Baldwin IV of Jerusalem

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rejected by modern authors such as Bernard Hamilton and Peter Edbury. Hamilton posits that the factions arose only after Sibylla's marriage to Guy and centered on the king's paternal relatives (cousins Raymond of Tripoli and Bohemond of Antioch; stepmother, Maria; and her new family, the Ibelins) and maternal relatives (mother, Agnes; stepfather, Reynald of Sidon; sister, Sibylla; brother-in-law, Guy; uncle, Joscelin; and Raynald of Châtillon), of whom the king supported the latter. In light of these problems, Baldwin proposed a two-year truce with Saladin, who was glad to accept in order to campaign freely in northern Syria. Baldwin sent his uncle and chief minister, Joscelin, to assure the Byzantine court that Jerusalem still needed their protection. During Joscelin's absence, from mid-1180 to mid-1181, the full burden of government fell on the shoulders of the King, whose health was deteriorating. He relied chiefly on his mother in this period.

4090: 2154:, who were under royal protection and who provided information about the Egyptians' movements. He soon developed a fever. When he returned to Jerusalem in late 1184 or early 1185, Baldwin bestowed regency on Raymond of Tripoli, the man whom he had never trusted, but to whom he could find no better alternative. At the time he expected to survive the illness, having done so twice before, but within weeks it became apparent that it would be his last. On his deathbed he summoned the High Court to appoint a permanent regent for his nephew, Baldwin V, and Raymond was chosen. The dying king then ordered that 2140: 2106:, which may have been the first in a chain of such beacons, in order to hearten the defenders of the intensely bombarded Kerak. Baldwin accompanied his troops again, but having become blind and immobile, this time he went in a litter slung between two horses. His presence was essential to unite the discordant barons. Even his humiliated brother-in-law led his men. Warned by his scouts about the King's approach and concerned about having left Egypt unguarded, Saladin abandoned the siege on 4 December. Baldwin entered Kerak triumphantly. 780:, summoning all able-bodied men. Saladin reached Ascalon on 22 November and Baldwin led the troops out to meet him. Seeing how drastically outnumbered he was, the King retreated into the city. Saladin too saw the strength in his numbers and confidently proceeded towards Jerusalem. Baldwin managed to contact the Templars, however, and ordered them to abandon Gaza and join him. Contrary to the sultan's expectation, Baldwin and Raynald then rode out of Ascalon, joined up with the Templars, and attacked his dispersed army at 891: 752: 633: 46: 2175: 2187:

Saladin's power, which was reflected in his choice of ministers. He did not devise strategy or diplomacy alone, and delegated Church patronage and finances to his mother, Agnes, and uncle, Joscelin, respectively. His chief contribution was his determination not to abdicate before finding a suitable successor, despite leprosy making government an unbearable burden. As was clear during his reign and especially in its disastrous aftermath, Baldwin alone preserved unity in the kingdom.

2059: 4111: 2127:, Baldwin summoned his council, probably to gain support to seize Guy's fief on the grounds of refusal of the royal summons. The patriarch and the grand masters begged Baldwin to forgive Guy in order to avoid a civil war. This was as unacceptable to Baldwin as it would have been to any contemporary king. The patriarch and the grand masters stormed out of the council, swaying the rest of the assembly to withhold support for the action. 1964: 788: 544: 268:. Guy was opposed by a large fraction of the nobility, and soon permanently impaired his relationship with Baldwin. The internal discord that followed forced Baldwin to remain king, as only he was capable of uniting the quarreling nobility. Baldwin again repelled Saladin in 1182 but leprosy rendered him blind and unable to walk or use his hands in 1183. He disinherited Guy and had Sibylla's son, 2079:. Having summoned the High Court to his bedside, Baldwin entrusted the government to his brother-in-law, Guy, who was next in line to succeed him. Guy's appointment to regency was meant to be permanent. Baldwin retained only the royal title and authority over the city of Jerusalem, but he had Guy swear that, while Baldwin lived, he would not make himself king or alienate parts of the 563:. Shortly thereafter Count Raymond III of Tripoli arrived in Jerusalem and succeeded in claiming regency as the King's closest kinsman. Miles was murdered while trying to extend his hold on the government. No new seneschal was appointed for two years, and so the young and sickly king presided over burdensome High Court meetings when the regent was away on military duties or in 2095:

vital fortress and the king's half-sister within it could not be entrusted to the man who had proven unable to command the troops. Guy's removal from regency was effectively disinheritance; at the council's insistence, deliberations about the succession followed. The proposal of the king's mother that Sibylla's five-year-old son, Baldwin, be made

887:, and wrote to the king of France: "To be deprived of the use of one's limbs is of little help to one in carrying out the work of government ... It is not fitting that a hand so weak as mine should hold power when fear of Arab aggression daily presses upon the Holy City and when my sickness increases the enemy's daring." 470: 2130:

Baldwin was reconciled with the patriarch and the grand masters by June when he sent them to Europe on a diplomatic mission to seek aid for the kingdom. He informed them by letter that Saladin was once more besieging Kerak. Again, Saladin abandoned the siege when the litter-bound king approached with

308:. The king was young and recently married, making a nephew's accession seem unlikely; yet Baldwin III died childless in 1163. Amalric was his heir, but the nobles of the kingdom were strongly opposed to Amalric's wife, Agnes; they were likely threatened by the prospect of her increased influence. The 2186:

Christian defeat at Hattin two years after Baldwin's death marred the king's legacy, with historians tracing fatal discord to Baldwin's reign. Yet, while Baldwin was on the throne, the kingdom lost no territory and flourished economically and spiritually. Baldwin understood the importance of curbing

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Baldwin IV died, attended by his vassals, in March 1185 or before 16 May 1185 at the latest, when Baldwin V is recorded as the sole king. He was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, close to his father, King Amalric. The young Baldwin V died the next year. Sibylla, who succeeded her son, made

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to the castle, hoping to capture the King's half-sister and her husband. The retired king had gathered a council in Jerusalem to inform him about the government of the kingdom when news about the siege reached him. He immediately dismissed Guy from regency and resumed power, as the defense of such a

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The defeated sultan took his host to besiege Beirut, while another army from Egypt attacked the south of the kingdom. Baldwin knew that he was being provoked into dividing his forces. Deciding that Beirut was of a greater strategic importance, he ignored the southern attack and moved with his troops

