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452:, and the Hubble Space Telescope Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) installed in 2009. He is the PI of the SWUIS ultraviolet imager, which has flown two Shuttle missions, and the SWUIS-A airborne astronomical facility. In this capacity, Stern has flown numerous WB-57 and F-18 airborne research astronomy missions. Stern and his colleague, Dr. Daniel Durda, have been flying on the modified F/A-18 Hornet with a sophisticated camera system called the Southwest Ultraviolet Imaging System (SWUIS). They use the camera to search for a hypothetical group of asteroids (
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591:. After the IAU's decision was made he was quoted as saying "It's an awful definition; it's sloppy science and it would never pass peer review" and claimed that Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Neptune have not fully cleared their orbital zones and has stated in his capacity as PI of the New Horizons project that "The New Horizons project will not recognize the IAU's planet definition resolution of August 24, 2006."
568:, Stern criticized NASA's inability to keep its spending under control. Stern said that, during his own time at NASA, "when I articulated this problem... and consistently curtailed cost increases, I found myself eventually admonished and then neutered by still higher ups, precipitating my resignation earlier this year." While complimenting NASA Administrator
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was chair of NASA's Outer
Planets Science Working Group. From 1994 to 1998 he was the leader of the Geophysical, Astrophysical, and Planetary Science section in Southwest Research Institute's Space Sciences Department, and from 1998 to 2005 he was the director of the Department of Space Studies at Southwest Research Institute. In 1995 he was selected to be a
1064:"Before receiving his doctorate from the University of Colorado in 1989, Stern completed twin master's degrees in aerospace engineering and atmospheric sciences at The University of Texas at Austin (1980 and 1981). His two undergraduate degrees are in physics and astronomy, also from UT Austin (1978 and 1981)."
370:
I recall going to JPL, the Jet
Propulsion Lab, the summer of 1989 when I was in graduate school to take a summer course in planetary exploration at Caltech and this was the summer of the Voyager fly-by of Neptune and Triton (which has turned out to be rather a twin of Pluto). It was amazing to get to
514:"hard-charging" as he pursued a reform-minded agenda. He "made headlines for trying to keep agency missions on schedule and under budget" but faced "internal battles over funding". He was credited with making "significant changes that have helped restore the importance of science in NASA's mission".
380:
After completing a master's degree in aerospace engineering Stern spent seven years as an aerospace systems engineer, concentrating on spacecraft and payload systems at the NASA Johnson Space Center, Martin
Marietta Aerospace, and the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of
602:
used in the new definition, with a proposed classification scheme labeling all sub-stellar objects in hydrostatic equilibrium as "planets" and subclassifying them into "überplanets" and "unterplanets" based on a mathematical analysis of the planet's ability to scatter other objects out of its orbit
545:
became upset with Stern for making major decisions without consulting him, while Stern was frustrated by
Griffin's refusal to allow him to cut or delay politically sensitive projects. Griffin favored cutting "less popular parts" of the budget, including basic research, and Stern's refusal to do so
513:
organization with 93 separate flight missions and a program of over 3,000 research grants. During his tenure a record 10 major new flight projects were started and deep reforms of the research and also the education and public outreach programs were put in place. Stern's style was characterised as
476:
Science
Working Group (DPSWG), the Solar System Exploration Subcommittee (SSES), the New Millennium Science Working Group (NMSWG), and the Sounding Rocket Working Group (SRWG). He was Chair of NASA's Outer Planets Science Working Group (OPSWG) from 1991 to 1994 and served as a panel member for the
308:
in the Center for Space and
Geoscience Policy, the office of the vice president for Research, and the Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy. He received his doctorate in 1989. From 1991 to 1994 he was the leader of Southwest Research Institute's Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences group and
553:
One more fact: I did not quit over MER; in fact, I wasn't the person who tried to cut MER... I quit when my boss effectively told me he was taking over SMD to fund MSL no matter how much damage it did to the rest of SMD. Now, a year later, you can see that damage as canceled SMEX missions, long
554:
delayed New
Frontiers and Discovery AOs, the effective end of MSR, and an outer planets flagship that is 3+ years later now than when I left, just 12 months ago. I am quite comfortable with my decision to leave, rather than eviscerate innocent SMD missions that should have proceeded apace...
