans, who were sampled in 2016 and self-reported their African ancestry, were found to be 38%
402:
colony. Many of the insurgents fled to the mountains and established what would become the first autonomous African
5550:
4734:
4455:
4428:
4260:
4171:
4166:
4136:
3915:
3036:
2154:
532:
455:). In the 1540s, Spanish authorities ordered the African slaves building a wall to defend the city from attacks by
384:
156:
1130:
1030:
19th-century Haitian and Afro-Caribbean migrations the ratio changed to: 57% European, 8% Native and 35% African.
777:
came to work in the sugar plantations on the east of the island. Their descendants are known today by the name of
759:
704:
551:
73:
4161:
4073:
3849:
3834:
3487:
Rodrigues Pinto, Simone (2018). "Racismo de Estado e Anti-Haitianismo na Construção do Nacionalismo Dominicano".
625:
602:
3050:
2649:[Survival of the Taino culture in the Dominican Republic] (in Spanish). suncaribbean.net. Archived from
4397:
4151:
3080:
1186:
1178:
310:
1863:
845:
The slave trade involved nearly all of Africa's west coast inhabitants to be forcibly taken to the new world.
5291:
5254:
5154:
5085:
5071:
4815:
4749:
4156:
3954:
3747:
1851:
597:
219:, who are not included within the Afro-Dominican demographics as they are not legal citizens of the nation.
5184:
3332:"Genetic Legacy Of Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade In Present Populations: Anthropological And Clinical Context"
2437:
2353:
1297:
brought via the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, tend to have occurrences of sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
670:
regions. Dominicans are mostly from West Africa and the country they are mostly from is Nigeria and Congo.
585:
imported a second group of Haitian slaves to build the French colonial enclave Puerto Napoleon (Samana).
1025:
5575:
5530:
5458:
5105:
4719:
4206:
2650:
2230:
1998:
1702:
criticized collective expulsions of Haitians were "improperly and inhumane." After a delegation from the
3394:
1768:
1580:
5605:
5509:
5469:
5144:
4744:
4729:
4512:
4146:
834:
520:
to seek an expansion of their rights, while also involving enslaved Africans to fight for their cause.
207:'s population according to a census bureau survey in 2022. About 4.0% of the people surveyed claim an
31:
3331:
1734:
751:
719:
592:
along the border. This action would infuriate and spark the wrath of Haiti's self proclaimed emperor,
5716:
5356:
5209:
5204:
4390:
4372:
4211:
3959:
3757:
3737:
3732:
2085:
1921:
1104:
641:
629:
617:
3383:
Historia Dominicana. Conferencia: "La discriminación de la cultura africana en la música dominicana"
3102:
1145:(especially within the Central Sierra region), and to a lesser extent, in some rural communities in
85:
5259:
4983:
4694:
4433:
1974:
1651:
Statistics from a hospital in Santo Domingo report that over 35% of births are to Haitian mothers.
1626:
739:
684:
67:
3131:[History, Methodology and Organization of the Census in the Dominican Republic 1920–1993]
1072:
There are also many Afro-communities that descend from post-colonial migrations, most notably the
5692:
5484:
5139:
4810:
3680:
1725:
estimated in 70,000 Haitian immigrants legal and 1,930,000 illegal living in Dominican Republic.
1707:
978:. The census bureau decided to not use racial classification beginning with the 1970 census. The
848:
Others African ethnic groups arrived to colonial Santo Domingo during the slavery's period were:
593:
456:
1423:
Dominican folk music is intimately tied to religious culture, and interpreted primarily in the
1093:
805:
346:) declined during the first couple of years of colonization, the colonial administration run by
330:, the only European possession yet in America, had already produced a devastating effect on the
278:
5610:
5405:
5164:
4640:
4588:
4578:
4566:
3698:
1244:
1150:
1015:
993:
266:
172:
98:
79:
3527:[Afro-Dominicans fight for their identity] (in Spanish). diariolibre.com. 13 June 2007
2559:
5662:
5587:
5494:
5410:
5395:
5349:
5344:
5219:
4859:
4786:
4781:
4652:
4495:
4442:
3504:
3072:
2762:
2676:
2608:
2380:
1718:
1552:
971:
722:, prominent figure of the wars against Haiti, Spain, and the annexation to the United States.
663:
440:
351:
3195:"A continuum of admixture in the Western Hemisphere revealed by the African Diaspora genome"
5620:
5400:
5199:
4949:
3703:
3271:
3206:
2117:
2112:
1773:
1691:
instead of bullets. The soldiers of Trujillo interrogated anyone with dark skin, using the
1163:
688:
528:
513:
463:
347:
164:
3546:
3361:
1857:
410:. This also included people already baptized Christian by the Spanish, as was the case of
8:
5378:
5369:
5334:
5110:
4739:
4544:
3783:
2947:"RD será de negros, blancos y mulatos : Reforma electoral eliminaría el color indio"
1512:
and have similar characteristics to Haitian combite closely related to the dokpwe of the
1258:
1248:
987:
774:
106:
94:
4527:
4281:
3275:
3210:
3051:"African American – Latino World: The Dominican Republic's African-American Descendants"
2677:
Francisco del Rosario Sánchez One of the Padres de la Patria / Fathers of the Patriotism
2561:
The Dominican Racial Imaginary: Surveying the Landscape of Race and Nation in Hispaniola
1699:
1138:
1081:
1073:
667:
659:
90:
5652:
5535:
5301:
5264:
5224:
5159:
4874:
4355:
4255:
3662:
3469:
3360:[Afro-Dominican Musical Tradition] (in Spanish). mindspring.com. Archived from
3338:
3305:
3292:
3259:
3240:
3227:
3194:
1803:
1722:
1572:
1270:
1134:
1097:
1089:
975:
883:
713:
655:
582:
524:
262:
204:
102:
4507:
3772:
3129:"Historia, Metodología y Organización de los Censos en República Dominicana 1920–1993"
2064:
1887:
933:, Benin. The Ajas arrived in Santo Domingo, were well known for having made religious
407:
294:
5615:
5555:
5415:
5281:
5149:
5040:
4796:
4771:
4093:
3473:
3342:
3297:
3232:
2801:
2791:
2618:
2565:
2466:
2396:
2310:
2300:
2239:
1926:
1869:
1779:
1282:
1220:
1154:
1146:
1085:
930:
903:
879:
730:
648:
637:
536:
517:
319:
140:
119:
4820:
3708:
3309:
3244:
3105:[About 200,000 Haitians have remained in the Dominican Republic illegally].