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in 1180, the prince of Antioch and the count of Tripoli marched with their armies to Jerusalem. It is most likely that their intention was to force the King to have Sibylla marry Baldwin of Ibelin and to then abdicate. The king had never approved of Baldwin's ambition to marry his sister, and though

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of the illness. His condition worsened rapidly. Most severely affected were his limbs and face, which made his subjects uneasy when they approached him. Yet, contrary to the common practice, and to the surprise of Muslim observers, Baldwin was never segregated. As a leper, Baldwin could not marry or

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The question of regency for his nephew troubled Baldwin. The only way to ensure that Guy could not claim it was to have his marriage to Sibylla annulled. Baldwin discussed this with the patriarch, Heraclius. The King may have intended to claim that he had forced his sister to marry Guy and that the

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of Toron to Agnes, while associating Guy and Sibylla with him in public acts. He remained unreconciled with Raymond, however, and forbade the count to enter the kingdom in early 1182 owing to suspicions of another conspiracy. Baldwin likely intended to charge Raymond with treason and deprive him of

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Baldwin's mother, Agnes, returned to court when Raymond became regent. She is frequently accused by historians of exploiting her son's condition for self-gain, but the contemporary sources, including Baldwin's tutor, William of Tyre, are biased against her. Having grown up without her since the age

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As an adolescent, Baldwin was precocious, determined, and optimistic in the face of his illness. He took after his father in good looks, body shape, and manner of walking and expressing himself. Baldwin was a quick learner, but he stuttered. He enjoyed listening to stories and history lessons. His

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speaks of a division already at the beginning of Baldwin's reign between the cautious, diplomatic native barons and the Hospitallers on one side and the "aggressive, militantly Christian" newcomers from Western Europe and Templars on the other. This view, though common in older historiography, is

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Upon Amalric's death, the High Court convened to discuss the succession. Though he had not yet been diagnosed the High Court must have been aware of the royal physicians' suspicions that Baldwin had contracted leprosy. Yet there was no viable alternative. Baldwin was the King's only son; from his

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Fearing discontent among his barons, Baldwin had failed to give Guy any experience in military leadership prior to making him regent. Indeed, the great lords of the kingdom, the independent rulers of Antioch and Tripoli, and the grand masters of the military orders refused to cooperate with Guy.

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on his marriage to the king's sister. Baldwin visited him and became gravely ill too. William died in June, leaving Sibylla pregnant and Baldwin incapacitated without a deputy ahead of a major war offensive. The king entrusted the government and military command to Raynald, snubbing the count of

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Early in 1184 Baldwin ordered Guy to attend him as vassal in Jerusalem. Guy declined, citing poor health, and this was repeated several times. Baldwin then had himself carried to Ascalon in the company of the High Court. Guy refused to let him into the city. From the battlements and towers, the

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During the regency it became clear that the King was indeed affected by leprosy. It is not clear from whom he caught it, but it must have been someone with whom he spent a lot of time and who did not exhibit easily visible symptoms. Puberty may have accelerated the development of the

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in lifting Saladin's naval blockade of Beirut. Saladin abandoned the siege, but declined to make a truce, worrying Baldwin and his advisers. He proceeded north to fight the Zengids, thereby expanding his realm, while Baldwin led an attack on Saladin's Damascene territory, then on

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Baldwin's truce with Saladin was due to expire in May 1182 but was broken in mid-1181 by Raynald, who seized a merchant caravan on its way from Egypt to Damascus. Raynald ignored the King's request to make restitution to Saladin, who was then preparing to annex the

743:. Saladin's power remained unchecked, and the Byzantine alliance collapsed. Despite the hostility of the Latin patriarch, Amalric of Nesle, Baldwin continued to court the Greek patriarch, Leontius, in hopes that the Byzantines would remain committed to his kingdom. 456:

on Baldwin's behalf if Amalric died early. When physicians informed him that Baldwin could develop leprosy, Amalric may have begun viewing Sibylla and Stephen as eventual monarchs instead of Baldwin, but the match fell through. In June 1174, the king came down with

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Baldwin recovered unexpectedly and returned to Jerusalem. Having found that coastal climate suited his health, Baldwin offered Jerusalem to Guy in exchange for Tyre. Guy brusquely refused, possibly because Tyre was more lucrative, leaving Baldwin gravely insulted.

803:; he was reluctant because the Franks had promised not to mark that part of the border. After protests of local Muslims, Saladin offered money to Baldwin in exchange for aborting the construction, but the King refused. In 1178, Baldwin hosted the patriarch of the 2070:

dried and he became blind. He nevertheless had to summon his troops in response to Saladin's march south following the Egyptian conquest of Aleppo in June. The King then developed a life-threatening fever. He was attended by his mother and the new patriarch,

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who was famed for his learning. William noticed that, unlike other children in the playground, Baldwin did not cry when pinched by his peers. After a while it became apparent to the tutor that Baldwin could not feel pain in his right arm. The king hired

624:, who had been allowed by Raymond to encircle the crusader states by conquering Muslim principalities in Syria. Baldwin did not ratify Raymond's peace treaty with Saladin, firmly agreeing with Joscelin that the sultan's power needed to be curbed. 882:

to marry the King's stepmother, Queen Maria, in late 1177. In July 1178 Baldwin IV began associating Sibylla with him in some public acts, thereby acknowledging her as next in line to the throne. He began contemplating her marriage to Duke

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The Byzantines sent a war fleet in preparation of the invasion of Egypt but to Baldwin's regret they withdrew because of the uncooperativeness of Philip I of Flanders, Bohemond of Antioch, Raymond of Tripoli, and the grand master of the

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I have seen a time when King Baldwin of Jerusalem, the one who was a leper, beat Saladin although he only had 300 armed men against Saladin's 3,000. But now your sins have come to such a pass that we round you up in the fields like

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In spite of illness the Franks were loyal to him, they gave him every encouragement ... being satisfied to have him as their ruler; they exalted him ... they were anxious to keep him in office, but they paid no attention to his

656:. This was his first experience of warfare. Despite having use of only one hand, he refused to delegate his military duties and took part in fighting. He and his advisers then decided to intervene in Saladin's war against the 233:

in 1176. As soon as he assumed government, Baldwin planned an invasion of Egypt, which fell through because of his vassals' uncooperativeness. Saladin in turn attacked Baldwin's kingdom in 1177, but the king and the nobleman

731:. Still in sickbed in Ascalon, the king had himself taken back to Jerusalem in a litter and convened a general council, on the advice of which he offered regency to Philip. Philip declined, and Raynald retained his post. 2229:

Despite perceived sanctity Baldwin was not particularly devout. He was primarily a knight, both in character and in upbringing, and to contemporaries his most distinctive traits were his courage and honourableness.