393:
On June 18, 2008, Stern joined
Odyssey Moon Limited (Isle of Man), a private industry effort, as a part-time Science Mission Director/consultant in their efforts to launch a robotic mission to the Earth's Moon by participating in the $ 30 Million Google Lunar X-Prize competition.
388:
I am a fan of public-private partnerships and building bridges to new markets, I believe we are on the verge of a whole new era of space exploration and that the private sector can provide reliable cost effective services that can increase the value and leverage government space
202:
Stern has been involved in 24 suborbital, orbital, and planetary space missions, including eight for which he was the mission principal investigator. One of his projects was the
Southwest Ultraviolet Imaging System, an instrument which flew on two space shuttle missions,
433:
astronomical satellite. He was the PI of the advanced, miniaturized HIPPS Pluto breadboard camera/IR spectrometer/UV spectrometer payload for the NASA/Pluto-Kuiper
Express mission, and he is the PI of the PERSI imager/spectrometer payload on NASA's
540:
Stern left to avoid cutting healthy programs and basic research in order to cover cost overruns. He believed that cost overruns in the Mars program should be accommodated from within the Mars program, and not taken from other NASA programs.
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Stern has experience in instrument development, concentrating on ultraviolet technologies. Stern is a principal investigator (PI) in NASA's UV sounding rocket program, and was the project scientist on a Shuttle-deployable
297:, where he received his bachelor's degrees in physics & astronomy and his master's degrees in aerospace engineering and planetary atmospheres. He earned a doctorate in astrophysics and planetary science from the
572:, Stern suggested that Griffin's decision to again bail out an over-budget mission was motivated by fear "that any move to cancel the Mars mission would be rebuffed by members of Congress protecting local jobs."
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over a long period of time. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune were classified as neighborhood-clearing "überplanets" and Pluto was classified as an "unterplanet".
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Stern has also developed eight scientific instruments for planetary and near-space research missions and has been a guest observer on numerous NASA satellite observatories, including the
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as an independent representative for research and education Missions. The company has stated that its objective is to develop a new vertical-take-off, vertical-landing vehicle known as
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be a part of some first-time exploration like that! Within a matter of months, a small group of us had formed a team, an advocacy group, Why don't we get a mission together for Pluto?
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623:. Stern has argued that location should not matter and only geophysical attributes should be taken into account in the definition of a planet, and proposes the term
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On June 14, 2007, in an address to the Smithsonian Institution for their "Exploring the Solar System Lecture Series", Stern commented on the New Horizons mission:
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that is designed to take a small number of astronauts on a sub-orbital journey into space and reduce the cost of space transportation. The company is located in
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Casting doubt on the theory that Stern resigned due to conflict with former Administrator Griffin is his statement of March 25, 2009 at spacepolitics.com:
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mission specialist finalist, and in 1996 he was a candidate Space Shuttle payload specialist but did not have the opportunity to fly on the Space Shuttle.
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1185:. "Foundation names honoree for Colorado Space Hall of Fame, event set for Oct. 7", vol. 34, no. 34, (Melbourne, Florida: 22 August 2016), p. 7.
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On March 26, 2008, it was announced that Stern had resigned his position the previous day, effective April 11. He was replaced by
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https://www.swri.org/press-release/swri%E2%80%99s-alan-stern-awarded-carl-sagan-memorial-award-american-astronautical-society-aas
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Since leaving NASA, Stern has made criticisms of the budgetary process and has advocated for revamping its public appeal.
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2013:
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1684:"A FAREWELL MESSAGE FROM ALAN STERN, ASSOCIATE ADMINISTRATOR FOR NASA'S SCIENCE MISSION DIRECTORATE, NASA HEADQUARTERS"
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1635:"Planetary Exploration Newsletter: NASA Science Mission Directorate Update - Alan Stern, Associate Administrator/SMD"
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Stern has served on various NASA committees, including the Lunar Exploration Science Working Group (LExSWG) and the
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A 2000 paper by Stern and Levison proposed a system of planet classification that included both the concepts of
222:, the International Infrared Observer and the Extreme Ultraviolet Observer. Stern was executive director of the
521:, who was to serve his second stint in the position. The resignation occurred on the same day that NASA Chief
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448:(DS1) mission science team, and is a Co-investigator on both the ESA SPICAM Mars UV spectrometer launched on
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Stern is currently active as a consultant for private sector space efforts and has stated:
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for a planet-sized object orbiting another planet. Likewise planet-sized objects in the
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926:"Feature: How Alan Stern's tenacity, drive, and command got a NASA spacecraft to Pluto"
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clouds, galactic astrophysics, and studies of tenuous satellite atmospheres, including
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537:. NASA officials would neither confirm nor deny a connection between the two events.
