Aircraft hijacking

2298: 5581: 49: 2165: 1450: 1944: 2193:, it became evident that each hijacking situation needs to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Cabin crew, now aware of the severe consequences, have a greater responsibility for maintaining control of their aircraft. Most airlines also give crew members training in self-defense tactics. Ever since the 1970s, crew are taught to be vigilant for suspicious behaviour. For example, passengers who have no carry-on luggage, or are standing next to the cockpit door with fidgety movements. There have been various incidents when crew and passengers intervened to prevent attacks: on December 22, 2001, 1219: 996: 1523: 1505: 1682:, drafted in 1958, established an agreement between signatories that the "state in which the aircraft is registered is competent to exercise jurisdiction over crimes committed on board that aircraft while it is in flight". While the Convention does not make hijacking an international crime, it does contain provisions which obligate the country in which a hijacked aircraft lands to restore the aircraft to its responsible owner, and allow the passengers and crew to continue their journey. The Convention came into force in December 1969. 1360: 1468: 2829: 1432: 1378: 1414: 1324: 1396: 2400:, countermeasures were focused on "traditional" hijackings. As such, there were no specific rules for handling suicide hijackings, where aircraft would be used as a weapon. Moreover, military response at the time consisted of multiple uncoordinated units, each with its own set of rules of engagement with no unified command structure. Soon after the attacks, however, new rules of engagement were introduced, authorizing the 1306: 1487: 2815: 1628:(ICAO) issued a report on aircraft hijacking in July 1970. Beginning in 1969 until the end of June 1970, there were 118 incidents of unlawful seizure of aircraft and 14 incidents of sabotage and armed attacks against civil aviation. This involved airlines of 47 countries and more than 7,000 passengers. In this period, 96 people were killed and 57 were injured as a result of hijacking, sabotage and armed attacks. 1342: 2461:

aircraft to its lawful commander or to preserve his control of the aircraft. 2. In the cases contemplated in the preceding paragraph, the Contracting State in which the aircraft lands shall permit its passengers and crew to continue their journey as soon as practicable, and shall return the aircraft and its cargo to the persons lawfully entitled to possession.

2272:, the budget for the U.S. Federal Air Marshal Service was US$ 719 million in 2007. Marshals often sit as regular passengers, at the front of the plane to allow observation of the cockpit. Despite the expansion of the marshal service, they cannot be on every plane, and they rarely face a real threat on a flight. Critics have questioned the need for them. 1052:, Pletch shot Bivens twice in the back of the head. Pletch later told prosecutors, "Carl was telling me I had a natural ability and I should follow that line", adding, "I had a revolver in my pocket and without saying a word to him, I took it out of my overalls and I fired a bullet into the back of his head. He never knew what struck him." The 2237:

introduced a reinforced cockpit door which is resistant to gunfire and forced entry. Shortly afterwards, the FAA required operators of more than 6,000 aircraft to install tougher cockpit doors by April 9, 2003. Rules were also tightened to restrict cockpit access and make it easier for pilots to lock

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One of the big ironies here is the success of the 2001 attacks had nothing to do with airport security in the first place. It was a failure of national security. What the men actually exploited was a weakness in our mind-set – a set of presumptions based on decades-long track record of

2028:(TSA) to handle airport screening at U.S. airports. Government agencies around the world tightened their airport security, procedures and intelligence gathering. Until the September 11 attacks, there had never been an incident whereby a passenger aircraft was used as a weapon of mass destruction. The 933:

Handling of hijackers on the ground and in flight has been a big challenge for both aircraft manufacturers and pilots. New ideas and technologies mean that this is easier now. These technologies include modifications in aircraft to make it easier for personnel to be brought on board, or for pilots to

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1. When a person on board has unlawfully committed by force or threat thereof an act of interference, seizure, or other wrongful exercise of control of an aircraft in flight or when such an act is about to be committed, Contracting States shall take all appropriate measures to restore control of the

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struck down these provisions of the law, stating such preventive measures were unconstitutional and would essentially be state-sponsored murder, even if such an act would save many more lives on the ground. The main reason behind this decision was that the state would effectively be killing innocent

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By 1980, airport screening and greater cooperation from the international community led to fewer successful hijackings; the number of events had significantly dropped below the 1968 level. Between 1978 and 1988, there were roughly 26 incidents of hijackings a year. A new threat emerged in the 1980s:

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The signatories agree that if there is unlawful takeover of an aircraft, or a threat of it on their territory, then they will take all necessary measures to regain or keep control over an aircraft. The captain can also disembark a suspected person on the territory of any country, where the aircraft

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are expected to exercise their best judgement and expertise when dealing with the apparent consequences of an unlawful interference or hijack. Depending on the jurisdiction, the controller will inform authorities, such as the military, who will escort the hijacked plane. Controllers are expected to

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machines, to prohibit weapons and explosive devices. These rules came into effect on January 5, 1973, and were welcomed by most of the public. In 1974, Congress enacted a statute which provided for the death penalty for acts of aircraft piracy resulting in death. Between 1968 and 1977, there were

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During the 1990s, there was relative peace in the United States airspace as the threat of domestic hijacking was seen as a distant memory. Globally, however, hijackings still persisted. Between 1993 and 2003, the highest number of hijackings occurred in 1993 (see table below). This number can be

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expert, suggested that the development of a rebellious youth "piggybacking on to any cause which challenged the status quo or acted in support of those deemed oppressed" may have been a contributor to attacks against the aviation field. The first hijacking of a commercial flight occurred on the

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Between 1968 and 1972, there were 90 recorded transport attempts to Cuba. In contrast, there were 26 extortion attempts (see table on the right). The longest and first transcontinental (Los Angeles, Denver, New York, Bangor, Shannon and Rome) hijacking from the US started on 31 October 1969.

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military pilot shoots down a hijacked passenger plane with 164 people on board that was heading towards a stadium filled with 70,000 people. Following the broadcast, a public vote was called for in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, and 86.9% of viewers voted that the pilot was not guilty of

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suggested that the longer a hijacking persisted, the more likely it would end peacefully with the hijackers reaching their goal. Although total compliance is still relevant, the events of September 11 changed this paradigm as this technique cannot prevent a murder-suicide hijacking.

