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levels, specifically to below one case per 10,000 population". Diagnosis and treatment with multidrug therapy are effective, and a 45% decline in disease burden has occurred since multidrug therapy has become more widely available. The organization emphasizes the importance of fully integrating leprosy treatment into public health services, effective diagnosis and treatment, and access to information. The approach includes supporting an increase in health care professionals who understand the disease, and a coordinated and renewed political commitment that includes coordination between countries and improvements in the methodology for collecting and analysing data.
417:
490:
405:
453:
1961:(צָרַע, – tsaw-rah' – to be struck with leprosy, to be leprous) and the Greek (λεπρός–lepros), are of broader classification than the more narrow use of the term related to Hansen's Disease. Any progressive skin disease (a whitening or splotchy bleaching of the skin, raised manifestations of scales, scabs, infections, rashes, etc....), as well as generalized molds and surface discoloration of any clothing, leather, or discoloration on walls or surfaces throughout homes all, came under the "law of leprosy" (Leviticus 14:54–57). Ancient sources such as the
1364:
2056:, becoming a major health issue, the ecclesiastic leaders of the time discussed how to assist those affected as well as change the attitude of society towards them. They also tried this by using the name "Holy disease" instead of the commonly used "Elephant's disease" (elephantiasis), implying that God did not create this disease to punish people but to purify them for heaven. Although not always successful in persuading the public and a cure was never found by Greek medicians, they created an environment where victims could get
1260:. It appears to be 26% to 41% effective (based on controlled trials) and about 60% effective based on observational studies with two doses possibly working better than one. The WHO concluded in 2018 that the BCG vaccine at birth reduces leprosy risk and is recommended in countries with high incidence of TB and people who have leprosy. People living in the same home as a person with leprosy are suggested to take a BCG booster which may improve their immunity by 56%. Development of a more effective vaccine is ongoing.
429:
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that it is a punishment for sins or moral transgressions (distinct from other diseases and misfortunes, which are in general thought of as being according to the will of God). Socioeconomic factors also have a direct impact. Lower-class domestic workers who are often employed by those in a higher socioeconomic class may find their employment in jeopardy as physical manifestations of the disease become apparent. Skin discoloration and darker pigmentation resulting from the disease also have social repercussions.
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associated with the disease. Because of this stigma, leprosy can affect a person's participation in social activities and may also affect the lives of their family and friends. People with leprosy are also at a higher risk for problems with their mental well-being. The social stigma may contribute to problems obtaining employment, financial difficulties, and social isolation. Efforts to reduce discrimination and reduce the stigma surrounding leprosy may help improve outcomes for people with leprosy.
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49:
441:
2076:(sing. leprosarium) that treated people with leprosy in the 12th and 13th century seems to indicate a rise in cases, possibly in connection with the increase in urbanisation as well as returning crusaders from the Middle East. France alone had nearly 2,000 leprosaria during this period. Additionally to the new leprosia, further steps were taken by secular and religious leaders to prevent further spread of the disease. The
1249:
home. The WHO recommends that preventive medicine be given to people who are in close contact with someone who has leprosy. The suggested preventive treatment is a single dose of rifampicin (SDR) in adults and children over 2 years old who do not already have leprosy or tuberculosis. Preventive treatment is associated with a 57% reduction in infections within 2 years and a 30% reduction in infections within 6 years.
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1909:
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1484:. Registered prevalence is a useful proxy indicator of the disease burden, as it reflects the number of active leprosy cases diagnosed with the disease and receiving treatment with MDT at a given point in time. The prevalence rate is defined as the number of cases registered for MDT treatment among the population in which the cases have occurred, again at a given point in time.
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2052:, whose writings were later embraced by Byzantine and Latin writers. Gregory, for example, did not only compose sermons urging Christians to assist victims of the disease, but also condemned pagans or Christians who justified rejecting lepers on the allegation that God had sent them the disease to punish them. As cases of leprosy increased during these years in the
1698:"at a time when there was substantial interaction among the Indus Civilization, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, there needs to be additional skeletal and molecular evidence of leprosy in India and Africa to confirm the African origin of the disease". A proven human case was verified by DNA taken from the shrouded remains of a man discovered by researchers from the
2232:, known in 1955 as the Louisiana Leper Home, was the only leprosy hospital on the mainland United States. Leprosy patients from all over the United States were sent to Carville in order to be kept in isolation away from the public, as not much about leprosy transmission was known at the time and stigma against those with leprosy was high (see
1461:(8%). Although the number of cases worldwide continues to fall, there are parts of the world where leprosy is more common, including Brazil, South Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan), some parts of Africa (Tanzania, Madagascar, Mozambique), and the western Pacific. About 150 to 250 cases are diagnosed in the United States each year.
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the 20 years from 1994 to 2014, 16 million people worldwide were cured of leprosy. About 200 cases per year are reported in the United States. Central
Florida accounted for 81% of cases in Florida and nearly 1 out of 5 leprosy cases nationwide. Separating people affected by leprosy by placing them in
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is equated to one thought to have died out in the human population in mediaeval times. Despite this, and speculation regarding past transmission through trade in squirrel furs, there does not seem to be a high risk of squirrel to human transmission from the wild population. Although
Leprosy continues
2219:
after multidrug therapy had become widely available in India. In 1983, the
National Leprosy Elimination Programme, previously the National Leprosy Control Programme, changed its methods from surveillance to the treatment of people with leprosy. India still accounts for over half of the global disease
1299:
Multidrug therapy (MDT) remains highly effective, and people are no longer infectious after the first monthly dose. It is safe and easy to use under field conditions because of its presentation in calendar blister packs. Post-treatment relapse rates remain low. Resistance has been reported in several
1248:
Early detection of the disease is important, since physical and neurological damage may be irreversible even if cured. Medications can decrease the risk of those living with people who have leprosy from acquiring the disease and likely those with whom people with leprosy come into contact outside the
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Folk beliefs, lack of education, and religious connotations of the disease continue to influence social perceptions of those affected in many parts of the world. In Brazil, for example, folklore holds that leprosy is a disease transmitted by dogs, or that it is associated with sexual promiscuity, or
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observed isolation treatment for leprosy patients first-hand while visiting Norway, applying these methods in
British India with the financial and logistical assistance of Protestant missionaries. Colonialist and religious viewpoints of the disease continued to be a major factor in the treatment and
1239:
attacks nerve endings and destroys the body's ability to feel pain and injury. Without feeling pain, people with leprosy have an increased risk of injuring themselves. Injuries become infected and result in tissue loss. Fingers, toes, and limbs become shortened and deformed as the tissue is absorbed
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Borderline leprosy is of intermediate severity and is the most common form. Skin lesions resemble tuberculoid leprosy, but are more numerous and irregular; large patches may affect a whole limb, and peripheral nerve involvement with weakness and loss of sensation is common. This type is unstable and
683:
The greatest risk factor for developing leprosy is contact with another person infected by leprosy. People who are exposed to a person who has leprosy are 5–8 times more likely to develop leprosy than members of the general population. Leprosy also occurs more commonly among those living in poverty.
393:
Approximately 30% of people affected with leprosy experience nerve damage. The nerve damage sustained is reversible when treated early, but becomes permanent when appropriate treatment is delayed by several months. Damage to nerves may cause loss of muscle function, leading to paralysis. It may also
290:
Leprosy is not highly contagious. People with leprosy can live with their families and go to school and work. In the 1980s, there were 5.2 million cases globally, but by 2020 this decreased to fewer than 200,000. Most new cases occur in 14 countries, with India accounting for more than half. In
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who took care of the lepers due to the still persisting moral stigma and who ran the leprosaria. Although the leprosaria in
Western Europe removed the sick from society, they were never a place to quarantine them or from which they could not leave: lepers would go beg for alms for the upkeep of the
2040:
The social perception of leprosy in the general population was in general mixed. On one hand, people feared getting infected with the disease and thought of people suspected of leprosy to be unclean, untrustworthy, and occasionally morally corrupt. On the other hand, Jesus' interaction with lepers,
385:
is five years. People may begin to notice symptoms within the first year or up to 20 years after infection. The first noticeable sign of leprosy is often the development of pale or pink coloured patches of skin that may be insensitive to temperature or pain. Patches of discolored skin are sometimes
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depicts the title character's mother, Miriam, and younger sister, Tirzah, are imprisoned by the Roman empire. When they are freed years later, they have leprosy and leave town for the Valley of the Lepers, rather than stay and reunite with Ben-Hur. They leave the colony, and when Jesus dies on the
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Norway was the location of a progressive stance on leprosy tracking and treatment and played an influential role in
European understanding of the disease. In 1832, Dr. JJ Hjort conducted the first leprosy survey, thus establishing a basis for epidemiological surveys. Subsequent surveys resulted in
1340:
Although leprosy has been curable since the mid-20th century, left untreated it can cause permanent physical impairments and damage to a person's nerves, skin, eyes, and limbs. Despite leprosy not being very infectious and having a low pathogenicity, there is still significant stigma and prejudice
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develop leprosy, and genetic factors are suspected to play a role in susceptibility to an infection. Cases of leprosy often cluster in families and several genetic variants have been identified. In many people who are exposed, the immune system is able to eliminate the leprosy bacteria during the
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Do fingers and toes fall off when someone gets leprosy? No. The bacillus attacks nerve endings and destroys the body's ability to feel pain and injury. Without feeling pain, people injure themselves on fire, thorns, rocks, even hot coffee cups. Injuries become infected and result in tissue loss.
691:
Conditions that reduce immune function, such as malnutrition, other illnesses, or genetic mutations, may increase the risk of developing leprosy. Infection with HIV does not appear to increase the risk of developing leprosy. Certain genetic factors in the person exposed have been associated with
1032:
In countries or areas where leprosy is uncommon, such as the United States, diagnosis of leprosy is often delayed because healthcare providers are unaware of leprosy and its symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment prevent nerve involvement, the hallmark of leprosy, and the disability it causes.
259:
do not develop the disease. Spread is thought to occur through a cough or contact with fluid from the nose of a person infected by leprosy. Genetic factors and immune function play a role in how easily a person catches the disease. Leprosy does not spread during pregnancy to the unborn child or
2337:
A goal of the World Health
Organization is to "eliminate leprosy" and in 2016 the organization launched "Global Leprosy Strategy 2016–2020: Accelerating towards a leprosy-free world". Elimination of leprosy is defined as "reducing the proportion of leprosy patients in the community to very low
2276:
Despite now effective treatment and education efforts, leprosy stigma continues to be problematic in developing countries where the disease is common. Leprosy is most common amongst impoverished populations where social stigma is likely to be compounded by poverty. Fears of ostracism, loss of
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fibers in the skin of a person with leprosy are damaged. This damage usually results in hair loss to the area, a loss of the ability to sweat, and numbness (decreased ability to detect sensations such as temperature and touch). Further peripheral nerve damage may result in skin dryness, more
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strains suggests that they were of human origin for at most a few hundred years. Thus, it is suspected that armadillos first acquired the organism incidentally from early
European explorers of the Americas. This incidental transmission was sustained in the armadillo population, and it may be
2284:
In extreme cases in northern India, leprosy is equated with an "untouchable" status that "often persists long after individuals with leprosy have been cured of the disease, creating lifelong prospects of divorce, eviction, loss of employment, and ostracism from family and social networks."
2135:. Their work resulted in the establishment of the National Leprosy Research and Treatment Center. Danielssen and Boeck believed the cause of leprosy transmission was hereditary. This stance was influential in advocating for the isolation of those infected by sex to prevent reproduction.
1213:
in the lesions. In this form of leprosy, Mycobacteria leprae are found in lesions in large numbers. This is the most unfavorable clinical variant of leprosy, which occurs with a generalized lesion of the skin, mucous membranes, eyes, peripheral nerves, lymph nodes, and internal organs.
2214:
enacted the
Leprosy Act of 1898, which mandated the compulsory segregation of people with leprosy by authorities in newly established leper asylums, where they were segregated by sex to prevent sexual activity. The act, which proved difficult to enforce, was repealed in 1983 by the
659:, a threatened species in Great Britain, were found to carry leprosy in November 2016. It has been suggested that the trade in red squirrel fur, highly prized in the medieval period and intensively traded, may have been responsible for the leprosy epidemic in medieval Europe. A pre-
1725:
in southeast
England and dating back to AD 415–545. These findings suggest a different path for the spread of leprosy, meaning it may have originated in Western Eurasia. This study also indicates that there were more strains in Europe at the time than previously determined.