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2037:"Regarding the criteria for planethood and proposed planetary classification schemes"
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226:'s Space Science and Engineering Division until becoming Associate Administrator of
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Pluto mission. Stern is also the PI of the ALI CE UV Spectrometer for the ESA/NASA
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Stern, S. Alan (April 2013). "The low-cost ticket to space". Space Exploration.
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643:(planetary-mass object) for the broad concept of "planet" advocated by Stern.
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Worlds Beyond: The Thrill of Planetary Exploration as told by Leading Experts
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that are so elusive and hard to see that scientists are not sure they exist.
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On October 7, 2016, Stern was inducted into the Colorado Space Hall of Fame.
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995:"Associate Administrator for the Science Mission Directorate S. Alan Stern"
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on planetary science. Stern is a member of the AAAS, the AAS, and the AGU.
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1054:- PhD Astrophysics/Planetary Science 1989, University of Colorado Boulder
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should also be planets according to Stern. Others have used the neologism
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2080:"Should Large Moons Be Called 'Satellite Planets'? : Discovery News"
2050:: 205–213, as presented at the XXIVth General Assembly of the IAU–2000 .
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1593:"PLANETARY EXPLORATION NEWSLETTER Volume 2, Number 9 (February 5, 2008)"
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The evolution of comets and the detectability of extra-solar Oort Clouds
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team celebrate after the spacecraft successfully completed its flyby of
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1614:"PLANETARY EXPLORATION NEWSLETTER Volume 2, Number 1 (January 4, 2008)"
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On August 27, 2008, Stern was elected to the board of directors of the
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New Frontiers in the Solar System: An Integrated Exploration Strategy
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Some large satellites are of similar size or larger than the planet
533:
missions that was intended to free up funds needed for the upcoming
3019:
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1982:
1658:"Planetary Society statement on Alan Stern's resignation from NASA"
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Pluto and Charon: Ice Worlds on the Ragged Edge of the Solar System
1251:"Got a Name for a Crater on Mars? You Can Put It on Uwingu's List"
3187:
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639:
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University of Texas at Austin College of Natural Sciences alumni
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s American Ingenuity Award in the Physical Sciences category.
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Our Worlds: The Magnetism and Thrill of Planetary Exploration
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in 2007. He resigned from that position after nearly a year.
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Stern was appointed NASA's Associate Administrator for the
227:
154:
966:"Moon Express Announces Dr. Alan Stern as Chief Scientist"
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His research has focused on studies of our solar system's
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461:
3198:
Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41
2111:
1373:. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. 2003.
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Stern has become involved in the debate surrounding the
944:"Dr. Alan Stern named Chief Scientist for Moon Express"
1403:"Science Mission Directorate FY 2009 Budget Overview"
946:. Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute
606:
322:
magazine's 100 Most Influential People in The World.
16:
American engineer and planetary scientist (born 1957)
1852:"Mixed signals from NASA about fate of Mars rover"
1472:
1195:
1193:
1191:
696:
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289:parents Joel and Leonard Stern. He graduated from
173:(born November 22, 1957) is an American engineer,
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1012:
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1743:"NASA's Stern Quits Over Mars Exploration Plans"
1535:"Wielding a Cost-Cutting Ax, and Often, at NASA"
1050:- MS ASE 1980, The University of Texas at Austin
1048:- BA AST 1981, The University of Texas at Austin
1046:- BS PHY 1978, The University of Texas at Austin
1707:
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1532:
1509:"Weiler to replace Stern as NASA science chief"
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1058:Alan Stern, Distinguished Alumni, Class of 2019
1052:- MS CE 1981, The University of Texas at Austin
1044:Stern has earned the following college degrees:
488:
304:From 1983 to 1991, Stern held positions at the
2102:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,
1997:
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726:
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694:
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1956:"The Space Review: Imagine reconnecting NASA"
1953:
1895:
1798:"An interview with NASA's next science chief"
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401:, a company that was founded by Amazon.com's
327:Challenger Center for Space Science Education
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1227:
819:. University of Arizona Press. p. 688.