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estimates there have been 15 hijackings worldwide with three fatalities. This is a considerably lower figure than in previous decades which can be attributed to greater security enhancements and awareness of September 11–style attacks. On June 29, 2012, an attempt was made to hijack

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set and enforced a "layered" system of defense: hijacking intelligence, passenger pre-screening, checkpoint screening and on-board security. The idea was that if one layer were later to fail, another would be able stop a hijacker from boarding a plane. However, the

992:, the governor of the state of San Luis Potosí, ordered him to divert. Several other men were also involved, and through an interpreter, DeCelles had no choice but to comply. He was allegedly held captive for several hours under armed guard before being released. 2142:

tools. In the U.S., these rules were enforced starting from January 1973 and were eventually copied around the world. These security measures did make hijacking a "higher-risk proposition" and deter criminals in later decades. Until September 2001, the

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on July 16, 1948. After this incident and others in the 1950s, airlines recommended that flight crews comply with the hijackers' demands rather than risk a violent confrontation. There were also various hijacking incidents and assaults on planes in

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Airplane hijackings have occurred since the early days of flight. These can be classified in the following eras: 1929–1957, 1958–1979, 1980–2000 and 2001–present. Early incidents involved light planes, but this later involved passenger aircraft as

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Poland and Russia are among other countries that have had laws or directives for shooting down hijacked planes. However, in September 2008 the Polish Constitutional Court ruled that the Polish rules were unconstitutional, and voided them.

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Throughout the mid-2000s, hijackings still occurred but there were much fewer incidents and casualties. The number of incidents had been declining, even before the September 11 attacks. One notable incident in 2006 was the hijacking of

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into the cabin. Then, the aircraft can safely land and police can arrest the hijackers. A similar system can be activated from a panel on ground to be operated by military personnel when aircraft are held up by hijackers on the ground.

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stated it was one of the most spectacular crimes of the 20th century. Pletch pleaded guilty and was sentenced to life in prison. However, he was released on March 1, 1957, after serving 17 years, and lived until June 2001.

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report stated that it was always assumed that a "hijacking would take the traditional form"; therefore, airline crews never had a contingency plan for a suicide-hijacking. As Patrick Smith, an airline pilot, summarizes:

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even ran a lighthearted comedy piece called "What to Do When the Hijacker Comes". Most incidents occurred in the United States. There were two distinct types: hijackings for transportation elsewhere and hijackings for

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In the history of hijackings, most incidents involved planes being forced to land at a certain destination with demands. As a result, commercial airliners adopted a "total compliance" rule which taught pilots and

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In most jurisdictions of the world, aircraft hijacking is punishable by life imprisonment or a long prison sentence. In most jurisdictions where the death penalty is a legal punishment, aircraft hijacking is a

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In 1942 near Malta, two New Zealanders, a South African, and an Englishman achieved the first confirmed in-air hijack when they overpowered their captors aboard an Italian seaplane that was flying them to a

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was amended to impose severe penalties for those seizing control of a commercial aircraft. Airlines could also refuse to transport passengers who were likely to cause danger. That same year, the FAA and

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or for some political or administrative concession by authorities. Various motives have driven such occurrences, such as demanding the release of certain high-profile individuals or for the right of

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issued a recommendation for airlines to ensure that at least two people, one pilot and a member of cabin crew, occupy the cockpit during flight. The FAA in the United States enforce a similar rule.

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One of the first unconfirmed hijackings occurred in December 1929. J. Howard "Doc" DeCelles was flying a postal route for a Mexican firm, Transportes Aeras Transcontinentales, ferrying mail from

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command tasked with protecting U.S. airspace, to shoot down hijacked commercial airliners if the plane is deemed a threat to strategic targets. In 2003, the military stated that fighter pilots

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was seized by the co-pilot and deliberately crashed, while the captain was out. The captain was unable to re-enter the cockpit, because the airline had already reinforced the cockpit door. The

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being forced to fly according to the hijacker's demands. There have also been incidents where the hijackers have overpowered the flight crew, made unauthorized entry into the cockpit and

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In a five-year period (1968–1972) the world experienced 326 hijack attempts, or one every 5.6 days. The incidents were frequent and often just an inconvenience, which resulted in

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hijackings. In years past, a hijacking meant a diversion, with hostage negotiations and standoffs. The only weapon that mattered was the intangible one: the element of surprise.

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depicts a Boeing 747 carrying 400 passengers being hijacked by Algerian terrorists, and U.S. marine and Army special forces use a reconnaissance aircraft to re-take the plane.

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to comply with the hijackers' demands. Crews advise passengers to sit quietly to increase their chances of survival. The ultimate goal is to land the plane safely and let the

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was drafted which punishes hijackers, enabling each state to prosecute a hijacker if that state does not extradite them, and to deprive them from asylum from prosecution.

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As a result of the large number of U.S.–Cuba hijackings in the late 1960s to early 1970s, international airports introduced screening technology such as metal detectors,

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According to the FAA, in the 1960s, there were 100 attempts of hijackings involving U.S. aircraft: 77 successful and 23 unsuccessful. Recognizing the danger early, the

3318: 1026:, was seized in the company's hangar by three men, who took a hostage. Despite having no flying experience, they managed to take off. However, the aircraft crashed in 937:

In modern aircraft, there are systems for this which are not life threatening. In case of hijacking threats, the pilots can push a hidden button that will release an

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to other destinations started to occur; in 1961, hijackings from other destinations to Cuba became prevalent. The first happened on May 1, 1961, on a flight from

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on high-risk flights based on intelligence. Their role is to keep passengers safe, by preventing hijackings and other criminal acts committed on a plane.

3428: 3015: 2887: 2021:(2,977 if excluding the perpetrators) perished and more than 6,000 were injured in the attacks, making the hijackings the deadliest in modern history. 1998: 4271: 2603: 2229:

passed the Arming Pilots Against Terrorism Act, allowing pilots at U.S. airlines to carry guns in the cockpit. Since 2003, these pilots are known as

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as Sam, a talented business negotiator, who embarks on a mission to broker a peaceful end to a hijacking of his 7-hour flight from Dubai to London.

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Australia was relatively untouched by the threat of hijackings until July 19, 1960. On that evening, a 22-year-old Russian man attempted to divert

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is a movie entirely based on the negotiations and rescue operations done by the Indian security forces in response to a flight hijacking incident.

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Pluchinsky, Dennis (1982). "Political Terrorism in Western Europe: Some Themes and Variations". In Alexander, Yonah; Myers, Kenneth A. (eds.).

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unaware of the aircraft's true operators and forced to land on the water. However, all on board survived to be picked up by a British boat.

867:), but sometimes a hijacking may have been affected by a failed private life or financial distress, as in the case of Aarno Lamminparras in 5197: 4404: 1621:

issued a directive in 1970 to promote security at airports, electronic surveillance and multilateral agreements for tackling the problem.

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in the U.S. are required to identify themselves before boarding a plane; marshals of other countries often are not. According to the

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Plane clothes: lack of anonymity at the Federal Air Marshal Service compromises aviation and national security: investigative report

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was bombed flying over Scotland. Terrorist activity which included hijack attempts in the Middle East were also a cause of concern.

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issued emergency rules requiring all passengers and their carry-on baggage to be screened. Airports slowly implemented walk-through

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Stewart, Mark J.; Mueller, John (29 April 2008). "A risk and cost-benefit assessment of United States aviation security measures".