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On the second anniversary of his coronation, 15 July 1176, Baldwin reached the age of majority and Raymond's regency lapsed. At the suggestion of his mother, the king appointed his loyal and capable maternal uncle,

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in the affected. Baldwin's reign may have led to a lesser stigmatization of the illness in the 13th-century Kingdom of Jerusalem. His subjects' acceptance of his illness confounded some Muslims. Muslim historian

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William of Montferrat married Baldwin's sister Sibylla, in November 1176 despite misgivings of the nobles who no longer trusted his cousin Emperor Frederick's ability to aid the kingdom. Baldwin offered to

421:, an essential skill for a Frankish nobleman. Having sensation in only one hand, Baldwin needed to learn to control the horse in battle using solely his knees, and mastered riding despite the handicap. 766:. With the Frankish army in northern Syria, Saladin seized the opportunity to invade Baldwin's kingdom on 18 November. Though still recovering from malaria, Baldwin rode to meet the sultan, while the 2216:

Baldwin's public image may have been aided by his chastity, seen as evidence of extraordinary sanctity, and his success against Saladin was interpreted as a sign of God's favor. After the disastrous

1996:. The law prevented the king from seizing the fief without the assent of the High Court, and the High Court urged the king to reconcile with Raymond; Baldwin reluctantly heeded his vassals' advice. 511:

After three days of deliberation Baldwin IV was chosen, with the expectation that a husband would be found for Sibylla to succeed him if he proved to be affected. The young king's

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he did wish to abdicate, he was not keen on having terms forced on him. Baldwin acted decisively before his kinsmen's armies reached Jerusalem: he arranged for Sibylla to marry a

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survived infancy. Female succession was expressly allowed, but Sibylla was an unmarried adolescent and Isabella only two years old. The male candidates, Amalric's cousins Prince

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with the lady of Oultrejourdain, Humphrey's mother, as far as possible from her maternal kin and potential conspirators. By the terms of the marriage contract, Humphrey ceded

620:, to the office of seneschal and arranged for him to marry a rich heiress, Agnes of Milly. The change in government signaled a new Frankish approach to the Egyptian ruler 242:, earning Baldwin fame. The young king mastered horse riding despite gradually losing sensation in his extremities and was able to fight in battles until his last years. 2020:. Historian Bernard Hamilton attributes the victory to the respect and loyalty commanded by Baldwin, who stayed on the battlefield despite his illness and intense heat. 795:

Not having enough men to launch an offensive on the retreating Muslims, Baldwin decided to fortify the Damascene frontier. The Templars convinced him to build a castle,

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To secure Guy's position and prevent the emergence of an alternative claimant, Baldwin had his eight-year-old half-sister, Isabella, solemnly betrothed to the teenage

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in the winter of 1176–77. Manuel agreed to take part in the invasion in return for the establishment of Byzantine protectorate over the kingdom and restoration of the

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inhabitants witnessed the King ceremoniously raised his hand to knock on the gates and demand admission only for the gates to remain closed. The King was welcomed in

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As soon as he took over the government, Baldwin began planning a full-scale attack on Egypt with his advisers. The king took advantage of Saladin's campaign in

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Baldwin's. The king was unhorsed and carried to safety on a knight's back because he could not remount on his own. In late August, Baldwin summoned a host to

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The wedding of Baldwin's half-sister, Isabella, and Humphrey IV of Toron was celebrated in Kerak in late 1183. Saladin attacked during the festivities and

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be rendered to his nephew as king and to Raymond as regent, to be followed by a solemn crown-wearing ceremony at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.

2041:. In the winter of 1182–1183, after agreeing on a strategy with his council, Baldwin attacked Damascus again. He threatened to destroy a mosque in 4166: 527:. Medieval rulers were normally crowned on Sundays, but in Baldwin's case 15 July 1174 was chosen instead as it was the 75th anniversary of the 2248:

plays Baldwin. In contrast to the historical king, Baldwin is portrayed as an androgynous, orientalized, and fragile king bound to his chamber.

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was sent to investigate the King's movement but suddenly ran into him, and a skirmish followed. The elderly but exceptionally able constable,

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marriage was unlawful because of that. Sibylla's unwavering loyalty to Guy thwarted his plans, as the couple refused to appear at court.

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to Baldwin, who thus prevented the union of two great fiefs under one vassal and strengthened his position against the count of Tripoli.

555:, which was 15 in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Baldwin needed a regent to rule in his name. The government was initially assumed by the 195:

from 1174 until his death in 1185. He was admired by his contemporaries and later historians for his willpower and dedication to the

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gave Saladin confidence to attack the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In July, Baldwin marched with his host to relieve the Muslims' siege of

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Philip left the Kingdom of Jerusalem with his troops in late October 1177 to help Raymond of Tripoli attack the Muslim-held city of

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tutor, William, remarked on Baldwin's excellent memory, stating that he forgot neither kindness nor slights done to him by others.

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of two, Baldwin had no memories of his mother, but she became devotedly kind to him and he developed a strong attachment to her.

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Mitchell, Piers D. (2000). "An evaluation of the leprosy of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem in the context of the medieval world".

2008:. The King, who consistently acted against Saladin's attempts to expand into northern Syria, decided to oppose him. The recent 414: 556: 3794: 429:

the boy would face. Had the diagnosis been made when he was a child, Baldwin might have been required by law to enter the

348:, with whom he was not close. The queen was an ambitious woman who likely saw Baldwin as an obstacle to her own children. 260:

in 1176, but William died the next year. In 1180, in order to forestall a coup by Count Raymond III of Tripoli and Prince

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for the child's father, William, concluded in June 1178 and it became appropriate to seek another husband for her.

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Baldwin developed the first symptoms of leprosy as a child but was only diagnosed after he succeeded his father,

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confiscated. In early 1185, he arranged for Raymond to rule as regent for Sibylla's son and died before 16 May.