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285:Stern was born in New Orleans, Louisiana to
2035:Stern, S. Alan; Levison, Harold F. (2002).
1975:
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2003:
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1878:"NASA science chief resigns post suddenly"
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989:
987:
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1561:"Alan Stern has left the (NASA) building"
1432:
920:
918:
871:
346:Inspiration for Pluto/Kuiper belt mission
2006:"Unabashedly Onward to the Ninth Planet"
1825:"Ed Weiler becomes NASA's science chief"
798:: Inside the Epic First Mission to Pluto
646:
525:overruled a decrease in funding for the
492:
423:
349:
2012:. New Horizons Web Site. Archived from
1729:
1475:"NASA science chief Alan Stern resigns"
1152:"2015 American Ingenuity Award Winners"
984:
655:The U.S. Space Program After Challenger
501:in 2007 as NASA Associate Administrator
3318:Discoverers of trans-Neptunian objects
3270:
915:
840:
444:comet orbiter. He was a member of the
3338:Cockrell School of Engineering alumni
3333:University of Colorado Boulder alumni
2655:
2115:
1681:
1473:Frank Morring, Jr. (March 26, 2008).
1078:. University of Colorado at Boulder.
1073:
814:
413:and has flight tested some hardware.
1526:
1327:"SWUIS Story and Project Background"
332:In 2015, Stern was the recipient of
263:planetary systems around other stars
2999:Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter
1954:S. Alan Stern (November 24, 2008).
1817:
1533:Warren E. Leary (January 1, 2008).
817:The Pluto System After New Horizons
13:
1708:Warren E. Leary (March 27, 2008).
1210:. October 10, 2008. Archived from
815:Stern, S. Alan (August 10, 2021).
607:Satellite planets and belt planets
467:
280:
216:International Ultraviolet Explorer
14:
3349:
2100:G. Basri & E.M. Brown, 2006.
1978:"Pluto vote 'hijacked' in revolt"
1228:Doug Messier (December 8, 2008).
751:10.1038/scientificamerican0413-68
261:, and the search for evidence of
3308:St. Mark's School (Texas) alumni
3254:
3253:
2979:Long Range Reconnaissance Imager
2948:
2681:
2417:
2411:
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2004:Alan Stern (September 6, 2006).
1928:Alan Stern (November 23, 2008).
1559:Mark Matthews (March 26, 2008).
316:In 2007, Stern was listed among
2094:
2072:
2028:
1976:Paul Rincon (August 25, 2006).
1969:
1947:
1869:
1843:
1796:Brian Berger (March 26, 2008).
1741:Andrew Lawler (April 4, 2008).
1701:
1675:
1649:
1606:
1585:
1507:Brian Berger (March 26, 2008).
1395:
1361:
1340:
1319:
1301:
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1243:
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1174:
1144:
1118:
1090:
397:In December 2008, Stern joined
299:University of Colorado, Boulder
82:University of Colorado, Boulder
2086:. May 16, 2010. Archived from
1876:Will Dunham (March 26, 2008).
1710:"NASA's Science Chief Resigns"
1097:Jeffrey Kluger (May 3, 2007).
1067:
1038:
958:
936:
904:
712:. Cambridge University Press.
680:. Cambridge University Press.
293:in 1975. He then attended the
1:
3283:American planetary scientists
1902:Jeff Foust (March 25, 2009).
1850:Kate Tobin (March 24, 2008).
1682:Stern, Alan (March 3, 2008).
1656:Mat Kaplan (March 26, 2008).
1309:"Cosmic Origins Spectrograph"
1230:"Alan Stern, Blue Origin Man"
1158:. Smithsonian. Archived from
834:
703:. Cambridge University Press.
3072:Southwest Research Institute
1904:"And then there were… none?"
1435:"NASA science chief resigns"
1433:Eric Hand (August 3, 2008).
1201:"Odyssey Moon Media Release"
708:Stern, S. Alan, ed. (2003).
695:Stern, S. Alan, ed. (2000).
672:Stern, S. Alan, ed. (1998).
657:. New York: Franklin-Watts.