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Hijackers will be engaged in negotiations only to bring the incident to an end, to comfort passengers and to prevent loss of lives.

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Any attempt to hijack will be considered an act of aggression against the country and will prompt a response fit for an aggressor.

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The ICAO stated that this is not isolated to one nation or one region, but a worldwide issue to the safe growth of international

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depicted a Special Forces squad tasked with retaking a plane hijacked by Lebanese terrorists, loosely based on the hijacking of

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On October 17, 1996, the first hijacking that was brought to an end while airborne was carried out by four operatives of the

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features an opening sequence of hijacking and crashing an aircraft for the purpose of kidnapping a man and faking his death.

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is constitutionally not entitled to act in terrorism matters, as this is the duty of the state and federal police forces.

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into the cargo bay mid-flight and fighting to seize control of the aircraft. The cargo plane is later shot down by the

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after crew and passengers attempted to overpower the hijackers. Authorities believe that the intended target was the

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Cockpit confidential : everything you need to know about air travel : questions, answers & reflections

1151:. The 47 prisoners overpowered the crew and gained control of the aircraft while airborne and diverted the plane to 5448: 5419: 5393: 5368: 5343: 5318: 5293: 5267: 4612: 3855: 2639:

is a 1972 film about a crazed Vietnam War veteran hijacking an airliner, demanding to be taken to the Soviet Union.

1709: 1610:(PFLP) militants on 23 July, an incident which lasted 40 days, making it one of the longest. This record was later 871:. Hijackings involving hostages have produced violent confrontations between hijackers and the authorities, during 679: 3290: 2872: 2243: 2222: 2182: 2144: 1693: 1257: 619: 1277:

which put trained marshals on flights. A few years later, on May 7, 1964, the FAA adopted a rule requiring that

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Between 1929 and 1957, there were fewer than 20 incidents of reported hijackings worldwide; several occurred in

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India published its anti-hijacking policy in August 2005. The policy came into force after approval from the

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hijacked a plane and extorted US$ 200,000 in ransom before parachuting over Oregon. He was never identified.

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which entered force on December 4, 1969. As of 2015, it has been ratified by 186 parties. Article 11 of the

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Between 1958 and 1967, there were approximately 40 hijackings worldwide. Beginning in 1958, hijackings from

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depicts the struggle of a pilot to land an aircraft and maintain control of its cockpit during a hijacking.

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Volpe, John A.; Stewart, John T. (1970). "Aircraft Hijacking: Some Domestic and International Responses".

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destroying aircraft to draw attention. For instance, terrorist groups were responsible for the bombing of

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30 years later Richards was again the victim of a failed hijacking attempt. A father and son boarded his

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was stopped when cabin crew placed a trolley in-front of the cockpit door and asked passengers for help.

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found that this layered approach was flawed and unsuitable to prevent the September 11 attacks. The U.S.

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agents and police chased the plane down the runway and shot out its tires, averting the hijacking. See

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The hijacked plane will be shot down if it is deemed to become a missile heading for strategic targets.

2194: 1994: 1970: 1947: 1686: 1650: 1603: 1246: 1147:. A political group was waiting to take them to a concentration camp located in Carahuara de Carangas, 727: 215: 200: 35: 17: 3694: 3665: 3092: 609: 5749: 5508: 5495: 4824: 4641: 4140: 3050: 2578: 2206: 2002: 1978: 629: 407: 398: 5204: 3881: 2537:

depicts Superman saving Metropolis from a bombardier hijacked by Japanese spies during World War II.

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for intercepting and transferring a hijacked airliner between Russian and American airspace in 2013

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Countries around the world continued their efforts to tackle crimes committed on-board planes. The

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issued a directive on July 28, 1961, which prohibits unauthorized persons from carrying concealed

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Sovereignty and Jurisdiction in Airspace and Outer Space: Legal Criteria for Spatial Delimitation

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attempted to detonate explosives sewn into his underwear. In 2012, the attempted hijacking of

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Loy, Frank E. (1970). "Some International Approaches to Dealing With Hijacking of Aircraft".

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is a fictional story about aircraft piracy through the in-flight release of venomous snakes.

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depicts an airline security expert trapped on a passenger jet when terrorists seize control.

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features a U.S. Marshals aircraft being hijacked by the maximum-security prisoners on board.

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lands, and that country must agree to it, as stated in Articles 8 and 12 of the convention.

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by an individual or a group. Dating from the earliest of hijackings, most cases involve the

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and attempted to land in India. Minhas deliberately crashed the plane into the ground near

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The hijacked plane will be escorted by armed fighter aircraft and will be forced to land.

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Miller, John M. (2007-09-01). "Conceptualizing the Hijacking Threat to Civil Aviation".

3519:"22 October 1956 : Ben Bella, King Mohammed V and the story of the re-routed plane" 2488:) went into effect on October 14, 1971. As of 2013, the convention has 185 signatories. 2116:, involving an Egyptian man who claimed to have a bomb and ordered the plane to land in 1187: 5811: 4774: 4322: 4202: 4072: 3919: 3646: 3638: 3213: 2778: 2701: 2679: 2627: 2156:

has since strengthened this approach, with a greater emphasis on intelligence sharing.

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where hijackers were trying to gain political asylum in Taiwan. Europe and the rest of

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Hijackers, if captured alive, will be put on trial, convicted, and sentenced to death.

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required cockpit doors on commercial aircraft be kept locked during flight. In 2002,

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Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation

4194: 4056: 3622: 3488: 2957: 2928: 2847: 2736: 2635: 2573: 2453: 2435: 2308: 2174: 2129: 2014: 1679: 1238:. The perpetrator, armed with a knife and gun, forced the captain to land in Cuba. 1164: 1155:. Prisoners took control of the aircraft and received instructions to again fly to 1083: 1023: 888: 860: 475: 337: 5099: 5858: 5806: 5744: 5615: 5475: 5082: 4725: 3980: 2820: 2722: 2644: 2387:

A hijacked grounded plane will not be allowed to take off under any circumstance.

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on May 17, 1970, witnessed the first fatality in the course of a U.S. hijacking.

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in São Paulo; it is considered to be the first hijack that took place in Brazil.

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In the 1970s, in pursuit of their demands for Croatia's independence from the

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subdue Harold and Kumar on board a plane after mistaking them for terrorists.

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hostages in order to avoid a terrorist attack. The Court also ruled that the

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Incidents also became problematic outside of the U.S. For instance, in 1968,

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World map depicting global aircraft hijacking incidents between 1958 and 1979

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National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Commercial Aviation Security

3765:"You Don't Understand Captain – He has a Gun: The Hijacking of Flight 1320" 3286: 2714: 2619: 2064: 1990: 1766: 1697: 1636: 1635:. Incidents also became notorious – in 1971, a man known as 1179: 1136: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1079: 876: 805: 510: 435: 2568:, one of the film's antagonists hijacks a plane at the start of the movie. 3837: 3476: 2764: 2710: 2706: 2662: 2442:

Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft

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and the plane was escorted by military aircraft before landing safely at

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There is no generic or set of rules for handling a hijacking situation.