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Baldwin made use of the truce with Saladin to strengthen the position of his maternal kin, granting Maron and

3984: 894: 664:(modern-day Lebanon), where they defeated the garrison of Damascus, forcing Saladin to abandon his campaign. 20: 2179: 4171: 4034: 3967: 2182:. Baldwin is depicted in a litter, but he was still mobile at the time and fought this battle on horseback. 660:. On 1 August, Baldwin and Raymond led the armies of Jerusalem and Tripoli, respectively, in a raid of the 524: 516: 143: 24: 425:

was suspected, but there were no visible symptoms yet and physicians hesitated to diagnose because of the

336:) and only saw Baldwin on public occasions. He also seldom saw his sister, Sibylla, who was raised in the 4156: 4014: 2166:

in 1187. Sibylla and her daughters died in 1190, leaving Isabella I as the heir to the defeated kingdom.

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Baldwin IV's family, including the Courtenay party (blue rectangular) and their opponents (red rounded)

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Baldwin could not walk unsupported or use his hands from 1183. Because of an inability to blink, his

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In late 1184 Baldwin was shocked to learn about Guy's massacre of the Bedouin of the royal fief of

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Baldwin had hoped to abdicate, but was prevented by a deep rift within his court. The historian

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arrived in the East in September. He brought to Baldwin financial aid from another cousin, King

695:, in Jerusalem. As Raynald's mission was successful, Baldwin consented to his marriage with the 680: 235: 4115: 4009: 3974: 3908: 3897: 2072: 2009: 1938: 1567: 1229: 863: 847: 804: 494: 269: 226: 105: 94: 2162:

Guy king. Baldwin IV's realm was destroyed by Saladin following his decisive victory over Guy

2045:, but local Christians convinced him not to for fear of losing their churches in retaliation. 826:, sustained fatal wounds while protecting the King. Weeks later Baldwin rode out to intercept 355:

Playmates pinch Baldwin and William of Tyre discovers first symptoms of Baldwin's leprosy, in

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his army. Once in Kerak, Baldwin ordered and financed the reparations of the damaged castle.

2017: 1299: 696: 508:, and Raymond virtually a stranger to the barons after nine years spent in Muslim captivity. 449: 4141: 4136: 4059: 4029: 3999: 3951: 3881: 3835: 1831: 1795: 1781: 1560: 1525: 890: 884: 823: 781: 756: 720: 600: 357: 328:

despite the annulment. Baldwin grew up without a mother, as she soon remarried (firstly to

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showed little sympathy when writing about Baldwin, declaring leprosy a "just judgement of

2123:, however, where he installed a governor, thereby depriving Guy of half of his county. In 473:

Patriarch Amalric crowns King Baldwin IV, as depicted in late 13th-century edition of the

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to the kingdom, received a good education. The nine-year-old prince was sent to live with

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Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V in the 1280 edition of William of Tyre's

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in order to be accepted as king. Amalric succeeded in having his and Agnes's children,

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In order to carry out his attack on Egypt, Baldwin needed naval support. He thus sent

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A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187

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19th-century depiction of Baldwin commanding troops at the Battle of Montgisard, by

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In the winter of 1177–78 the king's widowed sister, Sibylla, gave birth to a son,

4049: 4019: 3847: 3815: 2217: 2155: 1802: 1220: 935: 922: 906: 875: 767: 560: 552: 405: 397: 265: 230: 28: 874:'s suit was well known, but not entertained. In order to avoid antagonizing the 45: 2103: 2091: 814:

In April 1179, Baldwin intended to round up the sheep passing from Damascus to

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The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem

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The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem

776: 774:. The King took his humble host to Ascalon, where in desperation he issued an 632: 461:. He died on 11 July leaving an underage heir, as he had feared might happen. 276:. Baldwin failed to have Sibylla's marriage to Guy annulled and Guy's fief of 4130: 2245: 2080: 2038: 2025: 943: 927: 528: 401: 317: 196: 2174: 272:, crowned co-king before having himself taken in a litter to lift Saladin's 2124: 1976: 951: 819: 800: 661: 469: 418: 215: 2190:

Contemporary Christian theologians were divided on the issue of leprosy.

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for Baldwin's sister and heir presumptive, Sibylla. Raymond's choice was

851: 796: 751: 669: 512: 381: 225:). Thereafter his hands and face became increasingly disfigured. Count 71: 3820:. By Hamilton, Bernard. Cambridge University Press. pp. 245–258. 913: 771: 458: 438: 385: 313: 543: 4110: 4064: 2076: 1980: 854:

could be fetched from Jerusalem to accompany the Christian troops.

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to lead an embassy to Emperor Manuel, Raynald's stepson-in-law, in

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had been overthrown by Saladin, who advanced into Zengid territory.

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In late November Baldwin ordered the lighting of a beacon on the

2096: 2042: 2013: 1963: 827: 727:. Henry was invested because he and Baldwin both belonged to the 711: 707: 621: 422: 208: 200: 151: 2198:", but another school of thought encouraged the faithful to see 2199: 2067: 2005: 2001: 1968: 918: 815: 787: 649: 453: 409: 389: 377: 373: 229:

ruled the kingdom in Baldwin's name until the king reached the

2995: 2993: 811:, in Jerusalem and won his lasting loyalty to Frankish cause. 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3202: 2151: 2120: 2034: 955: 497:, were politically unsuitable: Bohemond was bound to distant 3672: 3592: 3580: 3568: 3460: 3334: 2747: 351: 3840:

The feudal nobility and the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1147–1277

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13th-century depiction of Baldwin toppling an enemy at the

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second marriage Amalric had two daughters, of which only

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Amalric attempted to have Sibylla marry the French Count

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was accepted, and the boy was crowned on 20 November.

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expect to have children. It thus became a priority to

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and succeeded in protecting it from the Muslim ruler

2134: 2109: 706:In April 1177, William of Monferrat fell sick with 50:

13th-century depiction of Baldwin at his coronation

2220:, a crusader was told by an old man in Damascus: 746: 344:. At the age of six Baldwin gained a stepmother, 304:, who joked that his christening present was the 4128: 1958: 288:Baldwin was born in mid-1161. His parents were 850:, but the castle fell before the relic of the 300:. Baldwin's godfather was his paternal uncle, 3932: 2037:, before finally laying siege and capturing 4177:Burials at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre 3856:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. 3834: 3398: 640:1165. By the time Baldwin IV ascended, the 3939: 3925: 44: 2053: 3846: 3813: 3792: 3777: 3758: 3746: 3734: 3717: 3705: 3693: 3678: 3666: 3654: 3642: 3630: 3615: 3598: 3586: 3574: 3562: 3550: 3538: 3526: 3514: 3502: 3490: 3478: 3466: 3454: 3437: 3425: 3410: 3379: 3364: 3352: 3340: 3328: 3316: 3304: 3292: 3277: 3262: 3250: 3235: 3220: 3208: 3196: 3184: 3172: 3160: 3148: 3131: 3119: 3107: 3095: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3047: 3035: 3023: 3011: 2999: 2984: 2969: 2957: 2945: 2930: 2918: 2906: 2894: 2879: 2867: 2855: 2843: 2831: 2819: 2804: 2792: 2780: 2765: 2753: 2741: 2729: 2717: 2705: 2693: 2681: 2666: 2651: 2639: 2627: 2615: 2603: 2588: 2576: 2564: 2552: 2537: 2522: 2510: 2498: 2486: 2474: 2462: 2447: 2435: 2423: 2408: 2396: 2379: 2364: 2352: 2337: 2325: 2313: 2298: 2286: 2267: 2173: 2169: 2138: 2057: 1962: 889: 786: 750: 631: 542: 468: 350: 66:11 July 1174 – March 1185 400:. Amalric ensured that Baldwin, as the 4167:Royalty and nobility with disabilities 4129: 838:, and in June Saladin's raiding party 719:Tripoli. Baldwin's first cousin Count 3920: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1911: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1858: 1856: 1851: 1844: 1842: 1837: 1835: 1830: 1815: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1801: 1794: 1787: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1773: 1711: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1643: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1589: 1566: 1564: 1559: 1552: 1545: 1543: 1538: 1531: 1524: 1517: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1489: 1441: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1331: 1298: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1275: 1273: 1271: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1228: 1219: 1210: 1130: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1032: 1019: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1006: 1004: 1002: 1000: 998: 996: 994: 992: 990: 988: 986: 984: 982: 980: 978: 976: 974: 972: 2010:anti-Catholic coup in Constantinople 1992:held by Raymond through marriage to 878:, however, King Baldwin had allowed 627: 408:, a sophisticated and well-traveled 132:Between March and May 1185 (aged 24) 2016:, and his outnumbered army won the 857: 365:The Kingdom of Jerusalem and other 248:Baldwin from marrying. He hoped to 16:King of Jerusalem from 1174 to 1185 13: 4147:12th-century monarchs of Jerusalem 4088: 866:, named after the King. A year of 316:of his marriage on the grounds of 14: 4188: 2135:Last months, death, and aftermath 437:composed of affected knights and 4109: 2110:Brother-in-law's insubordination 791:Ruined fortress of Le Chastellet 610: 596:, Italy, and cousin of both the 523:, took place immediately in the 452:, who would rule the kingdom as 361:, painted in France in the 1250s 3786: 220: 3968:Advocate of the Holy Sepulchre 3799:. Cambridge University Press. 901:arriving in Jerusalem to find 747:Initial conflicts with Saladin 547:Seal of Raymond III of Tripoli 312:forced Amalric to agree to an 1: 2252: 2048: 1959:Truce and resumed hostilities 637: 21:Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders 714:, of which he had been made 525:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 517:Latin patriarch of Jerusalem 501:, Baldwin in the service of 464: 283: 264:, Baldwin had Sibylla marry 199:in the face of debilitating 144:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 25:Baldwin IV, Count of Hainaut 7: 2233: 931:, and the coup was foiled. 10: 4193: 4152:Christians of the Crusades 3793:Hamilton, Bernard (2000). 2180:Charles-Philippe Larivière 538: 294:count of Jaffa and Ascalon 187:(1161–1185), known as the 18: 4099: 4086: 3958: 3905: 3886: 3878: 3873: 1967:Saladin as depicted on a 1909: 1907: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1849: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1799: 1792: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1709: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1671: 1669: 1653: 1649: 1641: 1637: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1603: 1601: 1593: 1591: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1557: 1550: 1536: 1529: 1522: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1439: 1437: 1429: 1427: 1387: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1347: 1343: 1337: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1311: 1309: 1245: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1226: 1224: 1217: 1215: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1128: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1078: 1076: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1017: 672:to William, according to 417:Baldwin and to teach him 172: 162: 150: 138: 128: 116: 112: 101: 90: 80: 70: 62: 55: 43: 38: 1505:Baldwin III of Jerusalem 846:to respond to Saladin's 