558:On November 23, 2008, in an
489:NASA Associate Administrator
224:Southwest Research Institute
159:Southwest Research Institute
7:
3057:Goddard Space Flight Center
1930:"NASA's Black Hole Budgets"
1761:10.1126/science.320.5872.31
507:Science Mission Directorate
446:New Millennium Deep Space 1
295:University of Texas, Austin
232:Science Mission Directorate
195:and the Chief Scientist at
78:University of Texas, Austin
10:
3354:
3298:Jewish American scientists
3047:Applied Physics Laboratory
1829:United Press International
1348:"Solar System Exploration"
972:. Space Ref. July 20, 2011
600:clearing the neighbourhood
416:In 2012, Stern co-founded
291:St. Mark's School of Texas
275:the atmosphere of the Moon
269:theory, terrestrial polar
3251:
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3062:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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2065:10.1017/S1539299600013289
585:2006 definition of planet
479:National Research Council
376:Private sector experience
164:
150:
132:
125:
119:Carl Sagan Memorial Award
109:
87:
73:
40:
28:
21:
2506:IAU definition of planet
1279:"Missions - Spartan 201"
1074:Stern, Sol Alan (1989).
579:Planetary classification
546:led to his resignation.
265:. He has also worked on
2044:Highlights of Astronomy
1782:(subscription required)
858:(7583): 459–467. 2015.
848:"365 days: Nature's 10"
774:. John Wiley and Sons.
653:Stern, S. Alan (1987).
596:hydrostatic equilibrium
535:Mars Science Laboratory
527:Mars Exploration Rovers
456:) between the orbit of
3224:Hubble Space Telescope
3082:University of Colorado
2606:Trans-Neptunian object
2307:Coleta de Dados Colles
1285:. NASA. Archived from
556:
502:
391:
373:
363:
306:University of Colorado
220:Hubble Space Telescope
183:principal investigator
2716:New Frontiers program
1182:Brevard Business News
647:Selected bibliography
551:
496:
424:Space science mission
386:
368:
353:
267:spacecraft rendezvous
141:Aerospace engineering
3242:Pluto Kuiper Express
2702:Exploration of Pluto
2501:Definition of planet
2494:Official definitions
2264:Tombaugh "The Heart"
2010:The PI's Perspective
1217:on October 10, 2008.
1156:Smithsonian Magazine
1026:on September 7, 2008
796:Chasing New Horizons
499:Ames Research Center
335:Smithsonian Magazine
98:Exploration of Pluto
3077:Stanford University
2532:Neil deGrasse Tyson
2056:2002HiA....12..205S
2016:on February 4, 2015
1289:on October 17, 2011
1259:. February 26, 2014
1162:on October 12, 2018
1132:on November 1, 2010
1126:"Challenger Center"
1020:"Dr. S. Alan Stern"
930:Science | AAAS
864:2015Natur.528..459.
743:2013SciAm.308d..68S
730:Scientific American
354:Alan Stern and the
175:planetary scientist
3288:Pluto's planethood
3208:Deep Space Network
2553:Lowell Observatory
2515:Scientist opinions
2084:news.discovery.com
1934:The New York Times
1715:The New York Times
1688:planetarynews.org/
1539:The New York Times
768:Mitton, Jacqueline
570:Michael D. Griffin
565:The New York Times
543:Michael D. Griffin
523:Michael D. Griffin
503:
497:Stern speaking at
364:
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3264:
3203:
3193:
3183:
3173:
3156:
3155:
3028:
3027:
2944:
2943:
2649:
2648:
2619:
2618:
2401:
2400:
2302:Challenger Colles
1662:Planetary Society
1637:. August 22, 2007
1388:978-0-309-08495-6
807:978-1-2500-9896-2
615:, e.g. Jupiter's
474:Discovery Program
168:
167:
145:Planetary science
127:Scientific career
55:November 22, 1957
3345:
3303:Jewish engineers
3257:
3256:
3201:
3191:
3181:
3171:
3037:
3036:
2962:
2961:
2952:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2859:(556416) 2014 OE
2854:
2852:
2851:
2847:(516977) 2012 HZ
2842:
2840:
2839:
2835:(307261) 2002 MS
2800:
2798:
2797:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2730:
2729:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2527:Michael E. Brown
2491:
2490:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2343:Sputnik Planitia
2185:
2184:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2090:on May 16, 2010.
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2041:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1738:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1573:on April 3, 2008
1569:. Archived from
1566:Orlando Sentinel
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1481:. Archived from
1470:
1461:
1460:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1407:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1205:
1197:
1186:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1128:. Archived from
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1071:
1065:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1022:. Archived from
1016:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
991:
982:
981:
979:
977:
962:
956:
955:
953:
951:
940:
934:
933:
932:. June 22, 2015.
