804:. Although federal courts can create federal common law in the form of case law, such law must be linked one way or another to the interpretation of a particular federal constitutional provision, statute, or regulation (which was either enacted as part of the Constitution or pursuant to constitutional authority). Federal courts lack the plenary power possessed by state courts to simply make up law, which the latter are able to do in the absence of constitutional or statutory provisions replacing the common law. Only in a few narrow limited areas, like maritime law, has the Constitution expressly authorized the continuation of English common law at the federal level (meaning that in those areas federal courts can continue to make law as they see fit, subject to the limitations of
62:
908:' Court Statistics Project found that state trial courts received 83.8 million newly filed cases in 2018, which consisted of 44.4 million traffic cases, 17.0 million criminal cases, 16.4 million civil cases, 4.7 million domestic relations cases, and 1.2 million juvenile cases. In 2018, state appellate courts received 234,000 new cases. By way of comparison, all federal district courts in 2016 together received only about 274,552 new civil cases, 79,787 new criminal cases, and 833,515 bankruptcy cases, while federal appellate courts received 53,649 new cases.
3363:, the U.S. Supreme Court explained that "the Court has uniformly held that the States are separate sovereigns with respect to the Federal Government because each State's power to prosecute is derived from its own 'inherent sovereignty,' not from the Federal Government .... The States are no less sovereign with respect to each other than they are with respect to the Federal Government. Their powers to undertake criminal prosecutions derive from separate and independent sources of power and authority originally belonging to them before admission to the Union and preserved to them by the
521:
1272:
84:
72:
317:" which generally state that the common law of England (particularly judge-made law) is the law of the state to the extent that it is not repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions. Some reception statutes impose a specific cutoff date for reception, such as the date of a colony's founding, while others are deliberately vague. Thus, contemporary U.S. courts often cite pre-Revolution cases when discussing the evolution of an ancient judge-made common law principle into its modern form, such as the heightened duty of care traditionally imposed upon
1552:
588:
708:. This is where the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself, in that an appellate court's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts in future cases (and therefore also implicitly binds all persons within the court's jurisdiction). Prior to a major change to federal court rules in 2007, about one-fifth of federal appellate cases were published and thereby became binding precedents, while the rest were unpublished and bound only the parties to each case.
888:. All states have a legislative branch which enacts state statutes, an executive branch that promulgates state regulations pursuant to statutory authorization, and a judicial branch that applies, interprets, and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations, as well as local ordinances. They retain plenary power to make laws covering anything not preempted by the federal Constitution, federal statutes, or international treaties ratified by the federal Senate. Normally,
237:
1496:
661:
4853:
854:
628:(APA). Regulations are first proposed and published in the Federal Register (FR or Fed. Reg.) and subject to a public comment period. Eventually, after a period for public comment and revisions based on comments received, a final version is published in the Federal Register. The regulations are codified and incorporated into the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) which is published once a year on a rolling schedule.
1299:, but torts (see below) cannot. The majority of the crimes committed in the United States are prosecuted and punished at the state level. Federal criminal law focuses on areas specifically relevant to the federal government like evading payment of federal income tax, mail theft, or physical attacks on federal officials, as well as interstate crimes like drug trafficking and wire fraud.
1579:(which did not exist at common law). Although the American Law Institute has attempted to standardize tort law through the development of several versions of the Restatement of Torts, many states have chosen to adopt only certain sections of the Restatements and to reject others. Thus, because of its immense size and diversity, American tort law cannot be easily summarized.
484:. In some areas, like aviation and railroads, the federal government has developed a comprehensive scheme that preempts virtually all state law, while in others, like family law, a relatively small number of federal statutes (generally covering interstate and international situations) interacts with a much larger body of state law. In areas like antitrust, trademark, and
742:
completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed, argued, and decided from first principles (such as relevant statutes, constitutional provisions, and underlying public policies), which in turn would create hopeless inefficiency, instability, and unpredictability, and thereby undermine the
177:, while the federal sovereign possesses only the limited supreme authority enumerated in the Constitution. Indeed, states may grant their citizens broader rights than the federal Constitution as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights. Thus U.S. law (especially the actual "living law" of
830:, such federal deference to state law applies only in one direction: state courts are not bound by federal interpretations of state law. Similarly, state courts are also not bound by most federal interpretations of federal law. In the vast majority of state courts, interpretations of federal law from federal
1734:
Family cases are traditionally a matter of state law and are virtually always heard only in state courts. Certain kinds of contract, tort, and property civil actions involving state law issues can be heard in federal courts under diversity jurisdiction, but federal courts decline to hear family cases
1718:
meant that divorces were rare, were often seen as fact-driven matters (meaning that they were perceived as turning on each case's facts and not broadly generalizable legal principles), and rarely went up on appeal. The rise of no-fault divorce caused divorce litigation to shift away from the question
1709:
In the United States, family law governs relationships between adults, and relationships between parents and their children. As a discrete area of law worthy of its own specialists and law professors, American family law is relatively young in comparison to
European family law; it did not take flight
1379:
in the United States consists of a massive overlay of federal constitutional case law interwoven with the federal and state statutes that actually provide the foundation for the creation and operation of law enforcement agencies and prison systems as well as the proceedings in criminal trials. Due to
838:
can be cited as persuasive authority, but state courts are not bound by those interpretations. The U.S. Supreme Court has never squarely addressed the issue, but has signaled in dicta that it sides with this rule. Therefore, in those states, there is only one federal court that binds all state courts
614:
to draft detailed statutes that explain how the agency should react to every possible situation, or
Congress believes the agency's technical specialists are best equipped to deal with particular fact situations as they arise. Therefore, federal agencies are authorized to promulgate regulations. Under
280:
Notably, a statute does not automatically disappear merely because it has been found unconstitutional; it may, however, be deleted by a subsequent statute. Many federal and state statutes have remained on the books for decades after they were ruled to be unconstitutional. However, under the principle
1738:
Although family cases are heard in state courts, there has been a trend towards federalization of certain specific issues in family law. State courts and the lawyers who practice before them must be aware of federal income tax and bankruptcy implications of a divorce judgment, federal constitutional
348:
was already complaining: "Now, when we require them to state the reasons for a decision, we do not mean they shall write a hundred pages of detail. We not mean that they shall include the small cases, and impose on the country all this fine judicial literature, for the Lord knows we have got enough
1586:
even in the absence of physical injury to the plaintiff, but most do not. For any particular tort, states differ on the causes of action, types and scope of remedies, statutes of limitations, and the amount of specificity with which one must plead the cause. With practically any aspect of tort law,
1566:
Tort law covers the entire imaginable spectrum of wrongs that humans can inflict upon each other, and it partially overlaps with wrongs also punishable by criminal law. It is primarily a matter of state law and is usually developed through case law from state appellate courts; it is rarely a matter
1248:
American lawyers draw a fundamental distinction between procedural law (which controls the procedure by which legal rights and duties are vindicated) and substantive law (the actual substance of law, which is usually expressed in the form of various legal rights and duties). (The remainder of this
631:
Besides regulations formally promulgated under the APA, federal agencies also frequently promulgate an enormous amount of forms, manuals, policy statements, letters, and rulings. These documents may be considered by a court as persuasive authority as to how a particular statute or regulation may be
344:
decisions gradually disappeared during the 19th century as
American courts developed their own principles to resolve the legal problems of the American people. The number of published volumes of American reports soared from eighteen in 1810 to over 8,000 by 1910. By 1879 one of the delegates to the
715:
has pointed out, binding precedent as we know it today simply did not exist at the time the
Constitution was framed. Judicial decisions were not consistently, accurately, and faithfully reported on both sides of the Atlantic (reporters often simply rewrote or failed to publish decisions which they
778:
It is now sometimes possible, over time, for a line of precedents to drift from the express language of any underlying statutory or constitutional texts until the courts' decisions establish doctrines that were not considered by the texts' drafters. This trend has been strongly evident in federal
1449:
New York, Illinois, and
California are the most significant states that have not adopted the FRCP. Furthermore, all three states continue to maintain most of their civil procedure laws in the form of codified statutes enacted by the state legislature, as opposed to court rules promulgated by the
1445:
Thirty-five states have adopted rules of civil procedure modeled after the FRCP (including rule numbers). However, in doing so, they had to make some modifications to account for the fact that state courts have broad general jurisdiction while federal courts have relatively limited jurisdiction.
1509:
covers obligations established by agreement (express or implied) between private parties. Generally, contract law in transactions involving the sale of goods has become highly standardized nationwide as a result of the widespread adoption of the
Uniform Commercial Code. However, there is still
1239:
to live under six or more layers of special districts as well as a town or city, and a county or township (in addition to the federal and state governments). Thus, at any given time, the average
American citizen is subject to the rules and regulations of several dozen different agencies at the
741:
of effective judicial administration (that is, in order to efficiently exercise the judicial power). The rule of binding precedent is generally justified today as a matter of public policy, first, as a matter of fundamental fairness, and second, because in the absence of case law, it would be
720:
theories of law, by which law was believed to have an existence independent of what individual judges said. Judges saw themselves as merely declaring the law which had always theoretically existed, and not as making the law. Therefore, a judge could reject another judge's opinion as simply an
1562:
Tort law generally covers any civil action between private parties arising from wrongful acts that amount to a breach of general obligations imposed by law and not by contract. This broad family of civil wrongs involves interference "with person, property, reputation, or commercial or social
343:
Early on, American courts, even after the
Revolution, often did cite contemporary English cases, because appellate decisions from many American courts were not regularly reported until the mid-19th century. Lawyers and judges used English legal materials to fill the gap. Citations to English
773:
To overturn a decision settling one such matter simply because we might believe that decision is no longer "right" would inevitably reflect a willingness to reconsider others. And that willingness could itself threaten to substitute disruption, confusion, and uncertainty for necessary legal
339:
American common law has diverged significantly from
English common law. Although the courts of the various Commonwealth nations are often influenced by each other's rulings, American courts rarely follow post-Revolution precedents from England or the British Commonwealth.
1630:, which was published in 1964 and was very influential throughout the United States. Outside the U.S., the rule was adopted by the European Economic Community in the Product Liability Directive of July 1985, by Australia in July 1992, and by Japan in June 1994.
897:. State laws have dramatically diverged in the centuries since independence, to the extent that the United States cannot be regarded as one legal system as to the majority of types of law traditionally under state control, but must be regarded as 50
3740:
For example, Section 437c of the
California Code of Civil Procedure was amended by the state legislature several times in the 1990s to bring California's summary judgment standard in line with Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See
1380:
the perennial inability of legislatures in the U.S. to enact statutes that would actually force law enforcement officers to respect the constitutional rights of criminal suspects and convicts, the federal judiciary gradually developed the
1473:, by which the burden falls on class members to notify the court that they do not wish to be bound by the judgment, as opposed to opt-in class actions, where class members must join into the class. Another unique feature is the so-called
567:, and cumulative supplements are published annually. The U.S. Code is arranged by subject matter, and it shows the present status of laws (with amendments already incorporated in the text) that have been amended on one or more occasions.
892:
are the final interpreters of state constitutions and state law, unless their interpretation itself presents a federal issue, in which case a decision may be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court by way of a petition for writ of
360:; but current British law almost never gets any mention." Foreign law has never been cited as binding precedent, but as a reflection of the shared values of Anglo-American civilization or even Western civilization in general.
3296:
1345:
directly to victims; while misdemeanors may lead to a year or less in jail and a substantial fine. To simplify the prosecution of traffic violations and other relatively minor crimes, some states have added a third level,
1665:
second. It is also primarily a matter of state law, and the level of interstate diversity in the law of property is much more substantial than in contract and tort. Efforts by both the American Law Institute and the
1450:
state supreme court, on the ground that the latter are undemocratic. But certain key portions of their civil procedure laws have been modified by their legislatures to bring them closer to federal civil procedure.