636:Map of the Near East in 338:Convent of Saint Lazarus 4162:Medieval child monarchs 2205:Imad al-Din al-Isfahani 1986:Principality of Galilee 1839:Bohemond III of Antioch 1817:Isabella I of Jerusalem 1810:Baldwin IV of Jerusalem 1014:Baldwin II of Jerusalem 590:William V of Montferrat 487:Bohemond III of Antioch 388:who had arrived in the 369:, though surrounded by 367:crusader principalities 262:Bohemond III of Antioch 4093: 2244: – film in which 2227: 2214: 2183: 2164:at the Horns of Hattin 2147: 2063: 2054:Progressing disability 1972: 1939:Baldwin V of Jerusalem 1568:Raymond III of Tripoli 1230:Melisende of Jerusalem 909: 848:siege of Le Chastellet 805:Syriac Orthodox Church 792: 759: 652:to lead a raid around 645: 548: 495:Raymond III of Tripoli 477: 376:states, were ruled by 362: 324:and Baldwin, declared 227:Raymond III of Tripoli 4092: 3836:Riley-Smith, Jonathan 3211:, pp. xviii, xx. 2222: 2209: 2177: 2170:Assessment and legacy 2142: 2061: 2018:Battle of Le Forbelet 1966: 1789:William of Montferrat 1512:Joscelin of Courtenay 1300:Hodierna of Jerusalem 893: 790: 754: 697:lady of Oultrejordain 635: 618:Joscelin of Courtenay 586:William of Montferrat 551:Until he reached the 546: 472: 450:Stephen I of Sancerre 354: 258:William of Montferrat 3952:Kingdom of Jerusalem 3469:, pp. 196, 241. 3343:, pp. 187, 240. 2756:, pp. 114, 127. 1832:Humphrey IV of Toron 1796:Sibylla of Jerusalem 1782:Philip I of Flanders 1561:Constance of Antioch 1554:Raynald of Châtillon 1526:Amalric of Jerusalem 885:Hugh III of Burgundy 824:Humphrey II of Toron 757:Battle of Montgisard 721:Philip I of Flanders 681:Raynald of Châtillon 601:Frederick Barbarossa 533:seizure of Jerusalem 475:Histoire d'Outre Mer 306:Kingdom of Jerusalem 236:Raynald of Châtillon 167:Amalric of Jerusalem 134:Kingdom of Jerusalem 123:Kingdom of Jerusalem 4172:Deaths from leprosy 3681:, pp. 230–232. 3601:, pp. 207–208. 3589:, pp. 205–206. 3577:, pp. 204–205. 3541:, pp. 202–203. 3505:, pp. 196–197. 3440:, pp. 193–194. 3319:, pp. 177–178. 3265:, pp. 172–178. 3199:, pp. 161–162. 3175:, pp. 159–160. 3110:, pp. 154–155. 3026:, pp. 238–239. 3002:, pp. 135–136. 2744:, pp. 111–112. 2732:, pp. 109–110. 2720:, pp. 107–108. 2642:, pp. 105–106. 2145:Histoire d'Outremer 1775:Henry II of England 1491:Geoffrey V of Anjou 1021:Morphia of Melitene 818:. Saladin's nephew 737:Knights Hospitaller 725:Henry II of England 605:Louis VII of France 431:Order of St Lazarus 340:by their grandaunt 4157:Kings of Jerusalem 4094: 2192:Pope Alexander III 2184: 2148: 2064: 2030:maritime republics 1973: 1860:Baldwin of Antioch 1547:Stephanie of Milly 1519:Agnes of Courtenay 1293:Alice of Jerusalem 1212:Eremburga of Maine 910: 809:Michael the Syrian 793: 770:hurried to defend 760: 701:Stephanie of Milly 689:Orthodox patriarch 658:Order of Assassins 646: 598:Holy Roman Emperor 588:, son of Margrave 582:arrange a marriage 549: 491:Baldwin of Antioch 478: 398:Western in culture 363: 298:Agnes of Courtenay 177:Agnes of Courtenay 4124: 4123: 4050:John I of Brienne 3915: 3914: 3906:Succeeded by 3889:King of Jerusalem 2513:, pp. 88–89. 2450:, pp. 40–41. 2328:, pp. 57–58. 2241:Kingdom of Heaven 1990:fief of Jerusalem 1956: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1853:Manuel I Komnenos 872:Baldwin of Ibelin 868:official mourning 674:Sicard of Cremona 670:resign the throne 642:Fatimid Caliphate 628:Planned offensive 506:Manuel I Komnenos 503:Byzantine Emperor 358:Estoire d'Eracles 252:when his sister, 246:Leprosy prevented 193:king of Jerusalem 182: 181: 57:King of Jerusalem 4184: 4114: 4113: 4075:John I of Cyprus 3941: 3934: 3927: 3918: 3917: 3879:Preceded by 3871: 3870: 3867: 3848:Runciman, Steven 3843: 3831: 3810: 3781: 3775: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3619: 3613: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3399:Riley-Smith 1973 3396: 3383: 3377: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3281: 3275: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3239: 3233: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2988: 2982: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2670: 2664: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2541: 2535: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2383: 2377: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2271: 2265: 1994:Eschiva of Bures 1979:to Joscelin and 1846:Maria of Antioch 1540:Balian of Ibelin 1498:Sibylla of Anjou 970: 969: 961: 960: 880:Balian of Ibelin 858:Rise of factions 741:Roger de Moulins 639: 577:lepromatous form 521:Amalric of Nesle 334:Reynald of Sidon 302:King Baldwin III 224: 223: 1163–1174 222: 48: 36: 35: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4108: 4095: 4084: 3954: 3945: 3911: 3894: 3892: 3884: 3864: 3828: 3807: 3789: 3784: 3776: 3765: 3757: 3753: 3745: 3741: 3733: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3622: 3614: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3424: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3386: 3378: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3291: 3284: 3276: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3242: 3234: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2991: 2983: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2893: 2886: 2882:, pp. 127. 