Pluto - Knowledge

2447: 3310: 2868: 2463: 12467: 15414: 2435: 2483: 2310: 3832: 1443: 3126: 11973: 1214: 2591: 279: 2282:. According to a paper released from the University of Arizona, this could be caused by masses of frozen nitrogen building up in shadowed areas of the dwarf planet. These masses would cause the body to reorient itself, leading to its unusual axial tilt of 120°. The buildup of nitrogen is due to Pluto's vast distance from the Sun. At the equator, temperatures can drop to −240 °C (−400.0 °F; 33.1 K), causing nitrogen to freeze as water would freeze on Earth. The same polar wandering effect seen on Pluto would be observed on Earth were the 3826: 3807: 1422: 3851: 11979: 155: 11967: 15829: 1298:, he rapidly shifted back and forth between views of each of the plates to create the illusion of movement of any objects that had changed position or appearance between photographs. On February 18, 1930, after nearly a year of searching, Tombaugh discovered a possible moving object on photographic plates taken on January 23 and 29. A lesser-quality photograph taken on January 21 helped confirm the movement. After the observatory obtained further confirmatory photographs, news of the discovery was telegraphed to the 12473: 2990: 40: 2506: 2446: 273: 2153: 3417: 2978: 16134: 13436: 1276: 1979: 2796: 2161:

When Pluto's period is slightly different from 3/2 of Neptune's, the pattern of its distance from Neptune will drift. Near perihelion Pluto moves interior to Neptune's orbit and is therefore moving faster, so during the first of two orbits in the 495-year cycle, it is approaching Neptune from behind. At present it remains between 50° and 65° behind Neptune for 100 years (e.g. 1937–2036). The gravitational pull between the two causes

2149:(such as in 1989), Neptune is 57° ahead of Pluto. By Pluto's second passage through perihelion, Neptune will have completed a further one and a half of its own orbits, and will be 123° behind Pluto. Pluto and Neptune's minimum separation is over 17 AU, which is greater than Pluto's minimum separation from Uranus (11 AU). The minimum separation between Pluto and Neptune actually occurs near the time of Pluto's aphelion. 16176: 3383:-style orbiter that would launch around 2030 (the 100th anniversary of Pluto's discovery) and use Charon's gravity to adjust its orbit as needed to fulfill science objectives after arriving at the Pluto system. The orbiter could then use Charon's gravity to leave the Pluto system and study more KBOs after all Pluto science objectives are completed. A conceptual study funded by the NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts ( 15390: 15402: 16188: 3248: 16164: 3287:, and showed considerably more detail, resolving variations several hundred kilometers across, including polar regions and large bright spots. These maps were produced by complex computer processing, which finds the best-fit projected maps for the few pixels of the Hubble images. These remained the most detailed maps of Pluto until the flyby of 3777:) occurs in a table of the planets identified by their symbols in a 2004 article written before the 2006 IAU definition, but not in a graph of planets, dwarf planets and moons from 2016, where only the eight IAU planets are identified by their symbols. (Planetary symbols in general are uncommon in astronomy, and are discouraged by the IAU.) 2098: 2208:—are in near-resonance with the above libration. When the two longitudes are the same—that is, when one could draw a straight line through both nodes and the Sun—Pluto's perihelion lies exactly at 90°, and hence it comes closest to the Sun when it is furthest north of Neptune's orbit. This is known as the 8737:

For a long time, it was thought that the mass of Pluto was similar to that of Earth, so that it was classed as a fifth terrestrial planet, somehow misplaced in the far outer reaches of the solar system. There were other anomalies, however, as Pluto's orbit was more eccentric and inclined to the plane

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The discovery of Charon in 1978 allowed astronomers to accurately calculate the mass of the Plutonian system. But it did not indicate the two bodies' individual masses, which could only be estimated after other moons of Pluto were discovered in late 2005. As a result, because Pluto came to perihelion

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were to characterize the global geology and morphology of Pluto and its moon Charon, map their surface composition, and analyze Pluto's neutral atmosphere and its escape rate. On October 25, 2016, at 05:48 pm ET, the last bit of data (of a total of 50 billion bits of data; or 6.25 gigabytes) was

3153:, a stable belt of objects located between 30 and 50 AU from the Sun. As of 2011, surveys of the Kuiper belt to magnitude 21 were nearly complete and any remaining Pluto-sized objects are expected to be beyond 100 AU from the Sun. Like other Kuiper-belt objects (KBOs), Pluto shares features with 3106:

spacecraft in 2015 made it possible to calculate the orbit of Arawn more accurately, and confirmed the earlier ones. However, it is not agreed upon among astronomers whether Arawn should be classified as a quasi-satellite of Pluto based on its orbital dynamics, since its orbit is primarily controlled

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was discovered in 2012. The satellites' orbits are circular (eccentricity < 0.006) and coplanar with Pluto's equator (inclination < 1°), and therefore tilted approximately 120° relative to Pluto's orbit. The Plutonian system is highly compact: the five known satellites orbit within the inner 3%

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have revealed Pluto's upper atmosphere to be far colder than expected (70 K, as opposed to about 100 K). Pluto's atmosphere is divided into roughly 20 regularly spaced haze layers up to 150 km high, thought to be the result of pressure waves created by airflow across Pluto's mountains.

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Telfer, Matt W; Parteli, Eric J. R; Radebaugh, Jani; Beyer, Ross A; Bertrand, Tanguy; Forget, François; Nimmo, Francis; Grundy, Will M; Moore, Jeffrey M; Stern, S. Alan; Spencer, John; Lauer, Tod R; Earle, Alissa M; Binzel, Richard P; Weaver, Hal A; Olkin, Cathy B; Young, Leslie A; Ennico, Kimberly;

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observations showed that atmospheric escape of nitrogen to be 10,000 times less than expected. Alan Stern has contended that even a small increase in Pluto's surface temperature can lead to exponential increases in Pluto's atmospheric density; from 18 hPa to as much as 280 hPa (three times

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s flyby of Neptune in 1989, which had revised the estimates of Neptune's mass downward by 0.5%—an amount comparable to the mass of Mars—to recalculate its gravitational effect on Uranus. With the new figures added in, the discrepancies, and with them the need for a Planet X, vanished. As of 2000 the

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The earliest maps of Pluto, made in the late 1980s, were brightness maps created from close observations of eclipses by its largest moon, Charon. Observations were made of the change in the total average brightness of the Pluto–Charon system during the eclipses. For example, eclipsing a bright spot

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passed a similar resolution in 2009 on the basis that Tombaugh was born in Illinois. The resolution asserted that Pluto was "unfairly downgraded to a 'dwarf' planet" by the IAU." Some members of the public have also rejected the change, citing the disagreement within the scientific community on the

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There has been some resistance within the astronomical community toward the reclassification, and in particular planetary scientists often continue to reject it, considering Pluto, Charon, and Eris to be planets for the same reason they do so for Ceres. In effect, this amounts to accepting only the

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Numerical studies have shown that over millions of years, the general nature of the alignment between the orbits of Pluto and Neptune does not change. There are several other resonances and interactions that enhance Pluto's stability. These arise principally from two additional mechanisms (besides

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The 2:3 resonance between the two bodies is highly stable and has been preserved over millions of years. This prevents their orbits from changing relative to one another, so the two bodies can never pass near each other. Even if Pluto's orbit were not inclined, the two bodies could never collide.

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in the 1840s. On the other hand, planetary geologists often regarded Ceres, and less often Pallas and Vesta, as being different from smaller asteroids because they were large enough to have undergone geological evolution. Although the first Kuiper belt objects discovered were quite small, objects

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imaged all of Pluto's northern hemisphere, and the equatorial regions down to about 30° South. Higher southern latitudes have only been observed, at very low resolution, from Earth. Images from the Hubble Space Telescope in 1996 cover 85% of Pluto and show large albedo features down to about 75°

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is gradually blowing Pluto's surface into space. It has been claimed that if Pluto were placed as near to the Sun as Earth, it would develop a tail, as comets do. This claim has been disputed with the argument that Pluto's escape velocity is too high for this to happen. It has been proposed that

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Pluto's origin and identity had long puzzled astronomers. One early hypothesis was that Pluto was an escaped moon of Neptune knocked out of orbit by Neptune's largest moon, Triton. This idea was eventually rejected after dynamical studies showed it to be impossible because Pluto never approaches

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Pluto fails to meet the third condition. Its mass is substantially less than the combined mass of the other objects in its orbit: 0.07 times, in contrast to Earth, which is 1.7 million times the remaining mass in its orbit (excluding the moon). The IAU further decided that bodies that, like

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Pluto in July 2015, is the first and so far only attempt to explore Pluto directly. Launched in 2006, it captured its first (distant) images of Pluto in late September 2006 during a test of the Long Range Reconnaissance Imager. The images, taken from a distance of approximately 4.2 billion

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suggested that the migration of Neptune into the Kuiper belt may have been triggered by the formation of a 1:2 resonance between Jupiter and Saturn, which created a gravitational push that propelled both Uranus and Neptune into higher orbits and caused them to switch places, ultimately doubling

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Despite Pluto's orbit appearing to cross that of Neptune when viewed from north or south of the Solar System, the two objects' orbits do not intersect. When Pluto is closest to the Sun, and close to Neptune's orbit as viewed from such a position, it is also the farthest north of Neptune's path.

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flyby, scientists have advocated for an orbiter mission that would return to Pluto to fulfill new science objectives. They include mapping the surface at 9.1 m (30 ft) per pixel, observations of Pluto's smaller satellites, observations of how Pluto changes as it rotates on its axis,

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for a conference that included back-to-back talks on the IAU definition of a planet. Entitled "The Great Planet Debate", the conference published a post-conference press release indicating that scientists could not come to a consensus about the definition of planet. In June 2008, the IAU had

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is accounted for, the orbital periods of Styx, Nix, and Hydra are in an exact 18:22:33 ratio. There is a sequence of approximate ratios, 3:4:5:6, between the periods of Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra with that of Charon; the ratios become closer to being exact the further out the moons are.

1776:. This made its official status as a planet controversial, with many questioning whether Pluto should be considered together with or separately from its surrounding population. Museum and planetarium directors occasionally created controversy by omitting Pluto from planetary models of the 4539: 3200:

undergone by Neptune early in the Solar System's formation. As Neptune migrated outward, it approached the objects in the proto-Kuiper belt, setting one in orbit around itself (Triton), locking others into resonances, and knocking others into chaotic orbits. The objects in the

2341:, is located), whereas methane is most abundant near 300° east. The mountains are made of water ice. Pluto's surface is quite varied, with large differences in both brightness and color. Pluto is one of the most contrastive bodies in the Solar System, with as much contrast as 1175:, but it was always the odd object out, and its planetary status was questioned when it was found to be much smaller than expected. These doubts increased following the discovery of additional objects in the Kuiper belt starting in the 1990s, and particularly the more massive 7272: 3343:

made its closest approach to Pluto on July 14, 2015, after a 3,462-day journey across the Solar System. Scientific observations of Pluto began five months before the closest approach and continued for at least a month after the encounter. Observations were conducted using a

2197:, which relates the eccentricity of an orbit to its inclination to a larger perturbing body—in this case, Neptune. Relative to Neptune, the amplitude of libration is 38°, and so the angular separation of Pluto's perihelion to the orbit of Neptune is always greater than 52° 7283: 3398:

South. This is enough to show the extent of the temperate-zone maculae. Later images had slightly better resolution, due to minor improvements in Hubble instrumentation. The equatorial region of the sub-Charon hemisphere of Pluto has only been imaged at low resolution, as

2169:. After several such repetitions, Pluto is sufficiently delayed that at the second perihelion of each cycle it will not be far ahead of Neptune coming behind it, and Neptune will start to decrease Pluto's period again. The whole cycle takes about 20,000 years to complete. 2456:) indicates a long history of varying geological activity. Precisely for this reason, the confidence of numerous craters on Pluto remain uncertain. The lack of craters on the left and right of each map is due to low-resolution coverage of those anti-encounter regions. 8750:

Close, Laird M.; Merline, William J.; Tholen, David J.; et al. (2000). Wizinowich, Peter L. (ed.). "Adaptive optics imaging of Pluto–Charon and the discovery of a moon around the Asteroid 45 Eugenia: the potential of adaptive optics in planetary astronomy".

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investigations of a possible subsurface ocean, and topographic mapping of Pluto's regions that are covered in long-term darkness due to its axial tilt. The last objective could be accomplished using laser pulses to generate a complete topographic map of Pluto.

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haze. In March 2014, Lellouch, de Bergh et al. published findings regarding methane mixing ratios in Pluto's atmosphere consistent with a Plutonian diameter greater than 2,360 km, with a "best guess" of 2,368 km. On July 13, 2015, images from NASA's

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Lauer, Todd R.; Spencer, John R.; Bertrand, Tanguy; Beyer, Ross A.; Runyon, Kirby D.; White, Oliver L.; Young, Leslie A.; Ennico, Kimberly; MacKinnon, William B.; Moore, Jeffrey M.; Olkin, Catherine B.; Stern, S. Alan; Weaver, Harold A. (October 20, 2021).

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The mean elements here are from the Theory of the Outer Planets (TOP2013) solution by the Institut de mécanique céleste et de calcul des éphémérides (IMCCE). They refer to the standard equinox J2000, the barycenter of the Solar System, and the epoch

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passed a resolution in honor of Clyde Tombaugh, the discoverer of Pluto and a longtime resident of that state, that declared that Pluto will always be considered a planet while in New Mexican skies and that March 13, 2007, was Pluto Planet Day. The

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began to reveal itself only in 1992, when astronomers began to find small icy objects beyond Neptune that were similar to Pluto not only in orbit but also in size and composition. This trans-Neptunian population is thought to be the source of many

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for the Moon). This gives Pluto an escape velocity of 4,363.2 km per hour / 2,711.167 miles per hour (as compared to Earth's 40,270 km per hour / 25,020 miles per hour). Pluto is more than twice the diameter and a dozen times the mass of

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has suggested that it may be due to the way that a body's spin will always adjust to minimize energy. This could mean a body reorienting itself to put extraneous mass near the equator and regions lacking mass tend towards the poles. This is called

2566:, and showed that it might have been the result of liquid water upweling from below after the collision, implying the existence of a subsurface ocean at least 100 km deep. In June 2020, astronomers reported evidence that Pluto may have had a 2232:, has a diameter around 900 km and is in a very similar orbit to that of Pluto. However, the orbits of Pluto and Orcus are out of phase, so that the two never approach each other. It has been termed the "anti-Pluto", and is named for the 3081:. From any position on either body, the other is always at the same position in the sky, or always obscured. This also means that the rotation period of each is equal to the time it takes the entire system to rotate around its barycenter. 2534:. Because the decay of radioactive elements would eventually heat the ices enough for the rock to separate from them, scientists expect that Pluto's internal structure is differentiated, with the rocky material having settled into a dense 4535: 7269: 1107:) from the Sun. Light from the Sun takes 5.5 hours to reach Pluto at its orbital distance of 39.5 AU (5.91 billion km; 3.67 billion mi). Pluto's eccentric orbit periodically brings it closer to the Sun than 9081: 7280: 1754:

majority of scientists agree that Planet X, as Lowell defined it, does not exist. Lowell had made a prediction of Planet X's orbit and position in 1915 that was fairly close to Pluto's actual orbit and its position at that time;

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averages 15.1, brightening to 13.65 at perihelion. To see it, a telescope is required; around 30 cm (12 in) aperture being desirable. It looks star-like and without a visible disk even in large telescopes, because its

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formed by the winds blowing from the center of Sputnik Planitia in the direction of surrounding mountains. The dune wavelengths are in the range of 0.4–1 km and likely consist of methane particles 200–300 μm in size.

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increasingly closer in size to Pluto were soon discovered, some large enough (like Pluto itself) to satisfy geological but not dynamical ideas of planethood. On July 29, 2005, the debate became unavoidable when astronomers at

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allowed the measurement of Pluto's mass for the first time: roughly 0.2% that of Earth, and far too small to account for the discrepancies in the orbit of Uranus. Subsequent searches for an alternative Planet X, notably by

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on Pluto makes a bigger total brightness change than eclipsing a dark spot. Computer processing of many such observations can be used to create a brightness map. This method can also track changes in brightness over time.

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of Pluto, a specific type of co-orbital configuration. According to the calculations, the object would be a quasi-satellite of Pluto for about 350,000 years out of every two-million-year period. Measurements made by the

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Pluto's moons are hypothesized to have been formed by a collision between Pluto and a similar-sized body, early in the history of the Solar System. The collision released material that consolidated into the moons around

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mission in 2015, in which each of the five dwarf planets announced by the IAU receives a symbol. There are in addition several other symbols for Pluto found in astrological sources, including three accepted by Unicode:

3413:(light reflected off Charon). The south polar region seems to be darker than the north polar region, but there is a high-albedo region in the southern hemisphere that may be a regional nitrogen or methane ice deposit. 1410:). Both the god and the planet inhabited "gloomy" regions, and the god was able to make himself invisible, as the planet had been for so long. The choice was further helped by the fact that the first two letters of 1827:, although there was no official consensus at the time on whether to call it a planet. Others in the astronomical community considered the discovery the strongest argument for reclassifying Pluto as a minor planet. 9765:

Szakáts, R.; Kiss, Cs.; Ortiz, J.L.; Morales, N.; Pál, A.; Müller, T.G.; et al. (2023). "Tidally locked rotation of the dwarf planet (136199) Eris discovered from long-term ground based and space photometry".

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for the first time, finding that it matched that for methane ice; this meant Pluto had to be exceptionally luminous for its size and therefore could not be more than 1 percent the mass of Earth. (Pluto's albedo is

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of 10–20 million years, calculations become unreliable: Pluto is sensitive to immeasurably small details of the Solar System, hard-to-predict factors that will gradually change Pluto's position in its orbit.

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issue, or for sentimental reasons, maintaining that they have always known Pluto as a planet and will continue to do so regardless of the IAU decision. In 2006, in its 17th annual words-of-the-year vote, the

1348:. A vote was then taken and 'Pluto' was the unanimous choice. To make sure the name stuck, and that the planet would not suffer changes in its name as Uranus had, Lowell Observatory proposed the name to the 6645: 2756:(LORRI), along with data from the other instruments, determined Pluto's diameter to be 2,370 km (1,473 mi), which was later revised to be 2,372 km (1,474 mi) on July 24, and later to 2041:

Pluto's orbital period is about 248 years. Its orbital characteristics are substantially different from those of the planets, which follow nearly circular orbits around the Sun close to a flat reference

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Kirschvink, Joseph L.; Ripperdan, Robert L.; Evans, David A. (July 25, 1997). "Evidence for a Large-Scale Reorganization of Early Cambrian Continental Masses by Inertial Interchange True Polar Wander".

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Levison, Harold F.; Morbidelli, Alessandro; Van Laerhoven, Christa; et al. (2007). "Origin of the Structure of the Kuiper Belt during a Dynamical Instability in the Orbits of Uranus and Neptune".

3205:, a dynamically unstable region overlapping the Kuiper belt, are thought to have been placed in their positions by interactions with Neptune's migrating resonances. A computer model created in 2004 by 1912:

mission to Pluto, derided the IAU resolution. He also stated that because less than five percent of astronomers voted for it, the decision was not representative of the entire astronomical community.

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Lellouch, Emmanuel; Sicardy, Bruno; de Bergh, Catherine; et al. (2009). "Pluto's lower atmosphere structure and methane abundance from high-resolution spectroscopy and stellar occultations".

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of our solar system than that of any other planet. Only after the discovery of its moon Charon in 1978 could the mass of Pluto be measured, and it turned out to be far less than the mass of Earth.

11194: 3177:) is about the same size as Pluto (though more massive) but is not strictly considered a member of the Kuiper belt population. Rather, it is considered a member of a linked population called the 11152: 2193:

around 90°. This means that when Pluto is closest to the Sun, it is at its farthest north of the plane of the Solar System, preventing encounters with Neptune. This is a consequence of the

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Lellouch, Emmanuel; de Bergh, Catherine; Sicardy, Bruno; et al. (January 15, 2015). "Exploring the spatial, temporal, and vertical distribution of methane in Pluto's atmosphere".

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Percival's widow, Constance Lowell, entered into a ten-year legal battle with the Lowell Observatory over her husband's legacy, and the search for Planet X did not resume until 1929.

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that of Mars to a quarter that of the Earth). At such densities, nitrogen could flow across the surface as liquid. Just like sweat cools the body as it evaporates from the skin, the

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Sputnik Planitia, the western lobe of the "Heart", is a 1,000 km-wide basin of frozen nitrogen and carbon monoxide ices, divided into polygonal cells, which are interpreted as

2271:, one-fourth of its surface is in continuous daylight, whereas another fourth is in continuous darkness. The reason for this unusual orientation has been debated. Research from the 7932:

McKinnon, W. B.; Nimmo, F.; Wong, T.; Schenk, P. M.; White, O. L.; et al. (June 1, 2016). "Convection in a volatile nitrogen-ice-rich layer drives Pluto's geological vigour".

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kilometers, confirmed the spacecraft's ability to track distant targets, critical for maneuvering toward Pluto and other Kuiper belt objects. In early 2007 the craft made use of a

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Gomes R. S.; Gallardo T.; Fernández J. A.; Brunini A. (2005). "On the origin of the High-Perihelion Scattered Disk: the role of the Kozai mechanism and mean motion resonances".

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confirmed the result using data from an occultation in 2018, which showed that light was appearing less gradually from behind Pluto's disc, indicating a thinning atmosphere.