1232:. And all the state constitutions, statutes and regulations (as well as all the ordinances and regulations promulgated by local entities) are subject to judicial interpretation like their federal counterparts.
310:. American judges, like common law judges elsewhere, not only apply the law, they also make the law, to the extent that their decisions in the cases before them become precedent for decisions in future cases.
287:, a lower court that enforces an unconstitutional statute will be reversed by the Supreme Court. Conversely, any court that refuses to enforce a constitutional statute will risk reversal by the Supreme Court.
1290:
by the state of wrongful acts which are considered to be so serious that they are a breach of the sovereign's peace (and cannot be deterred or remedied by mere lawsuits between private parties). Generally,
693:; this power was widely accepted, understood, and recognized by the Founding Fathers at the time the Constitution was ratified. Several legal scholars have argued that the federal judicial power to decide "
724:
In turn, according to Kozinski's analysis, the contemporary rule of binding precedent became possible in the U.S. in the nineteenth century only after the creation of a clear court hierarchy (under the
823:
apply the statutory and decisional law of the state in which they sit, as if they were a court of that state, even if they believe that the relevant state law is irrational or just bad public policy.
815:
doctrine is that federal courts cannot dictate the content of state law when there is no federal issue (and thus no federal supremacy issue) in a case. When hearing claims under state law pursuant to
8060:
7965:
5348:
2346:, 886 P.2d 931, 940 (Mont. 1994) (Trieweiler, J., specially concurring), vacated and remanded by 515 U.S. 1129 (1995), reaffirmed and reinstated by 901 P.2d 596 (Mont. 1995), reversed sub nom.
1360:
For public welfare offenses where the state is punishing merely risky (as opposed to injurious) behavior, there is significant diversity across the various states. For example, punishments for
1510:
significant diversity in the interpretation of other kinds of contracts, depending upon the extent to which a given state has codified its common law of contracts or adopted portions of the
8085:
6068:
299:
countries are heirs to the common law legal tradition of English law. Certain practices traditionally allowed under English common law were expressly outlawed by the Constitution, such as
716:
disliked), and the United Kingdom lacked a coherent court hierarchy prior to the end of the 19th century. Furthermore, English judges in the eighteenth century subscribed to now-obsolete
544:. Public laws, but not private laws, are also given legal statutory citation by the OFR. At the end of each session of Congress, the slip laws are compiled into bound volumes called the
6560:
677:
Unlike the situation with the states, there is no plenary reception statute at the federal level that continued the common law and thereby granted federal courts the power to formulate
420:
During the 18th and 19th centuries, federal law traditionally focused on areas where there was an express grant of power to the federal government in the federal Constitution, like the
8065:
1368:
still vary widely, with some states treating possession of small amounts of drugs as a misdemeanor offense or as a medical issue and others categorizing the same offense as a serious
332:(the ancestor of the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act). Such English statutes are still regularly cited in contemporary American cases interpreting their modern American descendants.
1430:
in 1850 and code pleading in turn was subsequently replaced again in most states by modern notice pleading during the 20th century. The old English division between common law and
1384:
as a method to enforce such rights. In turn, the exclusionary rule spawned a family of judge-made remedies for the abuse of law enforcement powers, of which the most famous is the
2303:
617:
398:
7955:
6433:
681:
like their English predecessors. Federal courts are solely creatures of the federal Constitution and the federal Judiciary Acts. However, it is universally accepted that the
754:.", which "catalogued the Court's actual overruling practices in such a powerful manner that his attendant stare decisis analysis immediately assumed canonical authority."
7970:
7865:
8055:
6150:
6155:
6250:
5590:
5460:
4822:
324:
Second, a small number of important British statutes in effect at the time of the Revolution have been independently reenacted by U.S. states. Two examples are the
8075:
6840:
5720:
3086:
1113:
158:
and in the territories. However, the scope of federal preemption is limited because the scope of federal power is not universal. In the dual sovereign system of
8070:
7599:
6327:
6095:
5929:
5585:
2685:
Debates and Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of the State of California, Convened at the City of Sacramento, Saturday, September 28, 1878, Vol. III
1180:
1153:
154:
The Constitution provides that it, as well as federal laws and treaties that are made pursuant to it, preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50
411:. Many lawsuits turn on the meaning of a federal statute or regulation, and judicial interpretations of such meaning carry legal force under the principle of
8080:
6616:
6183:
6073:
4895:
3349:
3324:
3200:
3163:
3138:
3113:
3091:
3034:
2374:
2351:
2323:
2077:
2054:
2029:
1980:
1944:
1919:
1894:
1869:
1118:
1108:
385:
is the official compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal statutes. Many statutes give executive branch agencies the power to create
7960:
7910:
7672:
5951:
313:
The actual substance of English law was formally "received" into the United States in several ways. First, all U.S. states except Louisiana have enacted "
8045:
8040:
8035:
7890:
7760:
7594:
5988:
2295:
1068:
8025:
8132:
8030:
7945:
7920:
6528:
6386:
4787:
2436:
1123:
7930:
7900:
6090:
5877:
3509:
3364:
953:
769:
Justice Brandeis once observed that "in most matters it is more important that the applicable rule of law be settled than that it be settled right."
721:
incorrect statement of the law, in the way that scientists regularly reject each other's conclusions as incorrect statements of the laws of science.
4376:
8010:
7935:
7915:
6582:
6555:
5872:
3195:
1163:
7880:
6930:
6890:
5226:
968:
923:
686:
224:. However, American law has diverged greatly from its English ancestor both in terms of substance and procedure and has incorporated a number of
8000:
6738:
5656:
5143:
7842:
7547:
6952:
6188:
5395:
5090:
1739:
rights to abortion and paternity, and federal statutes governing interstate child custody disputes and interstate child support enforcement.
1529:
contracts arising under federal or state law), arbitration clauses are generally enforceable unless the party resisting arbitration can show
1185:
1133:
6570:
6167:
5983:
5924:
5507:
5465:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5008:
1689:
title) is also allowed in a small minority of states. Title to personal property is usually not registered, with the notable exceptions of
1575:, limit the liability of people who commit torts under state law. State tort-related statutes focus on discrete issues such as authorizing
625:
537:
621:
deference, regulations normally carry the force of law as long as they are based on a reasonable interpretation of the relevant statutes.
7694:
7537:
7432:
7177:
6915:
6035:
5946:
5688:
5673:
5555:
1804:
4446:
7520:
7035:
7030:
7020:
6393:
6122:
5370:
4912:
1583:
559:, which is a codification of all general and permanent laws of the United States. The main edition is published every six years by the
7689:
7632:
7525:
7354:
6796:
5299:
4972:
4809:
1820:
1815:
1748:
1572:
515:
91:
is the highest authority in interpreting federal law, including the federal Constitution, federal statutes, and federal regulations.
7736:
7532:
7025:
6513:
6453:
6013:
5668:
5560:
5410:
2758:
2232:
prior to the 20th century. The result was that the colonists recreated the legal diversity of English law in the American colonies.
469:
356:: "American cases rarely cite foreign materials. Courts occasionally cite a British classic or two, a famous old case, or a nod to
8090:
7642:
7615:
7574:
7569:
7542:
7472:
7359:
7155:
6962:
6550:
6374:
6272:
5904:
5084:
5023:
5003:
4804:
3484:
3069:
1315:
112:
1637:
and Section 402A had become so complicated that another restatement was needed, which occurred with the 1997 publication of the
492:, Congress has enacted laws expressly refusing to regulate them as long as the states have laws regulating them (see, e.g., the
7743:
7452:
7135:
7040:
6870:
6818:
6779:
6346:
6341:
6195:
6132:
6085:
6063:
6028:
5683:
5539:
4872:
4780:
1698:
607:
564:
429:
8123:
7559:
7447:
7317:
7221:
7130:
7054:
6599:
6565:
5580:
5570:
5565:
5423:
5418:
5282:
5247:
5018:
4907:
3014:
2464:"Common-Law Courts in a Civil-Law System: The Role of United States Federal Courts in Interpreting the Constitution and Laws"
682:
3508:
city ordinance regulating motion picture theatres as an unconstitutional violation of freedom of speech as protected by the
7755:
7652:
7589:
7579:
7462:
7253:
7216:
7145:
6977:
6942:
6493:
6223:
5956:
5727:
5678:
5651:
5575:
5534:
5013:
4967:
4949:
4827:
1809:
1770:
1354:
8607:
7711:
7699:
7637:
7394:
6885:
6784:
6381:
6040:
5936:
5820:
4861:
2049:
2006:
1799:
1190:
465:
433:
1200:
552:. The Statutes at Large present a chronological arrangement of the laws in the exact order that they have been enacted.
488:, there are powerful laws at both the federal and state levels that coexist with each other. In a handful of areas like
8697:
7684:
7625:
7510:
7505:
7442:
7204:
7165:
7125:
6972:
6925:
6905:
6518:
6145:
6140:
6045:
5993:
5522:
5277:
5136:
4880:
3377:
1474:
1400:
1276:
877:
560:
445:
174:
88:
4067:
3955:
2624:
changed from a complete reliance on English sources of law to an increasing reliance on citations to American sources.
8692:
8015:
7835:
7726:
7706:
7657:
7647:
7515:
7437:
7414:
7374:
7238:
7228:
7105:
7080:
6987:
6967:
6445:
6235:
5961:
5343:
5080:
5065:
5043:
5033:
4773:
4616:
4386:
4356:
4315:
4281:
4247:
4213:
4186:
4152:
4043:
3999:
3859:
3818:
3777:
3718:
3682:
3646:
3614:
3580:
3546:
3233:
2884:
2855:
2810:
2783:
2710:
2645:
2590:
2475:
2405:
2253:
2214:
2180:
2144:
2110:
1851:
1787:
1650:
1511:
108:
65:
3455:
532:
After the president signs a bill into law (or Congress enacts it over the president's veto), it is delivered to the
7731:
7677:
7662:
7564:
7399:
6875:
6828:
6823:
6725:
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6352:
6117:
5646:
5075:
5070:
5048:
4998:
1435:
1266:
905:
273:
If Congress enacts a statute that conflicts with the Constitution, state or federal courts may rule that law to be
262:
254:
7765:
7554:
7495:
7404:
7295:
7270:
6767:
6757:
6322:
6240:
6178:
6162:
6008:
6003:
5767:
5747:
5737:
5732:
5095:
4957:
4885:
4817:
4429:
1775:
1353:
On average, only three percent of criminal cases are resolved by jury trial; 97 percent are terminated either by
1236:
904:
Most cases are litigated in state courts and involve claims and defenses under state laws. In a 2018 report, the
831:
545:
511:
329:
2554:, 43 Cal. 3d 1247, 241 Cal. Rptr. 22, 743 P.2d 1279 (1987) (citing original Statute of Frauds from England) and
8377:
7748:
7422:
7369:
7285:
7275:
7243:
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7002:
6900:
6762:
6682:
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6458:
6315:
6018:
5976:
5919:
5693:
5604:
4902:
3409:
1753:
1422:
governs process in all judicial proceedings involving lawsuits between private parties. Traditional common law
726:
533:
489:
3297:"Inferiority Complex: Should State Courts Follow Lower Federal Court Precedent on the Meaning of Federal Law?"