2887:
2190:
Breve Encuesta Nacional de Autopercepción Racial y Étnica en la República Dominicana
1956:
1899:
1467:
136:
123:
5388:
5057:
5010:
4978:
4904:
4842:
4825:
4791:
4724:
4689:
4684:
4662:
4657:
4593:
4571:
4475:
4450:
4413:
4350:
4318:
3778:
3492:
3461:
3287:
3279:
3222:
3214:
2159:
1839:
1684:
1673:
1665:
1540:
1294:
1224:
1118:
1061:
1057:
959:
826:
448:
270:
192:
5313:
3465:
3251:
2951:
2296:
Atlantic Africa and the Spanish Caribbean, 1570-1640 [eBook - Biblioboard]
2192:. Santo Domingo: Oficina Nacional de Estadística de la República Dominicana. 2022.
1815:
1758:
5339:
5271:
5194:
5076:
5052:
5020:
5015:
4966:
4939:
4929:
4835:
4714:
4534:
4480:
4470:
3768:
3496:
3413:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3033:"La variable étnico racial en los censos de población en la República Dominicana"
2376:
2328:
2127:
2034:
2016:
1986:
1905:
1821:
1764:
1752:
1536:
1463:
1369:
1266:
1065:
773:
Between the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, black laborers from the
763:
493:
403:
391:
2846:"La abolición de la esclavitud en la independencia dominicana y de las Américas"
1833:
1052:
423:
5682:
5667:
5179:
5169:
5127:
5095:
5090:
5030:
4934:
4879:
4869:
4830:
4672:
4667:
4556:
4465:
4007:
3714:
3621:
Article on Dominican Palos music written by Dr Martha Ellen Davis at lameca.org
3186:
2058:
1962:
1950:
1932:
1827:
1703:
1524:
1373:
1252:
915:
911:
895:
743:
613:
468:
419:
355:
335:
251:
243:
235:
160:
3726:
3631:
3406:
3316:
2314:
2040:
2010:
1406:, who came to the island in the eighteenth century and brought a dance called
5741:
5383:
5308:
5244:
5174:
5035:
5025:
5005:
4993:
4961:
4756:
4677:
4610:
4539:
4500:
4131:
2805:
2099:
2052:
2004:
1893:
1797:
1740:
1612:
1568:
1439:(sleepless nights). Other popular rhythms are of Spanish origin, such as the
1395:
1251:
ancestry; the G2 variant occurs at a 3%-8% rate among populations of western
1232:
919:
790:
767:
589:
570:
380:
376:
339:
231:
200:
144:
2438:"Informe Latinobarómetro 2011: Tabla Nº16: Raza a la que pertenece por país"
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
314:
Spanish Caribbean with The Captaincy General of Santo Domingo in the center.
5640:
5635:
5474:
5132:
5122:
4854:
4460:
3301:
3236:
3103:"Unos 200.000 haitianos se han quedado ilegalmente en República Dominicana"
2765:[Origin of the Dominican population] (in Spanish). suncaribbean.net
2498:"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Dominican Republic"
2294:
2022:
1992:
1911:
1845:
1399:
1142:
1108:
998:
907:
891:
849:
566:
395:
227:
1388:
596:. Realizing Ferrand's intention to restore slavery, Dessalines ordered an
5657:
5499:
5323:
5286:
5276:
5249:
4864:
4776:
4485:
2360:
2142:
1938:
1875:
1417:
1384:
1290:
1286:
1274:
1011:
821:
813:
633:
578:
368:
286:
247:
239:
168:
3283:
3218:
1427:(party of saints), also known, according to the area of the country, as
990:, the categories used being white, mestizo, mulatto, black, and yellow.
343:
5625:
5296:
5236:
4954:
4561:
4549:
3839:
2392:
2046:
2028:
1980:
1881:
1791:
1711:
1692:
1513:
1403:
1278:
934:
857:
651:
497:
492:
of the West Indies as well, especially from the various islands of the
364:
1088:, constitute the most sizable group of native English speakers in the
678:
543:
and helped the overseers of the Breda plantation to leave the island.
531:
was involved in a formal alliance between the black rebellion and the
375:
purchased from the Portuguese traders, but a select group of seasoned
203:
ancestry. They are a minority in the country representing 7.8% of the
4894:
2785:
1175:
435:
383:
as early as 1502, and they are considered the first community of the
2679:– Colonial Zone-Dominican Republic (DR) – Retrieved 3 November 2012.
2426:. Santo Domingo: Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas. 1966. p. 32.
2232:
Migration in the Caribbean: Haiti, the Dominican Republic and Beyond
1167:
354:
and had begun the first European slave trade on the western side of
5045:
4998:
4944:
4761:
4645:
4615:
4598:
4382:
4338:
2137:
1314:
569:, freeing about 40,000 enslaved persons, and prompting much of the
4490:
4343:
3596:"Dominican Republic: Gov't Turns Deaf Ear to UN Experts on Racism"
2890:[Notes concerning the culture of the Dominican Republic].
1532:
1064:
of colonial origin, while his mother was a black migrant from the
862:
331:
282:
5687:
5677:
2647:"La sobrevivencia de la cultura Taína en la República Dominicana"
2268:"Haiti and the Dominican Republic: Same Island, Different Worlds"
2132:
1746:
1688:
1617:
1591:
1517:
1007:
926:
899:
875:
867:
853:
504:
480:
472:
428:
830:
215:
descent. Currently there are many black illegal immigrants from
4971:
4889:
4847:
4522:
4276:
3788:
2973:
2205:"Dominican Republic has a clear, respectful immigration policy"
1630:
1380:
1262:
1228:
1216:
1113:
1077:
1019:
778:
559:
258:
208:
3030:
Fuente: Encuesta Latin American Public Opinion Project, LAPOP,
1372:, also called bongos), and the tambora (Key instrument in the
624:
1821, the Spanish was overthrow in a revolt, this time led by
222:
The first black people in the island were brought by European
5364:
4988:
3427:"Four Afro-Dominican models make history with cover of Vogue"
3035:(in Spanish). Oficina Nacional de Estadística. Archived from
2585:
2184:
2182:
2180:
1944:
887:
871:
809:
555:
476:
216:
3164:"La desregulación de la inmigración es el negocio del siglo"
1398:
and historians. Such is the case of the merengue music. So,
1329:
This dance derives, according to research by the folklorist
1200:
Genetic history of the African diaspora § Dominican Republic
1590:
According to census reports the majority, 73% identify as "
574:
462:
After 1700, with the arrival of new Spanish colonists, the
234:
outlawed the enslavement of Natives in the island with the
2177:
1562:
197:
Afro-Dominicanos/Dominicanos Africanos, Dominicanos negros
1629:
asserts that the terms were originally a defense against
770:).No form of slavery would return to the island nation.
501:
struggles for Dominican independence until the 1840s.
467:
in 1777 was 400,000, of which 100,000 were Europeans and
3489:
Meridional: Revista Chilena de Estudios Latinoamericanos
1022:
descent, with a lesser degree of Amerindian admixture.
997:
Dominicans in Santo Domingo protest with Afro-Dominican
588:
Simultaneously, Ferrand rounded his troops to engage in
3071:
3006:"La cédula vieja vence hoy; miles acuden a centros JCE"
2760:
1584:
804:
The province with the highest proportion of blacks was
758:
to join the Trinitarios in the fight for independence.