2531:
is set in a leper colony in Belgian Congo. The story is also predominantly about a disillusioned architect working with a doctor on devising new cure and amenities for mutilated victims of lepers; the title, too, refers to the condition of mutilation and disfigurement in the
2710:
by Red Hook Studios, a hero character known as the Leper suffers from this disease. He was once a benevolent king who embraced the sick and downtrodden, but abdicated his throne following an assassination attempt after he was infected to wander the world and marvel at its
1854:
in the 1960s and 1970s. Later, Indian scientist Shantaram Yawalkar and his colleagues formulated a combined therapy using rifampicin and dapsone, intended to mitigate bacterial resistance. Multi-drug therapy (MDT) combining all three drugs was first recommended by the
1048:(PCR)-based technique. This molecular test alone is not sufficient to diagnose a person, but this approach may be used to identify someone who is at high risk of developing or transmitting leprosy such as those with few lesions or an atypical clinical presentation.
260:
through sexual contact. Leprosy occurs more commonly among people living in poverty. There are two main types of the disease – paucibacillary and multibacillary, which differ in the number of bacteria present. A person with paucibacillary disease has five or fewer
1456:
In 2018, there were 208,619 new cases of leprosy recorded, a slight decrease from 2017. In 2015, 94% of the new leprosy cases were confined to 14 countries. India reported the greatest number of new cases (60% of reported cases), followed by Brazil (13%) and
1028:
in skin smears are considered diagnostic; however, the diagnosis is typically made without laboratory tests, based on symptoms. If a person has a new leprosy diagnosis and already has a visible disability caused by leprosy, the diagnosis is considered late.
6279:
Duthie MS, Frevol A, Day T, Coler RN, Vergara J, Rolf T, et al. (February 2020). "A phase 1 antigen dose escalation trial to evaluate safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of the leprosy vaccine candidate LepVax (LEP-F1 + GLA-SE) in healthy adults".
2067:
As the disease became more prevalent in Western Europe in the fifth century, efforts began to set up permanent institutions to house and feed lepers. These efforts were, inclusively, the work of bishops in France at the end of the sixth century, such as in
1835:, the first Black woman to graduate from the University of Hawai'i with a masters in chemistry, discovered how to make the oil water-soluble. This technique led to marked improvements in patients with Hansen's disease who were treated in Hawai'i.
247:
from repeated injuries or infection through unnoticed wounds. An infected person may also experience muscle weakness and poor eyesight. Leprosy symptoms may begin within one year, but, for some people, symptoms may take 20 years or more to occur.
1925:, supplied all endemic countries with free multidrug therapy in blister packs, channeled through ministries of health. This free provision was extended in 2000 and again in 2005, 2010 and 2015 with donations by the multidrug therapy manufacturer
2084:
expelled lepers from city limits. Segregation from mainstream society became common, and people with leprosy were often required to wear clothing that identified them as such or carry a bell announcing their presence. As in the East, it was the
390:(additional bacterial or viral infections) can result in tissue loss, causing fingers and toes to become shortened and deformed, as cartilage is absorbed into the body. A person's immune response differs depending on the form of leprosy.
8838:
1017:. Thickened nerves are associated with leprosy and can be accompanied by loss of sensation or muscle weakness, but muscle weakness without the characteristic skin lesion and sensory loss is not considered a reliable sign of leprosy.
1472:'s "Global Strategy for Reducing Disease Burden Due to Leprosy") and national (e.g., the International Federation of Anti-Leprosy Associations) initiatives have reduced the total number and the number of new cases of the disease.
1319:
For people with nerve damage, protective footwear may help prevent ulcers and secondary infection. Canvas shoes may be better than PVC boots. There may be no difference between double rocker shoes and below-knee plaster. Topical
2360:
alike. Often, the identity cultivated by a community environment is preferable to reintegration, and models of self-management and collective agency independent of NGOs and government support have been desirable and successful.
1929:
through the WHO. In the latest agreement signed between the company and the WHO in October 2015, the provision of free multidrug therapy by the WHO to all endemic countries will run until the end of 2025. At the national level,
711:
do not develop leprosy; casual contact such as shaking hands and sitting next to someone with leprosy does not lead to transmission. People are considered non-infectious 72 hours after starting appropriate multi-drug therapy.
2220:
burden. According to WHO, new cases in India during 2019 diminished to 114,451 patients (57% of the world's total new cases). Until 2019, Indians could justify a petition for divorce with their spouse's diagnosis of leprosy.
7526:
1475:
The number of new leprosy cases is difficult to measure and monitor because of leprosy's long incubation period, delays in diagnosis after onset of the disease, and lack of medical care in affected areas. The registered
1263:
A novel vaccine called LepVax entered clinical trials in 2017 with the first encouraging results reported on 24 participants published in 2020. If successful, this would be the first leprosy-specific vaccine available.
970:
numbness, and muscle weaknesses or paralysis in the area affected. The skin can crack and if the skin injuries are not carefully cared for, there is a risk for a secondary infection that can lead to more severe damage.
2351:
For countries where leprosy is endemic, further interventions include an improved screening of close contacts, improved treatment regimens, and interventions to reduce stigma and discrimination against people who have
704:. Older research suggested the skin as the main route of transmission, but research has increasingly favored the respiratory route. Transmission occurs through inhalation of bacilli present in upper airway secretion.
2093:
Multiple groups in western Europe from the middle ages faced social ostracization and discrimination that was justified, in part, due to claims that they were the descendants of lepers. These groups included the
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10276:
10261:
7355:
The Seven Books of Paulus Aegineta: Translated from the Greek with Commentary Embracing a Complete View of the Knowledge Possessed by the Greeks, Romans and Arabians on all Subjects Connected with Medicine and
2257:
Leprosy incidence peaked in the United States in 1983, followed by a steep decline. However, case numbers have been slowly rising again since 2000. In 2020, 159 cases of leprosy were reported in the country.
1682:
This confirms the spread of the disease along the migration, colonisation, and slave trade routes taken from East Africa to India, West Africa to the New World, and from Africa into Europe and vice versa.
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and may be a source of infection for some humans in the United States or other locations in the armadillos' home range. In armadillo leprosy, lesions do not persist at the site of entry in animals,
2590:
suffers from leprosy. His condition seems to be cured by the magic of the fantasy land he finds himself in, but he resists believing in its reality, for example, by continuing to perform a regular
9734:
1653:(2005) determined that leprosy originated in East Africa or the Near East and traveled with humans along their migration routes, including those of trade in goods and slaves. The four strains of
283:
for six months. Treatment for multibacillary leprosy uses the same medications for 12 months. A number of other antibiotics may also be used. These treatments are provided free of charge by the
2775:
that Viserys suffers from "a form of leprosy". Leprosy is not mentioned in the novel, where Viserys instead suffers from various health issues relating to his obesity, including infections and
2735:
is a movie about Pi'ilani, whose husband, Ko'olau, and son, Kalei, contracted Hansen's disease. The family fought those who sought to capture and kill Hawaiians afflicted with Hansen's disease.
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skin macules and patches where skin sensations are lost because of damaged peripheral nerves that have been attacked by the human host's immune cells. TT is characterized by the formation of
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Yawalkar SJ, McDougall AC, Languillon J, Ghosh S, Hajra SK, Opromolla DV, et al. (May 1982). "Once-monthly rifampicin plus daily dapsone in initial treatment of lepromatous leprosy".
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1831:
tree oil was used topically to manage Hansen's disease for centuries. Chaulmoogra oil could not be taken orally without causing nausea or injected without forming an abscess. In 1915,
9878:
Job CK, Drain V, Truman R, Deming AT, Sanchez RM, Hastings RC (April 1992). "The pathogenesis of leprosy in the nine-banded armadillo and the significance of IgM antibodies to PGL-1".
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the writing of church leaders and the Christian focus on charitable works led to viewing the lepers as "chosen by God" or seeing the disease as a means of obtaining access to heaven.
719:
from the human body often described are the skin and the nasal mucosa, although their relative importance is not clear. Lepromatous cases show large numbers of organisms deep in the
2383:, a Catholic priest from Belgium, himself eventually contracting leprosy, ministered to lepers who had been placed under a government-sanctioned medical quarantine on the island of
9283:
9017:
7506:
2236:). The Carville leprosarium was known for its innovations in reconstructive surgery for those with leprosy. In 1941, 22 patients at Carville underwent trials for a new drug called
2817:. Because of armadillos' armor, skin lesions are hard to see. Abrasions around the eyes, nose and feet are the most common signs. Infected armadillos make up a large reservoir of
9924:
1888:
was recognized as early as 1898 by Schäffer, in particular, that of the ulcerated mucosa. The mechanism of plantar ulceration in leprosy and its treatment was first described by
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1873:
Resistance has developed to initial treatment. Until the introduction of MDT in the early 1980s, leprosy could not be diagnosed and treated successfully within the community.
2552:. The film humanizes the people affected and opens by saying that "there is no shortage of ugliness in the world, but by closing our eyes on ugliness, we will intensify it."
3825:
2813:. This is believed to be because armadillos have a low body temperature. Leprosy lesions appear mainly in cooler body regions such as the skin and mucous membranes of the
1645:, in 2005, geneticists traced the origins and worldwide distribution of leprosy from East Africa or the Near East along human migration routes. They found four strains of
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Singh N, Manucha V, Bhattacharya SN, Arora VK, Bhatia A (June 2004). "Pitfalls in the cytological classification of borderline leprosy in the Ridley-Jopling scale".
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Suzuki K, Akama T, Kawashima A, Yoshihara A, Yotsu RR, Ishii N (February 2012). "Current status of leprosy: epidemiology, basic science and clinical perspectives".
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and occurring on cloth, leather, or houses, as well as skin. Traditional Judaism and Jewish rabbinical authorities, both historical and modern, emphasize that the
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by the 1860s, authorities in the West frequently embraced isolation treatment due to a combination of reasons, including fears of the disease spreading from the
1036:
There is no recommended test to diagnose latent leprosy in people without symptoms. Few people with latent leprosy test positive for anti PGL-1. The presence of
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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration. (n.d.). National Hansen's disease (leprosy) program Retrieved from
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Loughry WJ, Truman RW, McDonough CM, Tilak MK, Garnier S, et al. (2009) "Is leprosy spreading among nine-banded armadillos in the southeastern United States?"
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Merle CS, Cunha SS, Rodrigues LC (February 2010). "BCG vaccination and leprosy protection: review of current evidence and status of BCG in leprosy control".
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as a safety check. Donaldson gained experience with the disease as a young man in India, where his father worked in a missionary for people with leprosy.
8082:[See: Orr, James, M.A., D.D. General Editor. "Entry for 'Leper; Leprosy'". "International Standard Bible Encyclopedia". 1915. Access-date=6 January 2017
2291:
416:
2000:). The Bible's description of leprosy is congruous (if lacking detail) with the symptoms of modern leprosy, but the relationship between this disease,
1786:
which included a commentary on all medical and surgical knowledge and descriptions and remedies to do with leprosy from the Romans, Greeks, and Arabs.
1013:). Experiencing sensory loss at the skin lesion is a feature that can help determine if the lesion is caused by leprosy or by another disorder such as
358:; muscle weakness; reddish skin; smooth, shiny, diffuse thickening of facial skin, ear, and hand; loss of sensation in fingers and toes; thickening of
3598:
2321:
1209:, but, typically, detectable nerve damage is late. Loss of eyebrows and lashes can be seen in advanced disease. LL is characterized by the absence of
1146:. In this form of leprosy Mycobacterium leprae are either absent from the lesion or occur in very small numbers. This type of leprosy is most benign.
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had leprosy from the age of 12 and kept a personal journal that documented her struggles and suffering. It was published as an autobiography in 1923.
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believed that those affected by leprosy were being punished by God for sinful behavior. Moral associations have persisted throughout history. Pope
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An outbreak in chimpanzees in West Africa is showing that the bacteria can infect another species and also possibly have additional rodent hosts.
1770:, originally dating to c. 600 BC but only surviving in emended texts no earlier than the 5th century. They were separately described by
2403:, Norwegian writer whose leprosy is thought to have influenced her poetry, which is characterized by a strong religious faith in God's salvation.
11495:
2670:) to act on his behalf at a probate hearing, but proves to be using the outward trappings of chronic illness to conceal a deadly secret agenda.
5690:
Jardim MR, Antunes SL, Santos AR, Nascimento OJ, Nery JA, Sales AM, et al. (July 2003). "Criteria for diagnosis of pure neural leprosy".
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9128:
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4189:
1942:
Written accounts of leprosy date back thousands of years. Various skin diseases translated as leprosy appear in the ancient Indian text, the
707:
Leprosy is not sexually transmitted and is not spread through pregnancy to the unborn child. The majority (95%) of people who are exposed to
10234:
7738:
7149:
4552:"Anti-PGL-1 Positivity as a Risk Marker for the Development of Leprosy among Contacts of Leprosy Cases: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
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resulted in Westerners coming into increasing contact with regions where the disease was endemic, including British India. English surgeon
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5108:
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countries, although the number of cases is small. People with rifampicin-resistant leprosy may be treated with second line drugs such as
7785:
3748:
1954:(200 BC), prohibited contact with those infected with the disease and made marriage to a person infected with leprosy punishable.