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Ecliptic longitude of Neptune minus that of Pluto (blue), and rate of change of Pluto's distance from the sun (red). The red curve crosses zero at perihelion and aphelion.

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Tombaugh's task was to systematically image the night sky in pairs of photographs, then examine each pair and determine whether any objects had shifted position. Using a

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Keane, James T.; Matsuyama, Isamu; Kamata, Shunichi; Steckloff, Jordan K. (2016). "Reorientation and faulting of Pluto due to volatile loading within Sputnik Planitia".

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years. The New Horizons science team summarized initial findings as "Pluto displays a surprisingly wide variety of geological landforms, including those resulting from

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with a period of about 19,951 years, corresponding to an orbital period varying between 246 and 249 years. The semi-major axis and period are presently getting longer.

9292: 8056: 3661: 2133:: for every two orbits that Pluto makes around the Sun, Neptune makes three, in a frame of reference that rotates at the rate that Pluto's perihelion precesses (about 3799:) has seen some astronomical use as well since the IAU decision on dwarf planets, for example in a public-education poster on dwarf planets published by the NASA/JPL 1237:. Subsequent observations of Neptune in the late 19th century led astronomers to speculate that Uranus's orbit was being disturbed by another planet besides Neptune. 15088: 11648: 10168: 9978: 8920: 8690: 8463: 8217: 2469: 16076: 13472: 6637: 11295: 9378: 11547: 6735: 6675: 6468: 1260:

had suggested several possible celestial coordinates for such a planet. Lowell and his observatory conducted his search, using mathematical calculations made by

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Glein, Christopher R.; Waite, J. Hunter Jr. (May 24, 2018). "Primordial N2 provides a cosmochemical explanation for the existence of Sputnik Planitia, Pluto".

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In July 2019, an occultation by Pluto showed that its atmospheric pressure, against expectations, had fallen by 20% since 2016. In 2021, astronomers at the

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Trowbridge, A. J.; Melosh, H. J.; Steckloff, J. K.; Freed, A. M. (June 1, 2016). "Vigorous convection as the explanation for Pluto's polygonal terrain".

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Buie, Marc W.; Grundy, William M.; Young, Eliot F.; et al. (2006). "Orbits and photometry of Pluto's satellites: Charon, S/2005 P1, and S/2005 P2".

11559: 11204: 8487:"New Evidence Suggests Something Strange and Surprising about Pluto - The findings will make scientists rethink the habitability of Kuiper Belt objects" 13772: 11121: 9704:

Sicardy, Bruno; Bellucci, Aurélie; Gendron, Éric; et al. (2006). "Charon's size and an upper limit on its atmosphere from a stellar occultation".

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to the other, which means that Pluto and Charon always have the same hemisphere facing each other — a property shared by only one other known system,

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Astronomers initially calculated its mass based on its presumed effect on Neptune and Uranus. In 1931, Pluto was calculated to be roughly the mass of

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From 1992 onward, many bodies were discovered orbiting in the same volume as Pluto, showing that Pluto is part of a population of objects called the

10288: 8651: 7598: 6411: 5874: 2847:) and to the icy moons Triton (Neptune I), Titania (Uranus III), Oberon (Uranus IV), Rhea (Saturn V) and Iapetus (Saturn VIII). The unit of mass is 16258: 16223: 16208: 15324: 11176: 10330: 9828: 8833: 8724: 6526: 11635: 11611: 11234: 9171: 4605:

It could tell from the passage of sunlight and radiowaves through the Plutonian "air" that the pressure was only about 10 microbars at the surface

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data and ground-based occultations show that Pluto's atmospheric density increases, and that it likely remains gaseous throughout Pluto's orbit.

2058:(elliptical). This eccentricity means a small region of Pluto's orbit lies closer to the Sun than Neptune's. The Pluto–Charon barycenter came to 10944: 9435: 6553: 4084: 3013:. Charon's mass is sufficient to cause the barycenter of the Pluto–Charon system to be outside Pluto. Beyond Charon there are four much smaller 16233: 10967: 10355: 9404: 4053: 1194:

to exclude dwarf planets such as Pluto. Many planetary astronomers, however, continue to consider Pluto and other dwarf planets to be planets.

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The object must be massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity. More specifically, its own gravity should pull it into a shape defined by

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Stern, S. Alan; Weaver, Harold A. Jr.; Steffl, Andrew J.; et al. (2005). "Characteristics and Origin of the Quadruple System at Pluto".

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are actually a merger of many smaller cryovolcanic domes, suggesting a source of heat on the body at levels previously thought not possible.

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were the initials of Percival Lowell; indeed, 'Percival' had been one of the more popular suggestions for a name for the new planet. Pluto's

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after its flyby. Numerous layers of blue haze float in Pluto's atmosphere. Along and near the limb, mountains and their shadows are visible.

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pits towards their margins; there are obvious signs of glacial flows both into and out of the basin. It has no craters that were visible to

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to be transferred to Pluto. This situation moves Pluto into a slightly larger orbit, where it has a slightly longer period, according to

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that created an official definition for the term "planet". According to this resolution, there are three conditions for an object in the

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Upon the announcement of the discovery, Lowell Observatory received over a thousand suggestions for names. Three names topped the list:

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of the letters "PL". This symbol is rarely used in astronomy anymore, though it is still common in astrology. However, the most common

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We had an uncertainty that ranged over maybe 70 kilometers, we've collapsed that to plus and minus two, and it's centered around 1186

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discovered in 2005, though Pluto has a larger diameter of 2,376.6 km compared to Eris's approximate diameter of 2,326 km.

10851: 9113: 3309: 10825: 10563: 8430: 7876: 7747: 7538:

Owen, Tobias C.; Roush, Ted L.; Cruikshank, Dale P.; et al. (1993). "Surface Ices and the Atmospheric Composition of Pluto".

7427: 6881: 6814: 4592: 13458: 12246: 11592: 10877: 9850: 7773: 7702:"Pluto and Charon with the Hubble Space Telescope: I. Monitoring global change and improved surface properties from light curves" 5955:; Grundy, W. M.; Sykes, Mark V.; Stern, Alan; Bell III, James F.; Detelich, Charlene E.; Runyon, Kirby; Summers, Michael (2022). 2267:, Pluto rotates on its "side" in its orbital plane, with an axial tilt of 120°, and so its seasonal variation is extreme; at its 13025: 8180:"Sublimation pit distribution indicates convection cell surface velocity of ~10 centimeters per year in Sputnik Planitia, Pluto" 7902: 7015: 3848:(found in various orientations, showing Pluto's orbit cutting across that of Neptune), used principally in northern Europe; and 3234:

requires that there were about a thousand Pluto-sized bodies in the original planetesimal disk, which included Triton and Eris.

16228: 15552: 14942: 14587: 14572: 14552: 13858: 13805: 8559: 6146: 5029:

and others have noted of the name "Pluto", "the last two letters are the first two letters of Tombaugh's name" Martin Gardner,

2384:, indicating that its surface is less than 10 million years old. Latest studies have shown that the surface has an age of 13854: 13839: 6786:"Scientists Debate Planet Definition and Agree to Disagree", Planetary Science Institute press release of September 19, 2008, 6291: 1305:

One Plutonian year corresponds to 247.94 Earth years; thus, in 2178, Pluto will complete its first orbit since its discovery.

14886: 14619: 14582: 14577: 13848: 13733: 10162: 7397: 7291: 7238: 6908: 5830: 5422: 4950: 4836: 4799: 4671: 4445: 4167: 9284: 8496: 8048: 7244: 4677: 1379:

when he read the news of Pluto's discovery to his family over breakfast; Madan passed the suggestion to astronomy professor

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for Pluto, occasionally used in astronomy as well, is an orb (possibly representing Pluto's invisibility cap) over Pluto's

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15 minutes after its closest approach to Pluto. Distinct haze layers in Pluto's atmosphere can be seen backlit by the Sun.

3210: 2981:

An oblique view of the Pluto–Charon system, showing that Pluto orbits a point outside itself. The two bodies are mutually

2452:

Distribution of numerous impact craters and basins on both Pluto and Charon. The variation in density (with none found in

15877: 15466: 14567: 11582: 11454: 9982: 8912: 4565: 1928: 13852: 13844: 9368: 8694: 4470:

Archinal, Brent A.; A'Hearn, Michael F.; Bowell, Edward G.; Conrad, Albert R.; Consolmagno, Guy J.; et al. (2010).

2940:. Its thickness in the place of measurement was 4 km, and the temperature was 37±3 K. The layer is not continuous. 13841: 11473: 11436: 11422: 11287: 6464: 3206: 13859: 13855: 11544: 10698:"This month Pluto's apparent magnitude is m=14.1. Could we see it with an 11" reflector of focal length 3400 mm?" 6727: 6667: 5899:; Sykes, Mark V.; Stern, Alan; Runyon, Kirby (2019). "The Reclassification of Asteroids from Planets to Non-Planets". 3218:

Neptune's distance from the Sun. The resultant expulsion of objects from the proto-Kuiper belt could also explain the

14715: 14688: 13850: 12511: 11057: 10074: 5383: 3065:

system is the only larger one. The similarity in size of Charon and Pluto has prompted some astronomers to call it a

2440:

Multispectral Visual Imaging Camera image of Pluto in enhanced color to bring out differences in surface composition.

1291:, who had just arrived at the observatory after Slipher had been impressed by a sample of his astronomical drawings. 1013: 7314: 2065:

Although the 3:2 resonance with Neptune (see below) is maintained, Pluto's inclination and eccentricity behave in a

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that failed to fully coalesce into a full-fledged planet. Most astronomers agree that Pluto owes its position to a

2753: 2313:

Sputnik Planitia is covered with churning nitrogen ice "cells" that are geologically young and turning over due to

2101:

Orbit of Pluto – ecliptic view. This "side view" of Pluto's orbit (in red) shows its large inclination to the

2062:

on September 5, 1989, and was last closer to the Sun than Neptune between February 7, 1979, and February 11, 1999.

1819:, which was substantially more massive than Pluto and the most massive object discovered in the Solar System since 1184: 73: 12107: 11972: 7198: 6340: 4259:

Stern, S.A.; Grundy, W.; McKinnon, W.B.; Weaver, H.A.; Young, L.A. (2017). "The Pluto System After New Horizons".

3925: 3917: 3057:

The Pluto–Charon system is one of the few in the Solar System whose barycenter lies outside the primary body; the

2141:

degrees per year). Each cycle lasts about 495 years. (There are many other objects in this same resonance, called

13510: 11693: 7831:"Pluto and Charon with the Hubble Space Telescope: II. Resolving changes on Pluto's surface and a map for Charon" 6704: 2958:, with the average temperature of its atmosphere tens of degrees warmer than its surface, though observations by 1784:

in New York City displayed a Solar System model of only eight planets, which made headlines almost a year later.

1666: 514: 14631: 11569: 11256: 9497: 8347:"Subsurface oceans and deep interiors of medium-sized outer planet satellites and large trans-neptunian objects" 6612:"A joint memorial. Declaring Pluto a planet and declaring March 13, 2007, 'Pluto planet day' at the legislature" 6438: 4163: 4070: 3921: 1916:, then at the Lowell Observatory, petitioned against the definition. Others have supported the IAU, for example 15282: 14698: 14532: 12266: 6222: 5269: 2925: 2377: 965: 380: 9258: 15852: 14807: 14703: 13532: 11556: 2567: 1349: 15220: 11113: 4617: 16253: 15950: 15307: 14862: 14842: 14737: 13495: 12697: 10070:"The First High-phase Observations of a KBO: New Horizons Imaging of (15810) 1994 JR1 from the Kuiper Belt" 8973: 6611: 4331:

Stern, S.A.; et al. (2015). "The Pluto system: Initial results from its exploration by New Horizons".

2944: 2349:. The color varies from charcoal black, to dark orange and white. Pluto's color is more similar to that of 1345: 15225: 13857: 11755: 11621: 10908: 4203:

Nimmo, Francis; et al. (2017). "Mean radius and shape of Pluto and Charon from New Horizons images".

3226:. It is possible that Pluto had a near-circular orbit about 33 AU from the Sun before Neptune's migration 1363:

had received some 150 nominations among the letters and telegrams sent to Lowell. The first had been from

15935: 15585: 15382: 14908: 14837: 14802: 13835: 13829: 12239: 10515:"Neptune's Migration into a Stirred-up Kuiper Belt: A Detailed Comparison of Simulations to Observations" 10296: 10154: 8662: 7647: 6407: 5957:"Moons are planets: Scientific usefulness versus cultural teleology in the taxonomy of planetary science" 1299: 14822: 13749: 11173: 10644:

Malhotra, Renu (1995). "The Origin of Pluto's Orbit: Implications for the Solar System Beyond Neptune".

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American Astronomical Society, DPS Meeting No. 39, #62.05; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society

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after Pluto, in keeping with the tradition of naming elements after newly discovered planets, following

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with Charon allowed scientists to establish Pluto's diameter more accurately, whereas the invention of

2125:) over millions of years so that a collision could happen. However, Pluto is also protected by its 2:3 1951: 1543: 1353: 1261: 1073:. Like other Kuiper belt objects, Pluto is made primarily of ice and rock and is much smaller than the 12329: 10723: 9524:; Hamilton, D.P. (June 3, 2015). "Resonant interactions and chaotic rotation of Pluto's small moons". 9042:"Evidence that Pluto's atmosphere does not collapse from occultations including the 2013 May 04 event" 5956: 3953:

is roughly the same size as Pluto, about 2330 km; Eris is 28% more massive than Pluto. Eris is a

1340:. 'Minerva' was the Lowell staff's first choice but was rejected because it had already been used for 15940: 15140: 15115: 14925: 12127: 10940: 6549: 6024: 3984: 3690: 2333:

and carbon monoxide are most abundant on the anti-Charon face of Pluto (around 180° longitude, where

1924: 85: 13853: 11530: 10345: 9427: 7855: 7726: 6765: 4081: 4012: 3831: 2808: 1386:

The name 'Pluto' was mythologically appropriate: the god Pluto was one of six surviving children of

50:

spacecraft, July 2015. The most prominent feature in the image, the bright, youthful plains of

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Pluto may have formed as a result of the agglomeration of numerous comets and Kuiper-belt objects.

2937: 2499: 2118: 1970:(where Pluto was first discovered in 1930) passed a law naming Pluto as the official state planet. 1959:" would henceforth be used to refer to Pluto and other planetary-mass objects that have an orbital 1938: 1889: 1868: 1842: 1836: 1739: 1685: 1188: 1038: 810: 111: 9945: 7800: 6367: 5224: 3563: 2309: 1718: 16086: 15120: 14947: 14594: 14498: 14405: 14105: 13955: 13846: 13837: 13648: 12441: 11978: 11663: 10997: 10201:; et al. (2011). "A Southern Sky and Galactic Plane Survey for Bright Kuiper Belt Objects". 9628: 9144: 8942: 3989: 3885: 3447: 3010: 2832: 2069:

manner. Computer simulations can be used to predict its position for several million years (both

1950:

Researchers on both sides of the debate gathered in August 2008, at the Johns Hopkins University

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in July 2015, because the two cameras on the HST used for these maps were no longer in service.

219: 16238: 16102: 16056: 15960: 15125: 15063: 15011: 15001: 14986: 14937: 14797: 14727: 14143: 13831: 13481: 13439: 12232: 12165: 12091: 11966: 11866: 7850: 7721: 7599:"Near-infrared spectral monitoring of Pluto's ices: Spatial distribution and secular evolution" 5190: 4739:

Hoyt, William G. (1976). "W. H. Pickering's Planetary Predictions and the Discovery of Pluto".

3677: 3615: 3280: 3252: 3219: 3125: 2679: 2571: 2366: 2182: 1885: 1812: 1577: 1208: 1171:, making it by far the first known object in the Kuiper belt. It was immediately hailed as the 1066: 1054: 193: 24: 15046: 13851: 13843: 13840: 12086: 10438: 10148: 6314: 5822: 5815: 4980: 3734:

Based on geometry of minimum and maximum distance from Earth and Pluto radius in the factsheet

3628: 1390:, and the others had already all been chosen as names of major or minor planets (his brothers 1252:, in 1894—started an extensive project in search of a possible ninth planet, which he termed " 16213: 16137: 15594: 15538: 15491: 15418: 15292: 15145: 15108: 14996: 14991: 13791: 9006: 8916: 8587: 8052: 7906: 5143: 3997: 3954: 2955: 2574:, when it was first formed. In March 2022, a team of researchers proposed that the mountains 2272: 2166: 1628: 528: 15160: 9789: 9337: 6758:"The Great Planet Debate: Science as Process. A Scientific Conference and Educator Workshop" 4282: 4031: 2204:

Second, the longitudes of ascending nodes of the two bodies—the points where they cross the

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Standish, E. Myles (1993). "Planet X – No dynamical evidence in the optical observations".

5744: 5697: 5644: 5588: 5546: 5502: 5451: 5107: 5047: 4824: 4815:

Buchwald, Greg; Dimario, Michael; Wild, Walter (2000). "Pluto is Discovered Back in Time".

4716: 4486: 4472:"Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2009" 4412: 4352: 4278: 4222: 4027: 3937: 3825: 3806: 3478: 3300: 2844: 2840: 2667: 2055: 1787: 1767: 1530: 1344:; Cronus was disfavored because it was promoted by an unpopular and egocentric astronomer, 1284: 1085: 998: 408: 278: 13832: 13830: 8179: 7413: 7143:

Hunter, Maxwell W. (2004). "Unmanned scientific exploration throughout the Solar System".

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include Tombaugh Regio, or the "Heart" (a large bright area on the side opposite Charon),

2216:(Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) play a role in the creation of the superresonance. 8: 15955: 15882: 15737: 15702: 15505: 15394: 15232: 15205: 15155: 14959: 14417: 14110: 13962: 13660: 13388: 13368: 13358: 13348: 13338: 13231: 13086: 13076: 13003: 12993: 12941: 12931: 12891: 12858: 12828: 12818: 12628: 12588: 12545: 12427: 12362: 11713: 11686: 11602: 11199: 10284: 9633: 9373: 7673: 6787: 5866: 3950: 3378: 3197: 3189: 3170: 3074: 2862: 2820: 2728:

in 1978 enabled a determination of the mass of the Pluto–Charon system by application of

2675: 2283: 2051: 2043: 1816: 1432: 1395: 1391: 1380: 1372: 1226: 1180: 1097: 1070: 492: 14313: 14192: 11378: 10968:"Release 15-011 – NASA's New Horizons Spacecraft Begins First Stages of Pluto Encounter" 10941:"Pluto Exploration Complete: New Horizons Returns Last Bits of 2015 Flyby Data to Earth" 10884:. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. November 28, 2006. Archived from 10855: 10813: 10770: 10667: 10614: 10543: 10473: 10400: 10224: 10097: 10036: 9913: 9717: 9674: 9537: 9477: 9200: 9057: 8881: 8846: 8807: 8764: 8610: 8539: 8364: 8308: 8236: 8136: 8006: 7955: 7846: 7717: 7627: 7551: 7500: 7353: 7156: 7119: 7063: 7003: 6924: 6806: 6310: 6248: 6191: 6142: 6077: 5982: 5922: 5791: 5748: 5701: 5648: 5592: 5550: 5506: 5455: 5111: 4828: 4720: 4588: 4490: 4416: 4356: 4290: 4226: 3850: 2590: 1383:, who cabled it to colleagues at Lowell on March 16, three days after the announcement. 16192: 16180: 15872: 15725: 15485: 15355: 15302: 15180: 15150: 15058: 14871: 14002: 13833: 13378: 13209: 13199: 13189: 13179: 13150: 13140: 13118: 13096: 13066: 13056: 12983: 12973: 12963: 12911: 12848: 12838: 12808: 12788: 12758: 12736: 12726: 12683: 12648: 12618: 12608: 12598: 12555: 12117: 12112: 11733: 11392: 11364: 10796: 10679: 10653: 10626: 10600: 10555: 10529: 10514: 10495: 10412: 10386: 10236: 10210: 10111: 10083: 10050: 10022: 9927: 9899: 9801: 9775: 9747: 9686: 9609: 9576: 9557: 9489: 9349: 9323: 9220: 9186: 8893: 8867: 8776: 8627: 8596: 8582: 8551: 8322: 8258: 8155: 8122: 8110: 8026: 7975: 7941: 7868: 7864: 7830: 7739: 7735: 7701: 7639: 7613: 7579: 7563: 7520: 7469: 7424: 7168: 7077: 6954: 6885: 6592: 6260: 6234: 6203: 6177: 6089: 6063: 5994: 5968: 5934: 5908: 5760: 5713: 5687: 5660: 5534: 5486: 5125: 5097: 4772: 4756: 4502: 4376: 4342: 4302: 4268: 4238: 4212: 4045: 3284: 3264: 3146: 3050: 2686: 2358: 2299: 2122: 2070: 1781: 1632: 1554:"bright". Vietnamese instead uses Yama, which is also a Buddhist deity, in the form of 1516: 1387: 1269: 1249: 1245: 951: 179: 90: 14286: 14249: 11786: 10885: 10106: 10069: 10009:"The analemma criterion: accidental quasi-satellites are indeed true quasi-satellites" 7777: 6199: 573:(observations consistent with a sphere, predicted deviations too small to be observed) 16263: 16016: 15991: 15981: 15713: 15345: 14915: 14857: 14648: 14537: 14463: 14398: 14127: 13641: 13046: 13036: 12921: 12778: 12768: 12400: 12195: 12122: 11861: 11776: 11469: 11450: 11432: 11418: 11396: 10821: 10416: 10318: 10232: 10190: 10158: 10054: 9931: 9922: 9880: 9805: 9739: 9613: 9561: 9549: 9521: 9485: 9212: 9041: 8897: 8780: 8632: 8555: 8526: 8491: 8346: 8326: 8250: 8160: 8018: 7967: 7571: 7512: 7473: 7461: 7393: 7234: 7172: 7081: 6986: 6946: 6596: 5998: 5952: 5938: 5896: 5826: 5764: 5717: 5664: 5530: 5482: 5418: 5129: 5120: 5085: 4832: 4795: 4764: 4667: 4506: 4368: 4333: 4306: 4294: 3978: 3936:

Because of the eccentricity of Pluto's orbit, some have theorized that it was once a

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for Planet X in 1919, but there is no indication that the Lowell staff knew of this.