922:
913:
908:
902:
901:
875:
844:
830:
811:
791:Grinspoon, David
785:
766:Stern, S. Alan;
762:
723:
704:
702:
691:
679:
668:
626:satellite planet
512:
411:Kent, Washington
58:
54:
52:
33:
19:
18:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3247:
3212:
3152:
3098:Frances Bagenal
3086:
3024:
3008:
2953:
2940:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2881:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2759:
2755:486958 Arrokoth
2721:
2720:
2687:
2680:
2650:
2645:
2615:
2574:
2558:Percival Lowell
2536:
2510:
2482:
2462:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2397:
2381:
2365:
2353:
2347:
2331:
2289:
2283:
2176:
2168:
2145:
2140:
2108:
2099:
2095:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1739:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1505:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1485:on May 21, 2011
1471:
1464:
1431:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1208:odysseymoon.com
1203:
1199:
1198:
1189:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1095:
1091:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1000:
998:
997:. April 2, 2007
993:
992:
985:
975:
973:
964:
963:
959:
949:
947:
942:
941:
937:
924:
923:
916:
909:
905:
873:10.1038/528459a
846:
845:
841:
837:
827:
808:
782:
720:
688:
665:
649:
609:
581:
511:US$ 4.4 billion
510:
491:
470:
468:NASA experience
426:
378:
348:
283:
281:Life and career
157:
143:
139:
117:
80:
74:Alma mater
69:
59:
56:
50:
48:
47:
46:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3351:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3263:
3262:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3238:
3235:New Horizons 2
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3195:
3185:
3175:
3172:launch vehicle
3164:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3138:Mark Showalter
3135:
3133:Daniel Sarokon
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3103:Richard Binzel
3100:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3052:Ball Aerospace
3049:
3043:
3041:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2926:
2914:
2902:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2867:
2855:
2843:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2789:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2679:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2656:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2641:Venetia Burney
2638:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2563:Clyde Tombaugh
2560:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2322:Tenzing Montes
2319:
2314:
2312:Hillary Montes
2309:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2227:Meng-pʻo
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2196:Brass Knuckles
2191:
2189:
2182:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2093:
2071:
2027:
1996:
1968:
1946:
1920:
1908:Space Politics
1894:
1868:
1842:
1816:
1785:
1728:
1700:
1674:
1648:
1626:
1605:
1584:
1551:
1525:
1496:
1462:
1422:
1394:
1387:
1379:10.17226/10432
1360:
1339:
1318:
1300:
1270:
1242:
1220:
1187:
1173:
1143:
1117:
1089:
1066:
1037:
1008:
983:
957:
935:
914:
903:
838:
836:
833:
832:
831:
826:978-0816540945
825:
812:
806:
786:
780:
763:
724:
718:
705:
692:
686:
669:
663:
648:
645:
617:Galilean moons
608:
605:
580:
577:
490:
487:
483:Decadal Survey
469:
466:
425:
422:
377:
374:
347:
344:
282:
279:
171:Sol Alan Stern
166:
165:
162:
161:
152:
148:
147:
134:
130:
129:
123:
122:
111:
107:
106:
89:
88:Known for
85:
84:
75:
71:
70:
60:
45:Sol Alan Stern
44:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3350:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3313:Living people
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3260:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3199:
3196:
3189:
3186:
3179:
3176:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3118:Lisa Hardaway
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2936:
2927:
2924:
2915:
2912:
2903:
2900:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2868:
2865:
2856:
2853:
2844:
2841:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2790:
2787:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2665:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:Double planet
2584:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2361:Adlivun Cavus
2359:
2358:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1972:
1957:
1950:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1831:. May 8, 2008
1830:
1826:
1820:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1790:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1636:
1630:
1615:
1609:
1594:
1588:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1555:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1501:
1484:
1480:
1479:Aviation Week
1476:
1469:
1467:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1429:
1427:
1411:
1404:
1398:
1390:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1349:
1343:
1328:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1231:
1224:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1059:
1041:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1013:
996:
990:
988:
971:
967:
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3108:Alice Bowman
3040:Institutions
2764:Observations
2709:New Horizons
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2684:New Horizons
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2591:Dwarf planet
2568:Roger Putnam
2477:New Horizons
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2109:
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207:in 1997 and
201:
197:Moon Express
188:New Horizons
186:
181:. He is the
170:
169:
151:Institutions
137:Astrophysics
126:
101:
93:New Horizons
91:
3323:NASA people
3278:1957 births
3229:Kuiper belt
3202:launch site
3182:upper stage
3128:Cathy Olkin
2966:Instruments
2809:28978 Ixion
2804:15810 Arawn
2611:Kuiper belt
2468:Exploration
2354:depressions
2352:Valleys and
2327:Wright Mons
800:. Picador.