226:
as indentured workers from Spain and Portugal known as
2919:"Porto Rico Past and Present and San Domingo of Today"
565:
In 1801, Louverture seized the colony from France and
2976:"La JCE acelera cedulación en instituciones del país"
1607:" (better the race) in regards to starting a family.
1111:
born abroad (they and their descendants are known as
970:
Moreno) has historically been a part of the official
3258:
Mathias, Rasika Ann; et al. (11 October 2016).
3193:
Mathias, Rasika Ann; et al. (11 October 2016).
2885:
2075:
1281:, which, consequently, prevents the reproduction of
902:, in Nigeria), Terranova (slaves bought probably in
3416:(Opinion on the merengue). Retrieved 21 March 2013.
2974:Néstor Medrano; Ramón Pérez Reyes (23 April 2014).
2606:
1349:, which in the words of the U.S. ethnomusicologist
1243:Risk allele variants G1 and G2 are associated with
2600:
398:origin, in an ingenio (sugar factory) east of the
55:Dominicans of full or predominant African ancestry
3509:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1977:, 19th-century independence leader and politician
5739:
2391:] (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Santo Domingo:
2202:
3661:
3486:
3337:. University of Porto. pp. 47, 49–50, 52.
2672:
2670:
2668:
2238:. London: Minority Rights Group International.
925:The Wolof were kidnapped to Santo Domingo from
3137:National Bureau of Statistics of Santo Domingo
3003:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
4398:
4238:
3647:
3593:
3161:
2812:
2462:The Adventure Guide to the Dominican Republic
1379:For his part, the Bachata is a hybrid of the
5763:Dominican Republic people of African descent
2665:
2644:
2299:. : The University of North Carolina Press.
1679:In 1937, Trujillo, in an event known as the
628:, who renamed the independent nation as the
4335:Indigenous peoples of the Dominic Republic
3517:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3053:. ahorasecreto.blogspot.com. 22 August 2012
3008:(in Spanish). Listín Diario. Archived from
2978:(in Spanish). Listín Diario. Archived from
2931:Esteban Deive, Carlos (September 5, 1977).
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2617:] (in Spanish). Encuentro. p. 19.
2516:
2329:"Cronología | First Blacks in the Americas"
1498:
882:, in north Angola), Bran (originating from
707:, founding father of the Dominican Republic
5748:African diaspora in the Dominican Republic
4405:
4391:
4245:
4231:
3654:
3640:
3355:
3349:
3024:
2783:
2502:Minority Rights Group International – MRGI
1277:, produce an effect on the development of
1124:
812:(97%) in the first province, and from the
508:Gregorio Luperon monument in Puerto Plata.
3525:"Afrodominicanos pugnan por su identidad"
3291:
3226:
2754:
2416:
2375:
1528:of the box, starting with the organized.
1493:Afro-Dominicans attending church service.
1301:
211:background, while only 0.2% acknowledged
3573:"¿Cuántos son los haitianos en el país?"
3150:
3139:(in Spanish). April 1998. Archived from
3043:
2864:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2424:Cuarto Censo Nacional de Población, 1960
2228:
1313:
1247:, which are common among populations of
1051:
1024:
992:
840:
503:
309:
199:) are Dominicans of predominant or full
5758:Ethnic groups in the Dominican Republic
3257:
3192:
3075:; Britanik, Kristin (18 October 2013).
3065:
2944:
2916:
2892:Boletín del Museo del Hombre Dominicano
2557:
2458:
1575:, "blackness" is often associated with
1563:Racial discrimination and consciousness
1153:provinces, and the western half of the
937:, integrated exclusively for them, the
14:
5740:
3329:
3077:"Dominicans and Black American Roots?"
2558:Ricourt, Milagros (18 November 2016).
2381:"Evolución de la población dominicana"
2270:. Haiti Innovation.org. Archived from
2265:
1211:In addition to being found to have 9%
573:of that part of the island to flee to
305:
4386:
4226:
3635:
3480:
3451:
3445:
2967:
2945:De León, Viviano (11 November 2011).
2886:Carlos Esteban Deive (January 1979).
2787:Santo Domingo A Country with a Future
2479:
2292:
2203:Aníbal de Castro (15 November 2013).
1890:, 16th-century slave rebellion leader
326:' demands for enslaved Africans. The
5722:
4412:
3570:
2610:La esclavitud en la América española
2001:, 19th-century independence activist
866:in Santo Domingo and kidnapped from
394:was led by 20 Senegalese Muslims of
60:Regions with significant populations
3358:"Tradición Musical Afro-Dominicana"
2888:"Notas sobre la cultura Dominicana"
2763:"Origen de la población dominicana"
2385:Historia de la República Dominicana
2123:Black Hispanic and Latino Americans
2108:Slavery in colonial Spanish America
1636:
1621:category or is racially ambiguous.
1462:Although most black Dominicans are
1189:, as well as in the border region.
608:In 1809, the French government was
516:in the island were inspired by the
24:
18:Afro-Dominican (Dominican Republic)
3753:Spanish occupation 1861–1865
3628:(Are the Dominican people racist?)
3571:Pina, Diógenes (4 February 2024).
3004:Néstor Medrano (10 January 2015).
2820:"Slave Routes: Dominican Republic"
2588:. CUNY Dominican Studies Institute
2533:"Slave Routes: Dominican Republic"
2459:Pariser, Harry S. (October 1994).
2222:
1965:, 19th-century soldier and general
918:(this latter was originating from
898:(originating from slave port from
562:and rallied his troops to Lavaux.
439:monastery, first hospital and the
25:
5774:
5753:African diaspora in the Caribbean
3626:¿Es racista el pueblo dominicano?
3614:
3594:Diógenes Pina (31 October 2007).
2822:. Antislavery.org. Archived from
2535:. Antislavery.org. Archived from
2389:History of the Dominican Republic
1728:
1376:, the Dominican national dance).
1345:(the chenche enrolled), etc. The
5721:
5712:
5711:
4594:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4261:People of the Dominican Republic
4254:
3802:
2155:Racism in the Dominican Republic
2092:
2078:
1482:
1206:
1198:This section is an excerpt from
712:
697:
677:
385:African diaspora in the Americas
3763:U.S. occupation 1916–1924
3587:
3564:
3539:
3419:
3400:
3388:
3376:
3121:
3095:
2997:
2938:
2925:
2917:Verrill, Alpheus Hyatt (1914).
2910:
2838:
2777:
2745:
2736:
2727:
2718:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2638:
2578:
2551:
2452:
2430:
948:
784:
486:
350:had gone against the wishes of
257:In the 19th and 20th centuries
3162:Flady Cordero (30 July 2013).