1947:

as the word of the year. To "pluto" is to "demote or devalue someone or something".

1534: 15406: 15210: 15200: 15093: 15068: 14478: 14448: 14293: 14167: 14007: 13872: 13030: 12901: 12798: 12638: 12535: 12357: 12324: 12190: 11902: 11771: 11723: 11718: 11382: 11330: 10817: 10774: 10671: 10630: 10618: 10547: 10485: 10477: 10404: 10228: 10101: 10040: 9917: 9793: 9751: 9729: 9721: 9690: 9678: 9601: 9541: 9481: 9341: 9204: 9071: 9061: 8885: 8768: 8622: 8614: 8543: 8368: 8351: 8312: 8240: 8150: 8140: 8044: 8030: 8010: 7959: 7898: 7872: 7860: 7743: 7731: 7631: 7583: 7555: 7524: 7504: 7453: 7385: 7357: 7160: 7123: 7067: 7007: 6958: 6936: 6928: 6588: 6584: 6252: 6195: 6081: 5986: 5926: 5795: 5752: 5705: 5652: 5596: 5554: 5510: 5459: 5115: 4748: 4494: 4420: 4380: 4360: 4286: 4230: 4035: 3452: 3269: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2550:, 70% of Pluto's diameter. It is possible that such heating continues, creating a 2539: 2453: 2424: 2338: 2295: 2162: 1917: 1722: 1681: 1573: 1476: 1472: 1415: 1403: 1295: 980: 897: 890: 753: 287: 224: 127: 55: 15828: 9797: 9345: 6962: 4942: 4441: 4040: 2804: 1802:

lost their planet status among most astronomers after the discovery of many other

272: 15976: 15633: 15277: 15175: 15083: 14974: 14952: 14749: 14693: 14683: 14473: 14453: 14422: 14410: 14364: 14352: 14256: 14239: 14199: 14177: 14172: 13665: 13653: 13629: 13585: 13505: 13329: 12472: 12447: 12433: 12381: 12007: 11952: 11781: 11652: 11639: 11628: 11615: 11599: 11586: 11576: 11563: 11551: 11534: 11501: 11180: 10622: 10408: 10198: 9066: 8889: 8486: 8437: 8372: 8145: 7635: 7559: 7457: 7431: 7420: 7287: 7276: 7228: 6932: 6794: 5990: 5930: 5853: 5197: 4661: 4234: 4088: 4077: 3896: 3889: 3349: 3325: 3098: 3078: 3026: 2989: 2737: 2702: 2694: 2650: 2473: 2409: 2373: 2326: 2314: 2252: 2205: 2194: 2186: 2082: 1960: 1933: 1881: 1755: 1662: 1608: 1560: 1241: 1161: 1135: 1026: 864: 768: 39: 6233:(6). Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History: 2513–2519. 3222:

600 million years after the Solar System's formation and the origin of the

3017:

moons. In order of distance from Pluto they are Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra.

2505: 621: 16218: 16113: 16011: 15930: 15261: 15041: 15031: 14969: 14832: 14759: 14720: 14641: 14614: 14468: 14442: 14332: 14303: 14281: 14271: 14261: 14214: 13515: 13500: 13017: 12710: 12519: 12501: 12367: 12200: 11987: 11881: 11871: 11823: 11813: 11803: 11761: 11679: 10913: 10459: 8978: 8618: 6389:

Ruibal, Sal (January 6, 1999). "Astronomers question if Pluto is real planet".

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Public reception to the IAU decision was mixed. A resolution introduced in the

1580:. Estimates of Pluto's mass were revised downward throughout the 20th century. 1468: 1460: 1376: 1364: 1288: 1176: 1164:

on July 14, 2015, and taking detailed measurements and observations.

1151: 1119: 547: 484: 451: 421: 266: 51: 11579: 11335: 11318: 11088:"New videos simulate Pluto and Charon flyby; return mission to Pluto proposed" 10481: 9605: 8948: 8913:"Pluto minus one day: Very first New Horizons Pluto encounter science results" 8547: 8111:"The Surface Age of Sputnik Planum, Pluto, Must Be Less than 10 Million Years" 7389: 7380:

Faure, Gunter; Mensing, Teresa M. (2007). "Pluto and Charon: The Odd Couple".

6145:. International Astronomical Union (News Release – IAU0603). August 24, 2006. 5847:

On the predictions of trans-Neptunian planets from the perturbations of Uranus

5360: 4498: 1713:, with further calculations in 1948 bringing the mass down to roughly that of 1493:

Most languages use the name "Pluto" in various transliterations. In Japanese,

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Some albedo variations in the higher southern latitudes could be detected by

3353: 3166: 3066: 3058: 3006: 3002: 2908: 2725: 2718: 2714: 2671: 2405: 2121:

from the planets (especially Neptune) could alter Pluto's orbit (such as its

2074: 1820: 1734: 1647: 1287:, the observatory director, gave the job of locating Planet X to 23-year-old 1143: 1123: 1005: 464: 12211: 10045: 10008: 9208: 8245: 7596: 4364: 3912:

in 1989, most Pluto perihelion date estimates are based on the Pluto–Charon

3416: 1963:

greater than that of Neptune, though the term has not seen significant use.

16168: 15986: 15562: 15438: 15424: 15215: 15170: 14827: 14710: 14604: 14544: 14527: 14347: 14325: 14276: 14234: 14219: 14204: 14070: 14029: 13994: 13814: 13590: 13558: 13542: 12720: 12715: 12343: 12255: 12150: 12036: 12002: 11876: 11856: 11833: 11828: 11808: 11793: 11766: 9743: 9553: 9216: 8794:

Young, Eliot F.; Young, Leslie A.; Buie, Marc W. (2007). "Pluto's Radius".

8636: 8408:. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. 2007. Archived from 8254: 8164: 8022: 7971: 7575: 7516: 7194: 6950: 4372: 3483: 3387:) program describes a fusion-enabled Pluto orbiter and lander based on the 3304: 3185: 3141: 3130: 3022: 3014: 2743:

Determinations of Pluto's size have been complicated by its atmosphere and

2698: 2627: 2579: 2417: 2413: 2362: 2322: 2278: 2066: 1978: 1913: 1877: 1846: 1824: 1777: 1700: 1542:. Vietnamese might be expected to follow Chinese, but does not because the 1494: 1456: 1172: 1156: 1139: 1074: 1046: 600: 188: 59: 46: 13718: 13450: 7310: 6700: 6434: 6168:

Margot, Jean-Luc (2015). "A Quantitative Criterion for Defining Planets".

5391: 3165:

Though Pluto is the largest Kuiper belt object discovered, Neptune's moon

2977: 2365:, or the "Whale" (a large dark area on the trailing hemisphere), and the " 1876:

Pluto, meet criteria 1 and 2, but do not meet criterion 3 would be called

16107: 16006: 15687: 15682: 15479: 15473: 15256: 15244: 15239: 15190: 15165: 15135: 15130: 15078: 15073: 14898: 14812: 14771: 14732: 14609: 14434: 14357: 14320: 14209: 13690: 13575: 12705: 12582: 12529: 12524: 12170: 12017: 11886: 11387: 11352: 10658: 10534: 9581: 8317: 8292: 7664: 6638:"Illinois General Assembly: Bill Status of SR0046, 96th General Assembly" 6239: 6068: 5692: 4768: 3410: 3184:

Like other members of the Kuiper belt, Pluto is thought to be a residual

3150: 3116: 3094: 3030: 2929: 2744: 2733: 2575: 2498:"Life on Pluto" redirects here. For fiction about aliens from Pluto, see 2229: 1773: 1452: 1213: 1127: 1089: 1050: 914: 902: 878: 198: 9725: 9545: 9076: 8049:"Pluto updates from AGU and DPS: Pretty pictures from a confusing world" 8014: 7963: 7829:

Buie, Marc W.; Grundy, William M.; Young, Eliot F.; et al. (2010).

7700:

Buie, Marc W.; Grundy, William M.; Young, Eliot F.; et al. (2010).

7597:

Grundy, W.M.; Olkin, C.B.; Young, L.A.; Buie, M.W.; Young, E.F. (2013).

7508: 6835:"Plutoids Join the Solar Family", Discover Magazine, January 2009, p. 76 5846: 3251:

Computer-generated rotating image of Pluto based on observations by the

2244: 2097: 16021: 15796: 15772: 15618: 15498: 15445: 15185: 14764: 14342: 13696: 13580: 13411: 13265: 13253: 13241: 13219: 13160: 13106: 12746: 12577: 12296: 12012: 11936: 10490: 9734: 7567: 7224: 7220: 7164: 6941: 6336: 5756: 3913: 3420:

Panoramic view of Pluto's icy mountains and flat ice plains, imaged by

3231: 3158: 3120: 3018: 2880: 2642: 2146: 1901: 1356:; both approved it unanimously. The name was published on May 1, 1930. 1341: 1147: 1131: 847: 708: 610: 10006: 9878: 9661:

Richardson, Derek C.; Walsh, Kevin J. (2005). "Binary Minor Planets".

9629:"New Moon for Pluto: Hubble Telescope Spots a 5th Plutonian Satellite" 9170:

Gladstone, G. R.; Stern, S. A.; Ennico, K.; et al. (March 2016).

8772: 6764:. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. June 27, 2008. 6364:"Pluto Demoted: No Longer a Planet in Highly Controversial Definition" 5044:"NASA's Solar System Exploration: Multimedia: Gallery: Pluto's Symbol" 4760: 2803:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

16001: 15808: 15784: 15749: 15671: 15659: 15459: 15452: 14881: 14847: 14678: 14599: 14522: 14517: 14488: 14229: 14182: 14051: 14034: 13313: 13301: 13289: 13277: 13128: 12951: 12868: 12658: 12496: 12419: 10966:

Brown, Dwayne; Buckley, Michael; Stothoff, Maria (January 15, 2015).

10350: 10261:. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Archived from 6391: 3881: 3069:. The system is also unusual among planetary systems in that each is 2706: 2685:

With less than 0.2 lunar masses, Pluto is much less massive than the

2350: 2190: 1893: 1748: 1487: 1479: 1275: 1265: 1100: 715: 305: 58:, can be seen at right. It contrasts the darker, cratered terrain of 14483: 13612: 12386: 9040:

Olkin, C.B.; Young, L.A.; Borncamp, D.; et al. (January 2015).

8456:"An Incredibly Deep Ocean Could Be Hiding Beneath Pluto's Icy Heart" 3487:

on July 14, 2015, from a distance of 35,445 km (22,025 mi)

2558:

thick at the core–mantle boundary. In September 2016, scientists at

2185:, the angle between the point where it crosses the ecliptic (or the 1758:

concluded soon after Pluto's discovery that this was a coincidence.

15898: 15707: 15512: 15350: 14817: 14673: 14658: 14393: 14100: 13948: 13636: 12394: 12289: 11369: 10779: 10754: 10675: 10590: 10551: 10391: 10088: 10027: 9780: 9191: 8601: 8127: 7946: 7362: 7337: 7128: 7103: 7072: 7047: 7011: 6256: 6182: 6085: 5973: 5913: 5799: 5709: 5656: 5601: 5576: 5558: 5515: 5490: 5102: 5086:"Probabilistic Forecasting of the Masses and Radii of Other Worlds" 4752: 4347: 4273: 4217: 4184:(Observer Location @sun with the observer at the center of the Sun) 4011:

Simon, J.L.; Francou, G.; Fienga, A.; Manche, H. (September 2013).

3041:

The orbital periods of all Pluto's moons are linked in a system of

2928:

of Pluto's atmosphere cools its surface. Pluto has no or almost no

2884: 2828: 2721:. The mass is much less than thought before Charon was discovered. 2330: 2321:

The plains on Pluto's surface are composed of more than 98 percent

2268: 2264: 2102: 2047: 1880:. In September 2006, the IAU included Pluto, and Eris and its moon 1803: 1791: 1717:. In 1976, Dale Cruikshank, Carl Pilcher and David Morrison of the 1612: 1428: 1253: 1018: 11028:"Why a group of scientists think we need another mission to Pluto" 10870: 10605: 10215: 9904: 9328: 9039: 8872: 7618: 2145:.) At present, in each 495-year cycle, the first time Pluto is at 16066: 16046: 15649: 15623: 14754: 14742: 14668: 14061: 14039: 13914: 13899: 13682: 13520: 13402: 13172: 12569: 12301: 12284: 12160: 9285:"SwRI Scientists Confirm Decrease In Pluto's Atmospheric Density" 8944:

NASA's New Horizons Team Reveals New Scientific Findings on Pluto

6017: 5384:"Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto in Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese" 4401:"Post-new-horizons Orbits and Masses for the Satellites of Pluto" 4254: 4252: 3761: 3334: 3247: 2892: 2369:" (a series of equatorial dark areas on the leading hemisphere). 2225: 2201:. The closest such angular separation occurs every 10,000 years. 2142: 2130: 1967: 1956: 1943: 1808: 1799: 1483: 1442: 1421: 1333: 1322: 1230: 1108: 1022: 727: 204: 12224: 10878:"New Horizons, Not Quite to Jupiter, Makes First Pluto Sighting" 8753:

Proceedings of the International Society for Optical Engineering

7903:"DPS/EPSC update on New Horizons at the Pluto system and beyond" 2912: 2819:

The masses of Pluto and Charon compared to other dwarf planets (

1160:

was the first spacecraft to visit Pluto and its moons, making a

15945: 15697: 15692: 15530: 15195: 14386: 14381: 14095: 14090: 14056: 14044: 13989: 13941: 13934: 13909: 13904: 13783: 13619: 13597: 12414: 12408: 12375: 12155: 11510: 10943:. Johns Hopkins Applied Research Laboratory. October 27, 2016. 10797:"Albedo maps of Pluto and Charon: Initial mutual event results" 10007:

de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (2016).

9879:

de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (2012).

8080:"Probing the Mysterious Glacial Flow on Pluto's Frozen 'Heart'" 6838: 6780: 6292:"(134340) Pluto, (136199) Eris, and (136199) Eris I (Dysnomia)" 6143:"IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes" 4469: 3352:

instruments and a radio science investigation tool, as well as

2836: 2824: 2342: 2260: 1927:

facetiously called the IAU decision a "scientific heresy". The

1823:

in 1846. Its discoverers and the press initially called it the

1795: 1498: 1464: 1436: 1368: 1337: 1234: 1126:, the largest, whose diameter is just over half that of Pluto; 930: 650: 11174:

Fusion-Enabled Pluto Orbiter and Lander – Phase I Final Report

9851:"NASA's Hubble Finds Pluto's Moons Tumbling in Absolute Chaos" 7992: 4249: 2594:

Pluto (bottom left) compared in size to the Earth and the Moon

1451:

The name 'Pluto' was soon embraced by wider culture. In 1930,

1150:

of their orbits does not lie within either body, and they are

14512: 14017: 14012: 13882: 13877: 11593:"A Day on Pluto Video made from July 2015 New Horizon Images" 11114:"Going Back to Pluto? Scientists to Push for Orbiter Mission" 10189: 9703: 8947:. NASA. July 24, 2015. Event occurs at 52:30. Archived from 8857: 8521:"Evidence for a hot start and early ocean formation on Pluto" 8345:

Hussmann, Hauke; Sohl, Frank; Spohn, Tilman (November 2006).

7486: 3154: 2772:

Radio Science Experiment (REX), the diameter was found to be

2690: 2256: 2233: 2059: 1710: 1538: 1533:

also tend to use the indigenous god of the underworld, as in

1520: 1326: 297: 233: 139: 11195:"5 Amazing Things We've Learned a Year After Visiting Pluto" 11183:. (PDF) Stephanie Thomas, Princeton Satellite Systems. 2017. 9979:"New Horizons Collects First Science on a Post-Pluto Object" 9596:

Witze, Alexandra (2015). "Pluto's moons move in synchrony".

9313: 8691:"How Big Is Pluto? New Horizons Settles Decades-Long Debate" 7669:"Floating Mountains on Pluto – You Can't Make This Stuff Up" 6807:"Plutoid chosen as name for Solar System objects like Pluto" 6575:

Holden, Constance (March 23, 2007). "Rehabilitating Pluto".

3129:

Plot of the known Kuiper belt objects, set against the four

14138: 14022: 13887: 11660:"Interactive 3D gravity simulation of the Plutonian system" 10753:

Young, Eliot F.; Binzel, Richard P.; Crane, Keenan (2001).

8214: 5036: 3214: 2710: 2623: 2354: 1905: 1714: 1525: 1104: 1078: 1058: 685: 251: 248: 242: 145: 19:

This article is about the dwarf planet. For the deity, see

16163: 8394: 7891: 7824: 7822: 5180:, credits it to Paul Clancy Publications, founded in 1933. 5083: 2353:

with slightly more orange and significantly less red than

13867: 11527: 11349: 9892:

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters

9574: 9516: 9514: 9512: 9510: 8685: 8683: 8293:"Impact Crater Databases for Pluto and Charon, Version 2" 7537: 7102:

Wan, Xiao-Sheng; Huang, Tian-Yi; Innanen, Kim A. (2001).

6757: 5614: 5612: 4917: 4850: 4848: 4258: 3402:

made its closest approach to the anti-Charon hemisphere.

3259:

Pluto's distance from Earth makes its in-depth study and

3193: 2423:

In Western parts of Sputnik Planitia there are fields of

2085:

of Pluto's orbit varies between about 39.3 and 39.6

1854: 1062: 16077:

Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41

11671: 7442: 6909:"Numerical evidence that the motion of Pluto is chaotic" 5724: 5570: 5568: 4538:. Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. 4013:"New analytical planetary theories VSOP2013 and TOP2013" 4010: 3107:

by Neptune with only occasional perturbations by Pluto.

2488:

Regions where water ice has been detected (blue regions)

1229:

to predict the position of the then-undiscovered planet

276:(historically astronomical, now mostly astrological) or 9764: 8974:"Conditions on Pluto: Incredibly Hazy With Flowing Ice" 7931: 7819: 7338:"Libration of the close approaches of Pluto to Neptune" 6750: 6054:

Soter, Steven (November 2, 2006). "What Is a Planet?".

5951: 5895: 5581:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

5537:(January 1931). "Positions, Orbit, and Mass of Pluto". 5495:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

5477: 5475: 4808: 4663:

Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems

2408:

and surface–atmosphere interactions as well as impact,

1069:

by volume, by a small margin, but is less massive than

10882:

pluto.jhuapl.edu – NASA New Horizons mission site

10794:

Buie, Marc W.; Tholen, David J.; Horne, Keith (1992).

10259:

pluto.jhuapl.edu – NASA New Horizons mission site

9697: 9507: 8749: 8680: 8406:

pluto.jhuapl.edu – NASA New Horizons mission site

7693: 5609: 4860: 4845: 4610: 4164:"Horizon Online Ephemeris System for Pluto Barycenter" 3377:

principal investigator Alan Stern has advocated for a

1515:, and this was borrowed into Chinese and Korean. Some 16152: 10746: 9172:"The atmosphere of Pluto as observed by New Horizons" 7188: 7186: 7184: 7182: 6483: 5624: 5565: 5523: 5211:

Dictionary of Occult, Hermetic and Alchemical Sigils.

4399:

Brozović, Marina; Jacobson, Robert A. (May 8, 2024).

3693: 3631: 3566: 3516: 2903:

on Pluto's surface. According to the measurements by

2740:

allowed them to determine its shape more accurately.

