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367:; often, they are cited when judges are attempting to implement reasoning that other courts have not yet adopted, or when the judge believes the academic's restatement of the law is more compelling than can be found in case law. Thus common law systems are adopting one of the approaches long-held in civil law jurisdictions.
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Where there are several members of a court deciding a case, there may be one or more judgments given (or reported). Only the reason for the decision of the majority can constitute a binding precedent, but all may be cited as persuasive, or their reasoning may be adopted in an argument. Apart from the
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by some material difference between the facts of the cases; some jurisdictions allow for a judge to recommend that an appeal be carried out. If that judgment goes to appeal, the appellate court will have the opportunity to review both the precedent and the case under appeal, perhaps overruling the
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A lower court may not rule against a binding precedent, even if it feels that it is unjust; it may only express the hope that a higher court or the legislature will reform the rule in question. If the court believes that developments or trends in legal reasoning render the precedent unhelpful, and
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traditionally have played a much smaller role in developing case law in common law than professors in civil law. Because court decisions in civil law traditions are historically brief and not formally amenable to establishing precedent, much of the exposition of the law in civil law traditions is
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The different roles of case law in civil and common law traditions create differences in the way that courts render decisions. Common law courts generally explain in detail the legal rationale behind their decisions, with citations of both legislation and previous relevant judgments, and often
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Any court may seek to distinguish the present case from that of a binding precedent, to reach a different conclusion. The validity of such a distinction may or may not be accepted on appeal of that judgment to a higher court. An appellate court may also decide on an entirely new and different
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in France. Historically, common law courts relied little on legal scholarship; thus, at the turn of the twentieth century, it was very rare to see an academic writer quoted in a legal decision (except perhaps for the academic writings of prominent judges such as
233:) at any time to overrule judgments of the lower courts. Normally, the burden rests with litigants to appeal rulings (including those in clear violation of established case law) to the higher courts. If a judge acts against precedent, and the case is not
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common law tradition; however, their substantive law is firmly rooted in the civil law tradition. Because of their position between the two main systems of law, these types of legal systems are sometimes referred to as mixed systems of law.
204:, by which most courts are bound by their own previous decisions in similar cases. According to stare decisis, all lower courts should make decisions consistent with the previous decisions of higher courts. For example, in England, the
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In federal or multi-jurisdictional law systems there may exist conflicts between the various lower appellate courts. Sometimes these differences may not be resolved, and it may be necessary to distinguish how the law is applied in one
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66:—a Latin phrase meaning "let the decision stand"—is the principle by which judges are bound to such past decisions, drawing on established judicial authority to formulate their positions.
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651:
is contrasted with a number of other terms. First, in denoting the body of judge-made law based on that developed in
England… erhaps most commonly within Anglo-American jurisdictions,
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The reason for this difference is that these civil law jurisdictions adhere to a tradition that the reader should be able to deduce the logic from the decision and the statutes.
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458:), have the right to set precedent which is in practice (however not formally) binding on all future application of the law. Courts of appeal, both general courts (
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can deviate from its earlier decisions, although in practice it rarely does. A notable example of when the court has overturned its precedent is the case of
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previous case law by setting a new precedent of higher authority. This may happen several times as the case works its way through successive appeals.
222:, where the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom ruled that it and the other courts of England and Wales had misapplied the law for nearly 30 years.
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analysis from that of junior courts, and may or may not be bound by its own previous decisions, or in any case, may distinguish them on the facts.
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wishes to evade it and help the law evolve, it may either hold that the precedent is inconsistent with subsequent authority, or that it should be
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are sometimes included among the civil law systems, but as a separate branch, and sometimes counted as separate from the civil law tradition. In
442:, for instance, case law arguably plays a more important role than in some of the Continental codified law systems. The two highest courts, the
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rules of procedure for precedent, the weight given to any reported judgment may depend on the reputation of both the reporter and the judges.
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331:, do not precisely fit into the dual common-civil law system classifications. These types of systems may have been heavily influenced by the
466:), may also issue decisions that act as guides for the application of the law, but these decisions may be overturned by higher courts. Thus
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is used to determine the actual applicability and limits of a law and not, as in common law jurisdictions, the creation of law.
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398:. Some bodies are given statutory powers to issue guidance with persuasive authority or similar statutory effect, such as the
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but are not technically binding. By contrast, decisions in civil law jurisdictions are generally shorter, referring only to
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81:, which are established by executive agencies based on statutes. In some jurisdictions, case law can be applied to ongoing
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676:
1. The body of law derived from judicial decisions, rather than from statutes or constitutions; CASE LAW STATUTORY LAW.
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binding on other courts; further analyses not strictly necessary to the determination of the current case are called
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interactive database of
European judgments of national courts in the EU
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interpret the wider legal principles. The necessary analysis (called
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to decide a case. Widely cited non-binding sources include legal
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778:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 80-81.