2586:"First Blacks in the Americas"
2346:
2321:
2286:
2259:
2196:
1971:, 19th-century military leader
1662:Dominicanization of the border
1293:ancestry, including among the
1238:
13:
1:
3499:(inactive 12 September 2024).
3466:10.1080/00064246.2015.1060690
3109:(in Spanish). 31 October 2010
3079:. theroot.com. Archived from
2761:Bolívar M. Troncoso Morales.
2266:Schaaf, Bryan (21 May 2009).
2229:Ferguson, James (July 2003).
2170:
1261:are protected against due to
760:Francisco del Rosario Sánchez
705:Francisco del Rosario Sánchez
281:to deep inland areas such as
27:Dominicans of African descent
3497:10.5354/0719-4862.2018.50855
3170:(in Spanish). Archived from
2706:Bell, pp.86–87; James, p.107
2607:José Andrés-Gallego (2010).
2564:. Rutgers University Press.
2383:. In Frank Moya Pons (ed.).
2031:, former MLB baseball player
2019:, former MLB baseball player
1941:, former MLB baseball player
1902:, former MLB baseball player
1872:, former MLB baseball player
1806:, former MLB baseball player
1788:, 16th-century maroon leader
1698:In 2005 Dominican President
1654:
1546:
1080:. Samaná Americans from the
729:In 1838, the liberal leader
7:
3260:"Supplementary Information"
2354:"What Became of the Taíno?"
2071:
1878:, former professional boxer
1670:Dominicanización fronteriza
1641:
1557:Puerta de las Lamentaciones
1457:
1192:
1168:very popular sport in Haiti
496:.Meanwhile, by this point,
445:Puerta de las Lamentaciones
10:
5779:
5606:African diaspora religions
4730:Indigenous Black Canadians
2790:. Bod Third Party Titles.
2615:Slavery in Spanish America
1737:, 19th-independence leader
1449:
1197:
906:), Zape (originating from
471:, 60,000 African, 100.000
322:finally acquiesced to the
300:
32:Afro-Dominicans (Dominica)
29:
5707:
5596:
5581:African Hebrew Israelites
5566:
5520:
5457:
5446:
5426:
5357:Afro-Asians in South Asia
5322:
5235:
5070:
4920:
4705:
4631:
4441:
4427:
4420:
4369:
4267:
4184:
4117:
4069:
4060:
4003:
3994:
3901:
3892:
3820:
3811:
3800:
3738:Unification of Hispaniola
3670:
3547:"Haiti: Economy overview"
3407:Opinión sobre el merengue
2784:Schoenrich, Otto (2013).
2086:Dominican Republic portal
1959:, musician and bandleader
1922:Dominican Restoration War
1041: Native American DNA
953:
662:, they mostly settled in
642:unification of Hispaniola
630:Republic of Spanish Haiti
598:invasion of Santo Domingo
459:who ravaged the islands.
390:In 1521, the first major
155:
150:
135:
130:
117:
112:
64:
59:
52:
47:
4623:Turks and Caicos Islands
2165:
1852:Petronila Angélica Gómez
1627:City College of New York
1581:Rafael Leónidas Trujillo
1499:Institutions and cuisine
1477:o velorio del angelito.
1309:
552:Léger-Félicité Sonthonax
379:. They formed their own
209:Afro-Caribbean immigrant
3412:21 October 2014 at the
1884:, NBA basketball player
1735:Marcos Evangelista Adón
1708:Carlos Morales Troncoso
1387:, the merengue and the
1125:Geographic distribution
984:Junta Central Electoral
980:Dominican identity card
752:Marcos Evangelista Adón
720:Marcos Evangelista Adón
594:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
318:In 1502 (or 1503), the
5611:Anti-African sentiment
3699:Devastations of Osorio
3356:Radhamés Veras, Jose.
3073:Louis Gates Jr., Henry
2061:, musician, politician
1999:María Trinidad Sánchez
1854:, teacher and feminist
1776:, author and historian
1669:
1319:
1302:Cultural contributions
1245:chronic kidney disease
1069:
1049:
1002:
963:
800:
509:
452:
414:, Diego de Guzmán and
315:
196:
53:Approximately 800,000
5663:Civil rights movement
5551:Afro-Caribbean people
4860:Chestnut Ridge people
4782:African-American Jews
4584:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3330:Tříska, Petr (2016).
3264:Nature Communications
3199:Nature Communications
2645:P. J. Ferbel (2002).
2293:Wheat, David (2016).
1989:, MLB baseball player
1896:, MLB baseball player
1824:, MLB baseball player
1818:, MLB baseball player
1317:
1265:ancestry. Hereditary
1255:ancestry and origin.
1055:
1028:
996:
972:racial classification
841:Origins of the slaves
796:
664:Puerto Plata Province
626:José Núñez de Cáceres
550:French commissioner,
525:Haitian revolutionary
507:
313:
183:(also referred to as
151:Related ethnic groups
5621:Atlantic slave trade
5309:United Arab Emirates
4109:Water and sanitation
3146:on 21 February 2014.
2465:. Harry S. Pariser.
2118:Afro-Latin Americans
2113:Atlantic slave trade
1774:Celsa Albert Batista
1672:) and conducted the
1567:As in most parts of
1131:San Pedro de Macorís
1094:San Pedro de Macorís
806:San Pedro de Macorís
689:Battle of Estrelleta
634:freed his own slaves
618:Juan Sánchez Ramírez
529:Toussaint Louverture
514:free people of color
464:Atlantic slave trade
348:Christopher Columbus
328:Santo Domingo colony
279:San Pedro de Macoris
165:Afro-Latin Americans
74:San Pedro de Macorís
5510:Sierra Leone Creole
5361:India and Pakistan
4606:Trinidad and Tobago
4456:Antigua and Barbuda
3921:Chamber of Deputies
3784:Dominican Civil War
3748:War of Independence
3284:10.1038/ncomms12522
3276:2016NatCo...712522M
3219:10.1038/ncomms12522
3211:2016NatCo...712522M
2826:on 14 December 2012
2539:on 14 December 2012
1975:José Joaquín Puello
1681:Masacre del Perejil
1559:(Gate of wailing).
1343:chenche matriculado
1289:. Populations with
1259:infectious diseases
1249:Sub-Saharan African
775:British West Indies
740:José Joaquin Puello
685:José Joaquín Puello
512:By the late 1780s,
352:Isabel I of Castile
306:16th – 18th century
267:British West Indies
44:
5653:Black Lives Matter
5260:Ethiopian Israelis
4910:African immigrants
4885:Louisiana Redbones
4821:Chickasaw freedmen
4750:African immigrants
4518:Dominican Republic
4038:Telecommunications
3721:Spanish reconquest
3692:Colonial governors
3663:Dominican Republic
3551:CIA World Factbook
3433:. 3 September 2019
3083:on 21 October 2014
2852:. 3 September 2022
2395:. pp. 50–52.