2878: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2818: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2680: 2673: 2665: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2544: 2536: 2529: 2521: 2517: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2422: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2395: 2386: 2378: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2285: 2274: 2266: 2259: 2255: 2236: 2218:Seventh Crusade 2172: 2137: 2112: 2056: 2051: 1961: 1803:Guy of Lusignan 1221:Fulk V of Anjou 936:Steven Runciman 923:Guy of Lusignan 860: 799:, on the upper 768:Knights Templar 749: 630: 613: 561:Miles of Plancy 553:age of majority 541: 467: 406:William of Tyre 286: 266:Guy of Lusignan 231:age of majority 219: 146: 133: 121: 51: 32: 29:Wade Baldwin IV 17: 12: 11: 5: 4190: 4180: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4118: 4106: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3944: 3943: 3936: 3929: 3921: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3904: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3874:Regnal titles 3869: 3868: 3862: 3844: 3832: 3826: 3811: 3805: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3782: 3780:, p. 243. 3763: 3761:, p. 257. 3751: 3749:, p. 242. 3739: 3737:, p. 241. 3722: 3720:, p. 240. 3710: 3708:, p. 238. 3698: 3696:, p. 235. 3683: 3671: 3669:, p. 220. 3659: 3657:, p. 218. 3647: 3645:, p. 216. 3635: 3633:, p. 444. 3620: 3618:, p. 210. 3603: 3591: 3579: 3567: 3565:, p. 204. 3555: 3553:, p. 442. 3543: 3531: 3529:, p. 201. 3519: 3517:, p. 197. 3507: 3495: 3493:, p. 441. 3483: 3481:, p. 196. 3471: 3459: 3457:, p. 195. 3442: 3430: 3428:, p. 192. 3415: 3413:, p. 191. 3403: 3401:, p. 107. 3384: 3382:, p. 189. 3369: 3367:, p. 188. 3357: 3355:, p. 253. 3345: 3333: 3331:, p. 179. 3321: 3309: 3307:, p. 176. 3297: 3295:, p. 175. 3282: 3280:, p. 174. 3267: 3255: 3253:, p. 171. 3240: 3238:, p. 168. 3225: 3223:, p. 167. 3213: 3201: 3189: 3187:, p. 161. 3177: 3165: 3163:, p. 159. 3153: 3151:, p. 158. 3136: 3134:, p. 156. 3124: 3122:, p. 155. 3112: 3100: 3098:, p. 140. 3088: 3086:, p. 139. 3076: 3074:, p. 146. 3064: 3062:, p. 143. 3052: 3050:, p. 419. 3040: 3038:, p. 422. 3028: 3016: 3014:, p. 418. 3004: 2989: 2987:, p. 417. 2974: 2972:, p. 134. 2962: 2960:, p. 133. 2950: 2948:, p. 416. 2935: 2933:, p. 415. 2923: 2921:, p. 138. 2911: 2909:, p. 130. 2899: 2897:, p. 131. 2884: 2872: 2870:, p. 123. 2860: 2858:, p. 120. 2848: 2836: 2834:, p. 414. 2824: 2822:, p. 122. 2809: 2807:, p. 110. 2797: 2795:, p. 411. 2785: 2783:, p. 118. 2770: 2768:, p. 117. 2758: 2746: 2734: 2722: 2710: 2708:, p. 108. 2698: 2696:, p. 111. 2686: 2684:, p. 239. 2671: 2669:, p. 105. 2656: 2654:, p. 106. 2644: 2632: 2630:, p. 109. 2620: 2618:, p. 102. 2608: 2606:, p. 101. 2593: 2591:, p. 249. 2581: 2579:, p. 100. 2569: 2557: 2542: 2540:, p. 405. 2527: 2515: 2503: 2491: 2479: 2467: 2452: 2440: 2428: 2426:, p. 404. 2413: 2401: 2384: 2369: 2357: 2342: 2330: 2318: 2303: 2291: 2272: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2235: 2232: 2171: 2168: 2136: 2133: 2111: 2108: 2104:Tower of David 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 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3515:Hamilton 2000 3511: 3504: 3503:Hamilton 2000 3499: 3492: 3491:Runciman 1952 3487: 3480: 3479:Hamilton 2000 3475: 3468: 3467:Hamilton 2000 3463: 3456: 3455:Hamilton 2000 3451: 3449: 3447: 3439: 3438:Hamilton 2000 3434: 3427: 3426:Hamilton 2000 3422: 3420: 3412: 3411:Hamilton 2000 3407: 3400: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3381: 3380:Hamilton 2000 3376: 3374: 3366: 3365:Hamilton 2000 3361: 3354: 3353:Mitchell 2000 3349: 3342: 3341:Hamilton 2000 3337: 3330: 3329:Hamilton 2000 3325: 3318: 3317:Hamilton 2000 3313: 3306: 3305:Hamilton 2000 3301: 3294: 3293:Hamilton 2000 3289: 3287: 3279: 3278:Hamilton 2000 3274: 3272: 3264: 3263:Hamilton 2000 3259: 3252: 3251:Hamilton 2000 3247: 3245: 3237: 3236:Hamilton 2000 3232: 3230: 3222: 3221:Hamilton 2000 3217: 3210: 3209:Hamilton 2000 3205: 3198: 3197:Hamilton 2000 3193: 3186: 3185:Hamilton 2000 3181: 3174: 3173:Hamilton 2000 3169: 3162: 3161:Hamilton 2000 3157: 3150: 3149:Hamilton 2000 3145: 3143: 3141: 3133: 3132:Hamilton 2000 3128: 3121: 3120:Hamilton 2000 3116: 3109: 3108:Hamilton 2000 3104: 3097: 3096:Hamilton 2000 3092: 3085: 3084:Hamilton 2000 3080: 3073: 3072:Hamilton 2000 3068: 3061: 3060:Hamilton 2000 3056: 3049: 3048:Runciman 1952 3044: 3037: 3036:Runciman 1952 3032: 3025: 3024:Hamilton 2000 3020: 3013: 3012:Runciman 1952 3008: 3001: 3000:Hamilton 2000 2996: 2994: 2986: 2985:Runciman 1952 2981: 2979: 2971: 2970:Hamilton 2000 2966: 2959: 2958:Hamilton 2000 2954: 2947: 2946:Runciman 1952 2942: 2940: 2932: 2931:Runciman 1952 2927: 2920: 2919:Hamilton 2000 2915: 2908: 2907:Hamilton 2000 2903: 2896: 2895:Hamilton 2000 2891: 2889: 2881: 2880:Hamilton 2000 2876: 2869: 2868:Hamilton 2000 2864: 2857: 2856:Hamilton 2000 2852: 2846:, p. 12. 2845: 2844:Hamilton 2000 2840: 2833: 2832:Runciman 1952 2828: 2821: 2820:Hamilton 2000 2816: 2814: 2806: 2805:Hamilton 2000 2801: 2794: 2793:Runciman 1952 2789: 2782: 2781:Hamilton 2000 2777: 2775: 2767: 2766:Hamilton 2000 2762: 2755: 2754:Hamilton 2000 2750: 2743: 2742:Hamilton 2000 2738: 2731: 2730:Hamilton 2000 2726: 2719: 2718:Hamilton 2000 2714: 2707: 2706:Hamilton 2000 2702: 2695: 2694:Hamilton 2000 2690: 2683: 2682:Hamilton 2000 2678: 2676: 2668: 2667:Hamilton 2000 2663: 2661: 2653: 2652:Hamilton 2000 2648: 2641: 2640:Hamilton 2000 2636: 2629: 2628:Hamilton 2000 2624: 2617: 2616:Hamilton 2000 2612: 2605: 2604:Hamilton 2000 2600: 2598: 2590: 2589:Mitchell 2000 2585: 2578: 2577:Hamilton 2000 2573: 2567:, p. 96. 2566: 2565:Hamilton 2000 2561: 2555:, p. 95. 