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Newton, Michael (2003). "The FBI Encyclopedia". McFarland. p. 315.

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The first recorded aircraft hijack took place on February 21, 1931, in

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Holden, Robert T. (1986). "The Contagiousness of Aircraft Hijacking".

1124:. The aircraft landed safely at Ingolstadt Air Base without injuries. 981: 5531: 5224: 4471:"A brief history of airline security, hijackings and metal detectors" 2897: 2533: 1962: 1822: 1791: 1765:. Authorities believed that the goal was to crash the plane into the 1754: 1734: 1585: 1250: 1160: 1049: 80: 2828: 2518:'s regime concerning compensation for the victims of air disasters. 2088:

a man failed to hijack a 737-200 with 103 people on board over Chad.

2067:; hijackers in one of these incidents claimed to be affiliated with 2063:, Italy. In 2007, several incidents occurred in the Middle East and 1837: 5691: 5086: 5050: 3794: 3736: 3626: 2528: 2110: 2068: 2060: 2052: 1959: 1798: 1235: 1004: 813: 403: 113: 5241:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & company. p. 33. 3248:

Violence in the Skies: A History of Aircraft Hijacking and Bombing

2581:

one of the four airlines hijacked during the September 11 attacks.

4944:"National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States" 4587:"National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States" 4529:"Intelligence and Airport Security — Central Intelligence Agency" 4500:"National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States" 4224:"National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States" 3380: 2988: 2790: 2595: 2325: 1826: 1810: 1785: 1762: 1654: 1278: 1261: 1207: 1132: 915: 852: 844: 455: 393: 61: 4697:"Airbus video reveals exactly how reinforced cockpit doors work" 4642:"Hotan airport security staff cleared|Society|chinadaily.com.cn" 3452:"ASN Aircraft accident Lisunov Li-2T HA-LIG Ingolstadt Air Base" 3376:"World's First Air Hijack – Allied Aircrew's Daring 1942 Escape" 3123:

Kaappari Lamminparras: Suomen ensimmäisen konekaappauksen tarina

2260:

Some countries operate a marshal service, which puts members of

875:

and settlement. In several cases – most famously

5706: 2731: 2286: 2234: 2117: 2048: 1781:. The incident was resolved when the police stormed the plane. 1777:

religious cult, demanding the release of its imprisoned leader

1672: 1492: 1419: 1365: 1329: 1253:. The crew were able to subdue the man after a brief struggle. 1037:

On October 28, 1939, the first murder on a plane took place in

856: 840: 490: 57: 27:

Incident involving unlawful seizure of an aircraft in operation

4613:"Pilot: Here's what keeps you safe on a plane (Opinion) - CNN" 2514:

member states in 1999. It amended important provisions of the

2482:

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft

2862: 2135: 2102: 1806: 1802: 1750: 1701: 1401: 1347: 1231: 1202:

where the FLN leaders were to conference with Prime Minister

1199: 1156: 1098: 911: 907: 848: 809: 5500: 2292: 2168:

Hijacking assault simulation by South African special forces

5444: 3732:"TWA85: The world's longest and most spectacular hijacking" 3282: 2511: 1311: 1281:

doors on commercial aircraft be kept locked at all times.

1227: 1012: 3943:. Washington D.C: National Academy Press. 1996. p. 6. 2984:"Photos: Major aircraft hijackings that shocked the world" 1958:

On September 11, 2001, four airliners were hijacked by 19

1139:

was carrying 47 prisoners who were being transported from

3019: 2611:, as seen through the eyes of the chief flight attendant 5239:

Adapting Superman: essays on the transmedia man of steel

5000: 4973:"Emergency Transponder Codes - SKYbrary Aviation Safety" 4373:"Aviation Safety Network > Statistics > By period" 2607:

was a made-for-TV film based on the actual hijacking of

1954:

complex in New York City during the September 11 attacks

1761:

with 172 passengers and crew was hijacked after leaving

3281:

and tried to force him at gunpoint to fly the plane to

5496:"America's first highjacking" at A Blast From the Past 4299:(Revised and updated ed.). Naperville, Illinois. 2352:

urged judicial review of the constitutionality of the

2024:

Following the attacks, the U.S. government formed the

1206:, but French forces redirected the flight to occupied 804:, with the last term used within the special aircraft 4343:"Pilots and passengers foil hijacking of Turkish jet" 1773:

was hijacked by a man claiming to be a member of the

843:, an aircraft hijacking is not usually committed for 3829: 2810: 5315:"The Taking of Flight 847: The Uli Derickson Story" 4795:"EASA recommends minimum two crew in the cockpit |" 3544:"أكتوبر في تاريخ المغرب أحداث وأهوال | المعطي منجب" 3477:"Le Maroc entre la France et l'Algérie (1956–1962)" 2709:carrying a large shipment of weapons by crashing a 4672:"The US airline pilots trained to shoot hijackers" 4405:"Hijackings rare after 9/11 security improvements" 3319:"The Murderous Story of America's First Hijacking" 2324:In January 2005, a federal law came into force in 2109:in China. More recently was the 2016 hijacking of 999:Warning posters in a Central African airport, 2012 3782: 2604:The Taking of Flight 847: The Uli Derickson Story 1116:(registration HA-LIG), to escape from behind the 1108:, seven passengers hijacked a domestic flight of 5996: 5001:Bundesverfassungsgericht, 1 Senat (2006-02-15). 4558:"Keeping Our Skies Secure: Oversight of the TSA" 4016: 3724: 3185: 1285:Destinations desired by U.S. hijackers, 1968–72 5491:"The First Hijacking Myth" at Fortnight Journal 3425:"On This Day: First Commercial Flight Hijacked" 3016:"Air China pilot hijacks his own jet to Taiwan" 2285:keep communications to a minimum and clear the 4294: 4184: 3120: 2888:List of Cuba–United States aircraft hijackings 2742:In 2016, German television broadcast the film 2079:was hijacked by a man demanding to speak with 1757:were not immune either. On December 26, 1994, 30:"Skyjack" redirects here. For other uses, see 5516: 3985:. London: Georgetown University. p. 59. 2909:United States Department of Homeland Security 1716:hijacked several civilian airliners, such as 1608:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 1264:and interfering with crew member duties. The 754: 4825:"Q & A: FAA cockpit, pilot requirements" 4779:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3695:"Travel: What to Do When the Hijacker Comes" 3588: 3053:. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 2329: 5030:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4105:"Cobra: Austria's Special Police Commandos" 2075:experienced its first terror incident when 56:being held hostage by an armed hijacker in 5523: 5509: 5131:"U.S. Practices How to Down Hijacked Jets" 5100:"US pilots train shooting civilian planes" 4327:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3978: 3218:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2368:(CCS). The main points of the policy are: 1172:French forces hijacked a Moroccan airplane 761: 747: 4218: 4216: 3823:International Civil Aviation Organization 3474: 3250:. Summersdale Publishers LTD. p. 5. 2853:Canadian Air Transport Security Authority 2293:Legislation for downing hijacked aircraft 1626:International Civil Aviation Organization 1018:The following year, in September 1932, a 5236: 4017:On The Judiciary, The Committee (2006). 3516: 3188:A profile of the global airline industry 3044: 2929:"49 U.S. Code § 46502 – Aircraft piracy" 2402:North American Aerospace Defense Command 2296: 2163: 1942: 1217: 1022:with registration P-BDAD, registered to 994: 216:Special-interest / Single-issue 47: 5128: 4822: 3955:"Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976)" 3038: 2546:is based on the fictional hijacking of 1718:Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 130 1210:, where the FLN leaders were arrested. 14: 5997: 5828:Charities accused of ties to terrorism 5110:from the original on 11 September 2012 4909: 4907: 4562:Transportation Security Administration 4250: 4248: 4213: 4046: 4005: 3762: 3663: 3612: 3584: 3512: 3510: 3090: 2958:"Swiss confirm Ethiopian plane hijack" 2903:Transportation Security Administration 2705:the player is tasked with hijacking a 2491: 2275: 2249: 2154:Transportation Security Administration 2026:Transportation Security Administration 1705:approximately 41 hijackings per year. 1649:military plane was hijacked prior the 824: – most notably in the 564:Charities accused of ties to terrorism 5504: 4610: 4434:"Why hijackings are no longer common" 4399: 4397: 4290: 4288: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4042: 4040: 4038: 3935: 3933: 3802:from the original on 10 December 2015 3608: 3606: 3604: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 2996:from the original on 24 December 2014 2964:from the original on 18 February 2014 2799:reconstructs the real events onboard 2521: 2356:after he signed it into law in 2005. 1597:Eastern Air Lines Shuttle Flight 1320 1163:they were subjected to, and received 1127:An aircraft belonging to the airline 4669: 3835: 3744:from the original on 27 October 2019 3541: 3316: 3245: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3086: 3084: 3082: 2577:is based on the real events onboard 2553:Hijacking is a central theme in the 2424: 2412:this scenario several times a week. 2159: 1950:crashes into the south tower of the 1685:A year later, in December 1970, the 1617:As a result of the evolving threat, 1041:, US. The victim was Carl Bivens, a 5178:from the original on 26 August 2011 4904: 4753: 4245: 4091:"Einsatzkommando Cobra – EKO Cobra" 3901: 3535: 3507: 2858:Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair 2717:, requiring the player to bail out. 2510:adopted by a diplomatic meeting of 2469: 2429: 2216: 1997:. The fourth crashed in a field in 1844:Annual hijack incidents, 1993–2003 1243:Trans Australia Airlines Flight 408 934:be more secure on the flight deck. 24: 5869:Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial 5833:Designated terrorist organizations 5168:"Poland to down hijacked aircraft" 5076:"India adopts tough hijack policy" 4394: 4370: 4285: 4187:Journal of Transportation Security 4171: 4035: 3930: 3858:from the original on 30 April 2011 3836:Gray, Geoffrey (21 October 2007). 3601: 3561: 3449: 3341:"The Killer Who Fell From the Sky" 3226: 2878:Federal crime in the United States 2658:The Assassination of Richard Nixon 2415: 2197:attempted to ignite explosives on 2123: 25: 6036: 5484: 5478:(German) | retrieved 20 June 2017 5046:"German court rejects hijack law" 4736:from the original on July 6, 2019 3168: 3079: 3022:. 28 October 1998. Archived from 2933:LII / Legal Information Institute 2071:. Towards the end of the decade, 1182:. The plane, which was carrying 1174:carrying leaders of the Algerian 1007:, Peru. Byron Richards, flying a 5579: 5413: 5287: 5261: 3790:"History of airliner hijackings" 3151:"History of airliner hijackings" 3047:"Plane Hijacking in Perspective" 2827: 2813: 2391: 1710:Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia 1521: 1503: 1485: 1466: 1448: 1430: 1412: 1394: 1376: 1358: 1340: 1322: 1304: 5462: 5451:from the original on 2018-08-03 5433: 5422:from the original on 2018-06-26 5407: 5396:from the original on 2018-08-03 5382: 5371:from the original on 2018-06-16 5357: 5346:from the original on 2018-07-30 5332: 5321:from the original on 2018-07-28 5307: 5296:from the original on 2018-07-13 5281: 5270:from the original on 2018-06-10 5255: 5230: 5214: 5190: 5160: 5149:from the original on 2019-07-06 5122: 5092: 5069: 5058:from the original on 2006-06-29 5038: 5013:from the original on 2019-07-06 5007:www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de 4994: 4983:from the original on 2019-07-06 4965: 4954:from the original on 2008-05-14 4936: 4925:from the original on 2019-07-06 4893:from the original on 2019-07-06 4875: 4864:from the original on 2019-07-06 4854:"Five myths about air marshals" 4846: 4835:from the original on 2019-07-06 4816: 4805:from the original on 2019-07-06 4787: 4762:from the original on 2019-07-06 4756:"How are cockpit doors locked?" 