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9532:
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2004:, and Hansen's disease has been disputed. The biblical perception that people with leprosy were unclean can be found in a passage from
986:
In countries where people are frequently infected, a person is considered to have leprosy if they have one of the following two signs:
264:, numb skin patches, while a person with multibacillary disease has more than five skin patches. The diagnosis is confirmed by finding
7834:
5801:
Mishra B, Mukherjee A, Girdhar A, Husain S, Malaviya GN, Girdhar BK (1995). "Neuritic leprosy: further progression and significance".
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2652:, is portrayed by wearing a mask to conceal his leprosy. There is no historical account that Baldwin wore a mask to hide his leprosy.
2413:, who used the Japanese fear of her leprosy to listen to their battle plans and deliver the information to the American forces under
1063:
The World Health Organization system distinguishes "paucibacillary" and "multibacillary" based upon the proliferation of bacteria. ("
6601:
243:, skin, and eyes. This nerve damage may result in a lack of ability to feel pain, which can lead to the loss of parts of a person's
6809:
5480:
2060:
and were never expressly banned from society, as sometimes happened in Western Europe. Theodore Balsamon, a 12th-century jurist in
1934:
affiliated with the national program will continue to be provided with an appropriate free supply of multidrug therapy by the WHO.
11803:
7826:
4448:
4434:
3848:
2856:
to be diagnosed in immigrants to the UK, the last known human case of leprosy arising in the UK was recorded over 200 years ago.
1879:
still has sanatoriums (although Japan's sanatoriums no longer have active leprosy cases, nor are survivors held in them by law).
9582:
1296:
is recommended for all people with leprosy, for six months for paucibacillary leprosy and 12 months for multibacillary leprosy.
11589:
11228:
7975:
6181:
3671:
452:
8491:
6628:
700:
Transmission of leprosy occurs during close contact with those who are infected. Transmission of leprosy is through the upper
10218:
9617:"Recognizing the Leper: Hindu Myth, British Medicine, and the Crisis of Realism in Rudyard Kipling's "The Mark of the Beast""
9592:
9526:
9441:
9412:
8869:
8785:
8697:
8560:
8462:
8431:
8406:
7622:
7489:
7337:
7299:
7272:
6769:
5589:
5449:
5102:
4701:
Chavarro-Portillo B, Soto CY, Guerrero MI (September 2019). "Mycobacterium leprae's evolution and environmental adaptation".
4175:
4105:
3917:
3770:
3742:
3438:
3394:
3361:
1790:
9418:
9316:
8610:
4322:
Meredith A, Del Pozo J, Smith S, Milne E, Stevenson K, McLuckie J (September 2014). "Leprosy in red squirrels in Scotland".
1977:
of Leviticus is a spiritual ailment with no direct relationship to Hansen's disease or physical contagions. The relation of
1316:
activity. Evidence on the potential benefits and harms of alternative regimens for drug-resistant leprosy is not available.
9704:
8592:
5042:"Genetic Susceptibility to Leprosy-From Classic Immune-Related Candidate Genes to Hypothesis-Free, Whole Genome Approaches"
4925:"What Is Leprosy?"| from News-Medical.Net – Latest Medical News and Research from Around the World. Web. 20 November 2010.
6403:"The impact of leprosy on the mental wellbeing of leprosy-affected persons and their family members - a systematic review"
3648:
1694:, Rajasthan, in northwest India, the discoverers suggest that, if the disease did migrate from Africa to India during the
1059:
Several different approaches for classifying leprosy exist. There are similarities between the classification approaches.
10306:
9901:
9349:
9250:
5247:
2564:
11927:
11906:
8718:
5369:"Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) as a Potential Point of Care Laboratory Test for Leprosy Diagnosis-A Systematic Review"
2124:
the establishment of a national leprosy registry to study the causes of leprosy and for tracking the rate of infection.
11871:
11705:
11010:
10183:
8374:
8093:
7449:
6323:
5944:
Setia MS, Steinmaus C, Ho CS, Rutherford GW (March 2006). "The role of BCG in prevention of leprosy: a meta-analysis".
3965:"Leprosy As a Complex Infection: Breakdown of the Th1 and Th2 Immune Paradigm in the Immunopathogenesis of the Disease"
3842:
2684:
about a leper colony in Hawaii. This novel follows the story of a seven-year-old girl taken from her family and put on
2591:
1464:
In the 1960s, there were tens of millions of leprosy cases recorded when the bacteria started to develop resistance to
11993:
10148:
10059:
9150:
5015:
4852:
3296:
2960:
2472:
has a story "The Mark of the Beast" in which a traveller on horseback literally stumbles into a leper colony in India.
1171:
may become more like lepromatous leprosy or may undergo a reversal reaction, becoming more like the tuberculoid form.
11798:
11518:
10911:
7932:
6155:
2582:
1077:, though developed by the WHO, uses Ridley-Jopling and not the WHO system. It also adds an indeterminate ("I") entry.
927:
conductance). Numerous molecular mechanisms have been associated with this nerve damage including the presence of a
11773:
11020:
9676:
8343:
7239:
6900:
6835:
10004:"Reprogramming adult Schwann cells to stem cell-like cells by leprosy bacilli promotes dissemination of infection"
4249:
12125:
9646:
9087:
5762:"Three cases of pure neuritic (PN) leprosy at detection in which skin lesions became visible during their course"
3937:
2064:, noted that lepers were allowed to enter the same churches, cities and assemblies that healthy people attended.
1817:
10083:"In vivo partial reprogramming by bacteria promotes adult liver organ growth without fibrosis and tumorigenesis"
6689:
6568:
5142:
1993:
11842:
11832:
11739:
10979:
10605:
9468:
8745:
3621:
1989:
1870:, which was first described in 1530. Many early cases thought to be leprosy could actually have been syphilis.
1699:
903:
Most leprosy complications are the result of nerve damage. The nerve damage occurs from direct invasion by the
883:
may cause a person to be susceptible to develop leprosy symptoms after exposure to the bacteria. The region of
6754:. World Health Organization technical report series. Vol. 716. World Health Organization. pp. 1–60.
6715:
6106:
Yamazaki-Nakashimada MA, Unzueta A, Berenise Gámez-González L, González-Saldaña N, Sorensen RU (August 2020).
5420:"The WHO Skin NTD mobile application – a paradigm shift in leprosy diagnosis through Artificial Intelligence?"
4671:
4601:
Alcaïs A, Mira M, Casanova JL, Schurr E, Abel L (February 2005). "Genetic dissection of immunity in leprosy".
1997:
428:
11172:
10863:
10700:
3523:
Rodrigues LC, Lockwood DN (June 2011). "Leprosy now: epidemiology, progress, challenges, and research gaps".
2860:
2159:
1931:
1800:
1367:
5733:
Mendiratta V, Khan A, Jain A (2006). "Primary neuritic leprosy: a reappraisal at a tertiary care hospital".
1256:
vaccine offers a variable amount of protection against leprosy in addition to its closely related target of
12105:
11950:
11583:
11339:
11094:
10785:
10715:
6022:
World Health Organization (June 2018). "BCG vaccine: WHO position paper, February 2018 - Recommendations".
3588:
3195:
Schreuder PA, Noto S, Richardus JH (January 2016). "Epidemiologic trends of leprosy for the 21st century".
2761:
suffers from a debilitating disease where parts of his body develop lesions and slowly rot away over time.
2466:
5287:
907:
bacteria and a person's immune response resulting in inflammation. The molecular mechanism underlying how
12199:
12091:
11997:
11936:
11862:
11089:
10620:
10575:
8938:
2731:
2128:
1900:
The word "leprosy" comes from the Greek word "λέπος (lépos) – skin" and "λεπερός (leperós) – scaly man".
1774:
in 460 BC. However, Hansen's disease probably did not exist in Greece or the Middle East before the
1734:
Literary attestation of leprosy is unclear because of the ambiguity of many early sources, including the
524:
335:
9191:
7548:
Irgens LM (March 2002). "Oppdagelsen av leprabasillen" [The discovery of the leprosy bacillus].
1686:
Skeletal remains discovered in 2009 represent the oldest documented evidence for leprosy, dating to the
1355:
1253:
587:
12204:
12164:
11651:
11442:
11162:
9831:"The armadillo: a model for the neuropathy of leprosy and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases"
7999:"The stigmatization of leprosy in India and its impact on future approaches to elimination and control"
7814:
Japan repealed its "Leprosy Prevention Laws" in 1996, but former patients still reside in sanatoriums.
6659:
6538:
5660:
2839:
Studies have demonstrated that the disease is endemic in the UK red Eurasian squirrel population, with
2617:
1779:
637:
484:
440:
271:
Leprosy is curable with multidrug therapy. Treatment of paucibacillary leprosy is with the medications
231:
141:
9458:
8970:"Explaining a complex disease process: talking to patients about Hansen's disease (leprosy) in Brazil"
7771:
5545:
Ridley DS, Jopling WH (1966). "Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five-group system".
2277:
employment, or expulsion from family and society may contribute to a delayed diagnosis and treatment.
11982:
11766:
11700:
11364:
10198:
9187:
9122:
7936:
7789:
6805:
6632:
6575:
6542:
6452:"A systematic review of multi-level stigma interventions: state of the science and future directions"
6327:
4253:
3834:
3129:
2341:
Interventions in the "Global Leprosy Strategy 2016–2020: Accelerating towards a leprosy-free world":
1981:
to "leprosy" comes from translations of Hebrew Biblical texts into Greek and ensuing misconceptions.
1856:
1469:
1045:
359:
284:
236:
11487:
10406:
3232:"Two Cases of Leprosy in Siblings Caused by Mycobacterium lepromatosis and Review of the Literature"
602:
creates difficulty definitively identifying the bacterial organism under a strict interpretation of
334:, which continues to be a barrier to self-reporting and early treatment. Leprosy is classified as a
12119:
11783:
11597:
11207:
10853:
10790:
10685:
10317:
5581:
4163:
2633:
1205:, thickened dermis, and frequent involvement of the nasal mucosa resulting in nasal congestion and
1102:
1081:
20:
9117:
7461:
6105:
4500:"Leprosy in pre-Norman Suffolk, UK: biomolecular and geochemical analysis of the woman from Hoxne"
12021:
12007:
11788:
11617:
11559:
11472:
11167:
10886:
10858:
10488:
8661:
8656:
7734:
7141:
4468:
3160:
2859:
It has been shown that leprosy can reprogram cells in mouse and armadillo models, similar to how
2814:
2753:
2645:
2394:
1350:
1332:
applied to the skin improves skin changes to a greater degree when compared to saline dressings.
505:
489:
386:
accompanied or preceded by nerve problems including numbness or tenderness in the hands or feet.
9118:"The final push strategy to eliminate leprosy as a public health problem: questions and answers"
4958:
Truman RW, Singh P, Sharma R, Busso P, Rougemont J, Paniz-Mondolfi A, et al. (April 2011).
4279:
3430:
2356:
In some instances in India, community-based rehabilitation is embraced by local governments and
12014:
11968:
11916:
11881:
11793:
11744:
11713:
11688:
11447:
11359:
10675:
9761:
8226:
8201:
7171:
Schuenemann VJ, Avanzi C, Krause-Kyora B, Seitz A, Herbig A, Inskip S, et al. (May 2018).
5092:
4636:
Lockwood DN, Lambert SM (January 2011). "Human immunodeficiency virus and leprosy: an update".
4097:
3792:
2802:
1813:
1624:
888:
880:
327:
200:
10357:
9727:"EW's West of Westeros: EW goes to the set of House of the Dragon episode 8 on Apple Podcasts"
8124:
7612:
7479:
7327:
7289:
7262:
3734:
Leprosy and stigma in the South Pacific: a region-by-region history with first person accounts
3125:
12150:
12053:
11888:
11349:
11276:
10964:
10498:
10478:
10270:
7793:
5166:
4364:
Monot M, Honoré N, Garnier T, Araoz R, Coppee JY, et al. (2005). "On the origin of leprosy".
3732:
3558:
2864:
2787:
2081:
2077:
251:
Leprosy is spread between people, although extensive contact is necessary. Leprosy has a low
9829:
Sharma R, Lahiri R, Scollard DM, Pena M, Williams DL, Adams LB, et al. (January 2013).
9516:
7912:
5573:
4089:
3455:
2428:
2388:
620:
Naturally occurring infection has been reported in nonhuman primates (including the African
11814:
11778:
11756:
11608:
11575:
11548:
10695:
10493:
10468:
8576:
7842:
7389:
7095:
7036:
6977:
6225:
3701:
2771:
2587:
2179:
2053:
2045:
1884:
1707:
1642:
1629:
1202:
603:
480:
375:
244:
225:
135:
7082:
Robbins G, Tripathy VM, Misra VN, Mohanty RK, Shinde VS, Gray KM, et al. (May 2009).