1723:Human Rights Watch
1573:Dominican Republic
1320:
1271:sickle cell anemia
1090:Dominican Republic
1070:
1050:
1035: European DNA
1003:
976:Dominican Republic
884:Brong-Ahafo Region
656:Haitian emigration
603:Beheadings of Moca
583:Jean-Louis Ferrand
510:
316:
205:Dominican Republic
185:African-Dominicans
173:Afro–Puerto Ricans
42:
5735:
5734:
5703:
5702:
5616:Anti-Black racism
5556:British Jamaicans
5546:African Americans
5531:African Americans
5485:Americo-Liberians
5470:African Americans
5442:
5441:
5265:Sudanese refugees
5066:
5065:
4836:Seminole freedmen
4816:Cherokee freedmen
4797:Black Southerners
4772:African Americans
4720:African Americans
4380:
4379:
4220:
4219:
4180:
4179:
4056:
4055:
3990:
3989:
3977:Political parties
3938:Foreign relations
3888:
3887:
3794:COVID-19 pandemic
3598:. IPS News Agency
2797:978-3-8491-9198-6
2733:James, pp.141–142
2724:James, pp.128–130
2697:James, pp.125–126
2624:978-84-9920-504-5
2571:978-0-8135-8449-2
2472:978-1-55650-629-1
2402:978-84-00-09240-5
2306:978-1-4696-2380-1
1920:, fighter in the
1870:Vladimir Guerrero
1858:Maximiliano Gómez
1780:Israel Boatwright
1769:African Battalion
1283:malaria parasites
1164:European football
1155:National District
1107:registered 8,305
1086:Jean-Pierre Boyer
1062:Spanish Dominican
1047: African DNA
1014:of predominately
904:Porto-Novo, Benin
880:Kingdom of Ndongo
731:Juan Pablo Duarte
638:Jean-Pierre Boyer
567:abolished slavery
535:to fight against
518:French Revolution
269:, as well as the
178:
177:
141:Roman Catholicism
120:Dominican Spanish
16:(Redirected from
5770:
5725:
5724:
5715:
5714:
5455:
5454:
4843:Creoles of color
4826:Choctaw freedmen
4792:Black Mennonites
4725:Black Mennonites
4572:Jamaican Maroons
4528:Samaná Americans
4439:
4438:
4425:
4424:
4414:African diaspora
4407:
4400:
4393:
4384:
4383:
4282:Samaná Americans
4259:
4258:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4224:
4223:
4200:
4193:
4067:
4066:
4011:
4001:
4000:
3899:
3898:
3818:
3817:
3806:
3779:Parsley massacre
3656:
3649:
3642:
3633:
3632:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3508:
3500:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3423:
3417:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3336:
3327:
3314:
3313:
3295:
3270:(12522): 20–21.
3255:
3249:
3248:
3230:
3205:(12522): 12522.
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3159:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3134:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3039:on 29 July 2013.
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3012:on 19 April 2015
3001:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2982:on 19 April 2015
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2942:
2936:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2883:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2758:
2752:
2751:James pp.143–144
2749:
2743:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2529:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2494:
2477:
2476:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2377:Moya Pons, Frank
2373:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2237:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2160:Mixed Dominicans
2148:Dominican people
2102:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2081:
1767:, leader of the
1700:Leonel Fernández
1685:Parsley Massacre
1674:Parsley Massacre
1637:Haitian diaspora
1577:Haitian migrants
1553:Alcázar de Colón
1541:sugar cane juice
1504:etc. Are called
1486:
1425:fiesta de santos
1331:Fradique Lizardo
1295:African diaspora
1139:Samaná Peninsula
1119:Parsley Massacre
1082:Samaná Peninsula
1074:Samaná Americans
1060:'s father was a
1058:Gregorio Luperon
1046:
1040:
1034:
988:driver's license
852:(kidnapped from
733:established the
716:
701:
681:
668:Samaná Peninsula
660:Samaná Americans
649:African American
441:Alcázar de Colón
373:Piezas de Indias
259:black immigrants
189:Black Dominicans
157:Dominican people
48:Total population
45:
41:
21:
5778:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5767:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5699:
5673:Genetic history
5598:
5592:
5568:
5562:
5542:United Kingdom
5516:
5495:Afro-Brazilians
5450:
5448:
5438:
5422:
5327:
5318:
5231:
5074:
5062:
4922:
4916:
4787:Alabama Creoles
4707:
4701:
4633:
4627:
4432:
4416:
4411:
4381:
4376:
4365:
4263:
4253:
4251:
4221:
4216:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4176:
4113:
4099:Public holidays
4052:
4009:
3986:
3884:
3860:Protected areas
3835:Ciudad Colonial
3807:
3798:
3773:Héctor Trujillo
3758:Restoration War
3666:
3660:
3617:
3612:
3611:
3601:
3599:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3576:
3569:
3565:
3555:
3553:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3530:
3528:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3502:
3501:
3485:
3481:
3450:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3414:Wayback Machine
3405:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3381:
3377:
3367:
3365:
3354:
3350:
3334:
3328:
3317:
3256:
3252:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3160:
3151:
3143:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3086:
3084:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3013:
3002:
2998:
2985:
2983:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2943:
2939:
2930:
2926:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2884:
2865:
2855:
2853:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2798:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2675:
2666:
2656:
2654:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2531:
2530:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2480:
2473:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2374:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2333:firstblacks.org
2327:
2326:
2322:
2307:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2209:Washington Post
2201:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2128:Slave rebellion
2098:
2093:
2091:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2065:Ronaldo Vásquez
2017:Alfonso Soriano
1987:Fernando Rodney
1906:Lineisy Montero
1888:Sebastián Lemba
1822:Elly De La Cruz
1786:Diego del Campo
1765:Santiago Basora
1753:Alejandro Balde
1731:
1657:
1644:
1639:
1605:Mejorar la raza
1565:
1549:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1464:Roman Catholics
1460:
1452:
1341:(the crab), el
1318:Merengue dance.
1312:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1267:blood disorders
1253:Central African
1241:
1213:Native American
1209:
1203:
1195:
1181:(plantations).
1127:
1066:Anglo-Caribbean
1048:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1032:
982:(issued by the
956:
951:
843:
787:
764:Santiago Basora
727:
726:
725:
724:
723:
717:
709:
708:
702:
693:
692:
691:
682:
494:Lesser Antilles
489:
408:Sebastían Lemba
392:slave rebellion
381:confraternities
338:(Arawaks), and
308:
303:
295:Latinobarómetro
181:Afro-Dominicans
54:
43:Afro-Dominicans
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5776:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5719:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5685:
5683:Pan-Africanism
5680:
5675:
5670:
5668:Creole peoples
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5602:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5572:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5463:
5461:
5452:
5444:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5384:Black Dutchmen
5376:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5359:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5337:
5331:
5329:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5252:
5247:
5241:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5200:United Kingdom
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5125:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5082:
5080:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4981:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4964:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4937:
4932:
4926:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4831:Creek freedmen
4828:
4823:
4818:
4804:
4802:Black Hispanic
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4768:United States
4766:
4765:
4764:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4711:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4673:Miskito people
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4637:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4537:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4483:
4481:Cayman Islands
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4447:
4445:
4436:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4410:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4387:
4378:
4377:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4250:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4227:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4202:
4201:
4194:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4123:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4023:
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3855:Municipalities
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3808:
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3799:
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3781:
3776:
3767:Trujillo Era (
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3723:
3718:
3715:Era de Francia
3711:
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3696:
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3694:
3684:
3676:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665: articles
3659:
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3615:External links
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3387:
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3364:on 16 May 2008
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2894:(in Spanish).