8282:
7905:
7500:
7364:
7280:
7211:
7182:
7120:
7010:
6982:
6626:
5998:
5891:
5129:
4993:
4837:
4119:
4104:
4089:
1413:
796:
461:
7828:
7795:
7788:
7721:
7584:
7467:
7389:
7379:
7233:
7194:
7150:
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7067:
7015:
6947:
6920:
6880:
6858:
6667:
6481:
6428:
6361:
6218:
6174:
6102:
6023:
5941:
5752:
5616:
5445:
5353:
5161:
5060:
4890:
3707:"Fourth Amendment Federalism?: The Court's Vacillating Mistrust and Trust of State Search and Seizure Laws"
1715:
1694:
1465:, and aggressive pretrial "law and motion" practice designed to result in a pretrial disposition (that is,
835:
449:
140:
42:
17:
7716:
7667:
7482:
7384:
7307:
7189:
7085:
6910:
6895:
6833:
6468:
6423:
6230:
6112:
5966:
5038:
4927:
3158:
1765:
1607:
963:
885:
592:
576:
481:
477:
394:
2754:
1719:
of who was at fault for the collapse of the marital relationship and to focus instead on issues such as
1714:
revolution of the 1960s. Before the 1950s, widespread religious, legal, and social prohibitions against
7620:
7490:
7322:
7302:
7290:
7100:
7090:
6772:
6677:
6290:
6280:
5807:
5802:
5792:
5787:
5309:
5028:
3108:
1914:
1782:
1490:
1439:
1262:
694:
634:
457:
405:
221:
8642:
8272:
8116:
8020:
7199:
6505:
6310:
6305:
5867:
5321:
5100:
4962:
3942:
3133:
2740:
1759:
1250:
1148:
848:
839:
as to the interpretation of federal law and the federal Constitution: the U.S. Supreme Court itself.
697:" necessarily includes the power to decide the precedential effect of those cases and controversies.
493:
205:
198:
38:
2550:
7312:
6692:
6662:
6657:
6647:
6413:
6369:
5971:
5757:
5621:
5435:
5375:
5055:
4578:
Gerber, Scott D. (2011). "Bringing Ideas Back In—A Brief Historiography of American Colonial Law".
3276:
2826:
2668:
2556:
2519:
1590:
Notably, the most broadly influential innovation of 20th-century American tort law was the rule of
1568:
1229:
757:
Here is a typical exposition of how public policy supports the rule of binding precedent in a 2008
655:
441:
225:
8512:
6806:
6542:
6300:
5267:
5110:
4917:
4535:
Rabban, David M. (2003). "The Historiography of Late Nineteenth-Century American Legal History".
2951:
1674:
1522:
1500:
1073:
780:
345:
296:
1438:
in 1938; it has also been independently abolished by legislative acts in nearly all states. The
1350:. These may result in fines and sometimes the loss of one's driver's license, but no jail time.
1249:
article requires the reader to be already familiar with the contents of the separate article on
8467:
7804:
7258:
6608:
6418:
6398:
6200:
6055:
5850:
5797:
5782:
5626:
5314:
5105:
2683:
2024:
1667:
1556:
1546:
1453:
Generally, American civil procedure has several notable features, including extensive pretrial
1280:
1221:
816:
421:
76:
4599:
4346:
4176:
4142:
4121:
The Uniform Simplification of Land Transfers Act and the Politics and Economics of Law Reform,
4033:
3989:
3849:
3808:
3767:
3706:
3570:
3536:
2800:
2773:
2700:
2635:
2134:
1481:
of "loser pays"), though American legislators and courts have carved out numerous exceptions.
7457:
7140:
6255:
5812:
5777:
5772:
5715:
5698:
5428:
4852:
4639:
4305:
4271:
4237:
3670:
3634:
3604:
3353:
3328:
3266:, he had no choice but to apply the state court's reasoning despite his strong dislike of it.
3221:
3204:
3167:
3142:
3117:
3095:
3054:
3038:
3002:
2964:
2945:
2872:
2845:
2621:
2580:
2395:
2378:
2355:
2327:
2299:
2243:
2168:
2098:
2081:
2058:
2033:
1984:
1948:
1923:
1898:
1873:
1395:
1365:
1078:
862:
666:
651:
437:
4440:
4203:
3401:
3395:
2463:
2204:
1841:
61:
8109:
7851:
7809:
6937:
6811:
6702:
6080:
5512:
5492:
5440:
5390:
5331:
5262:
4405:
2560:, 31 Cal.4th 657, 3 Cal. Rptr. 3d 390, 74 P.3d 166 (2003) (citing Statute of 13 Elizabeth).
1720:
1576:
1058:
1018:
690:
520:
425:
353:
128:
3262:
attacked a 1968 Supreme Court of California opinion at length before conceding that under
2228:
Professor Friedman points out that English law itself was never completely uniform across
1271:
8:
8662:
8577:
8552:
7349:
7265:
7075:
6791:
6476:
6107:
5304:
4935:
4696:
4138:
4134:
4029:
4025:
3985:
3981:
3845:
3841:
3804:
3800:
3763:
3759:
1615:
1103:
1083:
889:
611:
378:
159:
83:
71:
1587:
there is a "majority rule" adhered to by most states, and one or more "minority rules."
685:, by vesting "judicial power" into the Supreme Court and the inferior federal courts in
8602:
8582:
8487:
8472:
8182:
8142:
8050:
7870:
6589:
6577:
6295:
6285:
6262:
6245:
5641:
5385:
5380:
5252:
4842:
4710:
4552:
3331:
3207:
3170:
3145:
3120:
3041:
2744:, 45 Eur. Ct. H. R. (1981), as indicative of the shared values of Western civilization.
2358:
2330:
2290:
2084:
2036:
1987:
1926:
1901:
1876:
1614:
based on warranties and imposed strict liability for defective products as a matter of
1376:
1195:
1033:
948:
774:
stability. We have not found here any factors that might overcome these considerations.
671:
596:
556:
525:
505:
382:
357:
314:
163:
148:
144:
100:
3356:
2061:
1622:. The American Law Institute subsequently adopted a slightly different version of the
1240:
federal, state, and local levels, depending upon one's current location and behavior.
901:
systems of tort law, family law, property law, contract law, criminal law, and so on.
689:, thereby vested in them the implied judicial power of common law courts to formulate
373:
Federal law originates with the Constitution, which gives Congress the power to enact
8432:
8402:
8287:
8192:
8177:
7332:
6488:
5840:
5338:
5257:
5242:
4612:
4595:
4511:
4382:
4352:
4311:
4277:
4243:
4209:
4182:
4148:
4039:
3995:
3855:
3814:
3773:
3714:
3678:
3642:
3610:
3576:
3542:
3405:
3229:
3010:
2978:
2880:
2851:
2806:
2779:
2734:
2706:
2641:
2586:
2471:
2401:
2381:
2307:
2249:
2210:
2176:
2140:
2106:
1951:
1847:
1662:
1595:
1530:
1381:
1319:
1213:
1063:
938:
701:
325:
300:
197:
experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis) consists primarily of
4556:
397:. From 1984 to 2024, regulations generally also carried the force of law under the
8667:
8592:
8562:
8502:
8427:
8362:
8167:
8157:
7248:
7095:
6801:
6621:
5631:
5472:
5455:
5450:
5289:
4661:
4587:
4544:
4507:
The Transformation of American Law, 1870–1960: The Crisis of Legal Orthodoxy (1992)
3344:
2941:
1889:
1711:
1654:
1603:
1591:
1466:
1458:
1158:
1028:
1003:
881:
758:
582:
390:
274:
132:
3381:
8617:
8567:
8532:
8517:
8497:
8437:
8307:
8252:
8232:
8222:
8197:
7995:
7875:
6957:
6733:
6631:
6403:
5703:
5636:
5405:
5326:
5272:
4832:
3746:
3501:
2617:
1939:
1678:
1454:
1419:
1385:
1143:
1093:
1048:
1038:
1023:
1013:
998:
978:
943:
933:
737:. The rule gradually developed, case-by-case, as an extension of the judiciary's
678:
453:
217:
120:
116:
3890:
2245:
Law in American History, Volume 1: From the Colonial Years Through the Civil War
1477:
under which parties generally bear their own attorneys' fees (as opposed to the
700:
The difficult question is whether federal judicial power extends to formulating
8672:
8657:
8652:
8637:
8572:
8542:
8482:
8457:
8452:
8352:
8347:
8327:
8322:
8312:
8302:
8292:
8277:
8257:
8227:
8212:
8202:
8187:
8172:
8162:
8152:
8147:
8005:
7427:
7327:
6710:
5845:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5497:
5360:
5294:
4717:
4482:
4421:
3928:, vol. 1, ed. Christian Campbell (Salzburg: Yorkhill Law Publishing, 2006), 52.
1394:
is often used by suspects and convicts to challenge their detention, while the
1338:
1138:
1043:
983:
958:
928:
918:
788:
762:
747:
485:
473:
460:
Clauses of the Constitution have enabled federal law to expand into areas like
318:
2738:, 538 U.S. 558 (2003), in which the majority cited a European court decision,
1551:
587:
8686:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8612:
8597:
8557:
8547:
8527:
8507:
8492:
8447:
8417:
8407:
8397:
8382:
8337:
8332:
8317:
8267:
8237:
8217:
8207:
7950:
7940:
7885:
6408:
5708:
5517:
5152:
4706:
4435:
3259:
2982:
2620:, 1976): 686. Between 1808 and 1828, the briefs filed in court cases in the
1728:
1690:
1682:
1658:
1611:
1390:
1361:
1296:
1098:
1053:
993:
738:
712:
413:
283:
258:
167:
119:. The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law, which consists of
96:
4591:
4068:"Why Restate the Bundle?: The Disintegration of the Restatement of Property"
3441:, ed. Alan B. Morrison, 57–60 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 60.
540:(NARA) where it is assigned a law number, and prepared for publication as a
8587:
8537:
8477:
8462:
8442:
8422:
8392:
8387:
8357:
8342:
8297:
8247:
8242:
7925:
6715:
6687:
5742:
4765:
4727:
4548:
3959:
1506:
1478:
1470:
1431:
1404:
actions are used by suspects to recover tort damages for police brutality.
1128:
1008:
973:
858:
734:
404:, but are now subject only to a lesser form of judicial deference known as
236:
190:
186:
1495:
8522:
8412:
8372:
8367:
8262:
7895:
6992:
6523:
5860:
5762:
5502:
5365:
5121:
4977:
4656:
4342:
3913:
Understanding EU Law: Objectives, Principles and Methods of Community Law
3505:
1518:
1342:
1326:
1287:
1088:
988:
873:
784:
743:
717:
549:
241:
213:
2001:
660:
7820:
5855:
5661:
5487:
5482:
5400:
4463:
A Legal History of the Civil War and Reconstruction: A Nation of Rights
2612:
Elizabeth Gaspar Brown, "Frontier Justice: Wayne County 1796–1836", in
2536:
2492:
Effective Legal Research: A Practical Manual of Law Books and Their Use
1555:
The Restatement (Second) of Torts, a highly influential restatement of
1427:
1347:
1302:
All states have somewhat similar laws in regard to "higher crimes" (or
894:
866:
603:
386:
209:
194:
155:
4759:
3885:(Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning, 2002), 100–101. See also
3675:
The Judicial Branch of State Government: People, Process, and Politics
3639:
The Judicial Branch of State Government: People, Process, and Politics
3487:(Washington: Administrative Office of the United States Courts, 2016).
3426:
The Judicial Branch of State Government: People, Process, and Politics
2470:(New ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 3–48.
1735:
under the "domestic relations exception" to diversity jurisdiction.
1442:
is the most prominent of the small number of remaining equity courts.
1426:
was replaced by code pleading in 27 states after New York enacted the
853:
7344:
7337:
2523:, 35 Cal. 4th 1125, 29 Cal. Rptr. 3d 352, 113 P.3d 41 (2005) (citing
1334:
1329:(minor crimes). Generally, most felony convictions result in lengthy
170:
4348:
American Civil Procedure: A Guide to Civil Adjudication in US Courts
2277:
Represent Yourself in Court: How to Prepare & Try a Winning Case
1469:) or a settlement. U.S. courts pioneered the concept of the opt-out
1314:, although penalties for these crimes may vary from state to state.