1455:

was apparently inspired by it when he introduced for

254: 245: 11263:. Space Telescope Science Institute. March 7, 1996. 11233:. Space Telescope Science Institute. March 7, 1996. 10965: 10787: 10423: 10247: 10133:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 576. 9654: 9169: 8344: 7828: 7699: 6829: 6728:"Is Rekindling the Pluto Planet Debate a Good Idea?" 6458: 6456: 5730: 5677: 5671: 5472: 239: 230: 227: 142: 136: 133: 9401:"NASA's Hubble Discovers Another Moon Around Pluto" 8431:

Overlooked Ocean Worlds Fill the Outer Solar System

7329: 4814: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 3976: 3279:Better maps were produced from images taken by the 2468:

Geologic map of Sputnik Planitia and surroundings (

2073:in time), but after intervals much longer than the 2054:relative to the ecliptic (over 17°) and moderately 1471:could not confirm why the name was given. In 1941, 236: 130: 10845: 10843: 10795: 10755:"A Two-Color Map of Pluto's Sub-Charon Hemisphere" 10061: 9428:"Pluto Has a Fifth Moon, Hubble Telescope Reveals" 8519: 8178:Buhler, P. B.; Ingersoll, A. P. (March 23, 2017). 8071: 7179: 6985: 5814: 4792:Planets Beyond: Discovering the Outer Solar System 4707:(1946). "The Search for the Ninth Planet, Pluto". 4589:"New Horizons: Pluto may have 'nitrogen glaciers'" 4158: 4156: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 3977: 3717: 3655: 3593: 3535: 3009:, Charon is the only moon of Pluto that may be in 2376:that carry floating blocks of water ice crust and 2114:north of that of Neptune, preventing a collision. 1841:The debate came to a head in August 2006, with an 1572:Once Pluto was found, its faintness and lack of a 10959: 10014:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 9520: 8291:Robbins, Stuart J.; Dones, Luke (December 2023). 8109:Marchis, F.; Trilling, D. E. (January 20, 2016). 6453: 5871:"Astronomer Responds to Pluto-Not-a-Planet Claim" 5630: 5444:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 5417:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 206–208. 3880:The equivalence is less close in languages whose 2105:. Neptune is seen orbiting close to the ecliptic. 16200: 11631:simulation of rotating Pluto by Seán Doran (see 11528:Website of the observatory that discovered Pluto 11227:"HUBBLE REVEALS SURFACE OF PLUTO FOR FIRST TIME" 10752: 10724:"How to Scope Out Pluto in the Night Sky Friday" 10700:. Singapore Science Centre. 2002. Archived from 10453: 9456: 9136: 8966: 8340: 8338: 8336: 7799:Villard, Ray; Buie, Marc W. (February 4, 2010). 7767: 7765: 7414:University of Oregon Astronomy 121 Lecture notes 6108:"IAU 2006 General Assembly: Resolutions 5 and 6" 6100: 5348: 4881:"Finding Pluto: Tough Task, Even 75 Years Later" 4398: 2189:) and the point where it is closest to the Sun, 13827: 10840: 10793: 10586: 10584: 9973: 9971: 9825:Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Colorado 9660: 9568: 9163: 8583:"Large-scale cryovolcanic resurfacing on Pluto" 8517: 8177: 8171: 8108: 7986: 7801:"New Hubble Maps of Pluto Show Surface Changes" 7308: 7101: 6856:"Pluto is a planet again — at least in Arizona" 6492:"My response to 2006 IAU Resolutions 5a and 6a" 5529: 5481: 5438:Crommelin, Andrew Claude de la Cherois (1931). 5284: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4562:"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 134340 Pluto" 4394: 4392: 4390: 4153: 4093: 3920:The Pluto–Charon barycenter came to perihelion 3666: 3604: 3356:and other experiments. The scientific goals of 1501: 11557:Video – Pluto – viewed through the years (GIF) 11441: 11417:, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform 10317: 9360: 9307: 8935: 8851: 8793: 8518:Bierson, Carver; et al. (June 22, 2020). 8037: 7045: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7033: 6494:. Southwest Research Institute. Archived from 6435:"Scientists decide Pluto's no longer a planet" 6025:"NASA-Funded Scientists Discover Tenth Planet" 5735:(1988). "Planet X – The current status". 4817:Amateur–Professional Partnerships in Astronomy 3389:Princeton field-reversed configuration reactor 3237: 1508: 1367:(1918–2009), an eleven-year-old schoolgirl in 1233:after analyzing perturbations in the orbit of 1142:. Pluto and Charon are sometimes considered a 1077:. Pluto has roughly one-sixth the mass of the 15546: 13988: 13799: 13734: 13466: 12240: 12216: 11687: 10900: 10637: 10370: 10346:"Pluto May Have Formed from 1 Billion Comets" 10183: 9663:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 9107: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9099: 8998: 8819: 8817: 8511: 8478: 8333: 7925: 7762: 7657: 6906: 6603: 5253: 4618:"Pluto has carbon monoxide in its atmosphere" 4069:The elements in the clearer and usual format 3313:Pluto and Charon seen orbiting each other by 1513:, "Star of the King (God) of the Underworld") 11468:. University of Arizona Press. p. 688. 11343: 10581: 10337: 10002: 10000: 9968: 9758: 9111: 8424: 8290: 8284: 8102: 7590: 7379: 7335: 7264: 7262: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7091: 6983: 6884:. JPL/NASA. January 28, 1999. Archived from 5806: 5771: 5354: 5096:(17). The American Astronomical Society: 8. 4910:Kevin Schindler & William Grundy (2018) 4709:Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets 4692: 4528: 4433: 4387: 3728: 3500: 2562:simulated the impact thought to have formed 2092: 1955:announced in a press release that the term " 1576:cast doubt on the idea that it was Lowell's 1268:observations, with the earliest made by the 13748: 13480: 11192: 10462:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 10143: 9033: 8743: 8643: 8187:48th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 7798: 7792: 7219: 7136: 7030: 6874: 6630: 6510: 6382: 5737:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 5412: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5290: 4872: 4783: 4479:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 4465: 4463: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4261:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 3743:A French astronomer had suggested the name 3490: 3437:How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming 2674:. It is less massive than the dwarf planet 2117:This alone is not enough to protect Pluto; 2050:. In contrast, Pluto's orbit is moderately 1558:星閻王 "Yama's Star", derived from Chinese 閻王 15553: 15539: 13806: 13792: 13741: 13727: 13473: 13459: 12471: 12465: 12247: 12233: 11694: 11680: 11285: 11279: 10376: 10277: 9888:), an accidental quasi-satellite of Pluto" 9812: 9589: 9114:"Pluto's Atmosphere Confounds Researchers" 9096: 8910: 8814: 8787: 8208: 8043: 7897: 7309:Alfvén, Hannes; Arrhenius, Gustaf (1976). 7304: 7302: 7300: 7104:"The 1:1 Superresonance in Pluto's Motion" 7046:Williams, James G.; Benson, G. S. (1971). 6907:Sussman, Gerald Jay; Wisdom, Jack (1988). 6900: 6719: 6701:"'Plutoed' chosen as '06 Word of the Year" 6568: 6541: 6426: 6399: 6355: 6290:Green, Daniel W. E. (September 13, 2006). 6161: 6137: 6135: 5431: 5291:Clark, David L.; Hobart, David E. (2000). 5068: 5025:Coincidentally, as popular science author 4936: 4934: 4932: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4647:Clyde Tombaugh & Patrick Moore (2008) 4643: 4641: 4639: 3905: 2899:), and carbon monoxide (CO), which are in 2730:Newton's formulation of Kepler's third law 1375:. She had suggested it to her grandfather 38: 11570:Video – Pluto – "FlyThrough" (00:22; MP4) 11386: 11368: 11334: 11145:"Fusion-Enabled Pluto Orbiter and Lander" 10778: 10657: 10604: 10533: 10506: 10489: 10390: 10214: 10105: 10087: 10044: 10026: 9997: 9921: 9903: 9874: 9872: 9843: 9779: 9733: 9580: 9457:Buie, M.; Tholen, D.; Grundy, W. (2012). 9450: 9366: 9327: 9259:"What is happening to Pluto's Atmosphere" 9190: 9145:"Astronomers: Pluto colder than expected" 9075: 9065: 8871: 8626: 8600: 8453: 8316: 8244: 8154: 8144: 8126: 7945: 7854: 7725: 7617: 7361: 7259: 7127: 7088: 7071: 6977: 6940: 6813:(News Release – IAU0804). June 11, 2008. 6609: 6283: 6238: 6181: 6067: 5972: 5945: 5912: 5889: 5859: 5691: 5600: 5514: 5491:"The Probable Value of the Mass of Pluto" 5463: 5437: 5413:Stern, Alan; Tholen, David James (1997). 5259: 5119: 5101: 5071:Physics and chemistry of the solar system 5031:Puzzling Questions about the Solar System 4424: 4346: 4272: 4216: 4039: 3943: 3005:. First identified in 1978 by astronomer 2641:, or just slightly bigger than Russia or 2546:estimate for the diameter of the core is 1057:. It is the ninth-largest and tenth-most- 15325:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules 11447:: Inside the Epic First Mission to Pluto 10690: 10643: 9938: 9004: 7375: 7373: 7192: 7048:"Resonances in the Neptune-Pluto System" 6987:"Symplectic maps for the n-body problem" 5812: 5777: 5618: 5375: 5317: 5136: 4923: 4866: 4854: 4703: 4666:. New York: The Free Press. p. 43. 4659: 4460: 4313: 4187: 4132: 3415: 3308: 3246: 3124: 2988: 2976: 2866: 2589: 2509:Model of the internal structure of Pluto 2504: 2308: 2243: 2151: 2096: 1977: 1896:, which was discovered a month earlier. 1519:use the name Pluto, but others, such as 1274: 1212: 16259:Objects observed by stellar occultation 16224:Astronomical objects discovered in 1930 16209:Minor planet object articles (numbered) 15521:) may be read as "within" or "part of". 14549:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets 11316: 9620: 9084:from the original on September 29, 2021 8824:Brown, Michael E. (November 22, 2010). 8755:. Adaptive Optical Systems Technology. 8466:from the original on September 27, 2016 8077: 7531: 7406: 7297: 7233:. New York: Random House. p. 223. 6799: 6660: 6516: 6406:Britt, Robert Roy (November 21, 2006). 6132: 6005:from the original on September 11, 2022 5293:"Reflections on the Legacy of a Legend" 4929: 4899: 4789: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4636: 4554: 4448:from the original on September 29, 2018 3823:, used principally in southern Europe; 2907:, the surface pressure is about 1 1853:The object must be in orbit around the 1733:In 1978, the discovery of Pluto's moon 16201: 11442:Stern, Alan; Grinspoon, David (2018). 10171:from the original on February 26, 2024 10128: 10068:Porter, Simon B.; et al. (2016). 10067: 9956:from the original on February 20, 2020 9869: 9683:10.1146/annurev.earth.32.101802.120208 9626: 8904: 8649: 8580: 8059:from the original on December 24, 2015 7807:from the original on September 1, 2016 7803:. News Release Number: STScI-2010-06. 7311:"SP-345 Evolution of the Solar System" 7247:from the original on February 26, 2024 7142: 6984:Wisdom, Jack; Holman, Matthew (1991). 6725: 6674:. Associated Press. October 21, 2006. 6574: 6550:"Planetary Politics: Protecting Pluto" 6547: 6441:from the original on February 11, 2013 6388: 6339:. California Institute of Technology. 6167: 5574: 5241:from the original on November 12, 2020 4940: 4680:from the original on February 26, 2024 4568:from the original on February 18, 2017 4141:from the original on November 19, 2015 4004: 3780: 3672:Escape velocity derived from the mass 3610:Surface gravity derived from the mass 3546: 3471: 3001:. The largest and closest to Pluto is 1920:, the astronomer who discovered Eris. 16234:Discoveries by the Lowell Observatory 15534: 13787: 13722: 13454: 12228: 12215: 11675: 11655:, interactive map of the dwarf planet 11545:Keck infrared with AO of Pluto system 11540:Earth telescope image of Pluto system 11463: 11068:from the original on January 18, 2022 10947:from the original on October 28, 2016 10906: 10283: 9818: 9595: 9381:from the original on October 20, 2012 9295:from the original on October 15, 2021 9265:from the original on October 24, 2021 9151:from the original on October 19, 2012 8823: 8693:. NASA. July 13, 2015. Archived from 8484: 8272:from the original on October 23, 2020 7663: 7370: 7336:Cohen, C. J.; Hubbard, E. C. (1965). 7292:JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System 6882:"Pluto to become most distant planet" 6703:. Associated Press. January 8, 2007. 6693: 6678:from the original on December 1, 2017 6465:"New planet definition sparks furore" 6462: 6433:Britt, Robert Roy (August 24, 2006). 6432: 6405: 6362:Britt, Robert Roy (August 24, 2006). 6361: 6289: 6271:from the original on November 6, 2013 6220: 6053: 5865: 5355:Renshaw, Steve; Ihara, Saori (2000). 5084:Jingjing Chen; David Kipping (2017). 4649:Out of the Darkness: The Planet Pluto 4595:from the original on October 27, 2017 4542:from the original on January 17, 2020 4330: 4202: 4168:JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System 3506:Surface area derived from the radius 3365:from its close encounter with Pluto. 3149:. Pluto is the largest member of the 3061:system is a smaller example, and the 2966: 2493: 2234:Etruscan counterpart to the god Pluto 1900:second clause of the IAU definition. 1830: 1567: 1244:—a wealthy Bostonian who had founded 515:Longitude of ascending node 11511:NASA's Solar System Exploration site 11319:"Pluto and Charon from New Horizons" 11298:from the original on August 19, 2021 11267:from the original on August 19, 2021 11237:from the original on August 19, 2021 11167: 11142: 11008:from the original on October 8, 2016 10512: 10343: 10333:from the original on April 15, 2015. 10323:"Nine Reasons Why Pluto Is a Planet" 9981:. NASA. May 13, 2016. Archived from 9642:from the original on August 31, 2016 9425: 9142: 8382:from the original on August 31, 2015 8196:from the original on August 13, 2017 7913:from the original on October 8, 2018 6817:from the original on August 10, 2011 6768:from the original on August 17, 2011 6738:from the original on August 11, 2011 6519:"Pluto Is Demoted to 'Dwarf Planet'" 6489: 6471:from the original on October 3, 2010 6214: 5856:, PNAS May 15, 1930, 16 (5) 364-371. 5381: 4953:from the original on October 4, 2018 4887:from the original on August 23, 2010 4738: 4727: 4586: 4439: 4133:Williams, David R. 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"The Satellite of Pluto". 5222: 5158:from the original on July 26, 2011 3750: 3088: 2993:Five known moons of Pluto to scale 2954:, in Pluto's atmosphere creates a 1448:, which dates to the early 1930s. 1308: 1055:bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune 14: 16280: 12254: 11566:(NASA; animation; July 15, 2015). 11484: 11317:Rothery, David A (October 2015). 11038:from the original on July 8, 2018 10358:from the original on May 24, 2018 10075:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 9459:"The Orbit of Charon is Circular" 9438:from the original on May 14, 2020 9407:from the original on May 12, 2020 9021:from the original on May 11, 2020 7879:from the original on July 7, 2015 7382:Introduction to Planetary Science 7317:from the original on May 13, 2007 6648:from the original on May 14, 2011 6618:from the original on May 11, 2020 6414:from the original on May 24, 2009 6337:"JPL Small-Body Database Browser" 6035:from the original on May 12, 2020 5877:from the original on May 12, 2020 5305:from the original on June 3, 2016 4941:Rincon, Paul (January 13, 2006). 4624:from the original on May 11, 2011 4174:from the original on May 10, 2011 4059:from the original on May 27, 2022 3477:This photograph was taken by the 2936:suggest only a thin tropospheric 2871:A near-true-color image taken by 2570:, and consequently may have been 1811:announced the discovery of a new 1761: 1490:, which was named after Neptune. 1371:, England, who was interested in 1329:(the Greek equivalent of Pluto). 837:Equatorial rotation velocity 16186: 16174: 16162: 16133: 16132: 15858:Long Range Reconnaissance Imager 15827: 15560: 15412: 15400: 15388: 13813: 13435: 13434: 11977: 11971: 11965: 11618:of Pluto flyover (July 14, 2017) 11310: 11288:"Seeing Pluto like never before" 11249: 11219: 11186: 11136: 11106: 11080: 11050: 11020: 10990: 10933: 10849: 10716: 10311: 10137: 10122: 9923:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2012.01350.x 9419: 9277: 9251: 9007:"Nitrogen in Pluto's Atmosphere" 8709: 8574: 8485:Rabie, Passant (June 22, 2020). 8447: 7771: 7480: 7436: 7213: 6844:Science News, July 5, 2008, p. 7 6811:International Astronomical Union 6726:Minkel, J. 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Legislature of New Mexico. 4943:"The girl who named a planet" 3964: 2856: 2359:Notable geographical features 2325:, with traces of methane and 2255:, its day, is equal to 6.387 2110:Pluto's orbit passes about 8 1550:"dark" is homophonous with 明 1350:American Astronomical Society 1092:orbit, ranging from 30 to 49 15951:Southwest Research Institute 11286:A.S.Ganesh (March 7, 2021). 10822:10.1016/0019-1035(92)90129-U 10623:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.11.035 10409:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.05.007 9768:Astronomy & Astrophysics 9627:Matson, J. 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Charon came to perihelion 3594:{\displaystyle 4\pi r^{3}/3} 3283:(HST), which offered higher 3029:was discovered in 2011, and 2945:Southwest Research Institute 2670:, the largest object in the 2645:(particularly including the 1346:Thomas Jefferson Jackson See 1202: 1081:, and one-third its volume. 752:0.620 m/s (0.0632 7: 16269:Slow rotating minor planets 15936:Goddard Space Flight Center 15383:Outline of the Solar System 15146:Interplanetary medium/space 11575:September 29, 2021, at the 10344:Wall, Mike (May 24, 2018). 10155:University of Arizona Press 10147:; Tholen, David J. (1997). 10107:10.3847/2041-8205/828/2/L15 9821:"The Once and Future Pluto" 9798:10.1051/0004-6361/202245234 9346:10.1051/0004-6361/200911633 8826:"How big is Pluto, anyway?" 7270:ecliptic longitude of Pluto 6366:. Space.com. Archived from 6200:10.1088/0004-6256/150/6/185 5357:"A Tribute to Houei Nojiri" 4879:Rao, Joe (March 11, 2005). 4041:10.1051/0004-6361/201321843 3428: 3238:Observation and exploration 2901:equilibrium with their ices 2732:. Observations of Pluto in 2626:(0.22% that of Earth). Its 2239: 1888:, giving them the official 1849:to be considered a planet: 1502: 1300:Harvard College Observatory 529:Argument of perihelion 10: 16285: 15926:Applied Physics Laboratory 15099:Extraterrestrial materials 11598:February 23, 2016, at the 11323:Astronomy & Geophysics 10233:10.1088/0004-6256/142/4/98 9486:10.1088/0004-6256/144/1/15 9316:Astronomy and Astrophysics 8619:10.1038/s41467-022-29056-3 8436:December 26, 2018, at the 7286:February 13, 2024, at the 7275:February 13, 2024, at the 5575:Kuiper, Gerard P. (1950). 5121:10.3847/1538-4357/834/1/17 5013:Scott & Powell (2018) 4973:"Pluto Research at Lowell" 4020:Astronomy and Astrophysics 3536:{\displaystyle 4\pi r^{2}} 3298: 3263:difficult. Pluto's visual 3140:Pluto's true place in the 3114: 2970: 2860: 2497: 2304: 2293: 2289: 2093:Relationship with Neptune 1952:Applied Physics Laboratory 1834: 1765: 1354:Royal Astronomical Society 1206: 1197: 1103:; 2.8 to 4.6 billion 1065:. It is the largest known 828:−6 d, 9 h, 17 m, 36 s 801:−6 d, 9 h, 17 m, 00 s 180:Minor planet category 18: 16130: 16095: 16039: 15969: 15941:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 15918: 15911: 15891: 15843: 15836: 15825: 15764: 15642: 15611: 15604: 15570: 15419:Earth sciences portal 15378: 15333: 15270: 15141:Interplanetary dust cloud 15020: 14856: 14786: 14497: 14433: 14126: 13979: 13821: 13756: 13681: 13541: 13488: 13430: 13401: 13328: 13016: 12883: 12696: 12673: 12568: 12510: 12487: 12480: 12463: 12310: 12262: 12222: 12217:Links to related articles 12183: 12138: 12100: 12074: 12053: 12046: 12026: 11986: 11963: 11945: 11929: 11911: 11895: 11847: 11747: 11732: 11709: 11701: 11585:December 2, 2020, at the 11550:November 9, 2020, at the 10909:"No More Data From Pluto" 10482:10.1007/s10569-004-4623-y 9819:Young, Leslie A. (1997). 9606:10.1038/nature.2015.17681 8721:courses.lumenlearning.com 8548:10.1038/s41561-020-0595-0 7425:Pluto Orientation diagram 7390:10.1007/978-1-4020-5544-7 5852:January 18, 2022, at the 5733:Harrington, Robert Sutton 5633:Harrington, Robert Sutton 5266:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review 5196:December 8, 2021, at the 5090:The Astrophysical Journal 4499:10.1007/s10569-010-9320-4 4087:October 19, 2021, at the 4080:and the original TOP2013 3985:Oxford English Dictionary 3924:Pluto came to perihelion 3110: 2476:margins outlined in black 1925:California State Assembly 1890:minor-planet designations 1691: 1672: 1653: 1638: 1619: 1599: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1584:Mass estimates for Pluto 1509: 1459:a canine companion named 1279:Clyde Tombaugh, in Kansas 1012: 995: 990: 978: 963: 949: 908: 888: 875: 860: 845: 835: 808: 781: 765: 743: 724: 684: 649: 619: 609: 577: 560: 553: 540: 526: 512: 505:(11.88° to Sun's equator) 491: 474: 461: 449: 422:Orbital period (sidereal) 419: 407: 378: 348: 315: 303: 293: 286: 265: 213: 177: 165: 121: 109: 104: 96: 84: 72: 67: 37: 15432:Local Interstellar Cloud 14144:other near-Earth objects 12066:IAU definition of planet 11627:October 3, 2020, at the 11353:"The Dark Side of Pluto" 11257:"MAP OF PLUTO'S SURFACE" 10759:The Astronomical Journal 10522:The Astronomical Journal 10513:Hahn, Joseph M. (2005). 