6964:
Robbins G, Tripathy VM, Misra VN, Mohanty RK, Shinde VS, Gray KM, et al. (May 2009).
4927:
3951:
Fingers and toes become shortened and deformed as the cartilage is absorbed into the body.
2044:
Early medieval understanding of leprosy was influenced by early Christian writers such as
298:
Leprosy has affected humanity for thousands of years. The disease takes its name from the
8:
12049:
11944:
11847:
11827:
11734:
11656:
11568:
11417:
11354:
11329:
11303:
11157:
11135:
10730:
10690:
10610:
10600:
10295:
9039:
Barrett R (June 2005). "Self-mortification and the stigma of leprosy in northern India".
8516:
Covey HC (1 June 2001). "People with leprosy (Hansen's disease) during the Middle Ages".
5574:
4744:
Eichelmann K, González González SE, Salas-Alanis JC, Ocampo-Candiani J (September 2013).
2758:
2748:
2743:
2513:
2421:
2271:
2229:
2216:
2099:
387:
114:
10193:
9372:"Diocesan committee prepares to commemorate Josephine Cafrine's 109th death anniversary"
8914:
8889:
8801:"Global leprosy (Hansen disease) update, 2019: time to step-up prevention initiatives".
7099:
7040:
6981:
6801:
6229:
5472:
4746:"Leprosy. An update: definition, pathogenesis, classification, diagnosis, and treatment"
2433:
2069:
12141:
12057:
11894:
11837:
11724:
11266:
11130:
11015:
10974:
10848:
10843:
10838:
10665:
10122:
10109:
10082:
10028:
10003:
9855:
9830:
9638:
9563:
9242:
9056:
8670:
8634:
8533:
8454:
8448:
8335:
8218:
8169:
8061:
8025:
7998:
7895:
7716:
7668:
7643:
7385:
7231:
7199:
7172:
7118:
7083:
7059:
7024:
7000:
6965:
6931:
6866:
6478:
6451:
6427:
6402:
6305:
6267:
6132:
6107:
6047:
6004:
5921:
5896:
5715:
5636:
5609:
5527:
5395:
5368:
5344:
5317:
5223:
5196:
5154:
5068:
5041:
4984:
4959:
4821:
4795:"Leprosy: review of the epidemiological, clinical, and etiopathogenic aspects - Part 1"
4794:
4775:
4726:
4578:
4551:
4529:
4409:
4382:
4347:
4065:
4041:"Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy"
4040:
3991:
3964:
3886:
3423:
3256:
3231:
3208:
3036:
2938:
2601:
2548:
2132:
2021:
2013:
1615:
121:
8529:
8214:
7818:
7704:
7417:
6083:
6066:
5957:
4900:
4875:
4743:
4714:
4446:
4431:
4226:
4209:
3536:
3386:
3346:. World Health Organization. Regional Office for South-East Asia. 2018. p. xiii.
3161:"New Leprosy Bacterium: Scientists Use Genetic Fingerprint To Nail 'Killing Organism'"
2345:
Early detection of cases focusing on children to reduce transmission and disabilities.
2240:. The results were described as miraculous, and soon after the success of promin came
1820:
in 1873, making it the first bacterium to be identified as causing disease in humans.
11749:
11673:
11324:
11030:
10906:
10901:
10780:
10754:
10680:
10670:
10508:
10483:
10328:
10214:
10179:
10126:
10114:
10081:
Hess S, Kendall TJ, Pena M, Yamane K, Soong D, Adams L, et al. (November 2022).
10033:
9946:
9887:
9860:
9811:
9642:
9588:
9522:
9464:
9437:
9408:
9234:
9064:
8991:
8919:
8865:
8781:
8693:
8622:
8556:
8537:
8458:
8427:
8402:
8370:
8268:
8222:
8065:
8030:
7899:
7887:
7708:
7673:
7618:
7557:
7518:
7485:
7425:
7381:
7333:
7295:
7268:
7204:
7123:
7064:
7005:
6923:
6899:
Monot M, Honoré N, Garnier T, Araoz R, Coppée JY, Lacroix C, et al. (May 2005).
6858:
6783:
6775:
6765:
6520:
6483:
6432:
6376:
6309:
6297:
6243:
6137:
6088:
6039:
5996:
5961:
5926:
5851:
5810:
5783:
5742:
5707:
5641:
5585:
5554:
5519:
5441:
5400:
5349:
5228:
5146:
5098:
5073:
4989:
4905:
4826:
4767:
4730:
4718:
4653:
4618:
4583:
4521:
4414:
4351:
4339:
4231:
4181:
4171:
4111:
4101:
4090:
4070:
3996:
3913:
3890:
3838:
3738:
3540:
3494:
3434:
3400:
3390:
3357:
3261:
3212:
3028:
3024:
2930:
2922:
2917:
2900:
2539:
2414:
2406:
2370:
2167:
2017:
2009:
1922:
1863:
1846:
was introduced. The search for further effective antileprosy drugs led to the use of
1722:
1695:
1687:
1363:
1281:
1198:
1010:
940:
830:
701:
621:
382:
339:
326:; 'scale'), while the term "Hansen's disease" is named after the Norwegian physician
240:
220:
109:
10300:
9246:
8395:
7963:
7720:
7421:
7173:"Ancient genomes reveal a high diversity of Mycobacterium leprae in medieval Europe"
6935:
6870:
6636:
6008:
5719:
5531:
5158:
4533:
3040:
2942:
2348:
Enhanced healthcare services and improved access for people who may be marginalized.
1859:
in 1981. These three antileprosy drugs are still used in the standard MDT regimens.
350:
Common symptoms present in the different types of leprosy include a runny nose; dry
12194:
12071:
11539:
11422:
11271:
11177:
11125:
10995:
10770:
10705:
10368:
10204:
10104:
10094:
10023:
10015:
9850:
9842:
9801:
9630:
9621:
9555:
9226:
9048:
8981:
8909:
8901:
8810:
8626:
8606:
8525:
8483:
8264:
8252:
8210:
8161:
8057:
8020:
8010:
7879:
7700:
7663:
7655:
7194:
7184:
7113:
7103:
7054:
7044:
6995:
6985:
6915:
6850:
6755:
6510:
6473:
6463:
6422:
6414:
6366:
6289:
6233:
6127:
6119:
6078:
6051:
6031:
5988:
5953:
5916:
5908:
5869:
5841:
5773:
5699:
5631:
5621:
5511:
5431:
5390:
5380:
5339:
5329:
5218:
5208:
5138:
5063:
5053:
4979:
4971:
4895:
4887:
4816:
4806:
4779:
4757:
4710:
4645:
4610:
4573:
4563:
4511:
4469:"Could squirrel fur trade have contributed to England's medieval leprosy outbreak?"
4404:
4394:
4331:
4221:
4060:
4056:
4052:
3986:
3976:
3882:
3532:
3382:
3347:
3251:
3243:
3204:
3020:
2912:
2659:
2527:
2400:
2201:
2080:
of 1179 required lepers to have their own priests and churches and a 1346 edict by
1765:
1301:
1210:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1014:
998:
947:
744:
646:
546:
261:
69:
8831:"Hindu Marriage Act: Parliament passes law removing leprosy as ground for divorce"
7025:"Infection, disease, and biosocial processes at the end of the Indus Civilization"
6629:"WHO | Global leprosy update, 2015: time for action, accountability and inclusion"
6293:
6262:
6123:
6035:
5626:
5419:
5126:
4811:
3762:
1051:
New approaches propose tools to diagnose leprosy through Artificial Intelligence.
12178:
12082:
11852:
11632:
11407:
11334:
11005:
10720:
10565:
10503:
10322:
9402:
9308:
9230:
9215:"Communities of the afflicted: constituting leprosy through place in South India"
8390:
8015:
7919:
7767:
7373:
7189:
7108:
7049:
6990:
6834:
Monot M, Honoré N, Garnier T, Araoz R, Coppée JY, Lacroix C, et al. (2005).
6371:
6354:
5334:
4762:
4745:
4568:
4452:
4438:
4399:
2852:
2762:
2706:
2641:
2606:
2570:
2469:
2086:
2057:
2049:
1970:
1889:
1715:
1215:
966:
891:, giving rise to current speculation that the two disorders may be linked at the
672:
363:
10374:
10002:
Masaki T, Qu J, Cholewa-Waclaw J, Burr K, Raaum R, Rambukkana A (January 2013).
9698:
9668:
7481:
Population History and the Family: A Journal of Interdisciplinary History Reader
7023:
Robbins Schug G, Blevins KE, Cox B, Gray K, Mushrif-Tripathy V (December 2013).
2143:
11729:
11530:
11522:
11467:
11457:
11374:
10916:
10744:
10371:
10099:
10019:
5846:
5829:
5385:
5318:"PCR-based techniques for leprosy diagnosis: from the laboratory to the clinic"
2498:
2493:
2267:
2233:
2207:
2184:
2127:
Early leprosy research throughout Europe was conducted by Norwegian scientists
2061:
1481:
1309:
625:
398:, which may lead to additional infections, ulcerations, and joint deformities.
331:
299:
292:
10333:
9434:
The leper king and his Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem
9341:
9214:
9052:
8986:
8969:
6919:
6854:
6468:
6450:
Rao D, Elshafei A, Nguyen M, Hatzenbuehler ML, Frey S, Go VF (February 2019).
5703:
4891:
4649:
4614:
4210:"Uncultivable bacteria: implications and recent trends towards identification"
2479:
1064:
12188:
11719:
11641:
11554:
11452:
11427:
11382:
11344:
11212:
11079:
10939:
10891:
10823:
10795:
9973:"Medieval love of squirrel fur may have helped spread leprosy, study reveals"
8714:
7883:
7582:"The Trailblazing Black Woman Chemist Who Discovered a Treatment for Leprosy"
7142:"DNA of Jesus-Era Shrouded Man in Jerusalem Reveals Earliest Case of Leprosy"
6331:
5445:
5436:
5058:
3981:
2926:
2681:
2667:
2649:
2380:
2175:
2155:
2147:
1985:
1944:
1745:
1742:
1735:
1669:
1021:
920:
723:, but whether they reach the skin surface in sufficient numbers is doubtful.
559:
554:
523:
is a relatively newly identified mycobacterium isolated from a fatal case of
265:
252:
10285:
8774:
Leprosy, Racism, And Public Health: Social Policy In Chronic Disease Control
6779:
5007:
4844:
4792:
4185:
4115:
3288:
1001:, although occasionally reddish or copper-colored. The lesions may be flat (
12040:
11974:
11678:
11665:
11397:
10969:
10949:
10764:
10759:
10749:
10590:
10140:
10118:
10051:
10037:
9864:
9815:
9460:
Fra gamle dage: memoarer, dagbøker, salmer og dikt av kvinner ca. 1660-1880
9238:
9158:
9068:
8995:
8923:
8905:
8069:
8034:
7940:
7891:
7561:
7522:
7208:
7127:
7068:
7009:
6927:
6862:
6752:
Epidemiology of leprosy in relation to control. Report of a WHO Study Group
6524:
6487:
6436:
6380:
6301:
6266:
for "Phase 1 LEP-F1 + GLA-SE Vaccine Trial in Healthy Adult Volunteers" at
6247:
6186:
6141:
6092:
6067:"Leprosy post-exposure prophylaxis: innovation and precision public health"
6043:
6000:
5965:
5930:
5787:
5746:
5711:
5645:
5523:
5404:
5353:
5232:
5150:
5077:
4993:
4909:
4830:
4771:
4722:
4657:
4622:
4587:
4525:
4418:
4343:
4235:
4074:
4000:
3894:
3544:
3498:
3404:
3265:
3216:
3032:
2956:
2934:
2637:
2446:
2410:
2163:
2162:, efforts by Christian missionaries and a lack of understanding concerning
2012:, it did not explicitly make a moral judgement on those with leprosy. Some
1749:
1257:
1227:
Leprosy may also occur with only neural involvement, without skin lesions.
959:
916:
892:
652:
633:
591:
10385:
9891:
9634:
7870:
Vernon G (February 2022). "Dr E W Price, the discoverer of podoconiosis".
7712:
7677:
7659:
6787:
6159:
5912:
5855:
5814:
5778:
5761:
5658:
5558:
5213:
4975:
3247:
1657:
are based in specific geographic regions where each predominantly occurs:
879:
early infection stage before severe symptoms develop. A genetic defect in
12063:
11432:
11257:
10959:
10625:
10352:
9806:
9789:
8615:
The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
7644:"Experimental and clinical studies on rifampicin in treatment of leprosy"
6569:"Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002"
6501:"Global leprosy update, 2016: accelerating reduction of disease burden".