452:. Since the start of the 20th century, broad interpretations of the
8101:
5527:
5477:
4439:
1599:
1423:
1303:
1217:
541:
178:
136:
4515:
The Opening of American Law: Neoclassical Legal Thought, 1870–1970
1434:
courts was abolished in the federal courts by the adoption of the
306:
As common law courts, U.S. courts have inherited the principle of
4310:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. xxxiii.
3711:
Sword and Shield: A Practical Approach to Section 1983 Litigation
2400:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 79–81.
2229:
1724:
374:
4567:. (Evolution of American legal institutions since 1790). (1974).
4242:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. xxxii.
3606:
Judicial Process: Law, Courts, and Politics in the United States
1670:
to reduce such interstate diversity were spectacular failures.
204:
At both the federal and state levels, with the exception of the
4754:
4276:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. xxxi.
3258:, 847 F.2d 564 (9th Cir. 1988). In this opinion, federal judge
1697:
or equivalent), bicycles (in certain cities and counties), and
1369:
1330:
1307:
124:
4529:
American Legal and Constitutional History: Cases and Materials
4351:. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International. p. 235.
4147:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 145.
4038:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 143.
3994:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 142.
3854:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 139.
3813:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 138.
3772:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 133.
3009:. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 19–46.
2640:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 605.
2139:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 646.
1322:
in certain states impose harsh penalties on repeat offenders.
746:. The contemporary form of the rule is descended from Justice
201:, which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next.
3956:"ALI Restatement of the Law Third, Torts: Products Liability"
3671:"Chapter 2, The Roles, Functions, and Powers of State Courts"
3635:"Chapter 2, The Roles, Functions, and Powers of State Courts"
2805:(5th ed.). Clifton Park, New York: Delmar. p. 139.
2778:(5th ed.). Clifton Park, New York: Delmar. p. 138.
2585:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 83.
2452:, 2nd ed. (Buffalo: William S. Hein Publishing, 1994), 34–36.
1965:
Introduction to the Law and Legal System of the United States
1633:
By the 1990s, the avalanche of American cases resulting from
1534:
1292:
4611:(Rev. ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
4208:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 1.
3453:
2966:
Judgment Calls: Principle and Politics in Constitutional Law
2847:
A Guide to Judicial and Political Review of Federal Agencies
2209:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 3.
1567:
of federal law, although some federal statutes, such as the
253:
In the United States, the law is derived from five sources:
79:
enacts federal statutes in accordance with the Constitution.
4749:
4744:
2672:, 40 Cal.4th 106, 51 Cal. Rptr. 3d 98, 146 P.3d 547 (2006).
1462:
1311:
1225:
208:, the law of the United States is largely derived from the
182:
4684:
Women in American Law: From Colonial Times to the New Deal
3277:
Stone Street Capital, LLC v. California State Lottery Com.
4703:. (1957). (Essays by eight distinguished American judges)
1325:
Some states distinguish between two levels: felonies and
104:
4651:
Sisters in Law: Women Lawyers in Modern American History
4144:
An Introduction to the Legal System of the United States
4035:
An Introduction to the Legal System of the United States
3991:
An Introduction to the Legal System of the United States
3851:
An Introduction to the Legal System of the United States
3810:
An Introduction to the Legal System of the United States
3769:
An Introduction to the Legal System of the United States
1537:
or something else which undermines the entire contract.
4106:
Whatever Happened to the Uniform Land Transactions Act?
4091:
Wasted Days and Wasted Nights: Why the Land Acts Failed
3713:. Chicago: American Bar Association. pp. 249–300.
3087:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
2494:, 3rd ed. (Buffalo: William Hein & Co., 1969), 272.
1598:, which originated with judicial glosses on the law of
1212:
States have delegated lawmaking powers to thousands of
787:
and political conservatives, such as Associate Justice
4745:
Official U.S. Government page on Laws and Legal Issues
4020:
4018:
3609:(7th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning. p. 34.
3562:
3528:
2468:
A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law
1364:
varied greatly prior to 1990. State laws dealing with
645:
328:(still widely known in the U.S. by that name) and the
4750:
Official U.S. Government page for U.S. federal courts
4381:(7th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning. p. 4.
2450:
A Practical Guide to Legal Writing & Legal Method
240:
Law affects every aspect of American life, including
4066:
Merrill, Thomas W.; Smith, Henry E. (January 2014).
1843:
Legal Research: How to Find & Understand the Law
335:
Despite the presence of reception statutes, much of
4762:
at Cornell University's Legal Information Institute
4336:
4334:
4127:
4015:
3974:
3834:
3793:
3752:
3704:
3628:
3626:
3575:(6th ed.). Clifton Park: Delmar. p. 101.
3541:(6th ed.). Clifton Park: Delmar. p. 102.
2614:
Essays in Nineteenth-Century American Legal History
2248:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 49–50.
1582:For example, a few jurisdictions allow actions for
865:, the codification of criminal law in the state of
4724:. (1986). (Introductory text on the nature of law)
4714:. (1961). (Introductory text on the nature of law)
4370:
4368:
3228:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 9–26.
2879:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 9–26.
2175:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 9–26.
2105:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 9–26.
4734:. (Nature of law and its role in society). (1942)
4665:(1978) Popular description of a lawyer's practice
4297:
4168:
3709:. In Ross, Mary Massaron; Voss, Edwin P. (eds.).
3603:Neubauer, David W.; Meinhold, Stephen S. (2017).
3596:
3510:First Amendment to the United States Constitution
3449:
3447:
2969:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 70–71.
2850:. Chicago: American Bar Association. p. 54.
2705:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 575.
2692:
2627:
2531:court relied on a line of cases originating with
2126:
1967:, 4th ed. (St. Paul, MN: Thomson West, 2006), 41.
1846:(19th ed.). Pleasanton: Nolo. pp. 5–6.
1833:
1521:disputes arising from their contracts. Under the
8684:
6556:Native American recognition in the United States
4331:
3662:
3623:
3602:
3483:Office of Judges Programs, Statistics Division,
3397:Legal Information: How to Find It, How to Use It
3256:Trident Center v. Connecticut Gen. Life Ins. Co.
2688:. Sacramento: State of California. p. 1455.
2675:
2572:
2387:
1639:Restatement (Third) of Torts: Products Liability
602:Congress often enacts statutes that grant broad
265:, and the common law (which includes case law).
162:(actually tripartite because of the presence of
151:of general and permanent federal statutory law.
4414:Hadden, Sally F. and Brophy, Alfred L. (eds.),
4365:
4229:
3400:. Phoenix: Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
2196:
1457:, heavy reliance on live testimony obtained at
791:have criticized this trend as anti-democratic.
687:Article Three of the United States Constitution
4755:Texts of U.S. federal laws and U.S. state laws
4263:
3568:
3534:
3444:
3213:
3183:Romero v. International Terminal Operating Co.
3070:"Judicial Manipulation of the Commerce Clause"
2864:
2681:
2160:
2090:
352:Today, in the words of Stanford law professor
107:, of which the most important is the nation's
8117:
7836:
6953:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
5137:
4781:
4500:The Transformation of American Law, 1780–1860
4174:
2792:
2765:
2235:
1681:) to manage title to real property, although
1256:
377:for certain limited purposes like regulating
244:. Note the citations to statutes on the sign.
4795:
4450:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
4065:
3387:
3059:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 80.
3007:Precedent in the United States Supreme Court
1318:is permitted in some states but not others.
1173:
538:National Archives and Records Administration
4644:The Rise of the Legal Profession in America
4493:American Legal History: Cases and Materials
4195:
4181:. Stamford: Cengage Learning. p. 435.
4175:McKinsey, John A.; Burke, Debra D. (2015).
3924:Ellen E. Beerworth, "Australia", 51–74, in
3677:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 37–96.
3641:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 37–96.
3280:, 165 Cal. App. 4th 109, 123 fn. 11 (2008).
2799:Bast, Carol M.; Hawkins, Margie A. (2013).
2798:
2772:Bast, Carol M.; Hawkins, Margie A. (2013).
2771:
1839:
1805:List of sources of law in the United States
733:publication of U.S. appellate decisions by
528:, the codification of federal statutory law
23:
8124:
8110:
7843:
7829:
5151:
5144:
5130:
4788:
4774:
4465:(Cambridge University Press, 2015) 212 pp.
4340:
4133:
4024:
3980:
3840:
3799:
3758:
3196:Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., Inc.
3056:Designing Democracy: What Constitutions Do
2448:John C. Dernbach and Cathleen S. Wharton,
1699:some types of firearms (in certain states)
1584:negligent infliction of emotional distress
842:
24:
6566:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes
4486:The Magic Mirror: Law in American History
3668:
3632:
3003:"The Dialectic of Stare Decisis Doctrine"
2843:
2802:Foundations of Legal Research and Writing
2775:Foundations of Legal Research and Writing
2616:, ed. Wythe Holt, 676–703 (Westport, CT:
2275:Paul Bergman and Sara J. Berman-Barrett,
1821:List of United States Supreme Court cases
1816:List of United States federal legislation
1749:Admission to the bar in the United States
1573:Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act
516:List of United States federal legislation
115:of the United States, as well as various
111:, which prescribes the foundation of the
7850:
4434:
3881:Mark A. Kinzie & Christine F. Hart,
3456:"State Court Caseload Digest, 2018 Data"
3290:
3288:
3286:
3031:John R. Sand Gravel Co. v. United States
2924:, 266 F.3d 1155 (9th Cir. 2001), citing
2759:United States Government Printing Office
2698:
2633:
2578:
2393:
2202:
2132:
1999:
1677:system (coupled with privately provided
1550:
1494:
1270:
852:
704:through strict adherence to the rule of
659:
624:Regulations are adopted pursuant to the
586:
519:
235:
82:
70:
60:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
6617:List of counties and county equivalents
4670:Great American Lawyers: An Encyclopedia
4374:
4094:, 20 Nova L. Rev. 1037, 1037–41 (1996).
4059:
3428:, (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2006), xiv.
3000:
2994:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2502:
2500:
2320:James B. Beam Distilling Co. v. Georgia
872:The fifty American states are separate
14:
8685:
4677:Great American Judges: An Encyclopedia
4606:
4577:
4534:
4416:A Companion to American Legal History.
3219:
3098:___ (2012) (Thomas, J. dissenting)
2870:
2461:
2279:, 6th ed. (Berkeley: Nolo, 2008), 481.
2166:
2096:
911:
555:Public laws are incorporated into the
290:
8105:
7824:
5125:
4769:
4477:American Law in the Twentieth Century
4124:20 Nova L. Rev. 1091, 1091–92 (1996).
3887:Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc.
3525:, 3rd ed. (St. Paul: West, 2009), 33.
3393:
3294:
3283:
3123: (2000) (Scalia, J., dissenting).
2963:Daniel A. Farber and Suzanna Sherry,
2702:American Law in the Twentieth Century
2682:Willis, E.B.; Stockton, P.K. (1881).
2241:
1812:—intended for state-level legislation
1525:(which has been interpreted to cover
683:Founding Fathers of the United States
432:(especially international treaties),
8131:
4690:
4426:The Oxford Companion to American Law
4303:
4269:
4235:
4201:
3173: (1992) (Scalia, J., dissenting)
3148: (1996) (Scalia, J., dissenting)
2900:
2497:
1810:List of Uniform Acts (United States)
1771:Legal education in the United States
1235:It is common for residents of major
771:Burnet v. Coronado Oil & Gas Co.
638:deference), but are not entitled to
346:California constitutional convention
268:
3005:. In Peters, Christopher J. (ed.).
2844:Duffy, John; Herz, Michael (2005).