9466:The Astronomical Journal 8652:"Beyond Pluto (extract)" 7108:The Astronomical Journal 6227:The Astronomical Journal 6170:The Astronomical Journal 6113:. IAU. August 24, 2006. 6056:The Astronomical Journal 5731:Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; 5440:"The Discovery of Pluto" 5069:John Lewis, ed. (2004). 4426:10.3847/1538-3881/ad39f0 4405:The Astronomical Journal 3656:{\displaystyle GM/r^{2}} 3556:derived from the radius 3464: 2500:Life on Pluto in fiction 2219: 1973: 1939:American Dialect Society 1869:cleared the neighborhood 1837:IAU definition of planet 1740:Robert Sutton Harrington 1475:named the newly created 1039:minor-planet designation 966:Absolute magnitude 811:Sidereal rotation period 555:Physical characteristics 452:Orbital period (synodic) 15395:Solar System portal 15121:Giant-impact hypothesis 14728:Trans-Neptunian objects 13750:Minor planets navigator 13482:Trans-Neptunian objects 11651:August 6, 2020, at the 11614:August 1, 2017, at the 11336:10.1093/astrogeo/atv168 11179:April 29, 2019, at the 10431:"Neptune's Moon Triton" 10289:"Pluto Is Not a Planet" 10129:Kuiper, Gerard (1961). 9790:2023A&A...669L...3S 9403:. NASA. July 20, 2011. 9338:2009A&A...495L..17L 9209:10.1126/science.aad8866 8246:10.1126/science.aao2975 7774:"Pluto map information" 7430:March 25, 2009, at the 7290:are available from the 7193:Malhotra, Renu (1997). 5577:"The Diameter of Pluto" 5330:"Planetary Linguistics" 5262:"Dwarfed by comparison" 5191:What is a Dwarf Planet? 4365:10.1126/science.aad1815 4283:2018ARA&A..56..357S 4032:2013A&A...557A..49S 3990:Oxford University Press 3011:hydrostatic equilibrium 1986:orbit from 1850 to 2097 1862:hydrostatic equilibrium 1780:. In February 2000 the 1256:". By 1909, Lowell and 1084:Pluto has a moderately 784:Synodic rotation period 397:5.90638 billion km 365:4.43682 billion km 335:7.37593 billion km 288:Orbital characteristics 16103:Hubble Space Telescope 15961:University of Colorado 15283:Possible dwarf planets 15126:Gravitational collapse 15064:Circumstellar envelope 13863: 13501:Scattered-disc objects 12166:Trans-Neptunian object 11867:Coleta de Dados Colles 11638:July 27, 2020, at the 11562:July 26, 2015, at the 11533:March 2, 2011, at the 11521:November 19, 2015, at 11500:July 26, 2015, at the 10131:Planets and Satellites 9952:. September 24, 2012. 9246:Supplementary Material 9005:Croswell, Ken (1992). 8216:Runyon, Kirby (2018). 7419:July 23, 2011, at the 6793:July 15, 2011, at the 6672:Independent Newspapers 6221:Soter, Steven (2007). 5813:Standage, Tom (2000). 5465:10.1093/mnras/91.4.380 5046:. NASA. Archived from 4823:. San Francisco: 335. 4790:Littman, Mark (1990). 4660:Croswell, Ken (1997). 3719: 3678:gravitational constant 3657: 3616:gravitational constant 3595: 3537: 3425: 3348:package that included 3317: 3281:Hubble Space Telescope 3256: 3253:Hubble Space Telescope 3220:Late Heavy Bombardment 3137:Neptune in its orbit. 3133: 2994: 2986: 2876: 2680:trans-Neptunian object 2595: 2542:of water ice. The pre– 2523: 2318: 2286:several times larger. 2248: 2224:The 2nd-largest known 2183:argument of perihelion 2157: 2106: 2038: 1886:Minor Planet Catalogue 1813:trans-Neptunian object 1730:times that of Earth.) 1427:was then created as a 1280: 1218: 1209:Planets beyond Neptune 1183:in 2005. In 2006, the 1067:trans-Neptunian object 194:Trans-Neptunian object 25:Pluto (disambiguation) 23:. For other uses, see 15595:New Frontiers program 15492:Laniakea Supercluster 15109:Sample-return mission 13862: 12271:Former dwarf planets 11413:Codex Regius (2016), 11062:MIT Technology Review 10435:The Planetary Society 10299:on September 27, 2011 10293:The Planetary Society 10195:Trujillo, Chadwick A. 10046:10.1093/mnras/stw1833 9112:Kelly Beatty (2016). 8917:The Planetary Society 8650:Davies, John (2001). 8588:Nature Communications 8053:The Planetary Society 8047:(December 21, 2015). 7907:The Planetary Society 7145:Space Science Reviews 6965:on September 24, 2017 5539:Astrophysical Journal 5225:"Astrological Plutos" 5209:Fred Gettings (1981) 4794:. Wiley. p. 70. 4076:May 15, 2016, at the 4071:is in the spreadsheet 3955:scattered-disc object 3720: 3658: 3596: 3538: 3419: 3312: 3250: 3207:Alessandro Morbidelli 3128: 3115:Further information: 2997:Pluto has five known 2992: 2980: 2956:temperature inversion 2870: 2593: 2508: 2312: 2273:University of Arizona 2247: 2155: 2100: 1981: 1766:Further information: 1719:University of Hawaiʻi 1696:0.00218 (1/459) Earth 1561:Yán Wáng / Yìhm Wòhng 1319:god of the underworld 1278: 1216: 1207:Further information: 1014:Composition by volume 282:(mostly astrological) 44:Pluto, imaged by the 16121:Pluto Kuiper Express 15581:Exploration of Pluto 15407:Astronomy portal 15308:Solar System objects 15054:Circumplanetary disk 12061:Definition of planet 12054:Official definitions 11824:Tombaugh "The Heart" 11516:NASA Pluto factsheet 11445:Chasing New Horizons 11094:on September 4, 2021 10888:on November 13, 2014 10704:on November 11, 2005 10646:Astronomical Journal 10441:on December 10, 2011 10285:Tyson, Neil deGrasse 10265:on November 13, 2014 10203:Astronomical Journal 8830:Mike Brown's Planets 7901:(October 26, 2016). 7835:Astronomical Journal 7706:Astronomical Journal 7681:on November 13, 2015 7667:(November 9, 2015). 7653:on November 8, 2015. 7342:Astronomical Journal 7052:Astronomical Journal 6992:Astronomical Journal 6888:on September 2, 2010 6467:. NewScientist.com. 6370:on December 27, 2010 5869:(February 2, 2001). 5867:Tyson, Neil deGrasse 5780:Astronomical Journal 5680:Astronomical Journal 5637:Astronomical Journal 5336:on December 17, 2007 5272:on November 14, 2007 5176:Dane Rudhyar (1936) 5151:. 1989. p. 27. 5145:The IAU Style Manual 4440:Seligman, Courtney. 3938:satellite of Neptune 3884:differs widely from 3691: 3629: 3564: 3514: 3301:Exploration of Pluto 3034:of the region where 2879:Pluto has a tenuous 2649:during winter). Its 2622:, 17.7% that of the 2598:Pluto's diameter is 2071:forward and backward 1768:Definition of planet 1677:0.0015 (1/650) Earth 1531:Polynesian languages 1321:; and it is also an 1317:came from the Roman 1285:Vesto Melvin Slipher 1272:on August 20, 1909. 1258:William H. Pickering 747:surface gravity 112:MPC designation 16254:Named minor planets 15956:Stanford University 15506:Observable universe 15303:Solar System models 15233:Protoplanetary disk 15156:Interstellar medium 15116:Frost/Ice/Snow line 13708:541132 Leleākūhonua 12092:Neil deGrasse Tyson 11603:Scientific American 11379:2021PSJ.....2..214L 11200:National Geographic 10858:on February 9, 2010 10814:1992Icar...97..211B 10771:2001AJ....121..552Y 10668:1995AJ....110..420M 10615:2008Icar..196..258L 10544:2005AJ....130.2392H 10474:2005CeMDA..91..109G 10401:2018Icar..313...79G 10225:2011AJ....142...98S 10098:2016ApJ...828L..15P 10037:2016MNRAS.462.3344D 9950:Sky & Telescope 9946:"Pluto's fake moon" 9914:2012MNRAS.427L..85D 9726:10.1038/nature04351 9718:2006Natur.439...52S 9675:2006AREPS..34...47R 9634:Scientific American 9546:10.1038/nature14469 9538:2015Natur.522...45S 9478:2012AJ....144...15B 9374:The Washington Post 9291:. October 4, 2021. 9201:2016Sci...351.8866G 9118:Sky & Telescope 9058:2015Icar..246..220O 8951:on October 28, 2021 8882:2015Icar..246..268L 8808:2007DPS....39.6205Y 8765:2000SPIE.4007..787C 8611:2022NatCo..13.1542S 8540:2020NatGe..13..468B 8442:Scientific American 8365:2006Icar..185..258H 8309:2023PSJ.....4..233R 8237:2018Sci...360..992T 8137:2016PLoSO..1147386T 8015:10.1038/nature18016 8007:2016Natur.534...79T 7964:10.1038/nature18289 7956:2016Natur.534...82M 7847:2010AJ....139.1128B 7718:2010AJ....139.1117B 7674:National Geographic 7628:2013Icar..223..710G 7552:1993Sci...261..745O 7509:10.1038/nature20120 7501:2016Natur.540...90K 7354:1965AJ.....70...10C 7157:1967SSRv....6..601H 7120:2001AJ....121.1155W 7064:1971AJ.....76..167W 7004:1991AJ....102.1528W 6925:1988Sci...241..433S 6732:Scientific American 6317:on February 5, 2007 6311:2006IAUC.8747....1G 6249:2006AJ....132.2513S 6223:"What is a Planet?" 6192:2015AJ....150..185M 6078:2006AJ....132.2513S 6029:NASA press releases 5983:2022Icar..37414768M 5923:2019Icar..319...21M 5821:. Penguin. p. 5792:1993AJ....105.2000S 5749:1988CeMec..43...55S 5702:2006AJ....132..290B 5649:1978AJ.....83.1005C 5631:Christy, James W.; 5593:1950PASP...62..133K 5551:1931ApJ....73....1N 5535:Mayall, Nicholas U. 5507:1930PASP...42..350N 5487:Mayall, Nicholas U. 5456:1931MNRAS..91..380. 5363:on December 6, 2012 5112:2017ApJ...834...17C 5001:Ferris (2012: 336) 4829:2000ASPC..220..355B 4721:1946ASPL....5...73T 4491:2011CeMDA.109..101A 4417:2024AJ....167..256B 4357:2015Sci...350.1815S 4227:2017Icar..287...12N 3988:(Online ed.). 3786:The bident symbol ( 3190:protoplanetary disc 3157:; for example, the 3147:short-period comets 3067:double dwarf planet 3059:Patroclus–Menoetius 2863:Atmosphere of Pluto 2687:terrestrial planets 2661:for Earth and 0.17 2526:Pluto's density is 2284:Antarctic ice sheet 1742:, failed. In 1992, 1721:calculated Pluto's 1585: 1433:astrological symbol 1381:Herbert Hall Turner 1373:classical mythology 1302:on March 13, 1930. 1227:Newtonian mechanics 1189:redefined the term 371:(September 5, 1989) 97:Discovery date 86:Discovery site 34: 16087:Deep Space Network 15486:Virgo Supercluster 15467:Milky Way subgroup 15298:Natural satellites 15181:Nebular hypothesis 15161:Interstellar space 15151:Interstellar cloud 15059:Circumstellar disc 14649:Near-Earth objects 14533:names and meanings 13864: 12113:Lowell Observatory 12075:Scientist opinions 11415:Pluto & Charon 11388:10.3847/PSJ/ac2743 10321:(April 13, 2015). 10191:Sheppard, Scott S. 9503:on April 12, 2020. 9143:Than, Ker (2006). 8444:. October 4, 2017. 8402:"The Inside Story" 8318:10.3847/PSJ/acf7be 7165:10.1007/BF00168793 6854:Sanchez, Cameron. 6523:The New York Times 5953:Metzger, Philip T. 5897:Metzger, Philip T. 5757:10.1007/BF01234554 5531:Nicholson, Seth B. 5483:Nicholson, Seth B. 5050:on October 1, 2006 5003:Seeing in the Dark 4977:Lowell Observatory 4705:Tombaugh, Clyde W. 4135:"Pluto Fact Sheet" 3715: 3653: 3591: 3533: 3448:Pluto in astrology 3426: 3324:spacecraft, which 3318: 3272:is maximum 0.11". 3265:apparent magnitude 3257: 3134: 3043:orbital resonances 2999:natural satellites 2995: 2987: 2967:Natural satellites 2932:; observations by 2877: 2596: 2524: 2516:Liquid water ocean 2494:Internal structure 2319: 2300:Geography of Pluto 2249: 2210:1:1 superresonance 2167:Kepler's third law 2158: 2123:orbital precession 2107: 2039: 1982:Animation of Pluto 1831:IAU classification 1782:Hayden Planetarium 1658:0.01 (1/100) Earth 1583: 1568:Planet X disproved 1523:, use the name of 1517:languages of India 1398:, and his sisters 1281: 1270:Yerkes Observatory 1262:Elizabeth Williams 1250:Flagstaff, Arizona 1246:Lowell Observatory 1219: 1094:astronomical units 952:Apparent magnitude 91:Lowell Observatory 74:Discovered by 32: 16150: 16149: 16144: 16143: 16082: 16072: 16062: 16052: 16035: 16034: 15907: 15906: 15823: 15822: 15528: 15527: 15373: 15372: 15369: 15368: 15346:Lagrangian points 15318:by discovery date 14916:Human spaceflight 14887:historical models 14780: 14779: 14399:S/2015 (136472) 1 13781: 13780: 13761:(134339) 5628 T-3 13716: 13715: 13448: 13447: 13426: 13425: 12209: 12208: 12179: 12178: 11961: 11960: 11862:Challenger Colles 11666:on June 11, 2020. 10164:978-0-8165-1840-1 9185:(6279): aad8866. 8982:. July 24, 2015. 8773:10.1117/12.390379 8527:Nature Geoscience 8231:(6392): 992–997. 8045:Lakdawalla, Emily 7899:Lakdawalla, Emily 7546:(5122): 745–748. 7452:(5325): 541–545. 7399:978-1-4020-5544-7 7240:978-0-3078-0105-0 6919:(4864): 433–437. 6031:. July 29, 2005. 5845:Ernest W. Brown, 5832:978-0-8027-1363-6 5489:(December 1930). 5424:978-0-8165-1840-1 4983:on April 18, 2016 4926:, pp. 54–55. 4838:978-1-58381-052-1 4801:978-0-471-51053-6 4673:978-0-684-83252-4 4341:(6258): 249–352. 3996:(Subscription or 3949:The dwarf planet 3926:8 September 1989. 3922:5 September 1989. 3918:4 September 1989. 3869:Uranian astrology 3758:⟨♇⟩ 3713: 3481:telescope aboard 3038:would be stable. 2816: 2815: 2766:radio occultation 2647:Antarctic sea ice 2337:'s western lobe, 2127:orbital resonance 1871:around its orbit. 1707: 1706: 1665:, Pilcher, & 1223:Urbain Le Verrier 1169:Clyde W. Tombaugh 1113:orbital resonance 1096:(4.5 to 7.3 1032: 1031: 945: 944: 100:February 18, 1930 79:Clyde W. Tombaugh 21:Pluto (mythology) 16276: 16191: 16190: 16189: 16179: 16178: 16177: 16167: 16166: 16158: 16136: 16135: 16080: 16070: 16060: 16050: 15916: 15915: 15841: 15840: 15831: 15816: 15814: 15813: 15804: 15802: 15801: 15792: 15790: 15789: 15780: 15778: 15777: 15757: 15755: 15754: 15745: 15743: 15742: 15738:(556416) 2014 OE 15733: 15731: 15730: 15726:(516977) 2012 HZ 15721: 15719: 15718: 15714:(307261) 2002 MS 15679: 15677: 15676: 15667: 15665: 15664: 15609: 15608: 15555: 15548: 15541: 15532: 15531: 15522: 15520: 15511: 15504: 15497: 15490: 15484: 15478: 15472: 15465: 15458: 15451: 15444: 15437: 15430: 15417: 15416: 15415: 15405: 15404: 15403: 15393: 15392: 15391: 15094:Exozodiacal dust 14784: 14783: 14750:Detached objects 13986: 13985: 13982: 13981: 13826: 13808: 13801: 13794: 13785: 13784: 13773:(134341) 1979 MA 13743: 13736: 13729: 13720: 13719: 13704: 13702: 13701: 13547: 13511:Resonant objects 13506:Detached objects 13475: 13468: 13461: 13452: 13451: 13438: 13437: 13419: 13417: 13416: 13394: 13384: 13374: 13364: 13354: 13344: 13330:Detached objects 13321: 13319: 13318: 13309: 13307: 13306: 13297: 13295: 13294: 13285: 13283: 13282: 13273: 13271: 13270: 13261: 13259: 13258: 13249: 13247: 13246: 13237: 13227: 13225: 13224: 13215: 13205: 13195: 13185: 13175: 13168: 13166: 13165: 13156: 13146: 13136: 13134: 13133: 13124: 13114: 13112: 13111: 13102: 13092: 13082: 13072: 13062: 13052: 13042: 13009: 12999: 12989: 12979: 12969: 12959: 12957: 12956: 12947: 12937: 12927: 12917: 12907: 12897: 12876: 12874: 12873: 12864: 12854: 12844: 12834: 12824: 12814: 12804: 12794: 12784: 12774: 12764: 12754: 12752: 12751: 12742: 12732: 12689: 12666: 12664: 12663: 12654: 12644: 12634: 12624: 12614: 12604: 12594: 12561: 12551: 12541: 12485: 12484: 12475: 12469: 12249: 12242: 12235: 12226: 12225: 12213: 12212: 12087:Michael E. Brown 12051: 12050: 11981: 11975: 11969: 11903:Sputnik Planitia 11745: 11744: 11696: 11689: 11682: 11673: 11672: 11667: 11662:. Archived from 11479: 11460: 11429:Pluto and Charon 11401: 11400: 11390: 11372: 11347: 11341: 11340: 11338: 11329:(5): 5.19–5.22. 11314: 11308: 11307: 11305: 11303: 11283: 11277: 11276: 11274: 11272: 11253: 11247: 11246: 11244: 11242: 11223: 11217: 11216: 11214: 11212: 11207:on March 7, 2021 11203:. Archived from 11190: 11184: 11171: 11165: 11164: 11162: 11160: 11140: 11134: 11133: 11131: 11129: 11110: 11104: 11103: 11101: 11099: 11084: 11078: 11077: 11075: 11073: 11054: 11048: 11047: 11045: 11043: 11024: 11018: 11017: 11015: 11013: 11002:pluto.jhuapl.edu 10994: 10988: 10987: 10985: 10983: 10963: 10957: 10956: 10954: 10952: 10937: 10931: 10930: 10928: 10926: 10904: 10898: 10897: 10895: 10893: 10874: 10868: 10867: 10865: 10863: 10854:. Archived from 10847: 10838: 10837: 10835: 10833: 10799: 10791: 10785: 10784: 10782: 10750: 10744: 10743: 10741: 10739: 10730:. July 3, 2014. 10720: 10714: 10713: 10711: 10709: 10694: 10688: 10687: 10661: 10659:astro-ph/9504036 10641: 10635: 10634: 10608: 10588: 10579: 10578: 10576: 10574: 10568: 10537: 10535:astro-ph/0507319 10528:(5): 2392–2414. 10519: 10510: 10504: 10503: 10493: 10468:(1–2): 109–129. 10457: 10451: 10450: 10448: 10446: 10437:. Archived from 10427: 10421: 10420: 10394: 10374: 10368: 10367: 10365: 10363: 10341: 10335: 10334: 10315: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10304: 10295:. Archived from 10281: 10275: 10274: 10272: 10270: 10251: 10245: 10244: 10218: 10199:Udalski, Andrzej 10187: 10181: 10180: 10178: 10176: 10150:Pluto and Charon 10141: 10135: 10134: 10126: 10120: 10119: 10109: 10091: 10065: 10059: 10058: 10048: 10030: 10021:(3): 3344–3349. 10004: 9995: 9994: 9992: 9990: 9975: 9966: 9965: 9963: 9961: 9942: 9936: 9935: 9925: 9907: 9887: 9881:"Plutino 15810 ( 9876: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9862: 9853:. June 3, 2015. 9847: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9836: 9816: 9810: 9809: 9783: 9762: 9756: 9755: 9737: 9701: 9695: 9694: 9658: 9652: 9651: 9649: 9647: 9624: 9618: 9617: 9593: 9587: 9586: 9584: 9582:astro-ph/0512599 9572: 9566: 9565: 9518: 9505: 9504: 9502: 9496:. Archived from 9463: 9454: 9448: 9447: 9445: 9443: 9423: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9412: 9397: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9386: 9364: 9358: 9357: 9331: 9311: 9305: 9304: 9302: 9300: 9281: 9275: 9274: 9272: 9270: 9261:. May 22, 2020. 9255: 9249: 9243: 9241: 9239: 9233: 9227:. Archived from 9194: 9176: 9167: 9161: 9160: 9159:– via CNN. 9158: 9156: 9140: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9129: 9109: 9094: 9093: 9091: 9089: 9079: 9069: 9037: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9026: 9002: 8996: 8995: 8993: 8991: 8970: 8964: 8963: 8958: 8956: 8939: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8928: 8908: 8902: 8901: 8875: 8855: 8849: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8821: 8812: 8811: 8791: 8785: 8784: 8747: 8741: 8740: 8734: 8732: 8713: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8702: 8687: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8673: 8668:on July 15, 2011 8667: 8661:. Archived from 8656: 8647: 8641: 8640: 8630: 8604: 8578: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8567: 8523: 8515: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8482: 8476: 8475: 8473: 8471: 8451: 8445: 8428: 8422: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8387: 8381: 8342: 8331: 8330: 8320: 8288: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8277: 8271: 8248: 8222: 8218:"Dunes on Pluto" 8212: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8201: 8195: 8184: 8175: 8169: 8168: 8158: 8148: 8130: 8106: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8075: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8064: 8041: 8035: 8034: 7990: 7984: 7983: 7949: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7895: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7858: 7841:(3): 1128–1143. 7826: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7780:on June 29, 2011 7776:. Archived from 7769: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7755: 7729: 7712:(3): 1117–1127. 7697: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7677:. Archived from 7661: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7646:. Archived from 7621: 7603: 7594: 7588: 7587: 7535: 7529: 7528: 7484: 7478: 7477: 7440: 7434: 7412:Schombert, Jim; 7410: 7404: 7403: 7377: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7306: 7295: 7266: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7206: 7190: 7177: 7176: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7114:(2): 1155–1162. 7099: 7086: 7085: 7075: 7043: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7023: 6989: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6961:. Archived from 6944: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6851: 6845: 6842: 6836: 6833: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6803: 6797: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6723: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6683: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6572: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6460: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6313:. Archived from 6296: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6242: 6240:astro-ph/0608359 6218: 6212: 6211: 6185: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6139: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6119: 6112: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6071: 6069:astro-ph/0608359 6062:(6): 2513–2519. 6051: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6010: 5976: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5916: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5863: 5857: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5820: 5817:The Neptune File 5810: 5804: 5803: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5695: 5693:astro-ph/0512491 5675: 5669: 5668: 5643:(8): 1005–1008. 5628: 5622: 5616: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5587:(366): 133–137. 