4793:
Joel Carlos Lastória JC, Milanez Morgado de Abreu MA (March–April 2014).
4516:
4499:
2830:
2666:, a person with leprosy asks private investigator Adrian Monk (played by
2211:
2171:
1847:
1828:
1771:
1738:
1620:
1468:, the most common treatment option at the time. International (e.g., the
1313:
1305:
1293:
280:
180:
149:
10209:
9757:"House of the Dragon: All the Fire and Blood Easter Eggs From Episode 8"
9567:
8815:
8674:
8339:
8323:
7235:
6515:
3352:
2384:
1235:
Leprosy may cause the victim to lose limbs and digits but not directly.
12111:
12097:
11761:
11693:
11669:
11392:
11233:
11110:
10828:
10800:
10570:
10380:
9846:
9060:
8638:
8173:
7445:
7223:
6760:
6418:
5992:
4257:
2826:
2663:
2622:
2559:
2374:
2073:
1950:
1862:
Leprosy was once believed to be highly contagious and was treated with
1851:
1832:
1775:
1477:
1325:
1321:
1285:
978:
951:
660:
629:
276:
172:
167:
9917:"Leprosy, ancient scourge of humans, found to assail wild chimpanzees"
9616:
9095:
4432:"Red squirrels in the British Isles are infected with leprosy bacilli"
3933:
3873:
Talhari C, Talhari S, Penna GO (2015). "Clinical aspects of leprosy".
609:
While the causative organisms have to date been impossible to culture
48:
11517:
11437:
11387:
11151:
10738:
10710:
10615:
10450:
10436:
10363:
9559:
8862:
Disease: The extraordinary stories behind history's deadliest killers
8777:
8294:
Barber M (July 1994). "The Order of Saint Lazarus and the Crusades".
7413:
6693:
5515:
4335:
4130:"Genomics Insights into the Biology and Evolution of Leprosy Bacilli"
2005:
1794:
1718:, dated by radiocarbon methods to the first half of the 1st century.
1711:
1458:
1329:
1206:
727:
614:
497:
367:
10253:
8741:
8642:
8630:
8165:
6238:
6213:
3379:
Learning from leprosy: insight into the human innate immune response
2438:
671:
which closely matched the strain carried by modern red squirrels on
342:
was started in 1954 to draw awareness to those affected by leprosy.
11462:
11084:
11064:
11000:
10954:
10896:
10833:
10775:
10595:
10544:
10473:
9584:
Sekigahara 1600: The Final Struggle for Power (Campaign Series, 40)
7441:
7405:
7401:
5659:
Kumar, Bhushan, Uprety, Shraddha, Dogra, Sunil (11 February 2016).
4550:
Penna ML, Penna GO, Iglesias PC, Natal S, Rodrigues LC (May 2016).
2170:
and how contagious the disease was. The rapid expansion of Western
1958:
1926:
1867:
1761:
1755:
1703:
1691:
1110:
990:
Skin lesion consistent with leprosy and with definite sensory loss.
542:
410:
Paucibacillary leprosy (PB): Pale skin patch with loss of sensation
395:
10394:
7835:"Former Hansen's disease patients still struggling with prejudice"
7170:
6623:
6621:
6619:
295:
still occurs in some areas of India, China, Africa, and Thailand.
11261:
11115:
10944:
10931:
10881:
10810:
10534:
10529:
10524:
10194:
Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of leprosy
7429:
6355:"Update on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of leprosy"
5610:"Leprosy: a review of laboratory and therapeutic aspects--part 2"
5547:
International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases
5418:
Quilter EE, Butlin CR, Carrion C, Ruiz-Postigo JA (1 June 2024).
5131:
International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases
3344:
Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of leprosy
2901:"Treatment of leprosy/Hansen's disease in the early 21st century"
2766:
2685:
2503:
2397:
was a Catholic Christian king of Latin Jerusalem who had leprosy.
2241:
1843:
1465:
1312:, but the treatment duration is 24 months because of their lower
1289:
1025:
932:
928:
371:
272:
176:
10311:
7690:
7230:. Vol. 12. Institute of General Semantics. pp. 37–47.
5417:
5291:
5127:"Linkage of leprosy susceptibility to Parkinson's disease genes"
864:
844:
824:
804:
780:
765:
613:, it has been possible to grow them in animals such as mice and
10873:
10818:
10585:
10580:
10554:
10463:
10280:
10265:
10238:
8194:"People with leprosy (Hansen's disease) during the Middle Ages"
7737:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 22 October 2018.
7369:
7288:
Wilkins M, Evans CA, Bock D, Köstenberger AJ (1 October 2013).
6616:
5830:"Neuritic leprosy: epidemiology and therapeutic responsiveness"
4207:
2244:, a medicine even more effective in the fight against leprosy.
2237:
2032:
1962:
1839:
1760:). Clearly leprotic symptoms are attested in the Indian doctor
1665:
1194:
1097:
1074:
1006:
1002:
720:
355:
195:
16:
Chronic infection caused by mycobacteria leprae or lepromatosis
9183:
6449:
4038:
3963:
de Sousa JR, Sotto MN, Simões Quaresma JA (28 November 2017).
1908:
1272:
10539:
9404:
The Colony: The Harrowing True Story of the Exiles of Molokai
8152:
Lewis G (December 1987). "A Lesson from Leviticus: Leprosy".
8048:
Grzybowski A, Nita M (January 2016). "Leprosy in the Bible".
7409:
5689:
5501:
4700:
4039:
Reinar LM, Forsetlund L, Lehman LF, Brurberg KG (July 2019).
3010:
2871:
2095:
2024:(560–636) considered people with the disease to be heretics.
1969:
refers to various types of lesions or stains associated with
790:
786:
664:
351:
321:
309:
7287:
7084:"Ancient skeletal evidence for leprosy in India (2000 B.C.)"
6966:"Ancient skeletal evidence for leprosy in India (2000 B.C.)"
6214:"China's Mars plans, leprosy vaccine and self-driving taxis"
5800:
5315:
4498:
Inskip S, Taylor GM, Anderson S, Stewart G (November 2017).
3962:
2662:
Season 5, Episode 10, "Mr. Monk and the Leper" directed by
1218:
is a rare variation of multibacillary, lepromatous leprosy.
11120:
10639:
10458:
10176:
Carville's Cure: Leprosy, Stigma, and the Fight for Justice
9546:
Cung giu Nguyên (1955). "Contemporary Vietnamese Writing".
9457:
Ring B, Aubert E, Winsnes H, Vogt J (1983). Aasen E (ed.).
8367:
Walking Corpses: Leprosy in Byzantium and the Medieval West
8253:"Recent Perspectives on Leprosy in Medieval Western Europe"
7081:
7022:
6963:
5766:
Nihon Hansenbyo Gakkai Zasshi = Japanese Journal of Leprosy
5316:
Martinez AN, Talhari C, Moraes MO, Talhari S (April 2014).
5143:
10.1489/1544-581X(2004)072<0169:LOLSTP>2.0.CO;2
4497:
4208:
Bhattacharya S, Vijayalakshmi N, Parija SC (October 2002).
2879:
2875:
2776:
2620:
has a song titled "Party at the Leper Colony" on his album
2543:
2183:
public perception of the disease in the Global South until
924:
850:
810:
749:
575:
93:
87:
78:
10001:
7617:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 521.
6594:"WHO | Leprosy: new data show steady decline in new cases"
5943:
5897:"Advances and hurdles on the way toward a leprosy vaccine"
5759:
5495:
4321:
2110:
1882:
The importance of the nasal mucosa in the transmission of
6021:
5366:
4960:"Probable zoonotic leprosy in the southern United States"
3912:(2nd ed.). Jaypee Brothers Publishers. p. 779.
3593:
2867:
2782:
2738:
2726:
2714:
2701:
2691:
2673:
2655:
2629:
2613:
2597:
2577:
2555:
2535:
2522:
2509:
2489:
2475:
2459:
2357:
1988:
describe instances of Jesus healing people with leprosy (
1721:
The oldest strains of leprosy known from Europe are from
1041:
884:
381:
Leprosy can affect people in different ways. The average
9828:
4600:
3589:"Central Florida is a hot spot for leprosy, report says"
3381:. Advances in Immunology. Vol. 105. pp. 1–24.
1328:
cream or zinc paste, but the evidence for this is weak.
9276:"A look at 6 contested historical events of Seychelles"
8655:
6898:
6833:
4549:
3763:"Signs and Symptoms | Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) | CDC"
2542:
made a 22-minute documentary about a leprosy colony in
154:
Close contact with a case of leprosy, living in poverty
9463:(in Norwegian). Universitetsforlaget. pp. 69–75.
8890:"Case Report of Leprosy in Central Florida, USA, 2022"
4957:
3229:
3194:
2154:
Though leprosy rates were again on the decline in the
1661:
strain 1 in Asia, the Pacific region, and East Africa;
12162:
10080:
9456:
8317:
8315:
8313:
8311:
8309:
7614:
Cambridge handbook of psychology, health and medicine
5571:
5245:
5201:
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases
3926:
3236:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
3230:
Sotiriou MC, Stryjewska BM, Hill C (September 2016).
1284:
are available for treatment. A three-drug regimen of
923:
and a loss of nerve function (specifically a loss of
887:
responsible for this variability is also involved in
370:
and other aspects of speech production. In addition,
90:
10243:
10141:"Leprosy: Ancient disease able to regenerate organs"
9877:
9518:
Disease Selection: The Way Disease Changed the World
8453:. New York: Barnes & Noble Books: Newton Abbot:
6829:
6827:
6400:
6278:
5367:
Tatipally S, Srikantam A, Kasetty S (October 2018).
4441:, Dr. Andrej Benjak, Prof Anna Meredith and others.
4203:
4201:
4199:
2486:
about Molokai and people consigned to it circa 1893.
1921:
Between 1995 and 1999, the WHO, with the aid of the
1729:
1324:
seems to have a better effect on ulcer healing than
84:
81:
75:
8739:
7996:
6396:
6394:
6392:
6390:
5978:
5576:
Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology
3872:
2723:, a novel by Amanda Skenandore, is set in Carville.
1675:
strain 3 in Europe, North Africa, and the Americas;
911:produces the symptoms of leprosy is not clear, but
315:
303:
72:
8394:
8321:
8306:
6660:"Leprosy still lurks in United States, study says"
5760:Ishida Y, Pecorini L, Guglielmelli E (July 2000).
5732:
3425:Encyclopedia of pestilence, pandemics, and plagues
3422:
1276:MDT antileprosy drugs: standard regimens from 2010
1070:The Ridley-Jopling scale provides five gradations.
730:, although the mechanism is not fully understood.
667:, in 2017 was found to carry DNA from a strain of
422:Skin lesions on the thigh of a person with leprosy
10437:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology
9431:
8887:
8581:"Einige Nachrichten von den Cagots in Frankreich"
7641:
7281:
6824:
6352:
4196:
3956:
3522:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
2898:
1752:'s various sections regarding signs of impurity (
1370:for leprosy per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004
935:and the glycoconjugate (PGL-1) on the surface of
12186:
9178:
9176:
6387:
5894:
5572:James WD, Berger TG, Elston DM, Odom RB (2006).
5311:
5309:
5120:
5118:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
2008:13: 44–46. While this text defines the leper as
1912:Two lepers denied entrance to town, 14th century
1804:Distribution of leprosy around the world in 1891
997:Skin lesions can be single or many, and usually
496:, one of the causative agents of leprosy: As an
468:
330:. Leprosy has historically been associated with
9545:
9082:
9080:
9078:
8939:"Stigma Related to Leprosy – A Scientific View"
8767:
8765:
8763:
8712:
7786:"Communicable Diseases Department, Leprosy FAQ"
7642:Rees RJ, Pearson JM, Waters MF (January 1970).
5895:Duthie MS, Gillis TP, Reed SG (November 2011).
5827:
5603:
5601:
5246:Moschella SL, Garcia-Albea V (September 2016).
5190:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5124:
4921:
4919:
4635:
4463:
4461:
3190:
3188:
3186:
1842:) became available in the 1940s. In the 1950s,
982:Testing for loss of sensation with monofilament
692:developing lepromatous or tuberculoid leprosy.
56:Rash on the chest and abdomen caused by leprosy
9309:"Seychelles: 14 Inspiring Women of Seychelles"
8511:
8509:
8478:
8476:
8474:
8187:
8185:
8183:
8047:
7851:
7778:
7684:
6353:Reibel F, Cambau E, Aubry A (September 2015).
5828:Talwar S, Jha PK, Tiwari VD (September 1992).
5035:
5033:
4170:(4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch.
3827:WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy – Eight report
874:Not all people who are infected or exposed to
594:) in the laboratory. The inability to culture
11503:
10922:Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta
10422:
9914:
9173:
8583:[Some news of the Cagots in France].