2554: 2553:Hamilton 2000 2549: 2547: 2539: 2538:Runciman 1952 2534: 2532: 2525:, p. 90. 2524: 2523:Hamilton 2000 2519: 2512: 2511:Hamilton 2000 2507: 2501:, p. 84. 2500: 2499:Hamilton 2000 2495: 2489:, p. 30. 2488: 2487:Hamilton 2000 2483: 2477:, p. 42. 2476: 2475:Hamilton 2000 2471: 2465:, p. 41. 2464: 2463:Hamilton 2000 2459: 2457: 2449: 2448:Hamilton 2000 2444: 2438:, p. 40. 2437: 2436:Hamilton 2000 2432: 2425: 2424:Runciman 1952 2420: 2418: 2411:, p. 38. 2410: 2409:Hamilton 2000 2405: 2399:, p. 32. 2398: 2397:Hamilton 2000 2393: 2391: 2389: 2382:, p. 31. 2381: 2380:Hamilton 2000 2376: 2374: 2367:, p. 43. 2366: 2365:Hamilton 2000 2361: 2355:, p. 29. 2354: 2353:Hamilton 2000 2349: 2347: 2340:, p. 28. 2339: 2338:Hamilton 2000 2334: 2327: 2326:Hamilton 2000 2322: 2316:, p. 27. 2315: 2314:Hamilton 2000 2310: 2308: 2301:, p. 34. 2300: 2299:Hamilton 2000 2295: 2289:, p. 26. 2288: 2287:Hamilton 2000 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2270:, p. 23. 2269: 2268:Hamilton 2000 2264: 2262: 2257: 2247: 2246:Edward Norton 2243: 2242: 2238: 2237: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2181: 2176: 2167: 2165: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2141: 2132: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2107: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2082: 2081:royal demesne 2078: 2074: 2069: 2060: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2039:Cave de Sueth 2036: 2031: 2027: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1971:coin, c. 1190 1970: 1965: 1949: 1940: 1916: 1914: 1884: 1867: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1854: 1847: 1840: 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Macmillan. 3839: 3816: 3795: 3787:Bibliography 3754: 3742: 3713: 3701: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3638: 3594: 3582: 3570: 3558: 3546: 3534: 3522: 3510: 3498: 3486: 3474: 3462: 3433: 3406: 3360: 3348: 3336: 3324: 3312: 3300: 3258: 3216: 3204: 3192: 3180: 3168: 3156: 3127: 3115: 3103: 3091: 3079: 3067: 3055: 3043: 3031: 3019: 3007: 2965: 2953: 2926: 2914: 2902: 2875: 2863: 2851: 2839: 2827: 2800: 2788: 2761: 2749: 2737: 2725: 2713: 2701: 2689: 2647: 2635: 2623: 2611: 2584: 2572: 2560: 2518: 2506: 2494: 2482: 2470: 2443: 2431: 2404: 2360: 2333: 2321: 2294: 2239: 2228: 2223: 2215: 2210: 2189: 2185: 2160: 2149: 2144: 2129: 2117: 2113: 2101: 2089: 2085: 2075:, at nearby 2065: 2062:Kerak Castle 2022: 1998: 1977:Chastel Neuf 1974: 1809: 952:Kerak Castle 941: 933: 926: 911: 861: 820:Farrukh Shah 813: 801:Jordan River 794: 775: 761: 733: 705: 678: 666: 662:Beqaa Valley 647: 614: 573: 569: 550: 510: 493:, and Count 479: 474: 447: 443: 419:horse riding 364: 356: 332:and then to 287: 244: 216:King Amalric 213: 188: 184: 183: 76:15 July 1174 33: 4142:1185 deaths 4137:1161 births 4116:Catholicism 4104:Family tree 4055:Isabella II 3995:Baldwin III 3902:(1183–1185) 948:Humphrey IV 912:During the 905:married to 777:arrière-ban 693:Leontius II 292:, then the 108:(1183–1185) 81:Predecessor 4131:Categories 4065:Conrad III 4025:Isabella I 4005:Baldwin IV 3980:Baldwin II 3863:0241298768 2253:References 2092:laid siege 2049:Last years 852:True Cross 797:Chastellet 782:Montgisard 513:coronation 384:-speaking 326:legitimate 310:High Court 256:, married 191:, was the 189:Leper King 185:Baldwin IV 72:Coronation 39:Baldwin IV 4060:Conrad II 4010:Baldwin V 3985:Melisende 3975:Baldwin I 3909:Baldwin V 3898:Baldwin V 3893:1174–1185 2073:Heraclius 914:Holy Week 830:raids of 603:and King 557:seneschal 465:Accession 459:dysentery 439:serjeants 386:Catholics 314:annulment 284:Childhood 270:Baldwin V 106:Baldwin V 95:Baldwin V 91:Successor 4080:Henry II 4030:Conrad I 3948:Monarchs 3850:(1952). 3838:(1973). 2234:See also 2212:leprosy. 2077:Nazareth 1981:usufruct 921:knight, 919:Poitevin 899:Bohemond 844:Tiberias 654:Damascus 594:Piedmont 483:Isabella 250:abdicate 120:Mid-1161 4035:Henry I 4015:Sibylla 4000:Amalric 3963:Godfrey 3950:of the 3882:Amalric 2225:cattle. 2207:wrote: 2097:co-king 2043:Darayya 2014:Bethsan 2004:-ruled 903:Sibylla 895:Raymond 876:Ibelins 864:Baldwin 828:Bedouin 712:Ascalon 708:malaria 622:Saladin 565:Tripoli 539:Regency 515:by the 499:Antioch 423:Leprosy 322:Sibylla 290:Amalric 278:Ascalon 254:Sibylla 209:Saladin 201:leprosy 102:Co-king 85:Amalric 4070:Hugh I 4040:Aimery 3860: 3824: 3803: 2200:Christ 2156:homage 2068:cornea 2006:Aleppo 2002:Zengid 1969:dirham 840:routed 832:Beirut 816:Banias 650:Aleppo 454:regent 427:stigma 410:cleric 390:Levant 382:French 378:Franks 374:Muslim 342:Ioveta 296:, and 173:Mother 163:Father 139:Burial 3896:with 2152:Darum 2121:Jaffa 2035:Bosra 956:Toron 836:Sidon 716:count 392:from 157:Anjou 152:House 63:Reign 4045:Mary 3990:Fulk 3966:(as 3858:ISBN 3822:ISBN 3801:ISBN 2125:Acre 2026:Tyre 1988:, a 1984:the 897:and 834:and 772:Gaza 764:Hama 433:, a 371:Arab 129:Died 117:Born 4020:Guy 2196:God 2024:to 907:Guy 710:in 592:in 531:'s 27:or 23:or 4133:: 3766:^ 3725:^ 3686:^ 3623:^ 3606:^ 3445:^ 3418:^ 3387:^ 3372:^ 3285:^ 3270:^ 3243:^ 3228:^ 3139:^ 2992:^ 2977:^ 2938:^ 2887:^ 2812:^ 2773:^ 2674:^ 2659:^ 2596:^ 2545:^ 2530:^ 2455:^ 2416:^ 2387:^ 2372:^ 2345:^ 2306:^ 2275:^ 2260:^ 2083:. 946:, 807:, 739:, 703:. 699:, 691:, 638:c. 607:. 567:. 559:, 535:. 519:, 489:, 441:. 380:, 221:r. 211:. 3970:) 3940:e 3933:t 3926:v 3866:. 3830:. 3809:. 218:( 31:.

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Knowledge

Baldwin IV of Jerusalem

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