4747: 4718: 4707:from the original on 2019-07-06 4689: 4678:from the original on 2019-07-06 4663: 4652:from the original on 2019-07-06 4634: 4623:from the original on 2019-07-06 4604: 4593:from the original on 2008-09-27 4579: 4568:from the original on 2019-07-06 4550: 4521: 4510:from the original on 2019-05-26 4492: 4481:from the original on 2019-07-06 4463: 4452:from the original on 2019-07-06 4426: 4415:from the original on 2019-07-06 4383:from the original on 2019-08-24 4364: 4335: 4274:from the original on 2019-07-05 4234:from the original on 2008-05-14 4162: 4151:from the original on 2018-10-22 4133: 4121:from the original on 2022-10-09 4097: 4083: 4010: 3999: 3972: 3947: 3895: 3870: 3814: 3756: 3713:from the original on 2019-06-29 3687: 3676:from the original on 2019-06-29 3657: 3468: 3443: 3417: 3407:"The World's First Air Hijack!" 3399: 3388:from the original on 2019-12-21 3368: 3357:from the original on 2011-06-28 3333: 3310: 3264: 3157:from the original on 2019-06-28 3103:from the original on 2019-06-29 2939:from the original on 2015-11-16 2873:Federal Bureau of Investigation 2244:European Aviation Safety Agency 1989:and the third was crashed into 1932: 1741:over the Irish coast. In 1988, 3763:Swidey, Neil (20 March 2020). 3427:. 16 July 2010. Archived from 3285:hoping for a cash reward from 3143: 3114: 3008: 2976: 2950: 2921: 2893:Palestinian political violence 2726:depicts an aircraft hijacking. 2270:Congressional Research Service 2099:Tianjin Airlines Flight GS7554 13: 1: 5530: 4754:Why, Who, What (2015-03-26). 4295:Smith, Patrick (2018-06-05). 4209:– via Springer Science. 4114:. July 2009. pp. 48–52. 3878:"Pilot Officer Rashid Minhas" 3615:American Journal of Sociology 2915: 2735:is based on the hijacking of 2366:Cabinet Committee on Security 1771:All Nippon Airways Flight 857 1194:, was destined to leave from 865:Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 830:Ethiopian Airlines Flight 702 808:of the United States) is the 5129:Schmitt, Eric (2003-10-03). 4349:. 2008-06-22. Archived from 4347:International Herald Tribune 3880:. 2012-04-08. Archived from 3664:Nelson, Libby (2016-03-29). 3317:Dash, Mike (5 August 2015). 3091:Nelson, Libby (2016-03-29). 2338:Federal Constitutional Court 2231:Federal Flight Deck Officers 2211:Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554 2045:Turkish Airlines Flight 1476 1789:special law enforcement unit 1727: 1266:Federal Aviation Act of 1958 1213: 1032:Constitutionalist Revolution 964: 7: 3045:B. Raman (2 January 2000). 2883:List of aircraft hijackings 2868:Federal Air Marshal Service 2806: 2796:IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack 2199:American Airlines Flight 63 2092:Between 2010 and 2019, the 1975:American Airlines Flight 77 1967:American Airlines Flight 11 1135:on September 26, 1956. The 1106:Hungarian People's Republic 1071:base, they were strafed by 952:List of aircraft hijackings 559:Designated terrorist groups 10: 6041: 5561:Anti-terrorism legislation 4475:IBM IT Infrastructure Blog 3475:Essemlali, Mounya (2011). 2801:Indian Airlines Flight 814 2495: 2473: 2433: 2319: 2253: 2181:handle the situation. The 2127: 1995:Arlington County, Virginia 1971:United Airlines Flight 175 1948:United Airlines Flight 175 1936: 1675:to prevent the diversion. 1651:Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 949: 945: 898:to rescue the passengers. 728:Anti-terrorism legislation 40: 36:Skyjacker (disambiguation) 29: 5877: 5851: 5843:Islamic terrorist attacks 5820: 5794: 5758: 5750:State-sponsored terrorism 5737: 5697:Environmental destruction 5666: 5588: 5577: 5556:International conventions 5538: 5469:Terror - Ihr Urteil - ARD 4670:Amos, Owen (2018-03-26). 4256:"Summary of Final Report" 4199:10.1007/s12198-008-0013-0 3481:Relations Internationales 3186:Gourdin, Kent N. (2015). 3071:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3051:South Asia Analysis Group 2579:United Airlines Flight 93 2207:Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab 2003:Shanksville, Pennsylvania 1979:United Airlines Flight 93 1692:On December 5, 1972, the 1588:with the threat of harm. 1545: 1289: 1178:(FLN) during the ongoing 1176:National Liberation Front 822:flown them into buildings 723:International conventions 630:State-sponsored terrorism 52:Captain John Testrake of 5367:. IMDb. 26 August 1972. 5198:"Trybunał Konstytucyjny" 4061:10.1177/0734016807306152 3904:The International Lawyer 3296:"Feature: Hijack Part 1" 2540:The 1997 Hollywood film 2359: 2302:Royal Canadian Air Force 2289:for a possible landing. 1749:attributed to events in 1110:Malév Hungarian Airlines 1104:On 23 July 1956, in the 1067:. As they approached an 586:Violent non-state actors 32:Skyjack (disambiguation) 5766:Clandestine cell system 5290:"The Dark Knight Rises" 5237:Darowski, John (2021). 4948:govinfo.library.unt.edu 4504:govinfo.library.unt.edu 4141:"Terror on flight 9463" 4049:Criminal Justice Review 3838:"Unmasking D.B. Cooper" 3121:Lauri Puintila (2010). 2699:In the 2013 video game 2282:Air traffic controllers 2240:Germanwings Flight 9525 2094:Aviation Safety Network 1078:In the years following 328:Clandestine cell system 5712:Propaganda of the deed 4823:EndPlay (2015-03-26). 2463: 2456:states the following: 2330: 2316: 2221:As early as 1964, the 2169: 2040: 1955: 1759:Air France Flight 8969 1642:On August 20, 1971, a 1275:Peace Officers Program 1223: 1000: 885:Air France Flight 8969 496:Propaganda of the deed 65: 5852:Memorials and museums 5223:, by Gbenga Oduntan, 4646:usa.chinadaily.com.cn 3246:Baum, Philip (2016). 2587:The Dark Knight Rises 2565:Mission: Impossible 2 2458: 2354:Luftsicherheitsgesetz 2332:Luftsicherheitsgesetz 2300: 2167: 2035: 1946: 1714:Croatian nationalists 1271:Department of Justice 1221: 1170:On October 22, 1956, 1129:Lloyd Aereo Boliviano 1101:and the Middle East. 1073:Supermarine Spitfires 1055:Chicago Daily Tribune 998: 892:police tactical units 877:Air France Flight 139 712:Response to terrorism 333:Leaderless resistance 51: 5864:Topography of Terror 5551:History of terrorism 5447:. 28 February 2014. 4021:. Diane Publishing. 3591:Kentucky Law Journal 3413:. November 14, 2003. 3323:Smithsonian Magazine 3272:Continental Airlines 2960:. 17 February 2014. 2450:international treaty 2398:September 11 attacks 2347:President of Germany 2238:the doors. In 2015, 2203:Northwest Flight 253 2191:September 11 attacks 1939:September 11 attacks 1769:. On June 21, 1995, 1739:Air India Flight 182 1735:organised terrorists 1700:, hand-searches and 1065:prisoner-of-war camp 1039:Brookfield, Missouri 939:incapacitating agent 881:Lufthansa Flight 181 826:September 11 attacks 151:Right-wing/Far-right 6010:Aircraft hijackings 5416:"Snakes on a Plane" 5174:. 13 January 2005. 4730:avalon.law.yale.edu 4377:aviation-safety.net 3982:Terrorism in Europe 3740:. 26 October 2019. 3542:Essa (2020-10-22). 3493:10.3917/ri.146.0077 3456:aviation-safety.net 2508:multilateral treaty 2504:Montreal Convention 2498:Montreal Convention 2492:Montreal Convention 2343:Minister of Defense 2276:Air traffic control 2250:Air marshal service 2140:explosive detection 2057:air traffic control 1999:Stonycreek Township 1845: 1821:members hijacked a 1576:creating parodies. 1546:Extortion attempts 1290:Transport attempts 1286: 1153:Tartagal, Argentina 1141:Santa Cruz, Bolivia 961:became widespread. 959:commercial aviation 733:Terrorism insurance 534:Rockets and mortars 274:Resistance movement 6005:Aircraft hijacking 5682:Aircraft hijacking 5474:2017-06-12 at the 5135:The New York Times 5106:. 3 October 2003. 5081:2011-03-14 at the 4260:The New York Times 4093:. 3 November 2013. 3798:. 3 October 2001. 2702:Grand Theft Auto V 2680:Harold and Kumar 2 2628:Executive Decision 2522:In popular culture 2317: 2170: 1983:World Trade Center 1956: 1952:World Trade Center 1843: 1644:Pakistan Air Force 1284: 1224: 1082:, Philip Baum, an 1028:São João de Meriti 1001: 869:Finnair Flight 405 778:airplane hijacking 774:Aircraft hijacking 379:Aircraft hijacking 136:Left-wing/Far-left 66: 6025:Terrorism tactics 6020:Aviation security 5992: 5991: 5738:State involvement 5566:Counter-terrorism 5390:"The Delta Force" 4977:www.skybrary.aero 4919:www.skybrary.aero 4801:. 