8364:
8358:
7254:
6657:
6182:"Trial set for world's first leprosy vaccine"
5607:
5544:
5306:
5288:"National Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) Program"
5115:
4873:
4545:
4543:
3647:. Independat News & Media. Archived from
3376:
3047:
2809:) in south central United States often carry
2765:, the actor playing the role, explained on a
2506:'s leper settlement, including Father Damien.
1789:Leprosy did not exist in the Americas before
726:Leprosy may also be transmitted to humans by
645:transmitted back to humans, making leprosy a
10576:Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)
9486:"5 Famous Spies Who Made Philippine History"
9075:
8864:. UK: Quercus Editions Ltd. pp. 26–27.
8760:
8287:
8122:
7575:
7573:
7571:
7541:
7471:
7264:Medical Meanings: A Glossary of Word Origins
6749:
6064:
5753:
5726:
5683:
5598:
5179:
5171:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
4916:
4458:
4315:
3901:
3563:Health Resources and Services Administration
3429:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p.
3338:
3336:
3334:
3183:
2424:(reigned 1399 to 1413) possibly had leprosy.
1753:
10173:
10052:"Leprosy bacteria use 'biological alchemy'"
8883:
8881:
8506:
8471:
8180:
7997:Jacob JT, Franco-Paredes C (January 2008).
7961:
7610:
7504:
6745:
6743:
6741:
6158:. American Leprosy Missions. Archived from
5821:
5794:
5538:
5281:
5279:
5194:
5097:(22nd ed.). : Saunders. p. 1056.
5030:
4951:
4376:
4374:
4161:
4045:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4034:
4032:
4030:
3907:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
919:, which may lead to nerve injury including
578:that are necessary for independent growth.
11510:
11496:
10429:
10415:
9336:
9334:
7635:
7332:. Feldheim Publishers. 2003. p. 951.
7016:
6957:
5039:
4540:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4010:
3737:. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. p. 17.
3669:
3645:"Ignorance breeds leper colonies in China"
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3478:
3460:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3416:
3414:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2138:
1678:strain 4 in West Africa and the Caribbean.
1636:
47:
10208:
10108:
10098:
10027:
9854:
9805:
9614:
9436:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9010:"Leprosy and Its Stigma Are Both Curable"
8985:
8913:
8814:
8740:Svein Atle Skålevåg (28 September 2014).
8024:
8014:
7667:
7568:
7198:
7188:
7117:
7107:
7058:
7048:
6999:
6989:
6759:
6514:
6477:
6467:
6426:
6401:Somar P, Waltz MM, van Brakel WH (2020).
6370:
6237:
6131:
6082:
5972:
5920:
5845:
5777:
5635:
5625:
5435:
5394:
5384:
5343:
5333:
5222:
5212:
5197:"Leprosy: an overview of pathophysiology"
5067:
5057:
5008:"Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) Transmission"
5000:
4983:
4899:
4845:"Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) Transmission"
4837:
4820:
4810:
4761:
4577:
4567:
4515:
4408:
4398:
4225:
4064:
3990:
3980:
3730:
3351:
3289:"Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) Transmission"
3255:
3155:
3153:
3151:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2916:
965:In the initial stages, small sensory and
519:are the mycobacteria that cause leprosy.
9580:
9303:
9301:
9270:
9268:
8878:
8687:
8575:
7735:"Treatment | Hansen's Disease (Leprosy)"
7604:
7579:
7260:
6738:
6539:"Leprosy new case detection rates, 2016"
5470:
5373:Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
5276:
4380:
4371:
4157:
4155:
3622:"The hidden suffering of India's lepers"
3559:"Hansen's Disease Data & Statistics"
3311:
2847:appearing in different populations. The
2792:a family saga novel by Abraham Verghese.
2315:A 26-year-old woman with leprous lesions
2142:
2109:
2090:leprosaria or meet with their families.
2031:
1907:
1799:
1793:by modern Europeans nor did it exist in
1649:with specific regional locations: Monot
1619:
1362:
1354:
1271:
977:
488:
11804:Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
9574:
9539:
9483:
9394:
9364:
9331:
9212:
9038:
8389:
8365:Miller TS, Nesbitt JW (19 April 2014).
8250:
8091:
7819:"Koizumi apologises for leper colonies"
7550:Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening
7477:
7221:
6112:Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
5565:
4087:
4081:
4007:
3793:"Pathogenesis and Pathology of Leprosy"
3694:
3619:
3613:
3505:
3411:
3272:
2796:
2525:— English author Graham Greene's novel
12187:
11590:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection
11229:Disseminated intravascular coagulation
9787:
9535:from the original on 8 September 2017.
9514:
9496:from the original on 22 September 2021
9400:
8859:
8771:
8553:The Formation of a Persecuting Society
8293:
7869:
7547:
6812:from the original on 26 September 2021
5111:from the original on 4 September 2017.
4250:"WHO | Microbiology: culture in vitro"
4214:Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology
4192:from the original on 12 February 2009.
4096:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp.
3820:
3818:
3642:
3148:
2975:
1948:, by 600 BC. Another Indian text, the
1903:
1797:until the middle of the 19th century.
946:As part of the human immune response,
235:. Infection can lead to damage of the
11491:
10410:
10151:from the original on 18 November 2022
10062:from the original on 18 November 2022
9769:from the original on 26 November 2022
9352:from the original on 17 November 2017
9319:from the original on 17 November 2017
9298:
9286:from the original on 17 November 2017
9265:
9253:from the original on 13 February 2023
8967:
8936:
8550:
8515:
8446:
8424:The Medieval Hospitals of EnglishLand
8346:from the original on 10 November 2022
8191:
8151:
7592:from the original on 11 December 2023
7529:from the original on 11 February 2018
7511:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
7352:
7329:Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics
7152:from the original on 20 December 2009
6582:from the original on 16 January 2013.
6549:from the original on 19 December 2019
6065:Moraes MO, Düppre NC (January 2021).
5671:from the original on 13 February 2019
5483:from the original on 18 February 2010
4479:from the original on 22 November 2018
4152:
4140:from the original on 12 February 2019
3420:
2963:from the original on 22 February 2015
2327:A 13-year-old boy with severe leprosy
2114:A 24-year-old man with leprosy (1886)
1193:It is associated with symmetric skin
684:Not all people who are infected with
649:(spread between humans and animals).
531:is indistinguishable clinically from
345:
9947:"Leprosy in Red Squirrels in the UK"
9927:from the original on 13 October 2021
9915:Kupferschmidt K (11 November 2020).
9737:from the original on 20 October 2022
9669:"A Burnt-Out Case | novel by Greene"
9554:(1). University of Oklahoma: 19–25.
9421:from the original on 2 January 2016.
8888:Bhukhan A, Dunn C, Nathoo R (2023).
8748:from the original on 13 January 2017
8721:from the original on 13 January 2017
8605:
8585:Allgemeine geographische Ephemeriden
8494:from the original on 6 December 2022
8421:
7922:Novartis (accessed on 14 April 2021)
7308:from the original on 12 January 2023
6945:from the original on 25 January 2023
6880:from the original on 25 January 2023
6194:from the original on 11 October 2015
6108:"BCG: a vaccine with multiple faces"
5876:from the original on 2 February 2023
5090:
3712:from the original on 4 December 2014
3136:from the original on 31 January 2021
2574:series has a character with leprosy.
1480:of the disease is used to determine
557:coating characteristic of the genus
9679:from the original on 16 August 2021
9088:"WHO | The Global Leprosy Strategy"
9020:from the original on 7 October 2022
8949:from the original on 7 October 2022
8328:International Social Science Review
7829:from the original on 17 April 2009.
7741:from the original on 7 October 2022
6670:from the original on 20 August 2020
5248:"International Textbook of Leprosy"
5125:Buschman E, Skamene E (June 2004).
4964:The New England Journal of Medicine
3940:from the original on 4 October 2012
3815:
3682:from the original on 28 August 2021
3569:from the original on 4 January 2015
3453:
2519:cross, they are miraculously cured.
2453:
1937:
1134:It is characterized by one or more
394:lead to sensation abnormalities or
13:
11706:Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis
11054:
11011:Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
10167:
9194:from the original on 14 March 2014
9151:"WHO | Elimination of leprosy FAQ"
8322:Miller TS, Smith-Savage R (2006).
8062:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.10.003
7978:from the original on 3 August 2020
7962:Singh KS, Pandey BD (March 2012).
7792:(WHO). 25 May 2006. Archived from
7631:from the original on 11 June 2016.
7242:from the original on 13 April 2022
7228:Etc: A Review of General Semantics
6658:Maggie Veatch (21 February 2019).
5040:Cambri G, Mira MT (20 July 2018).
5018:from the original on 13 March 2015
4874:Lockwood DN, Kumar B (June 2004).
4855:from the original on 13 March 2015
4381:Han XY, Silva FJ (February 2014).
4166:. In Baron S, et al. (eds.).
3910:Textbook of Orthopedics and Trauma
3887:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.07.002
3601:from the original on 6 August 2023
3485:"Global leprosy situation, 2012".
3299:from the original on 13 March 2015
3209:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.11.001
3171:from the original on 13 March 2010
2592:visual surveillance of extremities
2252:
1984:All three Synoptic Gospels of the
1784:The Seven Books of Paulus Aegineta
1142:granulomas with a large number of
362:; a flat nose from destruction of
14:
12221:
11799:Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis
11519:Gram-positive bacterial infection
10912:Transient acantholytic dermatosis
10228:
9382:from the original on 4 April 2016
9313:Seychelles News Agency (Victoria)
8943:International Textbook of Leprosy
8841:from the original on 15 July 2020
8690:Genetic susceptibility to leprosy
8104:from the original on 6 April 2022
7611:Andrew Baum, et al. (1997).
6726:from the original on 23 July 2019
6720:International Textbook of Leprosy
6359:Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses
5665:International Textbook of Leprosy
5614:Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia
5264:from the original on 16 July 2020
5255:Differential Diagnosis of Leprosy
4715:10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105041
4682:from the original on 23 July 2019
4676:International Textbook of Leprosy
4290:from the original on 22 July 2019
4284:International Textbook of Leprosy
4280:"The Armadillo Model for Leprosy"
4134:International Textbook of Leprosy
3803:from the original on 22 July 2019
3797:International Textbook of Leprosy
3773:from the original on 22 July 2019
3751:from the original on 19 May 2016.
3632:from the original on 29 May 2007.
3466:from the original on 15 June 2019
2583:The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant
1916:
1730:Discovery and scientific progress
1054:
458:Face severely deformed by leprosy
268:bacilli in a biopsy of the skin.
255:, and 95% of people who contract
12210:Diseases named after discoverers
12172:
11774:Primary inoculation tuberculosis
11021:Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
10133:
10074:
10044:
9995:
9983:from the original on 25 May 2022
9965:
9939:
9908:
9871:
9822:
9781:
9749:
9719:
9707:from the original on 6 July 2022
9691:
9661:
9649:from the original on 2 June 2018
9608:
9508:
9477:
9450:
9425:
9407:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
9206:
9143:
9131:from the original on 28 May 2024
9110:
9032:
9002:
8961:
8930:
8853:
8823:
8809:(36): 417–40. 4 September 2020.
8794:
8733:
8706:
8681:
8649:
8599:
8569:
8544:
8440:
8415:
8383:
8269:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00674.x
8244:
8145:
8116:
8085:
8076:
8041:
8003:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
7990:
7955:
7925:
7906:
7863:
7808:
7753:
7727:
7498:
7362:
7346:
7320:
7215:
7164:
7134:
7075:
6892:
6794:
5452:from the original on 28 May 2024
5322:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
4938:from the original on 6 June 2013
4556:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
4387:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
3672:"Forgotten victims of the virus"
3025:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2011.01370.x
2918:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01274.x
2720:The Second Life of Mirielle West
2364:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2290:
2223:
1808:The causative agent of leprosy,
1230:
588:obligate intracellular pathogens
451:
439:
427:
415:
403:
68:
12126:Group JK corynebacterium sepsis
11031:Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides
9835:Disease Models & Mechanisms
8401:. London: Collins & Brown.
8324:"Medieval Leprosy Reconsidered"
8275:from the original on 1 May 2023
8133:from the original on 1 May 2023
6708:
6682:
6651:
6586:
6561:
6531:
6509:(35): 501–519. September 2017.
6494:
6443:
6346:
6324:"WHO | MDT and drug resistance"
6316:
6272:
6254:
6224:(7618): 12–13. September 2016.
6206:
6174:
6148:
6099:
6058:
6015:
5946:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
5937:
5888:
5862:
5661:"Clinical Diagnosis of Leprosy"
5652:
5464:
5411:
5360:
5239:
5084:
4867:
4786:
4737:
4694:
4664:
4629:
4594:
4504:Journal of Medical Microbiology
4491:
4425:
4358:
4302:
4272:
4242:
4122:
3866:
3785:
3755:
3724:
3663:
3636:
3581:
3551:
3525:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
3447:
3370:
2698:is a memoir by Jose P. Ramirez.