5572: 5563: 5562: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5479: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5415:Pluto and Charon 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5394:on July 20, 2011 5390:. Archived from 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5359:. Archived from 5352: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5332:. Archived from 5326: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5304: 5297: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5268:. Archived from 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5240: 5229: 5220: 5214: 5207: 5201: 5187: 5181: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5157: 5150: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5123: 5105: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5040: 5034: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4979:. Archived from 4969: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4938: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4908: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4843: 4842: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4736: 4725: 4724: 4701: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4600: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4516:on March 4, 2016 4515: 4509:. Archived from 4476: 4467: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4396: 4385: 4384: 4350: 4328: 4311: 4310: 4276: 4256: 4247: 4246: 4220: 4200: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4160: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4130: 4091: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4058: 4043: 4017: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3993: 3981: 3974: 3958: 3947: 3941: 3934: 3928: 3909: 3903: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3853: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3821:PLUTO FORM THREE 3819: 3816: 3814: 3809: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3759: 3754: 3748: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3709: 3695: 3670: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3642: 3608: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3581: 3550: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3532: 3531: 3504: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3475: 3453:Pluto in fiction 3270:angular diameter 3198:sudden migration 2850: 2798: 2797: 2790: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2763: 2761: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2610:and its mass is 2609: 2607: 2603: 2568:subsurface ocean 2564:Sputnik Planitia 2560:Brown University 2557: 2554:of liquid water 2552:subsurface ocean 2549: 2538:surrounded by a 2533: 2531: 2485: 2465: 2454:Sputnik Planitia 2449: 2437: 2425:transverse dunes 2403: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2389: 2374:convection cells 2339:Sputnik Planitia 2296:Geology of Pluto 2200: 2163:angular momentum 2140: 2138: 2037: 2035: 2026: 2024: 2015: 2013: 2004: 2002: 1993: 1991: 1985: 1729: 1643:0.1 (1/10) Earth 1611:(prediction for 1586: 1582: 1514: 1512: 1511: 1505: 1473:Glenn T. Seaborg 1447: 1445: 1426: 1424: 1416:planetary symbol 1296:blink comparator 1120:five known moons 981:Angular diameter 910: 909: 891:Geometric albedo 877:North pole 867: 862:North pole 855: 825: 823: 798: 796: 776: 739: 737: 711: 703: 701: 697: 677: 675: 668: 666: 662: 639: 637: 634: 596: 595: 593: 572: 570: 536: 522: 502: 487: 442: 441: 432: 415: 399: 398: 391: 367: 366: 359: 337: 336: 329: 281: 275: 261: 260: 257: 256: 253: 250: 247: 244: 241: 238: 235: 232: 229: 161: 160: 159: 158: 151: 148: 147: 144: 141: 138: 135: 132: 56:Sputnik Planitia 42: 35: 31: 16284: 16283: 16279: 16278: 16277: 16275: 16274: 16273: 16244:Kozai mechanism 16199: 16198: 16197: 16187: 16185: 16175: 16173: 16161: 16153: 16151: 16146: 16145: 16140: 16126: 16091: 16031: 15977:Frances Bagenal 15965: 15903: 15887: 15832: 15819: 15811: 15810: 15807: 15799: 15798: 15795: 15787: 15786: 15783: 15775: 15774: 15771: 15760: 15752: 15751: 15748: 15740: 15739: 15736: 15728: 15727: 15724: 15716: 15715: 15712: 15674: 15673: 15670: 15662: 15661: 15658: 15638: 15634:486958 Arrokoth 15600: 15599: 15566: 15559: 15529: 15524: 15518: 15516: 15515: 15509: 15502: 15495: 15488: 15482: 15476: 15470: 15463: 15456: 15449: 15442: 15435: 15428: 15413: 15411: 15401: 15399: 15389: 15387: 15374: 15365: 15329: 15266: 15250:vs. Hill sphere 15176:Molecular cloud 15104:Sample curation 15084:Detached object 15023: 15016: 14860: 14852: 14789: 14776: 14721:Neptune trojans 14504: 14502: 14500: 14493: 14429: 14122: 13993: 13975: 13861: 13824: 13817: 13812: 13782: 13777: 13752: 13747: 13717: 13712: 13699: 13698: 13695: 13677: 13545: 13537: 13516:Neptune trojans 13484: 13479: 13449: 13444: 13422: 13414: 13413: 13410: 13397: 13392: 13387: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13357: 13352: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13324: 13316: 13315: 13312: 13304: 13303: 13300: 13292: 13291: 13288: 13280: 13279: 13276: 13268: 13267: 13264: 13256: 13255: 13252: 13244: 13243: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13222: 13221: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13171: 13163: 13162: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13131: 13130: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13109: 13108: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12954: 12953: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12879: 12871: 12870: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12749: 12748: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12669: 12661: 12660: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12506: 12476: 12470: 12461: 12306: 12258: 12253: 12218: 12210: 12205: 12175: 12134: 12118:Percival Lowell 12096: 12070: 12042: 12022: 11982: 11976: 11970: 11957: 11941: 11925: 11913: 11907: 11891: 11849: 11843: 11736: 11728: 11705: 11700: 11670: 11658: 11653:Wayback Machine 11646:Google Pluto 3D 11640:Wayback Machine 11629:Wayback Machine 11616:Wayback Machine 11600:Wayback Machine 11587:Wayback Machine 11577:Wayback Machine 11564:Wayback Machine 11552:Wayback Machine 11535:Wayback Machine 11502:Wayback Machine 11487: 11482: 11476: 11457: 11456:978-125009896-2 11409: 11407:Further reading 11404: 11348: 11344: 11315: 11311: 11301: 11299: 11284: 11280: 11270: 11268: 11255: 11254: 11250: 11240: 11238: 11225: 11224: 11220: 11210: 11208: 11191: 11187: 11181:Wayback Machine 11172: 11168: 11158: 11156: 11141: 11137: 11127: 11125: 11112: 11111: 11107: 11097: 11095: 11086: 11085: 11081: 11071: 11069: 11056: 11055: 11051: 11041: 11039: 11026: 11025: 11021: 11011: 11009: 10996: 10995: 10991: 10981: 10979: 10964: 10960: 10950: 10948: 10939: 10938: 10934: 10924: 10922: 10905: 10901: 10891: 10889: 10876: 10875: 10871: 10861: 10859: 10848: 10841: 10831: 10829: 10792: 10788: 10751: 10747: 10737: 10735: 10722: 10721: 10717: 10707: 10705: 10696: 10695: 10691: 10642: 10638: 10589: 10582: 10572: 10570: 10566: 10517: 10511: 10507: 10458: 10454: 10444: 10442: 10429: 10428: 10424: 10385:(2018): 79–92. 10375: 10371: 10361: 10359: 10342: 10338: 10316: 10312: 10302: 10300: 10282: 10278: 10268: 10266: 10253: 10252: 10248: 10188: 10184: 10174: 10172: 10165: 10157:. p. 623. 10142: 10138: 10127: 10123: 10066: 10062: 10005: 9998: 9988: 9986: 9985:on June 7, 2016 9977: 9976: 9969: 9959: 9957: 9944: 9943: 9939: 9886: 9882: 9877: 9870: 9860: 9858: 9849: 9848: 9844: 9834: 9832: 9817: 9813: 9763: 9759: 9712:(7072): 52–54. 9702: 9698: 9659: 9655: 9645: 9643: 9625: 9621: 9594: 9590: 9573: 9569: 9532:(7554): 45–49. 9522:Showalter, M.R. 9519: 9508: 9500: 9461: 9455: 9451: 9441: 9439: 9424: 9420: 9410: 9408: 9399: 9398: 9394: 9384: 9382: 9365: 9361: 9312: 9308: 9298: 9296: 9283: 9282: 9278: 9268: 9266: 9257: 9256: 9252: 9237: 9235: 9234:on May 21, 2016 9231: 9174: 9168: 9164: 9154: 9152: 9141: 9137: 9127: 9125: 9110: 9097: 9087: 9085: 9038: 9034: 9024: 9022: 9011:KenCroswell.com 9003: 8999: 8989: 8987: 8972: 8971: 8967: 8954: 8952: 8941: 8940: 8936: 8926: 8924: 8909: 8905: 8856: 8852: 8839: 8837: 8822: 8815: 8792: 8788: 8748: 8744: 8730: 8728: 8715: 8714: 8710: 8700: 8698: 8697:on July 1, 2017 8689: 8688: 8681: 8671: 8669: 8665: 8654: 8648: 8644: 8579: 8575: 8565: 8563: 8516: 8512: 8502: 8500: 8483: 8479: 8469: 8467: 8460:Popular Science 8454:Samantha Cole. 8452: 8448: 8438:Wayback Machine 8429: 8425: 8415: 8413: 8412:on May 16, 2008 8400: 8399: 8395: 8385: 8383: 8379: 8343: 8334: 8289: 8285: 8275: 8273: 8269: 8220: 8213: 8209: 8199: 8197: 8193: 8182: 8176: 8172: 8121:(1): e0147386. 8107: 8103: 8093: 8091: 8076: 8072: 8062: 8060: 8042: 8038: 8001:(7605): 79–81. 7991: 7987: 7940:(7605): 82–85. 7930: 7926: 7916: 7914: 7896: 7892: 7882: 7880: 7856:10.1.1.625.7795 7827: 7820: 7810: 7808: 7797: 7793: 7783: 7781: 7770: 7763: 7753: 7751: 7727:10.1.1.625.7795 7698: 7694: 7684: 7682: 7662: 7658: 7650: 7601: 7595: 7591: 7536: 7532: 7495:(7631): 90–93. 7485: 7481: 7441: 7437: 7432:Wayback Machine 7421:Wayback Machine 7411: 7407: 7400: 7378: 7371: 7334: 7330: 7320: 7318: 7307: 7298: 7288:Wayback Machine 7277:Wayback Machine 7267: 7260: 7250: 7248: 7241: 7218: 7214: 7204: 7202: 7195:"Pluto's Orbit" 7191: 7180: 7141: 7137: 7100: 7089: 7044: 7031: 7021: 7019: 6982: 6978: 6968: 6966: 6905: 6901: 6891: 6889: 6880: 6879: 6875: 6865: 6863: 6852: 6848: 6843: 6839: 6834: 6830: 6820: 6818: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6795:Wayback Machine 6785: 6781: 6771: 6769: 6756: 6755: 6751: 6741: 6739: 6724: 6720: 6710: 6708: 6699: 6698: 6694: 6681: 6679: 6666: 6665: 6661: 6651: 6649: 6636: 6635: 6631: 6621: 6619: 6608: 6604: 6573: 6569: 6559: 6557: 6546: 6542: 6532: 6530: 6515: 6511: 6501: 6499: 6498:on June 3, 2007 6488: 6484: 6474: 6472: 6461: 6454: 6444: 6442: 6431: 6427: 6417: 6415: 6404: 6400: 6387: 6383: 6373: 6371: 6360: 6356: 6346: 6344: 6335: 6334: 6330: 6320: 6318: 6294: 6288: 6284: 6274: 6272: 6219: 6215: 6166: 6162: 6152: 6150: 6141: 6140: 6133: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6110: 6106: 6105: 6101: 6052: 6048: 6038: 6036: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6008: 6006: 5950: 5946: 5894: 5890: 5880: 5878: 5864: 5860: 5854:Wayback Machine 5844: 5840: 5833: 5811: 5807: 5786:(5): 200–2006. 5776: 5772: 5729: 5725: 5676: 5672: 5629: 5625: 5617: 5610: 5573: 5566: 5528: 5524: 5480: 5473: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5411: 5407: 5397: 5395: 5380: 5376: 5366: 5364: 5353: 5349: 5339: 5337: 5328: 5327: 5318: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5289: 5285: 5275: 5273: 5258: 5254: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5232:www.unicode.org 5227: 5223:Faulks, David. 5221: 5217: 5208: 5204: 5198:Wayback Machine 5188: 5184: 5175: 5171: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5082: 5078: 5067: 5063: 5053: 5051: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5024: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5000: 4996: 4986: 4984: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4956: 4954: 4939: 4930: 4922: 4918: 4909: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4877: 4873: 4865: 4861: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4788: 4784: 4737: 4728: 4702: 4693: 4683: 4681: 4674: 4658: 4654: 4646: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4598: 4596: 4585: 4581: 4571: 4569: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4545: 4543: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4474: 4468: 4461: 4451: 4449: 4438: 4434: 4397: 4388: 4329: 4314: 4257: 4250: 4201: 4188: 4177: 4175: 4162: 4161: 4154: 4144: 4142: 4131: 4094: 4089:Wayback Machine 4078:Wayback Machine 4062: 4060: 4056: 4015: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3961: 3948: 3944: 3935: 3931: 3910: 3906: 3879: 3875: 3865:PLUTO FORM FOUR 3864: 3861: 3856: 3855: 3846:PLUTO FORM FIVE 3845: 3842: 3837: 3836: 3820: 3817: 3812: 3811: 3796: 3793: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3771: 3766: 3765: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3705: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3683:and the radius 3671: 3667: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3621:and the radius 3609: 3605: 3583: 3577: 3573: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3551: 3547: 3527: 3523: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3491: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3431: 3307: 3299:Main articles: 3297: 3245: 3240: 3224:Jupiter trojans 3123: 3113: 3099:quasi-satellite 3091: 3089:Quasi-satellite 3047:near-resonances 3036:prograde orbits 2975: 2969: 2898: 2890: 2865: 2859: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2817: 2812: 2799: 2795: 2779: 2775: 2773: 2759: 2757: 2738:adaptive optics 2657:(compared to 1 2651:surface gravity 2636: 2633: 2631: 2617: 2613: 2611: 2605: 2601: 2599: 2588: 2555: 2547: 2532:0.004 g/cm 2529: 2527: 2522: 2513:Water ice crust 2503: 2496: 2489: 2486: 2477: 2474:convection cell 2466: 2457: 2450: 2441: 2438: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2327:carbon monoxide 2307: 2302: 2294:Main articles: 2292: 2253:rotation period 2242: 2222: 2206:invariant plane 2198: 2195:Kozai mechanism 2187:invariant plane 2181:First, Pluto's 2175: 2136: 2134: 2095: 2083:semi-major axis 2033: 2032: 2022: 2021: 2011: 2010: 2000: 1999: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1983: 1976: 1966:In April 2024, 1961:semi-major axis 1934:Illinois Senate 1839: 1833: 1770: 1764: 1756:Ernest W. Brown 1746:used data from 1727: 1697: 1678: 1659: 1644: 1625: 1605: 1570: 1544:Sino-Vietnamese 1506: 1439: 1418: 1311: 1309:Name and symbol 1242:Percival Lowell 1211: 1205: 1200: 1187:(IAU) formally 1111:, but a stable 1027:carbon monoxide 1001: 983: 971: 958: 954: 900: 893: 881: 868: 865:right ascension 863: 853: 850: 838: 831: 821: 819: 813: 804: 794: 792: 786: 774: 771: 769:escape velocity 759: 749: 738:0.004 g/cm 735: 733: 730: 720: 706: 699: 695: 693: 680: 673: 671: 664: 660: 658: 645: 635: 632: 630: 624: 605: 591: 589: 588: 582: 568: 566: 534: 531: 520: 517: 508: 500: 482: 479: 470:4.743 km/s 467: 454: 445: 439: 438: 430: 424: 413: 403: 396: 395: 389: 383: 381:Semi-major axis 374: 364: 363: 357: 344: 334: 333: 324: 311:August 20, 1909 226: 222: 209: 182: 168: 154: 153: 129: 125: 114: 63: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16282: 16272: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16251: 16246: 16241: 16236: 16231: 16226: 16221: 16216: 16211: 16196: 16195: 16183: 16171: 16148: 16147: 16142: 16141: 16131: 16128: 16127: 16125: 16124: 16117: 16114:New Horizons 2 16110: 16105: 16099: 16097: 16093: 16092: 16090: 16089: 16084: 16074: 16064: 16054: 16051:launch vehicle 16043: 16041: 16037: 16036: 16033: 16032: 16030: 16029: 16024: 16019: 16017:Mark Showalter 16014: 16012:Daniel Sarokon 16009: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15984: 15982:Richard Binzel 15979: 15973: 15971: 15967: 15966: 15964: 15963: 15958: 15953: 15948: 15943: 15938: 15933: 15931:Ball Aerospace 15928: 15922: 15920: 15913: 15909: 15908: 15905: 15904: 15902: 15901: 15895: 15893: 15889: 15888: 15886: 15885: 15880: 15875: 15870: 15865: 15860: 15855: 15849: 15847: 15838: 15834: 15833: 15826: 15824: 15821: 15820: 15818: 15817: 15805: 15793: 15781: 15768: 15766: 15762: 15761: 15759: 15758: 15746: 15734: 15722: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15668: 15656: 15646: 15644: 15640: 15639: 15637: 15636: 15631: 15626: 15621: 15615: 15613: 15606: 15602: 15601: 15598: 15597: 15592: 15583: 15578: 15572: 15571: 15568: 15567: 15558: 15557: 15550: 15543: 15535: 15526: 15525: 15422: 15421: 15409: 15397: 15385: 15379: 15376: 15375: 15371: 15370: 15367: 15366: 15364: 15363: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15337: 15335: 15331: 15330: 15328: 15327: 15322: 15321: 15320: 15315: 15305: 15300: 15295: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15274: 15272: 15268: 15267: 15265: 15264: 15262:Scattered disc 15259: 15254: 15253: 15252: 15242: 15237: 15236: 15235: 15230: 15229: 15228: 15218: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15168: 15163: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15128: 15123: 15118: 15113: 15112: 15111: 15106: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15050: 15049: 15047:Excretion disk 15042:Accretion disk 15039: 15034: 15032:Star formation 15028: 15026: 15018: 15017: 15015: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14978: 14977: 14967: 14962: 14957: 14956: 14955: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14934: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14921:space stations 14913: 14912: 14911: 14906: 14896: 14895: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14874: 14868: 14866: 14854: 14853: 14851: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14835: 14830: 14825: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14794: 14792: 14781: 14778: 14777: 14775: 14774: 14769: 14768: 14767: 14762: 14760:Scattered disc 14757: 14752: 14747: 14746: 14745: 14740: 14725: 14724: 14723: 14718: 14708: 14707: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14645: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14628: 14627: 14622: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14592: 14591: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14547: 14542: 14541: 14540: 14535: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14509: 14507: 14495: 14494: 14492: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14461: 14451: 14446: 14439: 14437: 14431: 14430: 14428: 14427: 14426: 14425: 14415: 14414: 14413: 14403: 14402: 14401: 14391: 14390: 14389: 14379: 14378: 14377: 14372: 14362: 14361: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14330: 14329: 14328: 14318: 14317: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14291: 14290: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14254: 14253: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14237: 14232: 14227: 14222: 14217: 14212: 14207: 14197: 14196: 14195: 14190: 14185: 14180: 14175: 14165: 14164: 14163: 14158: 14148: 14147: 14146: 14141: 14132: 14130: 14124: 14123: 14121: 14120: 14119: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14068: 14067: 14066: 14065: 14064: 14059: 14049: 14048: 14047: 14042: 14027: 14026: 14025: 14020: 14015: 14010: 13999: 13997: 13980: 13977: 13976: 13974: 13973: 13966: 13959: 13952: 13945: 13938: 13931: 13924: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13890: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13822: 13819: 13818: 13811: 13810: 13803: 13796: 13788: 13779: 13778: 13776: 13775: 13770: 13763: 13757: 13754: 13753: 13746: 13745: 13738: 13731: 13723: 13714: 13713: 13711: 13710: 13705: 13693: 13687: 13685: 13679: 13678: 13676: 13675: 13670: 13669: 13668: 13658: 13657: 13656: 13646: 13645: 13644: 13634: 13633: 13632: 13627: 13617: 13616: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13595: 13594: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13563: 13562: 13561: 13550: 13548: 13539: 13538: 13536: 13535: 13530: 13529: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13508: 13503: 13498: 13492: 13490: 13486: 13485: 13478: 13477: 13470: 13463: 13455: 13446: 13445: 13443: 13442: 13431: 13428: 13427: 13424: 13423: 13421: 13420: 13407: 13405: 13399: 13398: 13396: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13334: 13332: 13326: 13325: 13323: 13322: 13310: 13298: 13286: 13274: 13262: 13250: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13181: 13176: 13169: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13026:Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà 13022: 13020: 13018:Scattered disc 13014: 13013: 13011: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12948: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12887: 12885: 12881: 12880: 12878: 12877: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12702: 12700: 12694: 12693: 12691: 12690: 12685: 12679: 12677: 12671: 12670: 12668: 12667: 12655: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12574: 12572: 12566: 12565: 12563: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12516: 12514: 12508: 12507: 12505: 12504: 12499: 12493: 12491: 12482: 12478: 12477: 12464: 12462: 12460: 12459: 12452: 12451: 12450: 12438: 12437: 12436: 12424: 12423: 12422: 12417: 12405: 12404: 12403: 12391: 12390: 12389: 12384: 12372: 12371: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12348: 12347: 12346: 12334: 12333: 12332: 12327: 12314: 12312: 12308: 12307: 12305: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12293: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12269: 12263: 12260: 12259: 12252: 12251: 12244: 12237: 12229: 12223: 12220: 12219: 12207: 12206: 12204: 12203: 12201:Venetia Burney 12198: 12193: 12187: 12185: 12181: 12180: 12177: 12176: 12174: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12142: 12140: 12136: 12135: 12133: 12132: 12131: 12130: 12125: 12123:Clyde Tombaugh 12120: 12110: 12104: 12102: 12098: 12097: 12095: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12078: 12076: 12072: 12071: 12069: 12068: 12063: 12057: 12055: 12048: 12044: 12043: 12041: 12040: 12032: 12030: 12024: 12023: 12021: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11992: 11990: 11984: 11983: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11958: 11956: 11955: 11949: 11947: 11943: 11942: 11940: 11939: 11933: 11931: 11927: 11926: 11924: 11923: 11917: 11915: 11909: 11908: 11906: 11905: 11899: 11897: 11893: 11892: 11890: 11889: 11884: 11882:Tenzing Montes 11879: 11874: 11872:Hillary Montes 11869: 11864: 11859: 11853: 11851: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11790: 11789: 11787:Meng-pʻo 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11756:Brass Knuckles 11751: 11749: 11742: 11730: 11729: 11727: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11710: 11707: 11706: 11699: 11698: 11691: 11684: 11676: 11669: 11668: 11656: 11643: 11619: 11605: 11590: 11567: 11554: 11542: 11537: 11525: 11513: 11504: 11488: 11486: 11485:External links 11483: 11481: 11480: 11475:978-0816540945 11474: 11461: 11455: 11439: 11437:978-0816518401 11425: 11423:978-1534960749 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11402: 11342: 11309: 11278: 11261:HubbleSite.org 11248: 11231:HubbleSite.org 11218: 11185: 11166: 11135: 11105: 11079: 11049: 11019: 10998:"New Horizons" 10989: 10958: 10932: 10914:New York Times 10899: 10869: 10850:Buie, Marc W. 10839: 10808:(2): 221–227. 