635:Kuiper belt
407:New Shepard
399:Blue Origin
271:mesospheric
239:Kuiper belt
191:mission to
114:Nature's 10
103:Galactic 05
62:New Orleans
3272:Categories
3148:Hal Weaver
3143:Alan Stern
3013:Subsystems
2958:Spacecraft
2740:132524 APL
2522:Alan Stern
2377:Luna Linea
2217:Vucub-Came
2212:Harrington
2154:Atmosphere
2020:January 9,
1989:January 9,
1961:January 9,
1939:January 9,
1913:January 9,
1887:January 9,
1861:January 9,
1835:January 9,
1809:January 9,
1721:January 9,
1667:January 9,
1641:January 9,
1544:January 9,
1353:January 9,
1332:January 9,
1293:January 9,
1263:January 9,
1235:January 9,
1166:January 9,
1110:January 9,
1001:January 9,
976:January 9,
950:January 9,
890:1076418075
835:References
454:Vulcanoids
403:Jeff Bezos
381:Colorado.
251:satellites
243:Oort cloud
51:1957-11-22
23:Alan Stern
3192:3rd stage
3161:Logistics
3123:Brian May
3113:Marc Buie
3033:Personnel
2636:Mythology
2541:Discovery
2487:Astronomy
2290:mountains
2288:Hills and
2174:Geography
1803:Space.com
1693:April 13,
1619:March 12,
1598:March 12,
1577:March 26,
1518:March 26,
1513:Space.com
1489:March 26,
1457:0028-0836
1449:1476-4687
1415:March 12,
1313:STScI.edu
1084:303694081
882:0028-0836
770:(2005) .
519:Ed Weiler
211:in 1999.
66:Louisiana
3259:Category
3188:Star 48B
3020:GPHS-RTG
2886:Rejected
2829:Makemake
2707:List of
2697:Timeline
2548:Planet X
2448:Kerberos
2244:Hayabusa
2222:Hun-Came
2202:Safronov
2179:features
1983:BBC News
1777:45036250
1769:18388264
1256:NBC News
1136:June 11,
1080:ProQuest
1030:April 9,
898:26701036
793:(2018).
759:23539792
460:and the
389:budgets.
3217:Related
3178:Centaur
3168:Atlas V
2930:2014 PN
2918:2014 OS
2906:2014 MT
2894:2011 HM
2871:2012 HE
2793:2011 KW
2781:2011 JY
2771:Neptune
2745:Jupiter
2726:Targets
2631:Fiction
2624:Related
2601:Plutino
2579:General
2386:Craters
2279:Voyager
2259:Pioneer
2254:Morgoth
2188:Regions
2164:Geology
2159:Climate
2052:Bibcode
1882:Reuters
1748:Science
860:Bibcode
739:Bibcode
640:planemo
613:Mercury
587:by the
458:Mercury
441:Rosetta
431:SPARTAN
253:of the
185:of the
116:(2015)
3091:People
3067:KinetX
2984:PEPSSI
2819:Haumea
2814:Quaoar
2775:Triton
2733:Flybys
2711:topics
2596:Planet
2437:Charon
2393:Burney
2370:Lineae
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249:, the
247:comets
218:, the
209:STS-93
205:STS-85
133:Fields
121:(2016)
110:Awards
68:, U.S.
2989:Ralph
2974:Alice
2750:Pluto
2443:Hydra
2428:Moons
2143:Pluto
2040:(PDF)
1773:S2CID
1445:eISSN
1406:(PDF)
1215:(PDF)
1204:(PDF)
621:Titan
560:op-ed
360:Pluto
259:Pluto
193:Pluto
3004:SWAP
2824:Eris
2773:and
2458:Styx
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1991:2019
1963:2019
1941:2019
1915:2019
1889:2019
1863:2019
1837:2019
1811:2019
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1669:2019
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