27 March 2015. 3843:New York magazine 3431:on 3 January 2012 3136:978-951-0-35501-5 2671:Snakes On a Plane 2516:Warsaw Convention 2425:International law 2313:training exercise 2306:Russian Air Force 2160:On-board security 1930: 1929: 1743:Pan Am Flight 103 1570: 1569: 1196:Palma de Mallorca 1143:, to El Alto, in 1120:, and flew it to 1084:aviation security 1043:flight instructor 990:Saturnino Cedillo 771: 770: 718:Counter-terrorism 703: 702: 461:Individual terror 282: 281: 259:Violent extremism 16:(Redirected from 6032: 5583: 5525: 5518: 5511: 5502: 5501: 5479: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5351: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5234: 5228: 5227:, 2011, pg. 118. 5218: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5203:. Archived from 5202: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5154: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5096: 5090: 5089:, 14 August 2005 5073: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5029: 5021: 5019: 5018: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4930: 4911: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4869: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4778: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4741: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4657: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4544: 4535:. Archived from 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4515: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4420: 4401: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4388: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4358: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4326: 4318: 4292: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4252: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4239: 4220: 4211: 4210: 4182: 4169: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4120: 4109: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4044: 4033: 4032: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3937: 3928: 3927: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3889: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3821:"News Release". 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3718: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3681: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3610: 3599: 3598: 3586: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3555: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3529: 3514: 3505: 3504: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3462: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3393: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3362: 3356: 3345: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3325:. 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Archived from 3268: 3262: 3261: 3243: 3224: 3223: 3217: 3209: 3183: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3108: 3088: 3077: 3076: 3070: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3026:on 21 March 2008 3012: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2944: 2925: 2848:Airport security 2837: 2832: 2831: 2823: 2818: 2817: 2816: 2789:The 2024 Indian 2776:original series 2753: 2737:Pan Am Flight 73 2729:The Indian film 2486:Hague Convention 2470:Hague Convention 2454:Tokyo Convention 2446:Tokyo Convention 2436:Tokyo Convention 2430:Tokyo Convention 2335: 2309:fighter aircraft 2266:Federal marshals 2217:Cockpit security 2130:Airport security 1846: 1842: 1687:Hague Convention 1680:Tokyo Convention 1604:El Al Flight 426 1574:television shows 1527: 1525: 1524: 1509: 1507: 1506: 1491: 1489: 1488: 1472: 1470: 1469: 1454: 1452: 1451: 1436: 1434: 1433: 1418: 1416: 1415: 1400: 1398: 1397: 1382: 1380: 1379: 1364: 1362: 1361: 1346: 1344: 1343: 1328: 1326: 1325: 1310: 1308: 1307: 1287: 1283: 1188:Hocine Aït Ahmed 1165:political asylum 1157:Salta, Argentina 1131:was hijacked in 889:counterterrorist 861:political asylum 763: 756: 749: 580: 579: 553:Terrorist groups 535: 269:Militia movement 236:Green/Ecological 141:Narcotics-driven 119: 118: 68: 67: 21: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6029: 5995: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5873: 5859:House of Terror 5847: 5816: 5807:Reign of Terror 5790: 5754: 5745:State terrorism 5733: 5662: 5616:Ethnic violence 5584: 5575: 5534: 5529: 5487: 5482: 5476:Wayback Machine 5467: 5463: 5454: 5452: 5439: 5438: 5434: 5425: 5423: 5412: 5408: 5399: 5397: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5374: 5372: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5349: 5347: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5324: 5322: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5299: 5297: 5286: 5282: 5273: 5271: 5264:"Air Force One" 5260: 5256: 5249: 5235: 5231: 5219: 5215: 5207: 5200: 5196: 5195: 5191: 5181: 5179: 5166: 5165: 5161: 5152: 5150: 5127: 5123: 5113: 5111: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5083:Wayback Machine 5074: 5070: 5061: 5059: 5044: 5043: 5039: 5023: 5022: 5016: 5014: 4999: 4995: 4986: 4984: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4957: 4955: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4928: 4926: 4913: 4912: 4905: 4896: 4894: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4867: 4865: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4838: 4836: 4821: 4817: 4808: 4806: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4772: 4771: 4765: 4763: 4752: 4748: 4739: 4737: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4710: 4708: 4701:The Independent 4695: 4694: 4690: 4681: 4679: 4668: 4664: 4655: 4653: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4626: 4624: 4609: 4605: 4596: 4594: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4571: 4569: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4542: 4540: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4513: 4511: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4484: 4482: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4455: 4453: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4418: 4416: 4403: 4402: 4395: 4386: 4384: 4371:Ranter, Harro. 4369: 4365: 4356: 4354: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4320: 4319: 4307: 4293: 4286: 4277: 4275: 4254: 4253: 4246: 4237: 4235: 4222: 4221: 4214: 4183: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4154: 4152: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4045: 4036: 4029: 4015: 4011: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3939: 3938: 3931: 3900: 3896: 3887: 3885: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3861: 3859: 3834: 3830: 3825:. July 3, 1970. 3820: 3819: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3761: 3757: 3747: 3745: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3716: 3714: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3679: 3677: 3662: 3658: 3611: 3602: 3587: 3562: 3553: 3551: 3540: 3536: 3527: 3525: 3523:en.yabiladi.com 3515: 3508: 3473: 3469: 3460: 3458: 3450:Ranter, Harro. 