2819:
2490:Miles O. Price & Harry Bitner,
2348:Doctor's Assocs., Inc. v. Casarotto
2050:Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins
1800:Legal research in the United States
1191:Law of the Northern Mariana Islands
811:The other major implication of the
752:Burnet v. Coronado Oil & Gas Co
646:Common law, case law, and precedent
231:
56:
4722:Karl N. Llewellyn on Legal Realism
4609:Law and People in Colonial America
4522:Readings in American Legal History
4418:Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
4399:
3939:Consumer Politics in Postwar Japan
3915:(Antwerp: Intersentia, 2005), 337.
3465:. National Center for State Courts
3454:National Center for State Courts.
1657:, and is therefore concerned with
1517:Parties are permitted to agree to
1407:
561:Office of the Law Revision Counsel
89:Supreme Court of the United States
57:
8709:
5962:Director of National Intelligence
4738:
4580:American Journal of Legal History
3743:Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co.
2527:, 89 Eng. Rep. 836 (1680)). The
2427:U.S. Const., Art. 1, §§ 9 and 10.
1788:Privacy laws of the United States
1512:Restatement (Second) of Contracts
1243:
248:
131:, regulations promulgated by the
66:Constitution of the United States
7966:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
6118:Government Accountability Office
4851:
4455:
2932:, 235 F.3d 1054 (8th Cir. 2000).
1436:Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
1333:sentences as well as subsequent
1267:United States criminal procedure
906:National Center for State Courts
729:), and the beginning of regular
610:. Often, Congress is simply too
363:
147:is the official compilation and
4112:
4097:
4082:
3948:
3931:
3926:International Product Liability
3918:
3905:
3896:
3875:
3734:
3698:
3515:
3490:
3477:
3437:Alan B. Morrison, "Courts", in
3431:
3418:
3370:
3337:
3314:
3269:
3249:
3188:
3185:, 358 U.S. 354, 360–361 (1959).
3176:
3151:
3126:
3101:
3079:
3062:
3047:
3024:
2972:
2957:
2935:
2837:
2831:US Government Publishing Office
2755:"About Public and Private Laws"
2747:
2726:
2661:
2606:
2563:
2551:Phillippe v. Shapell Industries
2542:
2511:
2484:
2455:
2442:
2430:
2421:
2364:
2336:
2313:
2282:
2269:
2067:
2042:
1776:Law school in the United States
1653:has been heavily influenced by
1644:
1620:Greenman v. Yuba Power Products
1484:
783:and Commerce Clause decisions.
750:'s "landmark dissent in 1932's
670:, the official reporter of the
546:United States Statutes at Large
512:United States Statutes at Large
7761:Separation of church and state
5977:National Reconnaissance Office
5920:President of the United States
4178:Carper's Understanding the Law
3224:. In Morrison, Alan B. (ed.).
2875:. In Morrison, Alan B. (ed.).
2699:Friedman, Lawrence M. (2004).
2634:Friedman, Lawrence M. (2019).
2579:Friedman, Lawrence M. (2019).
2394:Friedman, Lawrence M. (2019).
2203:Friedman, Lawrence M. (2019).
2171:. In Morrison, Alan B. (ed.).
2133:Friedman, Lawrence M. (2019).
2101:. In Morrison, Alan B. (ed.).
2017:
1993:
1970:
1957:
1932:
1907:
1882:
1860:
1754:Attorneys in the United States
1201:Law of the U.S. Virgin Islands
595:, the codification of federal
570:
534:Office of the Federal Register
368:
13:
1:
4838:Bill (United States Congress)
3569:Walston-Dunham, Beth (2012).
3535:Walston-Dunham, Beth (2012).
1826:
1704:
1673:The majority of states use a
1628:Restatement (Second) of Torts
1414:United States civil procedure
1357:or dismissal of the charges.
802:no general federal common law
797:Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins
389:, which are published in the
303:and general search warrants.
8091:United States Virgin Islands
6123:Government Publishing Office
5591:Technological and industrial
4537:Theoretical Inquiries in Law
4375:Statsky, William P. (2020).
4109:20 Nova L. Rev. 1017 (1996);
3883:Product Liability Litigation
3705:Urbonya, Kathryn R. (2006).
3485:Judicial Caseload Indicators
3439:Fundamentals of American Law
3226:Fundamentals of American Law
2877:Fundamentals of American Law
2173:Fundamentals of American Law
2103:Fundamentals of American Law
1716:divorce in the United States
1695:department of motor vehicles
1626:rule in Section 402A of the
1207:
626:Administrative Procedure Act
7:
7595:Women's reproductive health
6561:Federally recognized tribes
6424:Public utilities commission
6328:Public Health Service Corps
6231:Code of Federal Regulations
6113:Congressional Budget Office
5967:Central Intelligence Agency
5873:Water supply and sanitation
5300:Declaration of Independence
4571:
3673:. In Hogan, Sean O. (ed.).
3637:. In Hogan, Sean O. (ed.).
3159:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
3021:Available via SpringerLink.
2930:vacated as moot on en banc
2926:Anastasoff v. United States
1915:Skidmore v. Swift & Co.
1840:O'Neill, Cara, ed. (2021).
1766:Courts of the United States
1742:
1608:Supreme Court of California
1540:
593:Code of Federal Regulations
577:Code of Federal Regulations
499:
395:Code of Federal Regulations
295:The United States and most
10:
8714:
6773:Red states and blue states
6678:City commission government
6673:Council–manager government
4732:Social Control Through Law
4626:
3669:Manweller, Mathew (2006).
3633:Manweller, Mathew (2006).
3521:Osborne M. Reynolds, Jr.,
3109:Dickerson v. United States
2002:"The Forgotten Sovereigns"
1783:Legal systems of the world
1544:
1491:United States contract law
1488:
1461:or elicited in front of a
1440:Delaware Court of Chancery
1411:
1286:Criminal law involves the
1263:United States criminal law
1260:
1257:Criminal law and procedure
846:
649:
580:
574:
509:
503:
263:administrative regulations
222:American Revolutionary War
8698:United States federal law
8139:
8066:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
7984:
7858:
7782:
7608:
7481:
7413:
7066:
7062:
7053:
7001:
6866:
6857:
6753:
6724:
6701:
6640:
6607:
6598:
6541:
6529:Comparison of governments
6504:
6467:
6444:
6360:
6340:
6271:
6209:
6131:
6054:
5912:
5903:
5899:
5890:
5612:
5603:
5548:
5508:Post-Cold War (1991–2008)
5349:drafting and ratification
5322:Articles of Confederation
5235:
5169:
5160:
4986:
4963:Law School Admission Test
4948:
4926:
4871:
4860:
4849:
4803:
4520:Howe, Mark de Wolfe, ed.
4470:A History of American Law
4304:Katz, Sanford N. (2015).
4270:Katz, Sanford N. (2015).
4236:Katz, Sanford N. (2015).
4202:Katz, Sanford N. (2015).
4088:Marion W. Benfield, Jr.,
3958:. Ali.org. Archived from
3943:Columbia University Press
3498:Burton v. Municipal Court
3134:United States v. Virginia
2741:Dudgeon v. United Kingdom
2637:A History of American Law
2582:A History of American Law
2397:A History of American Law
2384: (2011) (per curiam).
2242:White, G. Edward (2012).
2206:A History of American Law
2136:A History of American Law
1174:Territorial legal systems
861:annotated version of the
849:State law (United States)
206:legal system of Louisiana
99:comprises many levels of
8693:Law of the United States
8086:Turks and Caicos Islands
7548:Prescription drug prices
6668:Mayor–council government
6658:Coterminous municipality
6648:Consolidated city-county
6414:Agriculture commissioner
6064:House of Representatives
5972:National Security Agency
5622:Contiguous United States
4797:Law of the United States
4682:Wortman, Marlene Stein.
3937:Patricia L. Maclachlan,
3463:Court Statistics Project
2462:Scalia, Antonin (2018).
2000:Kowalski, Tonya (2009).
1793:
1618:in the landmark case of
1569:Volunteer Protection Act
656:National Reporter System
565:House of Representatives
548:, and they are known as
277:and declare it invalid.
216:, which was in force in
103:and uncodified forms of
39:latest accepted revision
7633:Criticism of government
6978:Social welfare programs
6571:State-recognized tribes
5556:Outline of U.S. history
5268:Continental Association
4720:"The Bramble Bush", in
4646:(2 vols. 1965), to 1860
4491:Hall, Kermit L. et al.
4447:Encyclopædia Britannica
4430:excerpt and text search
3902:Kinzie & Hart, 101.
3394:Olson, Kent C. (1999).
3220:Hughes, Graham (1996).
3001:Starger, Colin (2013).
2952:Oxford University Press
2871:Hughes, Graham (1996).
2520:Gomez v. Superior Court
2167:Hughes, Graham (1996).
2097:Hughes, Graham (1996).
1523:Federal Arbitration Act
1501:Uniform Commercial Code
1277:Boone County Courthouse
1237:U.S. metropolitan areas
843:State and territory law
819:, federal trial courts
781:substantive due process
330:Statute of 13 Elizabeth
8016:British Virgin Islands
7852:Law of North America
7695:Environmental movement
7538:Health insurance costs
7433:Educational attainment
6958:Federal Reserve System
6916:Science and technology
6419:Insurance commissioner
5957:Intelligence Community
5652:minor outlying islands
5415:Civil rights movement
4701:An Introduction to Law
4649:Drachman, Virginia G.
4640:Chroust, Anton-Hermann
4607:Hoffer, Peter (1998).
4549:10.2202/1565-3404.1075
4475:Friedman, Lawrence M.
4468:Friedman, Lawrence M.
3295:Frost, Amanda (2015).
2947:The Power of Precedent
2535:in order to hold that
2437:U.S. Const., Amend. IV
2025:United States v. Lopez
1760:Black's Law Dictionary
1668:Uniform Law Commission
1559:
1557:United States tort law
1547:United States tort law
1503:
1283:
1281:Boone County, Arkansas
869:
817:diversity jurisdiction
794:Under the doctrine of
776:
695:cases or controversies
674:
632:interpreted (known as
599:
529:
393:and codified into the
245:
173:, each with their own
92:
80:
77:United States Congress
68:
8608:São Tomé and Príncipe
7956:Saint Kitts and Nevis
7521:Immigrant health care
7036:Transportation safety
7031:Transportation policy
7021:Public transportation
6091:President pro tempore
5947:Executive departments
5716:National Park Service
5371:Territorial evolution
4592:10.1093/ajlh/51.2.359
4472:(3rd ed. 2005) 640 pp
4406:Friedman, Lawrence M.
4307:Family Law in America
4273:Family Law in America
4239:Family Law in America
4205:Family Law in America
4103:Ronald Benton Brown,
3504:(1968) (invalidating
3304:Vanderbilt Law Review
2622:Territory of Michigan
2539:was a common carrier.
2344:Casarotto v. Lombardi
1651:American property law
1577:wrongful death claims
1554:
1498:
1396:Third Enforcement Act
1274:
1114:Law of South Carolina
1079:Law of North Carolina
863:California Penal Code
856:
767:
667:United States Reports
663:
652:United States Reports
650:Further information:
590:
581:Further information:
523:
510:Further information:
494:McCarran–Ferguson Act
438:intellectual property
239:
139:originating from the
86:
74:
64:
7690:Environmental issues
7355:Political ideologies
7254:Indigenous languages
6454:List of legislatures
6251:separation of powers
5952:Independent agencies
5878:World Heritage Sites
5513:September 11 attacks
5436:Spanish–American War
5376:Mexican–American War
5332:Confederation period
5263:Continental Congress
4973:Admission to the bar
4823:Separation of powers
4760:U.S. Code collection
4697:Cardozo, Benjamin N.
4527:Johnson, Herbert A.