10786: 10780:10.1086/318008 10765:(1): 552–561. 10745: 10715: 10689: 10676:10.1086/117532 10636: 10599:(1): 258–273. 10580: 10552:10.1086/452638 10505: 10452: 10422: 10369: 10336: 10327:Philip Metzger 10319:Philip Metzger 10310: 10276: 10246: 10182: 10163: 10145:Stern, S. Alan 10136: 10121: 10060: 9996: 9967: 9937: 9884: 9868: 9842: 9811: 9757: 9696: 9653: 9619: 9588: 9567: 9506: 9449: 9418: 9392: 9359: 9322:(3): L17–L21. 9306: 9276: 9250: 9162: 9135: 9095: 9032: 8997: 8979:New York Times 8965: 8934: 8903: 8850: 8813: 8786: 8742: 8708: 8679: 8642: 8573: 8534:(7): 468–472. 8510: 8477: 8446: 8440:. John Wenz, 8423: 8393: 8359:(1): 258–273. 8332: 8283: 8207: 8170: 8101: 8084:blogs.nasa.gov 8070: 8036: 7985: 7924: 7890: 7818: 7791: 7772:Buie, Marc W. 7761: 7692: 7656: 7612:(2): 710–721. 7589: 7530: 7479: 7435: 7405: 7398: 7369: 7363:10.1086/109674 7328: 7296: 7258: 7239: 7212: 7178: 7135: 7129:10.1086/318733 7087: 7073:10.1086/111100 7029: 7012:10.1086/115978 6976: 6899: 6873: 6846: 6837: 6828: 6798: 6779: 6762:gpd.jhuapl.edu 6749: 6718: 6692: 6659: 6629: 6602: 6583:(5819): 1643. 6567: 6540: 6509: 6482: 6452: 6425: 6398: 6381: 6354: 6328: 6282: 6257:10.1086/508861 6213: 6160: 6131: 6099: 6086:10.1086/508861 6046: 6016: 5944: 5888: 5858: 5838: 5831: 5805: 5800:10.1086/116575 5770: 5743:(1–4): 55–68. 5723: 5710:10.1086/504422 5686:(1): 290–298. 5670: 5657:10.1086/112284 5623: 5608: 5602:10.1086/126255 5564: 5559:10.1086/143288 5522: 5516:10.1086/124071 5471: 5450:(4): 380–385. 5430: 5423: 5405: 5374: 5347: 5316: 5283: 5252: 5215: 5202: 5182: 5169: 5135: 5076: 5061: 5035: 5027:Martin Gardner 5018: 5006: 4994: 4964: 4928: 4916: 4898: 4871: 4859: 4844: 4837: 4807: 4800: 4782: 4753:10.1086/351668 4747:(4): 551–564. 4726: 4715:(209): 73–80. 4691: 4672: 4652: 4635: 4609: 4579: 4553: 4527: 4485:(2): 101–135. 4459: 4432: 4386: 4312: 4248: 4186: 4152: 4092: 4082:elements here. 4003: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3942: 3929: 3904: 3873: 3797:PLUTO FORM TWO 3779: 3749: 3736: 3727: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3665: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3634: 3603: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3545: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3519: 3499: 3489: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3361:received from 3346:remote sensing 3331:gravity assist 3296: 3293: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3203:scattered disc 3179:scattered disc 3112: 3109: 3090: 3087: 3071:tidally locked 2983:tidally locked 2973:Moons of Pluto 2971:Main article: 2968: 2965: 2952:greenhouse gas 2938:boundary layer 2896: 2888: 2883:consisting of 2861:Main article: 2858: 2855: 2818: 2814: 2813: 2802: 2800: 2793: 2788: 2787: 2786: 2768:data from the 2587: 2584: 2521: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2480: 2478: 2467: 2460: 2458: 2451: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2432: 2367:Brass Knuckles 2335:Tombaugh Regio 2306: 2303: 2291: 2288: 2241: 2238: 2221: 2218: 2214:Jovian planets 2174: 2171: 2094: 2091: 2025: Neptune 1975: 1972: 1873: 1872: 1865: 1858: 1843:IAU resolution 1835:Main article: 1832: 1829: 1763: 1762:Classification 1760: 1744:Myles Standish 1705: 1704: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1569: 1566: 1556:Sao Diêm Vương 1497:suggested the 1469:Ben Sharpsteen 1377:Falconer Madan 1365:Venetia Burney 1310: 1307: 1289:Clyde Tombaugh 1221:In the 1840s, 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1177:scattered disk 1152:tidally locked 1030: 1029: 1016: 1010: 1009: 1002: 996: 993: 992: 988: 987: 986:0.06″ to 0.11″ 984: 979: 976: 975: 972: 964: 961: 960: 959:(mean is 15.1) 957:13.65 to 16.3 955: 950: 947: 946: 943: 942: 939: 938:44 K (−229 °C) 936: 933: 927: 926: 923: 920: 917: 906: 905: 894: 889: 886: 885: 882: 876: 873: 872: 869: 861: 858: 857: 851: 846: 843: 842: 841:13.11 m/s 839: 836: 833: 832: 830: 829: 826: 816: 814: 809: 806: 805: 803: 802: 799: 789: 787: 782: 779: 778: 772: 766: 763: 762: 757: 750: 744: 741: 740: 731: 725: 722: 721: 719: 718: 712: 704: 690: 688: 682: 681: 679: 678: 669: 655: 653: 647: 646: 644: 643: 640: 627: 625: 620: 617: 616: 613: 607: 606: 604: 603: 597: 585: 583: 578: 575: 574: 564: 558: 557: 551: 550: 545: 538: 537: 532: 527: 524: 523: 518: 513: 510: 509: 507: 506: 503: 497: 495: 489: 488: 480: 475: 472: 471: 468: 462: 459: 458: 455: 450: 447: 446: 444: 443: 436: 427: 425: 420: 417: 416: 411: 405: 404: 402: 401: 392: 390:39.482 AU 386: 384: 379: 376: 375: 373: 372: 369: 360: 358:29.658 AU 354: 352: 346: 345: 343: 342: 339: 330: 321: 319: 313: 312: 309: 301: 300: 291: 290: 284: 283: 269: 263: 262: 217: 211: 210: 208: 207: 202: 196: 191: 185: 183: 178: 175: 174: 169: 166: 163: 162: 123: 119: 118: 117:(134340) Pluto 115: 110: 107: 106: 102: 101: 98: 94: 93: 88: 82: 81: 76: 70: 69: 65: 64: 52:Tombaugh Regio 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16281: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16239:Dwarf planets 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16222: 16220: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16207: 16206: 16204: 16194: 16184: 16182: 16172: 16170: 16165: 16160: 16159: 16156: 16139: 16129: 16123: 16122: 16118: 16116: 16115: 16111: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16101: 16100: 16098: 16094: 16088: 16085: 16078: 16075: 16068: 16065: 16058: 16055: 16048: 16045: 16044: 16042: 16038: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15997:Lisa Hardaway 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15978: 15975: 15974: 15972: 15968: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15954: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15923: 15921: 15917: 15914: 15910: 15900: 15897: 15896: 15894: 15890: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15866: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15856: 15854: 15851: 15850: 15848: 15846: 15842: 15839: 15835: 15830: 15815: 15806: 15803: 15794: 15791: 15782: 15779: 15770: 15769: 15767: 15763: 15756: 15747: 15744: 15735: 15732: 15723: 15720: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15678: 15669: 15666: 15657: 15655: 15651: 15648: 15647: 15645: 15641: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15625: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15616: 15614: 15610: 15607: 15603: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15589: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15574: 15573: 15569: 15565: 15564: 15556: 15551: 15549: 15544: 15542: 15537: 15536: 15533: 15523: 15514: 15507: 15500: 15493: 15487: 15481: 15475: 15468: 15461: 15454: 15447: 15440: 15433: 15426: 15420: 15410: 15408: 15398: 15396: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15380: 15377: 15362: 15361:Tidal locking 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15341:Double planet 15339: 15338: 15336: 15332: 15326: 15323: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15310: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15293:Minor planets 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15275: 15273: 15269: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15251: 15248: 15247: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15234: 15231: 15227: 15226:Merging stars 15224: 15223: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15198: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15122: 15119: 15117: 15114: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15101: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15048: 15045: 15044: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15029: 15027: 15025: 15019: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14976: 14973: 14972: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14954: 14951: 14950: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14918: 14917: 14914: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14901: 14900: 14897: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14879: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14870: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14859: 14855: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14828:Subsatellites 14826: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14795: 14793: 14791: 14788:Hypothetical 14785: 14782: 14773: 14770: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14748: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14735: 14734: 14731: 14730: 14729: 14726: 14722: 14719: 14717: 14714: 14713: 14712: 14709: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14661: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14654:Asteroid belt 14652: 14650: 14647: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14617: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14597: 14596: 14593: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14550: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14530: 14529: 14528:Minor planets 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14510: 14508: 14506: 14496: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14462: 14459: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14444: 14441: 14440: 14438: 14436: 14432: 14424: 14421: 14420: 14419: 14416: 14412: 14409: 14408: 14407: 14404: 14400: 14397: 14396: 14395: 14392: 14388: 14385: 14384: 14383: 14380: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14367: 14366: 14363: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14335: 14334: 14331: 14327: 14324: 14323: 14322: 14319: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14296: 14295: 14292: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14259: 14258: 14255: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14221: 14218: 14216: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14202: 14201: 14198: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14171: 14170: 14169: 14166: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14153: 14152: 14149: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14136: 14134: 14133: 14131: 14129: 14125: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14073: 14072: 14069: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14054: 14053: 14050: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14037: 14036: 14033: 14032: 14031: 14028: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14005: 14004: 14001: 14000: 13998: 13996: 13991: 13987: 13984: 13983: 13978: 13972: 13971: 13967: 13965: 13964: 13960: 13958: 13957: 13953: 13951: 13950: 13946: 13944: 13943: 13939: 13937: 13936: 13932: 13930: 13929: 13925: 13923: 13922: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13895: 13891: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13865: 13820: 13816: 13809: 13804: 13802: 13797: 13795: 13790: 13789: 13786: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13768: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13758: 13755: 13751: 13744: 13739: 13737: 13732: 13730: 13725: 13724: 13721: 13709: 13706: 13703: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13688: 13686: 13684: 13680: 13674: 13671: 13667: 13664: 13663: 13662: 13659: 13655: 13652: 13651: 13650: 13647: 13643: 13640: 13639: 13638: 13635: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13622: 13621: 13618: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13600: 13599: 13596: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13568: 13567: 13564: 13560: 13557: 13556: 13555: 13552: 13551: 13549: 13544: 13543:Dwarf planets 13540: 13534: 13531: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13513: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13493: 13491: 13487: 13483: 13476: 13471: 13469: 13464: 13462: 13457: 13456: 13453: 13441: 13433: 13432: 13429: 13418: 13409: 13408: 13406: 13404: 13400: 13393: 13386: 13383: 13376: 13373: 13366: 13363: 13356: 13353: 13346: 13343: 13336: 13335: 13333: 13331: 13327: 13320: 13311: 13308: 13299: 13296: 13287: 13284: 13275: 13272: 13263: 13260: 13251: 13248: 13239: 13236: 13229: 13226: 13217: 13214: 13207: 13204: 13197: 13194: 13187: 13184: 13177: 13174: 13170: 13167: 13158: 13155: 13148: 13145: 13138: 13135: 13126: 13123: 13116: 13113: 13104: 13101: 13094: 13091: 13084: 13081: 13074: 13071: 13064: 13061: 13054: 13051: 13044: 13041: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13023: 13021: 13019: 13015: 13008: 13001: 12998: 12991: 12988: 12981: 12978: 12971: 12968: 12961: 12958: 12949: 12946: 12939: 12936: 12929: 12926: 12919: 12916: 12909: 12906: 12899: 12896: 12889: 12888: 12886: 12882: 12875: 12866: 12863: 12856: 12853: 12846: 12843: 12836: 12833: 12826: 12823: 12816: 12813: 12806: 12803: 12796: 12793: 12786: 12783: 12776: 12773: 12766: 12763: 12756: 12753: 12744: 12741: 12734: 12731: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12703: 12701: 12699: 12695: 12688: 12681: 12680: 12678: 12676: 12672: 12665: 12656: 12653: 12646: 12643: 12636: 12633: 12626: 12623: 12616: 12613: 12606: 12603: 12596: 12593: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12575: 12573: 12571: 12567: 12560: 12553: 12550: 12543: 12540: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12517: 12515: 12513: 12509: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12494: 12492: 12490: 12489:Asteroid belt 12486: 12483: 12479: 12474: 12468: 12458: 12457: 12453: 12449: 12446: 12445: 12444: 12443: 12439: 12435: 12432: 12431: 12430: 12429: 12425: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12412: 12411: 12410: 12406: 12402: 12399: 12398: 12397: 12396: 12392: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12379: 12378: 12377: 12373: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12355: 12354: 12353: 12349: 12345: 12342: 12341: 12340: 12339: 12335: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12322: 12321: 12320: 12316: 12315: 12313: 12309: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12272: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12264: 12261: 12257: 12256:Dwarf planets 12250: 12245: 12243: 12238: 12236: 12231: 12230: 12227: 12221: 12214: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12188: 12186: 12182: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12146:Double planet 12144: 12143: 12141: 12137: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12115: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12105: 12103: 12099: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12079: 12077: 12073: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12058: 12056: 12052: 12049: 12045: 12039: 12038: 12034: 12033: 12031: 12029: 12025: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11998: 11994: 11993: 11991: 11989: 11985: 11980: 11974: 11968: 11954: 11951: 11950: 11948: 11944: 11938: 11935: 11934: 11932: 11928: 11922: 11921:Adlivun Cavus 11919: 11918: 11916: 11910: 11904: 11901: 11900: 11898: 11894: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11854: 11852: 11846: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11759: 11757: 11753: 11752: 11750: 11746: 11743: 11740: 11735: 11731: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11711: 11708: 11704: 11697: 11692: 11690: 11685: 11683: 11678: 11677: 11674: 11665: 11661: 11657: 11654: 11650: 11647: 11644: 11641: 11637: 11634: 11630: 11626: 11623: 11620: 11617: 11613: 11610: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11597: 11594: 11591: 11588: 11584: 11581: 11578: 11574: 11571: 11568: 11565: 11561: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11549: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11532: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11523:archive.today 11520: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11508: 11507:Pluto Profile 11505: 11503: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11490: 11489: 11477: 11471: 11467: 11462: 11458: 11452: 11448: 11446: 11440: 11438: 11434: 11430: 11426: 11424: 11420: 11416: 11412: 11411: 11398: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11380: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11346: 11337: 11332: 11328: 11324: 11320: 11313: 11297: 11293: 11289: 11282: 11266: 11262: 11258: 11252: 11236: 11232: 11228: 11222: 11206: 11202: 11201: 11196: 11189: 11182: 11178: 11175: 11170: 11154: 11150: 11146: 11139: 11123: 11119: 11115: 11109: 11093: 11089: 11083: 11067: 11063: 11059: 11053: 11037: 11033: 11029: 11023: 11007: 11003: 10999: 10993: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10962: 10946: 10942: 10936: 10920: 10916: 10915: 10910: 10903: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10873: 10857: 10853: 10846: 10844: 10827: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10811: 10807: 10803: 10798: 10790: 10781: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10749: 10733: 10729: 10725: 10719: 10703: 10699: 10693: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10651: 10647: 10640: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10616: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10598: 10594: 10587: 10585: 10565: 10561: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10527: 10523: 10516: 10509: 10501: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10463: 10456: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10426: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10384: 10380: 10373: 10357: 10353: 10352: 10347: 10340: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10314: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10280: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10250: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10186: 10170: 10166: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10151: 10146: 10140: 10132: 10125: 10117: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10099: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10081: 10077: 10076: 10071: 10064: 10056: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10038: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10015: 10010: 10003: 10001: 9984: 9980: 9974: 9972: 9960:September 24, 9955: 9951: 9947: 9941: 9933: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9915: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9889: 9875: 9873: 9856: 9852: 9846: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9815: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9773: 9769: 9761: 9753: 9749: 9745: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9700: 9692: 9688: 9684: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9657: 9641: 9637: 9635: 9630: 9623: 9615: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9592: 9583: 9578: 9571: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9517: 9515: 9513: 9511: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9460: 9453: 9437: 9433: 9429: 9422: 9406: 9402: 9396: 9380: 9376: 9375: 9370: 9363: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9310: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9280: 9264: 9260: 9254: 9247: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9173: 9166: 9150: 9147:. Space.com. 9146: 9139: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9108: 9106: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9036: 9020: 9016: 9015:New Scientist 9012: 9008: 9001: 8985: 8981: 8980: 8975: 8969: 8962: 8950: 8946: 8945: 8938: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8907: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8854: 8848: 8835: 8831: 8827: 8820: 8818: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8790: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8746: 8739: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8712: 8696: 8692: 8686: 8684: 8664: 8660: 8653: 8646: 8638: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8589: 8584: 8577: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8528: 8522: 8514: 8498: 8494: 8493: 8488: 8481: 8470:September 24, 8465: 8461: 8457: 8450: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8432: 8427: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8397: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8353: 8348: 8341: 8339: 8337: 8328: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8287: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8219: 8211: 8192: 8188: 8181: 8174: 8166: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8105: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8074: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8040: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7989: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7928: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7894: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7825: 7823: 7806: 7802: 7795: 7779: 7775: 7768: 7766: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7696: 7680: 7676: 7675: 7670: 7666: 7660: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7600: 7593: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7534: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7483: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7439: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7415: 7409: 7401: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7376: 7374: 7364: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7332: 7316: 7312: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7271: 7265: 7263: 7246: 7242: 7236: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7222: 7216: 7200: 7196: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7139: 7130: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7083: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6998:: 1528–1538. 