3448: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3391: 3389: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3315: 3311: 3300:airdisaster.com 3294: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3244: 3227: 3211: 3210: 3198: 3184: 3169: 3160: 3158: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3119: 3115: 3106: 3104: 3089: 3080: 3064: 3063: 3056: 3054: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3014: 3013: 3009: 2999: 2997: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2942: 2940: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2833: 2826: 2821:Aviation portal 2819: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2747: 2645:The Delta Force 2524: 2500: 2494: 2478: 2472: 2444:, known as the 2438: 2432: 2427: 2418: 2416:Other countries 2394: 2362: 2322: 2295: 2278: 2262:law enforcement 2258: 2252: 2219: 2179:security forces 2162: 2150:9/11 Commission 2132: 2126: 2124:Countermeasures 2065:Northern Africa 2030:9/11 Commission 1941: 1935: 1730: 1698:metal detectors 1619:President Nixon 1522: 1520: 1504: 1502: 1486: 1484: 1476: 1467: 1465: 1449: 1447: 1431: 1429: 1413: 1411: 1395: 1393: 1377: 1375: 1359: 1357: 1341: 1339: 1323: 1321: 1305: 1303: 1216: 1204:Habib Bourguiba 1192:Mohamed Boudiaf 1184:Ahmed Ben Bella 1024:Nyrba do Brasil 984:and then on to 978:San Luis Potosí 967: 954: 948: 906:, including in 857:monetary ransom 802:aircraft piracy 786:plane hijacking 776:(also known as 767: 738: 737: 713: 705: 704: 699: 624: 595:State terrorism 577: 569: 568: 554: 546: 545: 544: 540:Vehicle-ramming 533: 368: 366: 349: 348: 347: 292: 284: 283: 278: 264:Ethnic violence 245: 210: 155: 116: 105: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6038: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6015:Aviation risks 6012: 6007: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5964: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5947: 5946: 5945: 5937: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5855: 5853: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5722:Suicide attack 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5677:Agro-terrorism 5673: 5671: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5654: 5649: 5640: 5635: 5633:Narcoterrorism 5630: 5629: 5628: 5623: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5585: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5528: 5527: 5520: 5513: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5486: 5485:External links 5483: 5481: 5480: 5461: 5432: 5406: 5381: 5356: 5340:"Passenger 87" 5331: 5306: 5280: 5254: 5247: 5229: 5213: 5210:on 2010-12-01. 5189: 5159: 5121: 5091: 5068: 5054:. 2006-02-15. 5037: 4993: 4964: 4935: 4903: 4874: 4845: 4815: 4786: 4746: 4717: 4703:. 2015-03-26. 4688: 4662: 4633: 4603: 4578: 4564:. 2018-09-05. 4549: 4520: 4491: 4477:. 2019-04-24. 4462: 4440:. 2016-03-30. 4425: 4393: 4363: 4334: 4306:978-1492663973 4305: 4284: 4262:. 2004-07-22. 4244: 4212: 4193:(3): 143–159. 4170: 4161: 4147:. 1999-04-28. 4132: 4096: 4082: 4055:(3): 209–232. 4034: 4028:978-1428994294 4027: 4009: 3998: 3991: 3971: 3946: 3929: 3910:(3): 444–452. 3894: 3869: 3828: 3813: 3781: 3755: 3723: 3701:. 1968-12-06. 3686: 3656: 3627:10.1086/228353 3621:(4): 874–904. 3600: 3560: 3534: 3517:Yabiladi.com. 3506: 3467: 3442: 3416: 3398: 3367: 3332: 3329:on 2015-08-07. 3309: 3306:on 2007-07-24. 3279:El Paso, Texas 3263: 3257:978-1783727902 3256: 3225: 3197:978-1606495551 3196: 3167: 3153:. 2001-10-03. 3142: 3135: 3125:(in Finnish). 3113: 3078: 3037: 3007: 2975: 2949: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2824: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2803: 2787: 2770: 2763:The 2019 film 2761: 2740: 2727: 2720:The 2014 film 2718: 2697: 2690:The 2011 film 2688: 2675: 2668:The 2006 film 2666: 2655:The 2004 film 2653: 2650:TWA Flight 847 2642:The 1986 film 2640: 2632: 2624: 2616: 2609:TWA Flight 847 2600: 2591: 2584:The 2012 film 2582: 2571:The 2006 film 2569: 2560: 2559:movie trilogy. 2551: 2538: 2523: 2520: 2496:Main article: 2493: 2490: 2484:(known as the 2474:Main article: 2471: 2468: 2434:Main article: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2417: 2414: 2406:U.S. Air Force 2393: 2390: 2389: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2361: 2358: 2321: 2318: 2294: 2291: 2277: 2274: 2251: 2248: 2218: 2215: 2201:. In 2009, on 2161: 2158: 2125: 2122: 2047:, flying from 1934: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1832:, flying from 1815:Tupolev Tu-154 1729: 1726: 1722:TWA Flight 355 1633:civil aviation 1612:beaten in 1999 1606:was seized by 1568: 1567: 1562: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1215: 1212: 1089:Cathay Pacific 1009:Ford Tri-Motor 971:Eastern Europe 966: 963: 950:Main article: 947: 944: 896:special forces 812:seizure of an 769: 768: 766: 765: 758: 751: 743: 740: 739: 736: 735: 730: 725: 720: 714: 711: 710: 707: 706: 701: 700: 698: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 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5970: 5969: 5968: 5967:United States 5965: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5787: 5786:Training camp 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5665: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5582: 5572: 5571:War on Terror 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539:Main articles 5537: 5533: 5526: 5521: 5519: 5514: 5512: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5477: 5473: 5470: 5465: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5436: 5421: 5417: 5410: 5395: 5391: 5385: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5345: 5341: 5335: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5250: 5248:9781476642390 5244: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5222: 5217: 5206: 5199: 5193: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5072: 5057: 5053: 5052: 5047: 5041: 5033: 5027: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4997: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4908: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4819: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4782: 4776: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4677: 4673: 4666: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4607: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4539:on 2019-07-06 4538: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4438:The Economist 4435: 4429: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4398: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4353:on 2008-06-22 4352: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4330: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4289: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4249: 4233: 4229: 4228:CyberCemetery 4225: 4219: 4217: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4165: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4117: 4113: 4112:Law and Order 4106: 4100: 4092: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4030: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4002: 3994: 3992:0-7099-0728-1 3988: 3984: 3983: 3975: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3942: 3936: 3934: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3884:on 2012-04-08 3883: 3879: 3873: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3832: 3824: 3817: 3801: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3785: 3770: 3766: 3759: 3743: 3739: 3738: 3733: 3727: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3597:(2): 273–318. 3596: 3592: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3549: 3545: 3538: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3511: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3371: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3273: 3267: 3259: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3221: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3189: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3138: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3074: 3068: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3011: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2985: 2979: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2920: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2825: 2822: 2811: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2768: 2767: 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