4441:"American Law"
4135:Farnsworth, E. Allan
4026:Farnsworth, E. Allan
3982:Farnsworth, E. Allan
3842:Farnsworth, E. Allan
3801:Farnsworth, E. Allan
3760:Farnsworth, E. Allan
3523:Local Government Law
3222:"Common Law Systems"
2991:571, 595–602 (1987).
2873:"Common Law Systems"
2169:"Common Law Systems"
2099:"Common Law Systems"
1721:division of property
1341:, and orders to pay
1181:Law of America Samoa
1154:Law of West Virginia
1059:Law of New Hampshire
1019:Law of Massachusetts
890:state supreme courts
691:persuasive precedent
354:Lawrence M. Friedman
7971:Trinidad and Tobago
7866:Antigua and Barbuda
7533:Health care finance
7026:Rail transportation
6792:Imperial presidency
6514:State constitutions
6459:List of legislators
6409:Auditor/Comptroller
6382:Lieutenant governor
6108:Library of Congress
5999:Diplomatic Security
5642:Indian reservations
5305:American Revolution
4913:International Trade
4563:Schwartz, Bernard.
4505:Horwitz, Morton J.
4498:Horwitz, Morton J.
4072:Brooklyn Law Review
3572:Introduction to Law
3538:Introduction to Law
3321:Johnson v. Williams
3074:74 Tex. L. Rev. 695
2942:Michael J. Gerhardt
2827:"About the US Code"
2074:California v. Ramos
2007:Fla. St. U. L. Rev.
1977:Gregory v. Ashcroft
1119:Law of South Dakota
1109:Law of Rhode Island
1104:Law of Pennsylvania
1084:Law of North Dakota
912:State legal systems
878:state constitutions
379:interstate commerce
291:American common law
220:at the time of the
164:Indian reservations
160:American federalism
29:Page version status
8283:Dominican Republic
7906:Dominican Republic
7643:affirmative action
7616:Capital punishment
7575:Poverty and health
7570:Physician shortage
7543:Health care prices
7473:Standard of living
7156:standard of living
6963:Financial position
6590:Hawaiian home land
6578:Indian reservation
6551:Tribal sovereignty
6394:Secretary of state
6263:United States Code
6179:Territorial courts
6151:Associate Justices
6036:Inspector generals
5523:War in Afghanistan
5386:Reconstruction era
5253:Stamp Act Congress
5009:Child sexual abuse
4999:Administrative law
4843:United States Code
4805:Constitutional law
4718:Llewellyn, Karl N.
4711:The Concept of Law
4565:The Law in America
4512:Hovenkamp, Herbert
4461:Edwards, Laura F.
3053:Cass R. Sunstein,
2291:Marbury v. Madison
1867:Ex parte Virginia,
1683:title registration
1596:defective products
1560:
1504:
1377:criminal procedure
1320:Three strikes laws
1316:Capital punishment
1284:
1196:Law of Puerto Rico
1034:Law of Mississippi
949:Law of Connecticut
870:
675:
672:U.S. Supreme Court
600:
597:administrative law
557:United States Code
530:
526:United States Code
506:United States Code
466:telecommunications
383:United States Code
349:of that already."
315:reception statutes
301:bills of attainder
255:constitutional law
246:
166:), states are the
145:United States Code
113:federal government
93:
81:
69:
35:
8680:
8679:
8099:
8098:
7988:other territories
7818:
7817:
7778:
7777:
7774:
7773:
7744:National security
7453:Income inequality
7333:Statue of Liberty
7136:income inequality
7049:
7048:
7041:Trucking industry
6853:
6852:
6849:
6848:
6780:Foreign relations
6768:Electoral College
6749:
6748:
6537:
6536:
6489:District attorney
6336:
6335:
6163:Courts of appeals
5886:
5885:
5599:
5598:
5540:COVID-19 pandemic
5493:Feminist Movement
5339:American frontier
5258:Thirteen Colonies
5119:
5118:
4944:
4943:
4899:
4691:Philosophy of law
4632:Abel, Richard L.
4495:(2010); 752 pages
4341:Oakley, John B.;
3016:978-94-007-7950-1
2979:Frederick Schauer
2922:Hart v. Massanari
2735:Lawrence v. Texas
1963:William Burnham,
1693:(through a state
1663:personal property
1531:unconscionability
1382:exclusionary rule
1230:special districts
1149:Law of Washington
1069:Law of New Mexico
1064:Law of New Jersey
939:Law of California
882:state governments
876:, with their own
832:courts of appeals
800:(1938), there is
711:As federal judge
702:binding precedent
615:the principle of
430:foreign relations
326:Statute of Frauds
269:Constitutionality
141:federal judiciary
47:23 September 2024
26:
16:(Redirected from
8705:
8513:Papua New Guinea
8133:Law of the World
8126:
8119:
8112:
8103:
8102:
8056:Saint Barthélemy
7986:Dependencies and
7859:Sovereign states
7845:
7838:
7831:
7822:
7821:
7798:
7791:
7678:African American
7560:Health insurance
7448:Household income
7318:National symbols
7249:American English
7222:Federal holidays
7131:household income
7064:
7063:
7060:
7059:
6864:
6863:
6802:Anti-Americanism
6726:Special district
6653:Independent city
6622:County executive
6605:
6604:
6399:Attorney general
6358:
6357:
6347:Federal District
5930:Executive Office
5910:
5909:
5901:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5657:populated places
5637:federal enclaves
5632:federal district
5610:
5609:
5473:American Century
5456:Great Depression
5451:Roaring Twenties
5411:Women's suffrage
5290:Halifax Resolves
5283:Founding Fathers
5278:military history
5243:Pre-colonial era
5167:
5166:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5123:
5122:
5019:Conflict of laws
4893:
4869:
4868:
4855:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4767:
4766:
4662:My Life in Court
4634:American Lawyers
4622:
4603:
4560:
4543:(2): Article 5.
4451:
4443:
4393:
4392:
4372:
4363:
4362:
4338:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4131:
4125:
4118:Peter B. Maggs,
4116:
4110:
4101:
4095:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4022:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3952:
3946:
3935:
3929:
3922:
3916:
3909:
3903:
3900:
3894:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3756:
3750:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3630:
3621:
3620:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3532:
3526:
3519:
3513:
3494:
3488:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3460:
3451:
3442:
3435:
3429:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3391:
3385:
3374:
3368:
3359: (1985). In
3345:Heath v. Alabama
3341:
3335:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3301:
3292:
3281:
3273:
3267:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3217:
3211:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3155:
3149:
3130:
3124:
3105:
3099:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3066:
3060:
3051:
3045:
3028:
3022:
3020:
2998:
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2928:, 223 F.3d 898,
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2761:. March 9, 2017.
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2371:Cavazos v. Smith
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2015:
2014:
1997:
1991:
1974:
1968:
1961:
1955:
1936:
1930:
1911:
1905:
1890:Head Money Cases
1886:
1880:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1837:
1712:no-fault divorce
1655:English land law
1604:Roger J. Traynor
1592:strict liability
1467:summary judgment
1159:Law of Wisconsin
1124:Law of Tennessee
1029:Law of Minnesota
1004:Law of Louisiana
759:majority opinion
608:federal agencies
583:Federal Register
391:Federal Register
275:unconstitutional
232:General overview
133:executive branch
127:ratified by the
121:Acts of Congress
21:
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7756:Opioid epidemic
7673:Native American
7653:intersex rights
7604:
7600:Life expectancy
7590:Medical deserts
7580:Race and health
7477:
7463:Personal income
7409:
7313:National anthem
7146:personal income
7111:Economic issues
7045:
6997:
6845:
6745:
6734:School district
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6703:Minor divisions
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6519:Statutory codes
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6224:civil liberties
6205:
6196:Other tribunals
6175:District courts
6127:
6086:current members
6069:current members
6050:
5984:Law enforcement
5882:
5595:
5544:
5535:Great Recession
5406:Progressive Era
5396:Native genocide
5327:Perpetual Union
5315:Treaty of Paris
5273:United Colonies
5231:
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5120:
5115:
5014:Civil procedure
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4574:
4483:Hall, Kermit L.
4458:
4422:Hall, Kermit L.
4402:
4400:Further reading
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4343:Amar, Vikram D.
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4139:Sheppard, Steve
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4030:Sheppard, Steve
4023:
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3986:Sheppard, Steve
3979:
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3963:
3962:on May 31, 2013
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3923:
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3911:Norbert Reich,
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3846:Sheppard, Steve
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3805:Sheppard, Steve
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3764:Sheppard, Steve
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3747:25 Cal. 4th 826
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3424:Sean O. Hogan,
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3365:Tenth Amendment
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2680:
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2669:People v. Kelly
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2648:
2632:
2628:
2618:Greenwood Press
2611:
2607:
2597:
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2577:
2573:
2569:Burnham, 43–44.
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2547:
2543:
2525:Lovett v. Hobbs
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2018:
1998:
1994:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1958:
1940:Cooper v. Aaron
1937:
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1725:spousal support
1707:
1679:title insurance
1675:title recording
1647:
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1420:civil procedure
1416:
1410:
1408:Civil procedure
1386:Miranda warning
1355:plea bargaining
1269:
1261:Main articles:
1259:
1246:
1210:
1205:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1144:Law of Virginia
1094:Law of Oklahoma
1074:Law of New York
1049:Law of Nebraska
1039:Law of Missouri
1024:Law of Michigan
1014:Law of Maryland
999:Law of Kentucky
979:Law of Illinois
954:Law of Delaware
944:Law of Colorado
934:Law of Arkansas
914:
857:Volumes of the
851:
845:
836:district courts
735:West Publishing
679:legal precedent
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518:
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474:pharmaceuticals
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319:common carriers
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218:British America
117:civil liberties
95:The law of the
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7712:Mass shootings
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7700:Climate change
7697:
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7638:Discrimination
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7428:American Dream
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7397:
7395:Transportation
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7328:Mount Rushmore
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6948:Federal budget
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6886:Communications
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6809:
6807:exceptionalism
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6789:
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6785:foreign policy
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6482:Chief justices
6477:Supreme courts
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6355:
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6330:
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6316:National Guard
6313:
6308:
6303:
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6219:Bill of Rights
6215:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6189:list of judges
6186:
6184:list of courts
6172:
6171:
6170:
6168:list of judges
6160:
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6158:
6153:
6148:
6137:
6135:
6129:
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6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6103:Capitol Police
6100:
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6078:
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6024:Secret Service
6021:
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5996:
5991:
5981:
5980:
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5974:
5969:
5964:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5937:Vice President
5934:
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5755:
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5721:National Parks
5713:
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5706:
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5691:
5681:
5676:
5674:Extreme points
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5361:Federalist Era
5358:
5357:
5356:
5354:Bill of Rights
5351:
5341:
5336:
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5329:
5319:
5318:
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5302:
5297:
5295:Lee Resolution
5292:
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5024:Constitutional
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4873:Federal courts
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4739:External links
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4707:Hart, H. L. A.
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4675:Vile, John R.
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4586:(2): 359–374.
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4438:, ed. (1911).
4436:Chisholm, Hugh
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1649:Historically,
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1612:legal fictions
1545:Main article:
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1388:. The writ of
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763:Justice Breyer
748:Louis Brandeis
727:Judiciary Acts
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7443:Homeownership
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6201:U.S. attorney
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6146:Chief Justice
6144:
6143:
6142:
6141:Supreme Court
6139:
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5709:Sierra Nevada
5707:
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5647:insular zones
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5518:War on Terror
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5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5498:LGBT Movement
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5412:
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5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
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5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
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5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
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5352:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5340:
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5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5153:United States
5147:
5142:
5140:
5135:
5133:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5004:Child custody
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4937:
4936:State supreme
4934:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4897:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4864:United States
4862:Courts of the
4859:
4854:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4791:
4786:
4784:
4779:
4777:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4733:
4729:
4728:Pound, Roscoe
4726:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4620:
4618:0-8018-5822-4
4614:
4610:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4576:
4575:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4531:(2001) 733 pp
4530:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4456:Legal history
4449:
4448:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4424:et al., eds.