6997: 6993: 6988: 6980: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6903: 6887: 6883: 6877: 6861: 6857: 6850: 6841: 6832: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6802: 6796: 6792: 6789: 6783: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6722: 6706: 6702: 6696: 6689: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6663: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6633: 6617: 6613: 6606: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6571: 6555: 6552:. Space.com. 6551: 6544: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6513: 6497: 6493: 6486: 6470: 6466: 6459: 6457: 6440: 6436: 6429: 6413: 6410:. Space.com. 6409: 6402: 6394: 6393: 6385: 6369: 6365: 6358: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6217: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6164: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6136: 6116: 6109: 6103: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6050: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5948: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5892: 5876: 5873:. Space.com. 5872: 5868: 5862: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5842: 5834: 5828: 5824: 5819: 5818: 5809: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5627: 5621:, p. 57. 5620: 5619:Croswell 1997 5615: 5613: 5603: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5571: 5569: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5526: 5517: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5478: 5476: 5466: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5434: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5378: 5362: 5358: 5351: 5335: 5331: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5256: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5206: 5199: 5195: 5192: 5186: 5179: 5173: 5154: 5147: 5146: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5072: 5065: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4925: 4924:Croswell 1997 4920: 4913: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4886: 4883:. Space.com. 4882: 4875: 4869:, p. 52. 4868: 4867:Croswell 1997 4863: 4857:, p. 50. 4856: 4855:Croswell 1997 4851: 4849: 4840: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4803: 4797: 4793: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4665: 4664: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4606: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4572:September 29, 4567: 4563: 4557: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4520:September 26, 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4464: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4335: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4253: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4157: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4072: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4014: 4007: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3980: 3973: 3969: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3898: 3894: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3870: 3852: 3833: 3827: 3808: 3802: 3783: 3763: 3756:For example, 3753: 3746: 3740: 3731: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3686: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3588: 3584: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3549: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3509: 3503: 3493: 3486: 3485: 3480: 3474: 3470: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3354:spectroscopic 3351: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3254: 3249: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3132: 3131:giant planets 3127: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3007:James Christy 3004: 3000: 2991: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2810: 2809:MediaWiki.org 2806: 2801: 2792: 2791: 2785: 2771: 2767: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2672:asteroid belt 2669: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2629: 2625: 2592: 2586:Mass and size 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2556:100 to 180 km 2553: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2519:Silicate core 2518: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2443: 2436: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2406:glaciological 2383: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2316: 2311: 2301: 2297: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2173:Other factors 2170: 2168: 2164: 2154: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2119:perturbations 2115: 2113: 2104: 2099: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2076: 2075:Lyapunov time 2072: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2030: 2019: 2014: Uranus 2008: 2003: Saturn 1997: 1980: 1971: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1878:dwarf planets 1870: 1867:It must have 1866: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1838: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1769: 1759: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1702: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1587: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1574:viewable disc 1565: 1564:"King Yama". 1563: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1423: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1277: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1215: 1210: 1195: 1193: 1192: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1144:binary system 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1075:inner planets 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 1000: 994: 989: 985: 982: 977: 973: 970: 969: 962: 956: 953: 948: 940: 937: 934: 932: 929: 928: 924: 921: 918: 916: 912: 911: 907: 904: 899: 895: 892: 887: 883: 880: 874: 870: 866: 859: 852: 849: 844: 840: 834: 827: 818: 817: 815: 812: 807: 800: 791: 790: 788: 785: 780: 773: 770: 764: 760: 756: 751: 748: 742: 732: 729: 723: 717: 713: 710: 707:0.00218 705: 692: 691: 689: 687: 683: 670: 657: 656: 654: 652: 648: 641: 629: 628: 626: 623: 618: 614: 612: 608: 602: 598: 587: 586: 584: 581: 576: 565: 563: 559: 556: 552: 549: 546: 544: 539: 533: 530: 525: 519: 516: 511: 504: 499: 498: 496: 494: 490: 486: 481: 478: 473: 469: 466: 465:orbital speed 460: 456: 453: 448: 440:90,560 d 437: 435: 429: 428: 426: 423: 418: 412: 410: 406: 393: 388: 387: 385: 382: 377: 370: 361: 356: 355: 353: 351: 347: 341:February 2114 340: 331: 328: 323: 322: 320: 318: 314: 310: 307: 302: 299: 296: 292: 289: 285: 280: 274: 270: 268: 264: 259: 221: 218: 216: 212: 206: 203: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 186: 184: 181: 176: 173: 170: 164: 157: 150: 124: 122:Pronunciation 120: 116: 113: 108: 103: 99: 95: 92: 89: 87: 83: 80: 77: 75: 71: 66: 62:at lower left 61: 57: 53: 49: 48: 41: 36: 30: 26: 22: 16214:Solar System 16119: 16112: 15987:Alice Bowman 15919:Institutions 15643:Observations 15628: 15588:New Horizons 15587: 15563:New Horizons 15561: 15517:Each arrow ( 15439:Local Bubble 15425:Solar System 15423: 15216:Planetesimal 15171:Kuiper cliff 14899:Space probes 14872:Colonization 14711:Kirkwood gap 14632:Saturn Moons 14545:Planetesimal 14085: 14003:Terrestrials 13968: 13961: 13954: 13947: 13940: 13933: 13927: 13926: 13919: 13892: 13815:Solar System 13767:134340 Pluto 13765: 13565: 12454: 12440: 12426: 12407: 12393: 12374: 12351: 12350: 12336: 12317: 12151:Dwarf planet 12128:Roger Putnam 12037:New Horizons 12035: 11995: 11877:Piccard Mons 11857:Baret Montes 11702: 11664:the original 11493:New Horizons 11492: 11465: 11443: 11428: 11414: 11363:(214): 214. 11360: 11356: 11345: 11326: 11322: 11312: 11300:. Retrieved 11291: 11281: 11269:. Retrieved 11260: 11251: 11239:. Retrieved 11230: 11221: 11209:. Retrieved 11205:the original 11198: 11188: 11169: 11157:. Retrieved 11148: 11138: 11126:. Retrieved 11117: 11108: 11098:September 4, 11096:. Retrieved 11092:the original 11082: 11070:. Retrieved 11061: 11052: 11040:. Retrieved 11031: 11022: 11010:. Retrieved 11001: 10992: 10980:. Retrieved 10971: 10961: 10949:. Retrieved 10935: 10923:. Retrieved 10912: 10902: 10892:November 29, 10890:. Retrieved 10886:the original 10881: 10872: 10862:February 10, 10860:. Retrieved 10856:the original 10832:February 10, 10830:. Retrieved 10805: 10801: 10789: 10762: 10758: 10748: 10736:. Retrieved 10727: 10718: 10708:November 29, 10706:. Retrieved 10702:the original 10692: 10649: 10645: 10639: 10596: 10592: 10571:. Retrieved 10525: 10521: 10508: 10465: 10461: 10455: 10445:November 30, 10443:. Retrieved 10439:the original 10434: 10425: 10382: 10378: 10372: 10360:. 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Retrieved 7679:the original 7672: 7665:Drake, Nadia 7659: 7648:the original 7609: 7605: 7592: 7543: 7539: 7533: 7492: 7488: 7482: 7449: 7445: 7438: 7408: 7381: 7345: 7341: 7331: 7319:. Retrieved 7249:. Retrieved 7229: 7215: 7203:. Retrieved 7148: 7144: 7138: 7111: 7107: 7055: 7051: 7020:. Retrieved 6995: 6991: 6979: 6967:. Retrieved 6963:the original 6916: 6912: 6902: 6890:. Retrieved 6886:the original 6876: 6864:. Retrieved 6859: 6849: 6840: 6831: 6819:. Retrieved 6801: 6782: 6770:. Retrieved 6761: 6752: 6740:. Retrieved 6731: 6721: 6709:. Retrieved 6695: 6687: 6682:November 29, 6680:. Retrieved 6671: 6662: 6650:. Retrieved 6641: 6632: 6622:September 5, 6620:. Retrieved 6605: 6580: 6576: 6570: 6558:. Retrieved 6543: 6531:. Retrieved 6522: 6512: 6500:. Retrieved 6496:the original 6485: 6475:September 8, 6473:. Retrieved 6445:September 8, 6443:. Retrieved 6437:. NBC News. 6428: 6416:. Retrieved 6401: 6390: 6384: 6374:September 8, 6372:. Retrieved 6368:the original 6357: 6345:. 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Retrieved 4023: 4019: 4006: 3983: 3972: 3945: 3932: 3907: 3899: 3892: 3876: 3800: 3782: 3752: 3744: 3739: 3730: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3668: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3606: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3507: 3502: 3492: 3484:New Horizons 3482: 3473: 3435: 3422:New Horizons 3421: 3411:Charon-shine 3407:New Horizons 3406: 3404: 3400:New Horizons 3399: 3395:New Horizons 3394: 3393: 3379: 3375:New Horizons 3374: 3370:New Horizons 3369: 3367: 3363:New Horizons 3362: 3358:New Horizons 3357: 3341:New Horizons 3340: 3339: 3322:New Horizons 3321: 3319: 3315:New Horizons 3314: 3305:New Horizons 3289:New Horizons 3288: 3278: 3274: 3258: 3255:in 2002–2003 3186:planetesimal 3183: 3164: 3142:Solar System 3139: 3135: 3104:New Horizons 3103: 3092: 3083: 3056: 3040: 3015:circumbinary 2996: 2960:New Horizons 2959: 2949: 2942: 2934:New Horizons 2933: 2921:New Horizons 2920: 2917:New Horizons 2916: 2905:New Horizons 2904: 2878: 2873:New Horizons 2872: 2770:New Horizons 2769: 2750:New Horizons 2749: 2742: 2723: 2684: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2628:surface area 2597: 2580:Piccard Mons 2548:1700 km 2544:New Horizons 2543: 2525: 2422: 2420:processes." 2418:mass-wasting 2414:cryovolcanic 2382:New Horizons 2381: 2371: 2363:Belton Regio 2323:nitrogen ice 2320: 2279:polar wander 2277: 2250: 2223: 2209: 2203: 2180: 2176: 2159: 2116: 2108: 2080: 2064: 2040: 2036: Pluto 2028: 2017: 2006: 1995: 1965: 1949: 1942: 1922: 1914:Marc W. Buie 1910:New Horizons 1909: 1898: 1874: 1847:Solar System 1840: 1825:tenth planet 1786: 1778:Solar System 1771: 1747: 1732: 1708: 1595:Estimate by 1571: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1537: 1524: 1495:Houei Nojiri 1492: 1457:Mickey Mouse 1450: 1411: 1385: 1360: 1358: 1336:, Pluto and 1331: 1314: 1312: 1304: 1293: 1282: 1239: 1220: 1190: 1173:ninth planet 1166: 1157:New Horizons 1155: 1146:because the 1117: 1083: 1053:, a ring of 1047:dwarf planet 1043:134340 Pluto 1042: 1034: 1033: 967: 754: 676: Earths 642:0.035 Earths 622:Surface area 477:Mean anomaly 409:Eccentricity 325:49.305 189:Dwarf planet 105:Designations 60:Belton Regio 47:New Horizons 45: 33:134340 Pluto 29: 16:Dwarf planet 16193:Outer space 16181:Spaceflight 16108:Kuiper belt 16081:launch site 16061:upper stage 16007:Cathy Olkin 15845:Instruments 15688:28978 Ixion 15683:15810 Arawn 15480:Local Sheet 15474:Local Group 15257:Rubble pile 15245:Roche limit 15240:Ring system 15191:Outer space 15166:Kuiper belt 15136:Hill sphere 15131:Hills cloud 15079:Debris disk 15074:Cosmic dust 14858:Exploration 14813:Planet Nine 14798:Fifth giant 14772:Hills cloud 14733:Kuiper belt 14704:exceptional 14620:Trojan camp 13691:90377 Sedna 13489:TNO classes 12171:Kuiper belt 12028:Exploration 11914:depressions 11912:Valleys and 11887:Wright Mons 11449:. Picador. 11271:October 18, 11241:October 18, 11072:January 18, 10982:January 15, 10951:October 28, 10925:October 28, 10491:11336/38379 10175:October 23, 9735:11336/39754 9385:October 10, 9052:: 220–225. 8866:: 268–278. 8759:: 787–795. 8595:(1): 1542. 8386:October 25, 8094:January 24, 8063:January 24, 7917:October 26, 7251:October 18, 7225:Druyan, Ann 7221:Sagan, Carl 7022:October 18, 6942:1721.1/6038 6892:January 16, 6821:December 1, 6772:December 1, 6742:December 1, 6711:January 10, 6560:December 1, 6533:December 1, 6502:December 1, 6418:December 1, 6321:December 1, 5388:cjvlang.com 5234:. Unicode. 5200:2015 Apr 22 5162:January 29, 4267:: 357–392. 4178:January 16, 3979:"Plutonian" 3295:Exploration 3261:exploration 3243:Observation 3192:around the 3151:Kuiper belt 3117:Kuiper belt 3097:could be a 3095:15810 Arawn 3063:Sun–Jupiter 2930:troposphere 2926:sublimation 2805:Phabricator 2782:3.2 km 2745:hydrocarbon 2734:occultation 2608:3.2 km 2576:Wright Mons 2412:, possible 2378:sublimation 2259:days. Like 2046:called the 1884:, in their 1774:Kuiper belt 1463:, although 1453:Walt Disney 1342:an asteroid 1051:Kuiper belt 879:declination 767:Equatorial 745:Equatorial 594:0.8 km 580:Mean radius 571:1.6 km 493:Inclination 483:14.53 457:366.73 days 199:Kuiper belt 167:Named after 16203:Categories 16027:Hal Weaver 16022:Alan Stern 15892:Subsystems 15837:Spacecraft 15619:132524 APL 15499:Local Hole 15446:Gould Belt 15186:Oort cloud 15022:Formation, 15012:Deep space 14848:Vulcanoids 14765:Oort cloud 14689:first 1000 14625:Greek camp 14523:Meteoroids 14518:Damocloids 14464:Charikloan 12884:Other KBOs 12502:Interamnia 12363:Atmosphere 12330:Atmosphere 12297:Mesoplanet 12082:Alan Stern 11937:Luna Linea 11777:Vucub-Came 11772:Harrington 11714:Atmosphere 11370:2110.11976 11302:August 19, 11211:August 19, 10392:1805.09285 10089:1605.05376 10082:(2): L15. 10028:1607.06686 9898:(1): L85. 9781:2211.07987 9299:October 7, 9269:October 7, 9192:1604.05356 8602:2207.06557 8128:1601.02833 7947:1903.05571 7281:of Neptune 7151:(5): 501. 6183:1507.06300 6176:(6): 185. 5974:2110.15285 5967:: 114768. 5914:1805.04115 5382:Bathrobe. 5245:October 1, 5189:NASA/JPL, 5103:1603.08614 4348:1510.07704 4274:1712.05669 4218:1603.00821 4026:(2): A49. 4000:required.) 3965:References 3914:barycenter 3888:, such as 3867:, used in 3368:Since the 3285:resolution 3232:Nice model 3159:solar wind 3121:Nice model 3051:precession 2881:atmosphere 2857:Atmosphere 2643:Antarctica 2639:10 km 2620:10 kg 2315:convection 2212:. All the 2147:perihelion 2060:perihelion 1992: Sun 1918:Mike Brown 1902:Alan Stern 1686:Harrington 1663:Cruikshank 1148:barycenter 1118:Pluto has 1101:kilometres 991:Atmosphere 856:(to orbit) 848:Axial tilt 777: km/s 702:10 kg 667:10 km 638:10 km 611:Flattening 562:Dimensions 543:satellites 350:Perihelion 215:Adjectives 16071:3rd stage 16040:Logistics 16002:Brian May 15992:Marc Buie 15912:Personnel 15460:Milky Way 15453:Orion Arm 15221:Formation 15206:Migration 15201:Disrupted 15069:Coatlicue 15037:Accretion 15024:evolution 14970:Asteroids 14882:astronomy 14877:Discovery 14738:Cubewanos 14659:Asteroids 14489:Quaoarian 14479:Neptunian 14469:Chironean 14454:Saturnian 14230:Enceladus 13533:TNO moons 13496:Cubewanos 13031:Dziewanna 12698:Cubewanos 12481:Candidate 12311:Consensus 12196:Mythology 12101:Discovery 12047:Astronomy 11850:mountains 11848:Hills and 11734:Geography 11642:for more) 11622:CGI video 11607:NASA CGI 11580:(YouTube) 11397:239047659 11292:The Hindu 11118:Space.com 11032:The Verge 10728:Space.com 10606:0712.0553 10417:102343522 10351:Space.com 10216:1107.5309 10209:(4): 98. 10055:119284843 9932:118570875 9905:1209.3116 9835:March 26, 9806:253522934 9614:134519717 9562:205243819 9472:(1): 15. 9432:Space.com 9329:0901.4882 9025:April 27, 8898:119194193 8873:1403.3208 8781:122678656 8672:March 26, 8556:219976751 8327:266147862 8303:(12): 6. 8276:April 12, 7851:CiteSeerX 7722:CiteSeerX 7619:1301.6284 7474:177135895 7466:0036-8075 7321:March 28, 7205:March 26, 7173:125982610 7082:120122522 6866:April 12, 6809:. Paris: 6652:March 16, 6597:220102037 6392:USA Today 6009:August 8, 5999:240071005 5939:119206487 5907:: 21–32. 5765:189831334 5718:119386667 5665:120501620 5276:March 26, 5130:119114880 4987:March 22, 4957:April 12, 4684:April 15, 4507:189842666 4307:119072504 4299:0066-4146 4211:: 12–29. 4145:August 6, 3882:phonology 3571:π 3521:π 3228:perturbed 3175:see above 2911:(10 2762:8 km 2653:is 0.063 2572:habitable 2269:solstices 2199:(90°–38°) 2056:eccentric 1894:1163 Saga 1804:asteroids 1749:Voyager 2 1629:Nicholson 1488:neptunium 1480:plutonium 1467:animator 1359:The name 1313:The name 1266:precovery 1240:In 1906, 1203:Discovery 1086:eccentric 898:geometric 306:precovery 304:Earliest 220:Plutonian 68:Discovery 16264:Plutinos 16138:Category 16067:Star 48B 15899:GPHS-RTG 15765:Rejected 15708:Makemake 15586:List of 15576:Timeline 15513:Universe 15351:Moonlets 14931:programs 14904:timeline 14892:timeline 14823:Planet X 14818:Planet V 14755:Sednoids 14743:Plutinos 14716:Centaurs 14694:families 14423:Dysnomia 14411:Xiangliu 14406:Gonggong 14394:Makemake 14353:Kerberos 14240:Hyperion 14178:Callisto 14173:Ganymede 14106:Gonggong 14101:Makemake 13956:Gonggong 13949:Makemake 13683:Sednoids 13666:Dysnomia 13654:Xiangliu 13649:Gonggong 13637:Makemake 13586:Kerberos 13526:Twotinos 13521:Plutinos 13440:Category 13403:Sednoids 12675:Twotinos 12570:Plutinos 12520:Chariklo 12512:Centaurs 12442:Gonggong 12395:Makemake 12108:Planet X 12008:Kerberos 11804:Hayabusa 11782:Hun-Came 11762:Safronov 11739:features 11649:Archived 11636:Archived 11625:Archived 11612:Archived 11596:Archived 11583:Archived 11573:Archived 11560:Archived 11548:Archived 11531:Archived 11519:Archived 11498:Archived 11495:homepage 11296:Archived 11265:Archived 11235:Archived 11177:Archived 11159:July 14, 11153:Archived 11128:July 14, 11122:Archived 11066:Archived 11042:July 14, 11036:Archived 11006:Archived 10976:Archived 10945:Archived 10919:Archived 10826:Archived 10738:April 6, 10732:Archived 10684:10622344 10573:March 5, 10564:Archived 10560:14153557 10500:18066500 10356:Archived 10331:Archived 10287:(1999). 10241:53552519 10169:Archived 10116:54507506 9954:Archived 9855:Archived 9829:Archived 9744:16397493 9646:July 12, 9640:Archived 9636:web site 9554:26040889 9494:15009477 9442:July 11, 9436:Archived 9411:July 20, 9405:Archived 9379:Archived 9354:17779043 9293:Archived 9263:Archived 9238:June 12, 9225:32043359 9217:26989258 9149:Archived 9128:April 2, 9122:Archived 9082:Archived 9019:Archived 8990:July 24, 8984:Archived 8955:July 30, 8927:July 13, 8921:Archived 8834:Archived 8731:April 6, 8725:Archived 8701:July 13, 8637:35351895 8566:June 23, 8560:Archived 8503:June 23, 8497:Archived 8464:Archived 8434:Archived 8377:Archived 8267:Archived 8263:44159592 8255:29853681 8191:Archived 8165:26790001 8115:PLOS ONE 8088:Archived 8086:. NASA. 8057:Archived 8023:27251278 7980:30903520 7972:27251279 7911:Archived 7877:Archived 7805:Archived 7748:Archived 7644:26293543 7576:17757212 7517:27851731 7428:Archived 7417:Archived 7315:Archived 7284:Archived 7273:Archived 7245:Archived 7227:(1997). 7199:Archived 7016:Archived 6951:17792606 6815:Archived 6791:Archived 6766:Archived 6736:Archived 6705:Archived 6676:Archived 6646:Archived 6642:ilga.gov 6616:Archived 6554:Archived 6527:Archived 6469:Archived 6439:Archived 6412:Archived 6347:July 15, 6341:Archived 6275:April 9, 6269:Archived 6265:14676169 6208:51684830 6153:June 15, 6147:Archived 6124:June 15, 6115:Archived 6094:14676169 6033:Archived 6003:Archived 5875:Archived 5850:Archived 5340:June 12, 5300:Archived 5236:Archived 5194:Archived 5153:Archived 4951:Archived 4947:BBC News 4885:Archived 4777:26512655 4678:Archived 4622:Archived 4599:July 26, 4593:Archived 4566:Archived 4546:June 27, 4540:Archived 4452:June 12, 4446:Archived 4373:26472913 4243:44935431 4172:Archived 4139:Archived 4137:. 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