62:. These past decisions are called "case law", or precedent.
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and may be published in treatises or in journals such as
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Central London
Property Trust Ltd v. High Trees House Ltd
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done by academics rather than by judges; this is called
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decisions from previous cases, rather than law based on
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These judicial interpretations are distinguished from
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Queensland
Judgments reported and unreported case law
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674:(10th ed.). 2014. p. 334.
672:Black's Law Dictionary - Common law
627:(2nd, revised ed.). New York:
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817:"The Status of Rules of Precedent"
690:"A Primer on the Civil-Law System"
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1130:Financial law
1128:
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1097:
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1089:Corporate law
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895:Core subjects
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748:"US Case Law"
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444:Supreme Court
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376:encyclopedias
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244:
243:distinguished
238:
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228:
223:
221:
220:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:stare decisis
199:
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182:
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147:
143:
139:
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119:
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107:
103:
99:
98:United States
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86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:statutory law
67:
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64:Stare decisis
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45:
41:
40:constitutions
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1811:Jurisdiction
1779:Legal remedy
1734:Adjudication
1634:Legal theory
1472:Ratification
1467:Promulgation
1438:Proclamation
1418:Codification
1372:
1351:Human rights
1339:Divine right
1329:Constitution
1297:Women in law
1215:Military law
1210:Marriage law
1205:Maritime law
1104:Election law
1044:Aviation law
1034:Abortion law
986:Property law
922:Criminal law
824:
820:
810:
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766:
755:. Retrieved
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400:Highway Code
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294:obiter dicta
292:
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248:Lord Denning
242:
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160:of selected
114:South Africa
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1983:Legislature
1914:Bureaucracy
1711:Rule of man
1706:Rule of law
1681:Libertarian
1544:Chinese law
1445:Legislation
1395:Regulations
1383:Law reports
1361:Natural law
1257:Reparations
1252:Refugee law
1175:Jurimetrics
1116:(Media law)
1054:Banking law
1049:Amnesty law
1027:Disciplines
964:Private law
134:Bangladeshi
110:New Zealand
58:or similar
48:regulations
1976:Law school
1856:Prosecutor
1794:Magistrate
1581:Jewish law
1539:Common law
1460:Rulemaking
1455:Regulation
1405:Law making
1344:Divine law
1320:Legal code
1267:Sports law
1190:Law of war
1140:Health law
1125:Family law
1109:Energy law
1059:Bankruptcy
996:Punishment
991:Public law
757:2019-06-07
752:Justia Law
733:2024-08-18
653:common law
649:common law
631:. p.
606:References
484:categories
450:) and the
361:Blackstone
341:professors
272:K.B. 130.
264:High Trees
231:sua sponte
206:High Court
194:precedents
190:common law
90:common law
52:legal case
32:precedents
24:common law
1954:Judiciary
1949:Executive
1924:The bench
1861:Solicitor
1836:Barrister
1716:Sociology
1701:Pseudolaw
1641:Anarchist
1598:Roman law
1586:Parsi law
1571:Hindu law
1559:Canon law
1534:Civil law
1487:Concordat
1378:Precedent
1287:Trust law
1262:Space law
1099:Drugs law
969:Procedure
907:Civil law
802:262079114
600:Precedent
460:hovrätter
329:Louisiana
317:Scots law
313:pluralist
289:precedent
219:R v Jogee
154:Hong Kong
138:Sri Lanka
118:Singapore
106:Australia
60:tribunals
2097:Case law
2091:Category
2061:Category
2003:Tribunal
1988:Military
1831:Attorney
1801:Judgment
1661:Feminist
1576:Jain law
1373:Case law
1094:Cyberlaw
1001:Corporal
979:Criminal
949:Evidence
939:Doctrine
917:Contract
774:(2022).
540:Case law
510:Case law
482:Case law
474:See also
468:case law
408:district
378:such as
346:doctrine
321:Scotland
303:statutes
260:estoppel
235:appealed
208:and the
130:Pakistan
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36:judicial
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2075:Outline
2012:History
1919:The bar
1893:Verdict
1841:Counsel
1821:Justice
1676:History
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1277:Tax law
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697:fjc.gov
394:or the
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122:Ireland
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1784:Judge
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1428:Edict
974:Civil
927:Crime
798:S2CID
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126:India
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