4423:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4390:
4388:9781337917537
4384:
4380:
4379:
4371:
4369:
4360:
4358:9789041128720
4354:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4337:
4335:
4319:
4317:9780199759224
4313:
4309:
4308:
4300:
4285:
4283:9780199759224
4279:
4275:
4274:
4266:
4251:
4249:9780199759224
4245:
4241:
4240:
4232:
4217:
4215:9780199759224
4211:
4207:
4206:
4198:
4190:
4188:9781305177307
4184:
4180:
4179:
4171:
4156:
4154:9780199733101
4150:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4123:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4092:
4085:
4078:(2): 681–708.
4077:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4047:
4045:9780199733101
4041:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4003:
4001:9780199733101
3997:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3966:September 23,
3961:
3957:
3951:
3945:, 2002), 226.
3944:
3940:
3934:
3927:
3921:
3914:
3908:
3899:
3892:
3891:59 Cal. 2d 57
3888:
3884:
3878:
3863:
3861:9780199733101
3857:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3822:
3820:9780199733101
3816:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3781:
3779:9780199733101
3775:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3749:, 849 (2001).
3748:
3744:
3737:
3722:
3720:9781590317662
3716:
3712:
3708:
3701:
3686:
3684:9781851097517
3680:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3650:
3648:9781851097517
3644:
3640:
3636:
3629:
3627:
3618:
3616:9781337025942
3612:
3608:
3607:
3599:
3584:
3582:9781133707981
3578:
3574:
3573:
3565:
3550:
3548:9781133707981
3544:
3540:
3539:
3531:
3524:
3518:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3486:
3480:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3448:
3440:
3434:
3427:
3421:
3413:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3390:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3340:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3279:
3278:
3272:
3265:
3261:
3260:Alex Kozinski
3257:
3252:
3237:
3235:9780198764052
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3191:
3184:
3179:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3129:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3104:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3082:
3071:
3065:
3058:
3057:
3050:
3044:, 139 (2008).
3043:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3018:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2989:Stan. L. Rev.
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2968:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2888:
2886:9780198764052
2882:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2859:
2857:9781590314838
2853:
2849:
2848:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2814:
2812:9781285402604
2808:
2804:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2785:9781285402604
2781:
2777:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2729:
2714:
2712:9780300102994
2708:
2704:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2686:
2678:
2671:
2670:
2664:
2649:
2647:9780190070915
2643:
2639:
2638:
2630:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2594:
2592:9780190070915
2588:
2584:
2583:
2575:
2566:
2559:
2558:
2557:Meija v. Reed
2553:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2493:
2487:
2479:
2477:9780691174044
2473:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2445:
2438:
2433:
2424:
2409:
2407:9780190070915
2403:
2399:
2398:
2390:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2272:
2257:
2255:9780195102475
2251:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2231:
2218:
2216:9780190070915
2212:
2208:
2207:
2199:
2184:
2182:9780198764052
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2148:
2146:9780190070915
2142:
2138:
2137:
2129:
2114:
2112:9780198764052
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2013:(4): 765–826.
2012:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1855:
1853:9781413328882
1849:
1845:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1729:child support
1726:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1659:real property
1656:
1652:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1616:public policy
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1475:American Rule
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1391:habeas corpus
1387:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1362:drunk driving
1358:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1297:incarceration
1294:
1289:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1254:
1252:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1099:Law of Oregon
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1054:Law of Nevada
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
994:Law of Kansas
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
969:Law of Hawaii
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
924:Law of Alaska
922:
920:
917:
916:
909:
907:
902:
900:
896:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
864:
860:
855:
850:
840:
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
806:stare decisis
803:
799:
798:
792:
790:
786:
782:
775:
772:
766:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
740:
739:public policy
736:
732:
728:
722:
719:
714:
713:Alex Kozinski
709:
707:
706:stare decisis
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
673:
669:
668:
662:
657:
653:
643:
641:
637:
636:
629:
627:
622:
620:
619:
613:
609:
606:authority to
605:
598:
594:
589:
584:
578:
568:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
536:(OFR) of the
535:
527:
522:
517:
513:
507:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
415:
414:stare decisis
410:
408:
403:
401:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
364:Levels of law
361:
359:
355:
350:
347:
341:
338:
333:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
311:
309:
308:stare decisis
304:
302:
298:
288:
286:
285:
284:stare decisis
278:
276:
266:
264:
260:
259:statutory law
256:
243:
238:
229:
228:innovations.
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:United States
90:
85:
78:
73:
67:
63:
59:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
8663:Vatican City
8647:
8578:South Africa
8553:Saudi Arabia
8081:Sint Maarten
8061:Saint Martin
7975:
7727:Human rights
7707:Gun politics
7658:Islamophobia
7648:antisemitism
7516:Hospice care
7458:Middle class
7438:Homelessness
7415:Social class
7375:Social class
7239:Human rights
7229:Homelessness
7141:middle class
7106:Demographics
7081:Architecture
6988:Unemployment
6968:Labor unions
6716:Town meeting
6693:City council
6688:City manager
6429:State police
6291:Marine Corps
6281:Armed Forces
6256:civil rights
6236:Constitution
6210:
5808:Southwestern
5803:Southeastern
5793:Northwestern
5788:Northeastern
5753:Mid-Atlantic
5743:Great Plains
5461:World War II
5344:Constitution
5248:Colonial era
5227:2008–present
5066:Human rights
4987:Types of law
4928:State courts
4828:Civil rights
4796:
4731:
4721:
4709:
4700:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4660:
4657:Nizer, Louis
4650:
4643:
4633:
4608:
4583:
4579:
4564:
4540:
4536:
4528:
4524:(2001) 540pp
4521:
4514:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4445:
4425:
4415:
4409:American Law
4408:
4377:
4347:
4323:November 23,
4321:. Retrieved
4306:
4299:
4289:November 23,
4287:. Retrieved
4272:
4265:
4255:November 23,
4253:. Retrieved
4238:
4231:
4221:November 23,
4219:. Retrieved
4204:
4197:
4177:
4170:
4160:November 17,
4158:. Retrieved
4143:
4129:
4120:
4114:
4105:
4099:
4090:
4084:
4075:
4071:
4061:
4051:November 17,
4049:. Retrieved
4034:
4007:November 17,
4005:. Retrieved
3990:
3976:
3964:. Retrieved
3960:the original
3950:
3938:
3933:
3925:
3920:
3912:
3907:
3898:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3867:November 17,
3865:. Retrieved
3850:
3836:
3826:November 17,
3824:. Retrieved
3809:
3795:
3785:November 17,
3783:. Retrieved
3768:
3754:
3742:
3736:
3724:. Retrieved
3710:
3700:
3688:. Retrieved
3674:
3664:
3652:. Retrieved
3638:
3605:
3598:
3588:November 26,
3586:. Retrieved
3571:
3564:
3554:November 26,
3552:. Retrieved
3537:
3530:
3522:
3517:
3497:
3492:
3479:
3467:. Retrieved
3462:
3438:
3433:
3425:
3420:
3396:
3389:
3372:
3360:
3343:
3339:
3334: (2013).
3320:
3316:
3310:(1): 53–103.
3307:
3303:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3239:. Retrieved
3225:
3215:
3210: (1941).
3194:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3157:
3153:
3132:
3128:
3107:
3103:
3085:
3081:
3076:(Mar. 1996).
3064:
3055:
3049:
3030:
3026:
3006:
2996:
2983:
2974:
2965:
2959:
2954:, 2008), 59.
2946:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2890:. Retrieved
2876:
2866:
2846:
2839:
2830:
2821:
2801:
2794:
2774:
2767:
2749:
2739:
2733:
2728:
2716:. Retrieved
2701:
2694:
2684:
2677:
2667:
2663:
2651:. Retrieved
2636:
2629:
2613:
2608:
2596:. Retrieved
2581:
2574:
2565:
2555:
2549:
2544:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2491:
2486:
2467:
2457:
2449:
2444:
2432:
2423:
2411:. Retrieved
2396:
2389:
2370:
2366:
2361: (1996).
2347:
2343:
2338:
2319:
2315:
2310: (1803).
2289:
2284:
2276:
2271:
2259:. Retrieved
2244:
2237:
2220:. Retrieved
2205:
2198:
2186:. Retrieved
2172:
2162:
2150:. Retrieved
2135:
2128:
2116:. Retrieved
2102:
2092:
2087: (1983).
2073:
2069:
2064: (1980).
2048:
2044:
2039: (1995).
2023:
2019:
2010:
2005:
1995:
1990: (1991).
1976:
1972:
1964:
1959:
1954: (1958).
1938:
1934:
1929: (1944).
1913:
1909:
1904: (1884).
1888:
1884:
1879: (1880).
1866:
1862:
1842:
1835:
1758:
1737:
1733:
1708:
1686:
1672:
1648:
1645:Property law
1638:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1589:
1581:
1565:
1563:advantage."
1561:
1526:
1516:
1507:Contract law
1505:
1485:Contract law
1479:English Rule
1471:class action
1452:
1448:
1444:
1417:
1399:
1389:
1374:
1359:
1352:
1327:misdemeanors
1324:
1301:
1285:
1247:
1234:
1211:
1169:
1129:Law of Texas
1009:Law of Maine
974:Law of Idaho
903:
898:
886:state courts
871:
859:Thomson West
827:
825:
820:
812:
810:
805:
801:
795:
793:
785:Originalists
777:
770:
768:
756:
751:
730:
723:
710:
705:
699:
676:
665:
639:
633:
630:
623:
616:
601:
554:
550:session laws
531:
419:
412:
406:
399:
372:
351:
342:
337:contemporary
336:
334:
323:
312:
307:
305:
297:Commonwealth
294:
282:
279:
272:
261:, treaties,
252:
242:parking lots
203:
175:constitution
153:
149:codification
109:Constitution
94:
58:
46:
37:This is the
31:
18:American Law
8603:Switzerland
8583:South Korea
8488:North Korea
8473:New Zealand
8468:Netherlands
8143:Afghanistan
8051:Puerto Rico
7961:Saint Lucia
7911:El Salvador
7732:Immigration
7663:LGBT rights
7565:Food safety
7400:Video games
6993:Wall Street
6973:Public debt
6876:Agriculture
6812:nationalism
6524:Uniform act
6446:Legislative
6353:Territorial
6311:Coast Guard
6306:Space Force
6056:Legislative
5851:Red (South)
5841:Mississippi
5763:New England
5699:Appalachian
5669:Earthquakes
5566:Discoveries
5561:Demographic
5503:Vietnam War
5446:World War I
5441:Imperialism
5391:Indian Wars
5366:War of 1812
4978:Reading law
4810:legislation
3941:(New York:
3506:Los Angeles
3496:See, e.g.,
3382:§ 1257
2950:(New York:
2548:See, e.g.,
2518:See, e.g.,
2333: (1991)
1610:threw away
1602:. In 1963,
1418:The law of
1375:The law of
1366:drug crimes
1348:infractions
1343:restitution
1306:), such as
1288:prosecution
1275:Inside the
1186:Law of Guam
1134:Law of Utah
1089:Law of Ohio
989:Law of Iowa
744:rule of law
718:natural law
642:deference.