2696:Squint: My Journey with Leprosy
2247:
2190:
2105:
2072:. The increase in hospitals or
1344:
1067:-" refers to a small quantity.)
695:
678:
541:is an intracellular, acid-fast
446:Face mildly deformed by leprosy
11843:Borderline lepromatous leprosy
11833:Borderline tuberculoid leprosy
11740:Tuberculosis cutis orificialis
11272:Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus
10980:Subcorneal pustular dermatosis
10606:Infantile digital fibromatosis
9041:Medical Anthropology Quarterly
9014:Office for Science and Society
8974:Medical Anthropology Quarterly
8688:Alter A., et al. (2010).
8426:. Cornell University Library.
8296:The Catholic Historical Review
8129:. Brill Archive. p. 464.
5608:Lastória JC, Abreu MA (2014).
5580:. Saunders Elsevier. pp.
4088:Ryan KU, Ray CJ, eds. (2004).
4057:10.1002/14651858.CD012235.pub2
3223:
2949:
2892:
2861:induced pluripotent stem cells
2187:in the mid-twentieth century.
2027:
1823:
1700:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1254:Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG)
1182:borderline lepromatous ("BL"),
126:Decreased ability to feel pain
1:
10864:Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
10701:Langerhans cell histiocytosis
8803:Weekly Epidemiological Record
8715:"Daniel Cornelius Danielssen"
8530:10.1016/S0362-3319(01)00116-1
8215:10.1016/S0362-3319(01)00116-1
7841:. 7 June 2007. Archived from
7705:10.1016/S0140-6736(82)92334-0
6802:"Number of new leprosy cases"
6503:Weekly Epidemiological Record
6294:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.12.050
6124:10.1080/21645515.2019.1706930
6084:10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30512-X
6036:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.009
5958:10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70412-1
5627:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142460
5477:eMedicine Infectious Diseases
4812:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142450
4603:Current Opinion in Immunology
4455:. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
4227:10.1016/S0255-0857(21)03184-4
3936:. American Leprosy Missions.
3837:(WHO). 2012. pp. 11–12.
3702:"Neglected Tropical Diseases"
3537:10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70006-8
3487:Weekly Epidemiological Record
3387:10.1016/S0065-2776(10)05001-7
3377:Montoya D, Modlin RL (2010).
2885:
2462:— the short story collection
2298:
1368:Disability-adjusted life year
1359:New cases of leprosy in 2016.
1243:
12106:Corynebacterium minutissimum
11951:Mycobacterium intracellulare
11584:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
11340:Systemic lupus erythematosus
11095:Systemic lupus erythematosus
10786:Systemic lupus erythematosus
9790:"Leprosy in wild armadillos"
9484:Lazatin H (8 January 2018).
9231:10.1080/01459740.2012.714021
8894:Emerging Infectious Diseases
8591:(5): 509–524. Archived from
8369:. Cornell University Press.
8016:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000113
7872:Journal of Medical Biography
7190:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006997
7109:10.1371/journal.pone.0005669
7050:10.1371/journal.pone.0084814
6991:10.1371/journal.pone.0005669
6372:10.1016/j.medmal.2015.09.002
5335:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002655
4763:10.1016/j.adengl.2012.03.028
4569:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004703
4400:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002544
4168:Baron's Medical Microbiology
4092:Sherris Medical Microbiology
3670:Pisuthipan A (6 July 2020).
3643:Lyn TE (13 September 2006).
3493:(34): 317–328. August 2012.
2732:The Wind & the Reckoning
2228:The National Leprosarium at
1895:
1267:
1009:), or solid elevated areas (
973:
939:that can bind to laminin on
898:
322:
310:
7:
12092:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
10621:Lymphangioma circumscriptum
9788:Truman R (September 2005).
7964:"Leprosy – Hidden Disease?"
7358:. London: Sydenham Society.
5471:Smith DS (19 August 2008).
5195:Bhat RM, Prakash C (2012).
4750:Actas Dermo-Sifiliograficas
4164:"Mycobacteria and Nocardia"
2129:Daniel Cornelius Danielssen
1932:nongovernment organizations
1754:
1335:
1084:, three groupings are used.
733:
525:diffuse lepromatous leprosy
10:
12226:
11443:Mucous membrane pemphigoid
10100:10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100820
10020:10.1016/j.cell.2012.12.014
9587:. Osprey Publishing (UK).
9432:Hamilton, Bernard (2000).
8968:White C (September 2005).
8937:admin (11 February 2016).
8518:The Social Science Journal
8092:Shurpin Y (6 April 2022).
7760:"Syphilis through history"
7484:. MIT Press. p. 132.
7267:. ACP Press. p. 133.
6901:"On the origin of leprosy"
6836:"On the origin of leprosy"
6808:(WHO). 13 September 2021.
5847:10.5935/0305-7518.19920031
5386:10.3390/tropicalmed3040107
5257:. p. 3, Section 2.3.
5094:Manson's tropical diseases
3013:The Journal of Dermatology
2899:Sophie M. Worobec (2008).
2845:Mycobacterium lepromatosis
2409:was a Filipino spy during
2265:
2199:
1965:(Sifra 63) make clear that
1957:The Hebraic root tsara or
1838:The first effective drug (
1668:, Nepal, north India, and
1613:
1609:
1348:
1044:can be identified using a
915:has been shown to bind to
638:Multilocus sequence typing
632:macaque), armadillos, and
553:is surrounded by the waxy
485:Mycobacterium lepromatosis
478:
336:neglected tropical disease
316:
304:
232:Mycobacterium lepromatosis
223:infection by the bacteria
142:Mycobacterium lepromatosis
18:
12140:
12081:
12039:
11992:
11926:
11905:
11870:
11861:
11812:
11767:Papulonecrotic tuberculid
11701:Tuberculous lymphadenitis
11649:
11640:
11631:
11607:
11538:
11529:
11406:
11373:
11317:
11302:
11293:
11250:
11221:
11200:
11191:
11144:
11103:
11072:
11061:
11043:
10988:
10930:
10872:
10809:
10729:
10658:
10647:
10638:
10553:
10517:
10449:
10442:
10343:
10247:
10199:World Health Organization
9880:Indian Journal of Leprosy
9188:World Health Organization
9123:World Health Organization
9053:10.1525/maq.2005.19.2.216
8987:10.1525/maq.2005.19.3.310
8744:. Store norske leksikon.
8717:. Store norske leksikon.
8659:(11 May 1912). "Cagots".
8450:Medieval English medicine
7937:World Health Organization
7790:World Health Organization
6806:World Health Organization
6716:"Epidemiology of Leprosy"
6633:World Health Organization
6576:World Health Organization
6543:World Health Organization
6469:10.1186/s12916-018-1244-y
6328:World Health Organization
6071:The Lancet. Global Health
5981:Expert Review of Vaccines
5870:"Embrace a village - FAQ"
5735:Indian Journal of Leprosy
5704:10.1007/s00415-003-1081-5
5145:(inactive 28 June 2024).
4892:10.1136/bmj.328.7454.1447
4672:"Epidemiology of Leprosy"
4650:10.1016/j.det.2010.08.016
4615:10.1016/j.coi.2004.11.006
4254:World Health Organization
3835:World Health Organization
3620:Walsh F (31 March 2007).
3130:World Health Organization
2580:— The lead character in
2502:dramatizes the island of
2478:— Jack London published
2261:
2118:
1046:polymerase chain reaction
434:Hands deformed by leprosy
285:World Health Organization
194:
186:
166:
158:
148:
130:
120:
108:
60:
55:
46:
38:
33:
12120:Corynebacterium jeikeium
11784:Tuberculous pericarditis
11598:Actinomyces gerencseriae
11208:Thrombocytopenic purpura
10854:Dermatitis herpetiformis
10839:Acute contact dermatitis
10791:Pityriasis rubra pilaris
10716:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
10686:Lichen simplex chronicus
10566:Epidermal inclusion cyst
10203:(Report). October 2018.
7884:10.1177/0967772019888406
7507:"Leprosy in New Zealand"
7294:. B&H. p. 194.
6750:Organization WH (1985).
5504:Diagnostic Cytopathology
5437:10.47276/lr.95.2.2024030
5059:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01674
3982:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01635
2634:Kingdom of Heaven (film)
2195:
463:
21:Leprosy (disambiguation)
11789:Urogenital tuberculosis
11618:Propionibacterium acnes
11560:Cutaneous actinomycosis
11473:Squamous-cell carcinoma
11468:Systemic histoplasmosis
10859:Porphyria cutanea tarda
10489:Squamous-cell carcinoma
9673:Encyclopedia Britannica
8662:British Medical Journal
8657:British Medical Journal
8123:van der Loos H (1968).
7772:Encyclopædia Britannica
7648:British Medical Journal
7505:Montgomerie JZ (1988).
6920:10.1126/science/1109759
6855:10.1126/science/1109759
5046:Frontiers in Immunology
4383:"On the age of leprosy"
3969:Frontiers in Immunology
3934:"Q and A about leprosy"
3454:CDC (26 January 2018).
2959:. The Free Dictionary.
2957:"Definition of leprosy"
2815:upper respiratory tract
2747:, the TV adaptation of
2646:Baldwin IV of Jerusalem
2395:Baldwin IV of Jerusalem
2381:Saint Damien De Veuster
2150:on his deathbed in 1889
2139:Leprosy and imperialism
1741:and Kausika Sutra, the
1637:Historical distribution
1351:Epidemiology of leprosy
1184:and lepromatous ("LL")
590:, and cannot be grown (
11794:Tuberculous dactylitis
11745:Tuberculous cellulitis
11448:Cicatricial pemphigoid
11365:Acne keloidalis nuchae
11360:Folliculitis decalvans
10087:Cell Reports. Medicine
9280:Seychelles News Agency
8906:10.3201/eid2908.220367
8202:Social Science Journal
8050:Clinics in Dermatology
7454:Stephanus Antiochensis
6692:. ILEP. Archived from
6260:Clinical trial number
4876:"Treatment of leprosy"
3875:Clinics in Dermatology
3197:Clinics in Dermatology
2803:nine-banded armadillos
2151:
2115:
2037:
1913:
1814:Gerhard Armauer Hansen
1805:
1664:strain 2 in Ethiopia,
1633:
1453:
1360:
1277:
983:
881:cell-mediated immunity
509:
328:Gerhard Armauer Hansen
201:Gerhard Armauer Hansen
12151:Gardnerella vaginalis
12054:Nocardia brasiliensis
11350:Loose anagen syndrome
11277:Necrobiosis lipoidica
11213:Actinic/solar purpura
10887:Insect bite reactions
10676:Seborrheic dermatitis
10499:Merkel-cell carcinoma
10479:Molluscum contagiosum
9635:10.1353/vcr.2016.0011
9184:"Leprosy elimination"
9127:. 18 September 2003.
8713:Svein Atle Skålevåg.
8692:. McGill University.
8555:. Oxford: Blackwell.
8126:The Miracles of Jesus
8094:"Is Tzaraat Leprosy?"
7939:(WHO). Archived from
7918:14 April 2021 at the
7858:Arch Dermato Syphilis
7660:10.1136/bmj.1.5688.89
7580:Magazine S, Wong KM.
7398:Marcellus the Emperic
6635:(WHO). Archived from
6330:(WHO). Archived from
5913:10.4161/hv.7.11.16848
5779:10.5025/hansen.69.101
4976:10.1056/NEJMoa1010536
4324:The Veterinary Record
4256:(WHO). Archived from
3248:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0076
2865:transcription factors
2863:are generated by the
2851:strain discovered on
2788:The Covenant of Water
2704:— In the video game
2146:
2113:
2078:third Lateran Council
2035:
1911:
1803:
1623:
1366:
1358:
1275:
993:Positive skin smears.
981:
669:Mycobacterium leprae,
492:
354:; eye problems; skin
42:Hansen's disease (HD)
11757:Lichen scrofulosorum
11609:Propionibacteriaceae
11549:Actinomyces israelii
11173:Annulare centrifugum
10696:Glucagonoma syndrome
10494:Basal-cell carcinoma
10469:Seborrheic keratosis
10174:Pam Fessler (2020).
10147:. 16 November 2022.
9807:10.47276/lr.76.3.198
9615:Fernandez J (2016).
9219:Medical Anthropology
9098:on 17 September 2006
8837:. 13 February 2019.
8742:"Carl Wilhelm Boeck"
7586:Smithsonian Magazine
7291:The Gospels and Acts
7261:Haubrich WS (2003).
7224:"The Name 'Leprosy'"
7148:. 16 December 2009.
6722:. 11 February 2016.