2863:
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2776:
2753:
2744:
2742:Bell, pp.92–95
2735:
2726:
2717:
2708:
2699:
2690:
2688:Bell, pp.42–50
2681:
2664:
2653:on 5 June 2011
2637:
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2059:Johnny Ventura
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2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
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1984:
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1966:
1963:Eusebio Puello
1960:
1957:Chichí Peralta
1954:
1951:Olivia Peguero
1948:
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1936:
1930:
1924:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1900:Pedro Martínez
1897:
1891:
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1879:
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1864:Peter González
1861:
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1828:Luiyi de Lucas
1825:
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1729:Notable people
1727:
1704:United Nations
1656:
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1640:
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1635:
1594:" or "Indio",
1564:
1561:
1548:
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1500:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1468:Dominican Vudú
1459:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1437:noches de vela
1374:merengue music
1357:(the sticks),
1311:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1240:
1237:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1196:
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974:system of the
955:
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718:
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416:Diego de Oampo
307:
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244:Central Africa
238:, slaves from
236:Laws of Burgos
176:
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161:Afro-Caribbean
153:
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133:
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5506:Sierra Leone
5505:
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5476:
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5449:Afro-American
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4805:
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4777:Affrilachians
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4678:Miskito Sambu
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4501:Ganga-Longoba
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4434:Latin America
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4408:
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3749:
3746:
3744:
3743:La Trinitaria
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3733:Spanish Haiti
3731:
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3728:
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3719:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3687:Santo Domingo
3685:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3657:
3652:
3650:
3645:
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3634:
3627:
3624:
3622:
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3597:
3590:
3575:. Ipsnews.net
3574:
3567:
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3520:
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3506:
3498:
3494:
3491:(10): 45–70.
3490:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3454:Black Scholar
3448:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3403:
3396:
3395:Buenas tareas
3391:
3384:
3379:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3344:
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3333:
3326:
3324:
3322:
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3220:
3216:
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3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3174:on 2 May 2014
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2952:Listín Diario
2948:
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2933:Revista Ahora
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2245:1-904584-07-1
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2101:
2100:Africa portal
2090:
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2053:Sergio Vargas
2051:
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2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2005:Antony Santos
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1969:Gabino Puello
1967:
1964:
1961:
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1894:Marco Luciano
1892:
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1816:Robinson Canó
1814:
1811:
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1804:Adrián Beltré
1802:
1799:
1798:Josefina Báez
1796:
1793:
1790:
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1778:
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1759:Alberto Baldé
1757:
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1741:Edison Azcona
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1613:one-drop rule
1608:
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1569:Latin America
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1455:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:musicologists
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:Autosomal DNA
1201:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1151:La Altagracia
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1000:
995:
991:
989:
985:
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977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
923:
921:
920:Guinea-Bissau
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:
860:(also called
859:
855:
851:
846:
838:
836:
832:
828:
823:
817:
815:
811:
807:
802:
799:
795:
792:
791:United States
782:
780:
776:
771:
769:
768:Pedro Santana
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
748:Gabino Puello
745:
741:
736:
732:
721:
715:
706:
700:
690:
686:
680:
671:
669:
665:
661:
658:. Called the
657:
653:
650:
645:
643:
640:, during the
639:
635:
631:
627:
621:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
599:
595:
591:
590:slave raiding
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
548:
544:
542:
541:Santo Domingo
538:
534:
530:
526:
523:In 1792, the
521:
519:
515:
506:
502:
499:
495:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
460:
458:
454:
453:Gate of Mercy
450:
446:
442:
437:
432:
430:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:Santo Domingo
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
377:Black Ladinos
374:
370:
366:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:Spanish Crown
312:
298:
296:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:San Cristobal
272:
271:United States
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:Spanish Crown
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:Black African
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
146:
145:Protestantism
142:
138:
134:
129:
125:
121:
116:
111:
108:
104:
100:
99:Independencia
96:
92:
88:
87:
86:San Cristóbal
82:
81:
80:Santo Domingo
76:
75:
70:
69:
63:
58:
51:
46:
37:
33:
19:
5434:Saint Helena
5370:in Karnataka
5287:Saudi Arabia
4855:Brass Ankles
4517:
4496:Cape Verdean
4371:
4271:
4142:Coat of arms
4079:Demographics
4021:Central Bank
3943:Human rights
3928:Constitution
3725:
3713:
3679:
3600:. Retrieved
3589:
3577:. Retrieved
3566:
3554:. Retrieved
3550:
3541:
3529:. Retrieved
3519:
3505:cite journal
3488:
3482:
3460:(3): 54–66.
3457:
3453:
3447:
3435:. Retrieved
3430:
3421:
3402:
3397:(Good tasks)
3390:
3378:
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3362:the original
3351:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3202:
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3188:
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3172:the original
3167:
3141:the original
3136:
3123:
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3106:
3097:
3085:. Retrieved
3081:the original
3067:
3055:. Retrieved
3045:
3037:the original
3026:
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3010:the original
2999:
2991:
2984:. Retrieved
2980:the original
2969:
2957:. Retrieved
2955:(in Spanish)
2950:
2940:
2932:
2927:
2912:
2900:. Retrieved
2895:
2891:
2854:. Retrieved
2849:
2840:
2828:. Retrieved
2824:the original
2814:
2786:
2779:
2767:. Retrieved
2756:
2747:
2738:
2729:
2720:
2711:
2702:
2693:
2684:
2655:. Retrieved
2651:the original
2640:
2628:. Retrieved
2614:
2609:
2602:
2590:. Retrieved
2580:
2560:
2553:
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2537:the original
2506:. Retrieved
2501:
2461:
2454:
2442:. Retrieved
2432:
2423:
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2388:
2384:
2348:
2336:. Retrieved
2332:
2323:
2295:
2288:
2276:. Retrieved
2272:the original
2261:
2249:. Retrieved
2231:
2224:
2212:. Retrieved
2208:
2198:
2189:
2067:, footballer
2043:, footballer
2023:Arlenis Sosa
1995:, footballer
1993:Dorny Romero
1929:, footballer
1927:Victor Núñez
1912:Monkey Black
1866:, footballer
1848:, footballer
1846:Junior Firpo
1836:, footballer
1834:Mariano Díaz
1830:, footballer
1794:, footballer
1782:, footballer
1761:, footballer
1755:, footballer
1743:, footballer
1716:
1697:
1680:
1678:
1661:
1658:
1649:
1645:
1623:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1566:
1556:
1550:
1530:
1522:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1474:
1472:
1461:
1453:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:(candles) o
1432:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1412:
1407:
1400:Luis Alberti
1393:
1378:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1351:Martha Davis
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1305:
1291:West African
1242:
1210:
1182:
1172:
1160:
1143:Cibao Valley
1128:
1112:
1109:West Indians
1102:
1071:
1012:multiracials
1004:
999:tambora drum
983:
967:
957:
949:Demographics
942:
938:
935:brotherhoods
924:
908:Sierra Leone
886:, west from
861:
847:
844:
818:
803:
801:
797:
789:In 1920 the
788:
785:20th century
772:
728:
652:freed people
646:
622:
607:
587:
564:
549:
545:
522:
511:
490:
487:19th century
479:and 100,000
461:
444:
433:
412:Juan Vaquero
389:
317:
291:
256:
221:
188:
184:
180:
179:
84:
78:
72:
66:
39:Ethnic group
36:
5693:Reparations
5658:Black power
5406:New Zealand
5237:Middle East
5190:Switzerland
5150:Netherlands
4865:Dominickers
4740:Nova Scotia
4658:El Salvador
4589:Saint Lucia
4579:Puerto Rico
4361:Venezuelans
3960:enforcement
3948:LGBT rights
3727:España Boba
3704:Slave trade
2935:. Num. 721.