571:Regulations
387:regulations
369:Federal law
214:English law
156:U.S. states
8687:Categories
8433:Luxembourg
8403:Kazakhstan
8288:East Timor
8193:Bangladesh
8178:Azerbaijan
8046:Montserrat
8041:Martinique
8036:Guadeloupe
7891:Costa Rica
7766:Xenophobia
7555:Disability
7496:Healthcare
7405:Visual art
7350:Philosophy
7296:television
7286:newspapers
7276:journalism
7266:Literature
7178:attainment
6829:Republican
6824:Democratic
6797:Ideologies
6758:Corruption
6323:NOAA Corps
6246:preemption
6241:federalism
5856:Rio Grande
5758:Midwestern
5738:West Coast
5733:East Coast
5576:Inventions
5488:Space Race
5483:Korean War
5466:home front
5401:Gilded Age
4958:Law school
4903:Bankruptcy
4818:Federalism
4378:Family Law
3690:October 5,
3654:October 5,
3411:0897749634
3241:August 11,
2892:August 11,
2718:August 12,
2653:August 11,
2598:August 11,
2537:Disneyland
2413:August 11,
2261:August 11,
2222:August 11,
2188:August 11,
2152:August 11,
2118:August 11,
1827:References
1710:until the
1705:Family law
1661:first and
1459:deposition
1428:Field Code
895:certiorari
874:sovereigns
867:California
761:signed by
612:gridlocked
604:rulemaking
482:trademarks
446:copyrights
358:Blackstone
212:system of
210:common law
195:family law
171:sovereigns
8668:Venezuela
8593:Sri Lanka
8563:Singapore
8503:Palestine
8428:Lithuania
8363:Indonesia
8168:Australia
8158:Argentina
8031:Greenland
7946:Nicaragua
7921:Guatemala
7749:Terrorism
7526:Rationing
7423:Affluence
7370:Sexuality
7338:Uncle Sam
7244:Languages
7173:Education
7116:affluence
7076:Americana
7003:Transport
6901:Insurance
6891:Companies
6871:By sector
6763:Elections
6404:Treasurer
6362:Executive
6301:Air Force
6273:Uniformed
6096:President
5913:Executive
5684:Mountains
5617:Territory
5605:Geography
5429:1954–1968
5424:1896–1954
5419:1865–1896
5381:Civil War
5222:1991–2008
5217:1980–1991
5212:1964–1980
5207:1945–1964
5202:1917–1945
5197:1865–1917
5192:1849–1865
5187:1815–1849
5182:1789–1815
5177:1776–1789
5170:By period
5049:Procedure
5039:Corporate
4950:Education
3469:March 18,
2984:Precedent
1519:arbitrate
1455:discovery
1335:probation
1251:state law
1218:townships
1208:Local law
490:insurance
478:antitrust
470:railroads
409:deference
226:civil law
199:state law
8618:Thailand
8568:Slovakia
8533:Portugal
8518:Paraguay
8498:Pakistan
8438:Malaysia
8308:Ethiopia
8253:Colombia
8233:Cambodia
8223:Bulgaria
8198:Barbados
7996:Anguilla
7931:Honduras
7901:Dominica
7876:Barbados
7805:Category
7501:Abortion
7365:Religion
7323:Columbia
7281:internet
7217:Holidays
7212:Folklore
7183:literacy
7121:eviction
7011:Aviation
6983:Taxation
6938:Currency
6931:by state
6841:Scandals
6711:Township
6469:Judicial
6370:Governor
6133:Judicial
6019:Marshals
5892:Politics
5846:Missouri
5836:Columbia
5831:Colorado
5826:Arkansas
5819:Longest
5798:Southern
5783:Northern
5627:counties
5581:Military
5571:Economic
5549:By topic
5528:Iraq War
5478:Cold War
5236:By event
5071:Juvenile
5044:Criminal
5034:Property
5029:Contract
4994:Abortion
4891:District
4572:Colonial
4557:56143958
4345:(2009).
4137:(2010).
4028:(2010).
3984:(2010).
3844:(2010).
3803:(2010).
3762:(2010).
2302:(Cranch
1743:See also
1635:Greenman
1624:Greenman
1600:warranty
1571:and the
1541:Tort law
1424:pleading
1337:, large
1304:felonies
1222:counties
1214:agencies
899:separate
731:verbatim
635:Skidmore
542:slip law
500:Statutes
462:aviation
458:Spending
454:Commerce
422:military
407:Skidmore
402:doctrine
375:statutes
191:criminal
187:property
179:contract
137:case law
125:treaties
101:codified
43:reviewed
8673:Vietnam
8658:Vanuatu
8653:Uruguay
8638:Ukraine
8573:Somalia
8543:Romania
8483:Nigeria
8458:Namibia
8453:Morocco
8378:Ireland
8353:Iceland
8348:Hungary
8328:Germany
8323:Georgia
8313:Finland
8303:Estonia
8293:Ecuador
8278:Denmark
8258:Croatia
8228:Burundi
8213:Bolivia
8203:Belgium
8188:Bahrain
8183:Bahamas
8173:Austria
8163:Armenia
8153:Andorra
8148:Albania
8026:Curaçao
8011:Bonaire
8006:Bermuda
7936:Jamaica
7916:Grenada
7871:Bahamas
7789:Outline
7737:illegal
7722:Smoking
7585:Obesity
7468:Poverty
7390:Theater
7380:Society
7234:Housing
7195:Fashion
7151:poverty
7096:Cuisine
7068:Culture
7055:Society
7016:Driving
6943:Exports
6921:Tourism
6881:Banking
6859:Economy
6819:Parties
6663:Charter
6627:Sheriff
6074:Speaker
5942:Cabinet
5905:Federal
5813:Western
5778:Eastern
5773:Central
5768:Pacific
5728:Regions
5679:Islands
5162:History
5081:Privacy
5076:Martial
4886:Appeals
4881:Supreme
4627:Lawyers
4600:1815230
4428:(2002)
4141:(ed.).
4032:(ed.).
3988:(ed.).
3893:(1963).
3848:(ed.).
3807:(ed.).
3766:(ed.).
3726:July 1,
2230:England
1687:Torrens
1606:of the
640:Chevron
618:Chevron
563:of the
448:), and
442:patents
434:tariffs
400:Chevron
168:plenary
8633:Uganda
8628:Tuvalu
8623:Turkey
8613:Taiwan
8598:Sweden
8558:Serbia
8548:Russia
8528:Poland
8508:Panama
8493:Norway
8448:Mexico
8418:Latvia
8408:Kosovo
8398:Jordan
8383:Israel
8338:Guyana
8333:Greece
8318:France
8268:Cyprus
8238:Canada
8218:Brazil
8208:Bhutan
7951:Panama
7941:Mexico
7886:Canada
7881:Belize
7810:Portal
7717:Hunger
7668:racism
7609:Issues
7483:Health
7385:Sports
7345:People
7190:Family
7161:wealth
7086:Cinema
6911:Mining
6896:Energy
6641:Cities
6609:County
6543:Tribal
6081:Senate
5925:powers
5821:rivers
5694:ranges
5662:states
5586:Postal
5096:Sports
5056:Energy
4968:US bar
4908:Claims
4699:, ed.
4686:(1985)
4679:(2003)
4672:(2001)
4653:(2001)
4636:(1991)
4615:
4598:
4555:
4517:(2015)
4502:(1977)
4488:(1989)
4479:(2002)
4411:(1984)
4385:
4355:
4314:
4280:
4246:
4212:
4185:
4151:
4042:
3998:
3858:
3817:
3776:
3717:
3681:
3645:
3613:
3579:
3545:
3408:
3380:
3232:
3013:
2883:
2854:
2809:
2782:
2709:
2644:
2589:
2533:Lovett
2474:
2404:
2306:)
2252:
2213:
2179:
2143:
2109:
1850:
1727:, and
1432:equity
1401:Bivens
1370:felony
1331:prison
1308:murder
1293:crimes
1228:, and
1226:cities
884:, and
826:Under
480:, and
381:. The
193:, and
143:. The
135:, and
129:Senate
8588:Spain
8538:Qatar
8478:Niger
8463:Nauru
8443:Malta
8423:Libya
8393:Japan
8388:Italy
8358:India
8343:Haiti
8298:Egypt
8248:China
8243:Chile
8001:Aruba
7926:Haiti
7796:Index
7621:Crime
7491:Aging
7308:Names
7303:Music
7291:radio
7271:Media
7101:Dance
7091:Crime
6926:Trade
6683:Mayor
6632:Clerk
6600:Local
6342:State
5861:Yukon
5704:Rocky
5689:peaks
5111:Trust
5101:State
5085:State
4553:S2CID
3459:(PDF)
3361:Heath
3352:
3327:
3300:(PDF)
3203:
3166:
3141:
3116:
3094:
3037:
2987:, 39
2529:Gomez
2507:Ibid.
2377:
2354:
2326:
2298:
2080:
2057:
2032:
1983:
1947:
1922:
1897:
1872:
1794:Lists
1535:fraud
1339:fines
426:money
8523:Peru
8413:Laos
8373:Iraq
8368:Iran
8263:Cuba
8071:Saba
7896:Cuba
7360:Race
7205:list
7200:Flag
6739:list
6583:list
6494:list
6434:list
6387:list
6375:list
6351:and
6296:Navy
6286:Army
6156:list
5868:Time
5748:Gulf
5106:Tort
5091:Race
4896:list
4808:and
4613:ISBN
4596:SSRN
4383:ISBN
4353:ISBN
4325:2020
4312:ISBN
4291:2020
4278:ISBN
4257:2020
4244:ISBN
4223:2020
4210:ISBN
4183:ISBN
4162:2020
4149:ISBN
4053:2020
4040:ISBN
4009:2020
3996:ISBN
3968:2013
3869:2020
3856:ISBN
3828:2020
3815:ISBN
3787:2020
3774:ISBN
3728:2015
3715:ISBN
3692:2020
3679:ISBN
3656:2020
3643:ISBN
3611:ISBN
3590:2020
3577:ISBN
3556:2020
3543:ISBN
3471:2023
3406:ISBN
3376:See
3354:U.S.
3329:U.S.
3264:Erie
3243:2020
3230:ISBN
3205:U.S.
3168:U.S.
3143:U.S.
3118:U.S.
3096:U.S.
3039:U.S.
3011:ISBN
2894:2020
2881:ISBN
2852:ISBN
2807:ISBN
2780:ISBN
2732:See
2720:2020
2707:ISBN
2655:2020
2642:ISBN
2600:2020
2587:ISBN
2472:ISBN
2415:2020
2402:ISBN
2379:U.S.
2356:U.S.
2342:See
2328:U.S.
2300:U.S.
2288:See
2263:2020
2250:ISBN
2224:2020
2211:ISBN
2190:2020
2177:ISBN
2154:2020
2141:ISBN
2120:2020
2107:ISBN
2082:U.S.
2059:U.S.
2034:U.S.
1985:U.S.
1949:U.S.
1924:U.S.
1899:U.S.
1874:U.S.
1848:ISBN
1594:for
1499:The
1463:jury
1398:and
1312:rape
1310:and
1265:and
1253:.)
834:and
828:Erie
821:must
813:Erie
664:The
654:and
591:The
524:The
514:and
456:and
450:mail
444:and
183:tort
87:The
75:The
7259:ASL
6506:Law
6211:Law
6029:TSA
6014:ICE
6009:FBI
6004:DEA
5994:CBP
5989:ATF
5310:War
5061:Gun
4918:Tax
4588:doi
4545:doi
3350:474
3332:289
3325:568
3208:487
3201:313
3171:833
3164:505
3146:515
3139:518
3121:428
3114:530
3092:567
3042:130
3035:552
2375:565
2359:681
2352:517
2331:529
2324:501
2308:137
2085:992
2078:463
2055:447
2037:549
2030:514
1988:452
1981:501
1945:358
1927:134
1920:323
1902:580
1895:112
1877:339
1870:100
1731:.
1533:or
1527:all
1279:in
808:).
496:).
281:of
105:law
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8689::
4730:.
4659:.
4642:.
4594:.
4584:51
4582:.
4551:.
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4444:.
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2322:,
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1979:,
1918:,
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1701:.
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1224:,
1220:,
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