2850:Hoy Digital
2143:Emancipados
2041:Joao Urbáez
2011:Zoe Saldaña
1939:David Ortiz
1918:Juan Nouesí
1876:Joan Guzman
1508:(boards) o
1418:West Africa
1287:erythrocyte
1285:within the
1275:thalassemia
1239:Medical DNA
1105:1920 Census
814:West Indies
579:Puerto Rico
498:free blacks
369:Ozama River
360:Amerindians
248:free blacks
240:West Africa
230:. When the
169:Afro-Cubans
65:Chiefly in
5742:Categories
5626:Coromantee
5041:Paramaccan
4955:Quilombola
4895:Melungeons
4653:Costa Rica
4562:Coromantee
4157:Literature
4010:(currency)
3840:Hispaniola
3602:13 January
3556:13 January
3107:elmundo.es
3087:17 October
3057:17 October
2959:25 October
2902:13 January
2856:28 October
2830:3 February
2769:13 January
2715:Bell, p.19
2657:13 January
2630:14 January
2543:3 February
2508:13 January
2393:CSIC Press
2315:1119633191
2278:13 January
2214:13 January
2171:References
2055:, musician
2049:, musician
2047:Cuco Valoy
2037:, activist
2035:Mamá Tingó
2029:Sammy Sosa
2007:, musician
1981:Fausto Rey
1882:Al Horford
1860:, militant
1842:, streamer
1810:El Canario
1792:Erick Japa
1719:earthquake
1717:After the
1712:xenophobia
1693:shibboleth
1539:, made of
1514:Fon people
1431:(vigils),
1429:velaciones
1404:Madagascar
1361:, and the
1335:los congos
1279:hemoglobin
1269:, such as
1187:Punta Cana
1166:fields, a
1137:, and the
943:San Damian
922:) people.
878:(from the
870:, current
756:Juan Suero
735:Trinitario
687:, hero of
443:, and the
287:Monteplata
107:Hato Mayor
95:Pedernales
89:; also in
68:Elías Piña
5447:Secondary
5411:Sri Lanka
5389:Mardijker
5379:Indonesia
5350:Hong Kong
5345:Guangzhou
5335:Australia
5282:Palestine
5210:Liverpool
5205:Cambridge
5058:Venezuela
4930:Argentina
4685:Nicaragua
4663:Guatemala
4443:Caribbean
4421:Geography
4084:Education
4048:Transport
4028:Companies
3982:President
3933:Elections
3865:Provinces
3850:Mountains
3813:Geography
3681:Cacicazgo
3474:143035833
3343:132835585
3168:Hora Cero
2806:863932373
2013:, actress
1953:, painter
1800:, actress
1547:Buildings
1445:carabiné.
1441:mangulina
1389:chachachá
1355:los palos
1176:sugarcane
1135:La Romana
1098:La Romana
939:San Cosme
647:In 1824,
475:, 60,000
371:were not
365:Quisqueya
324:colonists
261:from the
254:culture.
224:colonists
118:majority
113:Languages
103:La Romana
5717:Category
5567:Asia and
5536:Haitians
5491:Nigeria
5481:Liberia
5451:diaspora
5427:Atlantic
5401:Malaysia
5302:Africans
5220:Scotland
5165:Portugal
5086:Abkhazia
5046:Saramaka
5021:Suriname
5011:Paraguay
4999:Saramaka
4967:Colombia
4945:Kalungas
4875:Garifuna
4811:Freedmen
4762:Mascogos
4695:Cimarrón
4668:Honduras
4646:Garifuna
4616:Merikins
4599:Garifuna
4513:Dominica
4471:Barbados
4451:Anguilla
4429:Americas
4356:Italians
4339:Ciguayos
4309:Japanese
4299:Haitians
4207:Category
4104:Religion
4094:Language
3972:Politics
3967:Military
3911:Congress
3894:Politics
3880:Wildlife
3431:NBC News
3410:Archived
3310:11070628
3302:27725671
3245:11070628
3237:27725671
2379:(2010).
2138:Freedman
2072:See also
1983:, singer
1947:, rapper
1935:, singer
1914:, rapper
1812:, singer
1749:, rapper
1689:machetes
1642:Overview
1618:Mulattos
1510:convites
1458:Religion
1443:and the
1413:merengue
1408:merengue
1363:gallumba
1339:la jaiba
1221:Northern
1217:European
1215:and 52%
1193:Genetics
1147:El Seibo
1056:General
1016:European
896:Kalabari
835:Santiago
822:mestizos
666:and the
616:leader,
469:Criollos
356:Atlantic
344:Cigüayos
159:, other
131:Religion
5727:Commons
5688:Slavery
5678:Maroons
5597:Related
5569:Oceania
5527:France
5416:Kaffirs
5328:Oceania
5195:Ukraine
5170:Romania
5140:Ireland
5123:Germany
5106:Finland
5101:Denmark
5096:Belgium
5091:Austria
5053:Uruguay
5031:Matawai
4979:Ecuador
4950:Macombo
4935:Bolivia
4923:America
4745:Ontario
4708:America
4634:America
4632:Central
4557:Jamaica
4545:Marabou
4535:Grenada
4508:Curaçao
4476:Bermuda
4466:Bahamas
4351:Mulatto
4324:Spanish
4304:Indians
4294:Chinese
4272:African
4191:Outline
4147:Cuisine
4119:Culture
4062:Society
4043:Tourism
3996:Economy
3906:Cabinet
3870:Regions
3845:Islands
3709:Maroons
3672:History
3579:13 July
3531:13 July
3437:21 July
3368:13 July
3293:5062574
3272:Bibcode
3228:5062574
3207:Bibcode
3113:13 July
3016:9 April
2986:9 April
2592:21 July
2444:13 July
2408:14 July
2338:22 July
2251:13 July
2133:Maroons
2025:, model
1908:, model
1747:Cardi B
1666:Spanish
1655:History
1596:Mestizo
1592:Mestizo
1537:guarapo
1518:Dahomey
1475:baquiní
1450:Fashion
1370:bachata
1324:calenda
1263:African
1231:(e.g.,
1229:African
1225:Western
1219:(e.g.,
1183:Cocolos
1179:bateyes
1114:Cocolos
1078:Cocolos
1020:African
1008:mestizo
968:colloq.
960:Spanish
958:Black (
927:Senegal
916:Biafada
912:Bambara
900:Calabar
876:Ambundu
868:Dahomey
854:Senegal
779:Cocolos
614:Criollo
612:by the
610:toppled
571:planter
558:to the
556:Spanish
533:Spanish
527:leader
481:mulatto
473:mestizo
457:pirates
449:Spanish
429:Maroons
340:Kalinga
336:Lucayan
301:History
228:Ladinos
213:Haitian
193:Spanish
91:Dajabón
5646:Yoruba
5599:topics
5576:Israel
5521:Europe
5466:Ghana
5459:Africa
5297:Turkey
5272:Jordan
5255:Israel
5215:London
5185:Sweden
5175:Russia
5160:Poland
5155:Norway
5133:Blacks
5128:Greece
5111:France
5077:Blacks
5072:Europe
5036:Ndyuka
5026:Kwinti
5006:Guyana
4994:Ndyuka
4972:Raizal
4940:Brazil
4905:Yoruba
4890:Lumbee
4870:Fulani
4848:Gullah
4757:Mexico
4715:Canada
4690:Panama
4641:Belize
4550:Marron
4523:Cocolo
4373:Portal
4329:French
4277:Cocolo
4212:Portal
4172:Sports
4167:People
4137:Cinema
4127:Anthem
4089:Health
4033:Energy
3916:Senate
3875:Rivers
3830:Cities
3825:Border
3789:DOMREP
3769:Rafael
3472:
3341:
3308:
3300:
3290:
3243:
3235:
3225:
2804:
2794:
2621:
2568:
2504:. 2007
2469:
2399:
2313:
2303:
2242:
1631:racism
1506:juntas
1381:bolero
1359:balsié
1233:Yoruba
1045:
1039:
1033:
954:Census
931:Whydah
863:Ararás
827:whites
754:, and
560:French
537:France
436:Mexico
404:Maroon
263:French
252:Creole
83:, and
5641:Tikar
5636:Kongo
5588:Japan
5475:Tabom
5396:Japan
5365:Siddi
5340:China
5314:Yemen
5292:Syria
5225:Wales
5180:Spain
5145:Italy
5116:Paris
4989:Aluku
4962:Chile
4921:South
4880:Igbos
4706:North
4567:Igbos
4540:Haiti
4491:Arará
4461:Aruba
4344:Taíno
4319:White
4289:Arabs
4198:Index
4162:Music
4074:Crime
4016:Banks
4008:Peso
3470:S2CID
3339:S2CID
3335:(PDF)
3306:S2CID
3241:S2CID
3178:2 May
3144:(PDF)
3133:(PDF)
2613:[
2387:[
2236:(PDF)
2166:Notes
1945:Ozuna
1933:Omega
1840:Fanum
1600:Indio
1533:mangú
1525:esusu
1433:velas
1347:salve
1310:Music
1257:Some
964:Negro
892:Fulbe
888:Ghana
872:Benin
850:Wolof
810:Haiti
477:zambo
424:Taíno
396:Wolof
332:Taino
283:Cotui
217:Haiti
5631:Igbo
5500:Saro
5324:Asia
5277:Oman
5250:Iraq
5245:Iran
5016:Peru
4486:Cuba
4314:Jews
4152:Flag
3771:and
3604:2016
3581:2017
3558:2016
3533:2017
3511:link
3439:2020
3370:2017
3298:PMID
3233:PMID
3180:2014
3115:2017
3089:2014
3059:2014
3018:2015
2988:2015
2961:2014
2904:2016
2898:(12)
2896:VIII
2858:2023
2832:2013
2802:OCLC
2792:ISBN
2771:2016
2659:2016
2632:2016
2619:ISBN
2594:2020
2566:ISBN
2545:2013
2510:2016
2467:ISBN
2446:2017
2410:2017
2397:ISBN
2340:2020
2311:OCLC
2301:ISBN
2280:2016
2253:2017
2240:ISBN
2216:2016
1273:and
1149:and
1103:The
1096:and
1076:and
1018:and
941:and
914:and
833:and
831:Baní
577:and
575:Cuba
285:and
277:and
265:and
242:and
163:and
105:and
5326:and
4132:Art
3955:Law
3493:doi
3462:doi
3288:PMC
3280:doi
3223:PMC
3215:doi
1714:."
1516:of
1385:son
1235:).
910:),
890:),
874:),
858:Aja
856:),
289:.
187:or
122:, (
5744::
3549:.
3507:}}
3503:{{
3468:.
3458:45
3456:.
3429:.
3318:^
3304:.
3296:.
3286:.
3278:.
3266:.
3262:.
3239:.
3231:.
3221:.
3213:.
3201:.
3197:.
3166:.
3152:^
3135:.
2990:.
2949:.
2866:^
2848:.
2800:.
2667:^
2518:^
2500:.
2481:^
2362:^
2331:.
2309:.
2207:.
2179:^
1676:.
1668::
1585:UN
1543:.
1391:.
1365:.
1337:,
1170:.
1133:,
1121:.
966:,
962::
945:.
894:,
837:.
781:.
750:,
746:,
742:,
605:.
483:.
451::
431:.
334:,
195::
191:;
171:,
167:,
143:,
139:,
101:,
97:,
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71:,
5079:)
5075:(
4809:/
4431:/
4406:e
4399:t
4392:v
4246:e
4239:t
4232:v
3775:)
3655:e
3648:t
3641:v
3606:.
3583:.
3560:.
3535:.
3513:)
3495::
3476:.
3464::
3441:.
3372:.
3345:.
3312:.
3282::
3274::
3268:7
3247:.
3217::
3209::
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3182:.
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3091:.
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2860:.
2834:.
2808:.
2773:.
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2512:.
2475:.
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2412:.
2356:.
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2255:.
2218:.
1683:(
1664:(
1223:/
1202:.
1068:.
1001:.
447:(
126:)
34:.
20:)
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