6407:Global Mental Health
5692:Journal of Neurology
4934:. 18 November 2009.
4678:. 11 February 2016.
4638:Dermatologic Clinics
4517:10.1099/jmm.0.000606
4451:12 June 2022 at the
4445:, 11 November 2016.
4437:12 June 2022 at the
4286:. 11 February 2016.
4162:McMurray DN (1996).
4136:. 11 February 2016.
3908:Kulkarni GS (2008).
3799:. 11 February 2016.
3731:McMenamin D (2011).
3167:. 28 November 2008.
2905:Dermatologic Therapy
2841:Mycobacterium leprae
2811:Mycobacterium leprae
2807:Dasypus novemcinctus
2797:Infection of animals
2772:Entertainment Weekly
2688:'s leper settlement.
2604:has an album titled
2600:— Death metal band
2588:Stephen R. Donaldson
2180:Henry Vandyke Carter
2054:Eastern Roman Empire
2046:Gregory of Nazianzus
1812:, was discovered by
1643:comparative genomics
481:Mycobacterium leprae
388:Secondary infections
226:Mycobacterium leprae
136:Mycobacterium leprae
19:For other uses, see
12050:Nocardia asteroides
11945:Mycobacterium avium
11848:Lepromatous leprosy
11828:Tuberculoid leprosy
11569:Tropheryma whipplei
11418:Aphthous stomatitis
11355:Lichen planopilaris
11330:Androgenic alopecia
11136:Fixed drug eruption
10711:Pemphigus foliaceus
10611:Granular cell tumor
10058:. 17 January 2013.
9979:. 25 October 2017.
9765:. 10 October 2022.
9521:. CABI. p. 8.
9348:. 14 January 2016.
8669:(2680): 1091–1092.
8455:David & Charles
7766:13 May 2013 at the
7699:(8283): 1199–1202.
7478:Rotberg RI (2001).
7394:Octavius Horatianus
7222:Lendrum FC (1954).
7100:2009PLoSO...4.5669R
7041:2013PLoSO...884814R
6982:2009PLoSO...4.5669R
6914:(5724): 1040–1042.
6849:(5724): 1040–1042.
6230:2016Natur.537...12.
6162:on 15 November 2015
5473:"Leprosy: Overview"
5294:on 10 February 2011
5214:10.1155/2012/181089
4886:(7454): 1447–1448.
3769:. 22 October 2018.
3456:"World Leprosy Day"
2849:Mycobacteria leprae
2759:Viserys I Targaryen
2749:George R. R. Martin
2744:House of the Dragon
2618:"Weird Al" Yankovic
2422:Henry IV of England
2297:Leprosy in Tahiti,
2272:Leper colony stigma
2230:Carville, Louisiana
2208:colonial government
2036:Medieval leper bell
1904:Society and culture
1383: < 1.5
1125:tuberculoid ("BT")
1121:tuberculoid ("TT"),
889:Parkinson's disease
715:Two exit routes of
663:skull excavated in
506:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
504:appears red when a
115:Infectious diseases
12200:Bacterial diseases
12142:Bifidobacteriaceae
12083:Corynebacteriaceae
12058:Nocardia farcinica
11895:Aquarium granuloma
11838:Borderline leprosy
11725:Erythema induratum
11438:Pemphigus vulgaris
11267:Granuloma annulare
11131:Carcinoid syndrome
11016:Tuberous sclerosis
10975:Coccidioidomycosis
10849:Bullous pemphigoid
10844:Pemphigus vulgaris
10776:Secondary syphilis
10666:Contact dermatitis
10344:External resources
9847:10.1242/dmm.010215
9378:. 8 January 2016.
9213:Staples J (2014).
9161:on 18 October 2014
8860:Dobson M (2013) .
8835:The Economic Times
8772:Gussow Z (2021) .
8595:on 8 October 2021.
8488:Intriguing history
8484:"Medieval Leprosy"
8397:The Medieval world
8251:Brenner E (2010).
7943:on 11 October 2014
7845:on 26 August 2009.
7796:on 1 February 2010
7386:Caelius Aurelianus
6639:on 18 October 2016
6604:on 22 October 2019
6419:10.1017/gmh.2020.3
6268:ClinicalTrials.gov
5993:10.1586/ERV.09.161
4928:"What is Leprosy?"
2549:The House Is Black
2480:"Koolau the Leper"
2389:Kingdom of Hawaiʻi
2152:
2133:Carl Wilhelm Boeck
2116:
2038:
2022:Isidore of Seville
1914:
1806:
1634:
1616:History of leprosy
1454:
1449: > 20
1361:
1282:leprostatic agents
1278:
1161:borderline ("BB")
984:
688:develop symptoms.
510:
374:of the testes and
346:Signs and symptoms
12205:Tropical diseases
12160:
12159:
12136:
12135:
12035:
12034:
12031:
12030:
11750:Tuberculous gumma
11633:Corynebacterineae
11627:
11626:
11576:Whipple's disease
11485:
11484:
11481:
11480:
11325:Telogen effluvium
11289:
11288:
11285:
11284:
11246:
11245:
11242:
11241:
11187:
11186:
11039:
11038:
10907:Lichen spinulosus
10902:Keratosis pilaris
10781:Mycosis fungoides
10681:Stasis dermatitis
10671:Atopic dermatitis
10634:
10633:
10509:Trichoepithelioma
10484:Actinic keratosis
10404:
10403:
10220:978-92-9022-638-3
9594:978-1-85532-395-7
9581:Bryant A (1995).
9528:978-1-78064-682-4
9515:Webber R (2015).
9443:978-0-521-64187-6
9414:978-0-7432-3301-9
9401:Tayman J (2007).
9376:Seychelles Weekly
9346:Seychelles Nation
8871:978-1-4351-5166-6
8787:978-0-3670-0292-3
8699:978-0-494-72613-6
8562:978-1-4051-2964-0
8551:Moore RI (2007).
8490:. 24 April 2017.
8464:978-0-06-496016-8
8433:978-1-112-20443-2
8408:978-1-85585-081-1
8232:on 15 August 2016
8192:Covey HC (2001).
7933:"WHO donated MDT"
7624:978-0-521-43686-1
7491:978-0-262-68130-8
7466:Guido de Cauliaco
7382:Scribonius Largus
7378:Serenus Samonicus
7339:978-1-58330-592-8
7301:978-1-4336-8101-1
7274:978-1-930513-49-5
6771:978-92-4-120716-4
6696:on 12 August 2014
6334:on 4 October 2014
6156:"Leprosy Vaccine"
6030:(24): 3408–3410.
5907:(11): 1172–1183.
5591:978-0-7216-2921-6
5104:978-1-4160-4470-3
5014:. 29 April 2013.
4970:(17): 1626–1633.
4851:. 29 April 2013.
4510:(11): 1640–1649.
4177:978-0-9631172-1-2
4107:978-0-8385-8529-0
3919:978-81-8448-242-3
3744:978-0-7864-6323-7
3440:978-0-313-34102-1
3421:Byrne JP (2008).
3396:978-0-12-381302-2
3363:978-92-9022-638-3
3295:. 29 April 2013.
2833:and lymph nodes.
2540:Forugh Farrokhzad
2415:Douglas MacArthur
2407:Josefina Guerrero
2371:Josephine Cafrine
2217:Indian government
2168:medical diagnosis
2018:Gregory the Great
1923:Nippon Foundation
1748:, and the Hebrew
1723:Great Chesterford
1696:3rd millennium BC
1688:2nd millennium BC
1607:
1606:
1549:No. of new cases
1225:
1224:
1211:epithelioid cells
1144:epithelioid cells
941:peripheral nerves
872:
871:
702:respiratory tract
640:of the armadillo
604:Koch's postulates
383:incubation period
366:; and changes in
360:peripheral nerves
340:World Leprosy Day
241:respiratory tract
206:
205:
162:Multidrug therapy
28:Medical condition
12217:
12177:
12176:
12175:
12168:
12072:Rhodococcus equi
11868:
11867:
11735:Prosector's wart
11647:
11646:
11642:Mycobacteriaceae
11638:
11637:
11540:Actinomycetaceae
11536:
11535:
11512:
11505:
11498:
11489:
11488:
11423:Oral candidiasis
11300:
11299:
11198:
11197:
11126:Erythema nodosum
11070:
11069:
11059:
11058:
11052:
11051:
10996:Tinea versicolor
10834:Bullous impetigo
10771:Pityriasis rosea
10706:Lichen sclerosus
10691:Darier's disease
10656:
10655:
10645:
10644:
10601:Kaposi's sarcoma
10447:
10446:
10431:
10424:
10417:
10408:
10407:
10245:
10244:
10224:
10212:
10189:
10161:
10160:
10158:
10156:
10137:
10131:
10130:
10112:
10102:
10078:
10072:
10071:
10069:
10067:
10048:
10042:
10041:
10031:
9999:
9993:
9992:
9990:
9988:
9969:
9963:
9962:
9960:
9958:
9943:
9937:
9936:
9934:
9932:
9912:
9906:
9905:
9900:
9875:
9869:
9868:
9858:
9826:
9820:
9819:
9809:
9785:
9779:
9778:
9776:
9774:
9753:
9747:
9746:
9744:
9742:
9723:
9717:
9716:
9714:
9712:
9695:
9689:
9688:
9686:
9684:
9665:
9659:
9658:
9656:
9654:
9622:Victorian Review
9612:
9606:
9605:
9603:
9601:
9578:
9572:
9571:
9560:10.2307/40093803
9543:
9537:
9536:
9512:
9506:
9505:
9503:
9501:
9481:
9475:
9474:
9454:
9448:
9447:
9429:
9423:
9422:
9398:
9392:
9391:
9389:
9387:
9368:
9362:
9361:
9359:
9357:
9338:
9329:
9328:
9326:
9324:
9315:. 9 March 2017.
9305:
9296:
9295:
9293:
9291:
9272:
9263:
9262:
9260:
9258:
9210:
9204:
9203:
9201:
9199:
9180:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9166:
9157:. Archived from
9147:
9141:
9140:
9138:
9136:
9114:
9108:
9107:
9105:
9103:
9094:. Archived from
9084:
9073:
9072:
9036:
9030:
9029:
9027:
9025:
9006:
9000:
8999:
8989:
8965:
8959:
8958:
8956:
8954:
8934:
8928:
8927:
8917:
8900:(8): 1698–1700.
8885:
8876:
8875:
8857:
8851:
8850:
8848:
8846:
8827:
8821:
8820:
8818:
8798:
8792:
8791:
8769:
8758:
8757:
8755:
8753:
8737:
8731:
8730:
8728:
8726:
8710:
8704:
8703:
8685:
8679:
8678:
8653:
8647:
8646:
8645:on 27 June 2022.
8641:. Archived from
8603:
8597:
8596:
8573:
8567:
8566:
8548:
8542:
8541:
8513:
8504:
8503:
8501:
8499:
8480:
8469:
8468:
8447:Rubin S (1974).
8444:
8438:
8437:
8419:
8413:
8412:
8400:
8387:
8381:
8380:
8362:
8356:
8355:
8353:
8351:
8319:
8304:
8303:
8291:
8285:
8284:
8282:
8280:
8248:
8242:
8241:
8239:
8237:
8231:
8225:. Archived from
8198:
8189:
8178:
8177:
8149:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8138:
8120:
8114:
8113:
8111:
8109:
8089:
8083:
8080:
8074:
8073:
8045:
8039:
8038:
8028:
8018:
7994:
7988:
7987:
7985:
7983:
7968:Science Reporter
7959:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7948:
7929:
7923:
7910:
7904:
7903:
7867:
7861:
7860:1898; 44:159–174
7855:
7849:
7846:
7830:
7812:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7801:
7782:
7776:
7757:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7746:
7731:
7725:
7724:
7688:
7682:
7681:
7671:
7639:
7633:
7632:
7608:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7597:
7577:
7566:
7565:
7552:(in Norwegian).
7545:
7539:
7538:
7536:
7534:
7502:
7496:
7495:
7475:
7469:
7462:Abū Bakr al-Rāzī
7366:
7360:
7359:
7353:Adams F (1678).
7350:
7344:
7343:
7324:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7313:
7285:
7279:
7278:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7219:
7213:
7212:
7202:
7192:
7168:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7157:
7138:
7132:
7131:
7121:
7111:
7079:
7073:
7072:
7062:
7052:
7020:
7014:
7013:
7003:
6993:
6961:
6955:
6954:
6952:
6950:
6944:
6905:
6896:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6885:
6879:
6840:
6831:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6798:
6792:
6791:
6763:
6747:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6731:
6712:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6686:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6675:
6655:
6649:
6648:
6646:
6644:
6625:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6609:
6600:. Archived from
6590:
6584:
6583:
6573:
6565:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6535:
6529:
6528:
6518:
6498:
6492:
6491:
6481:
6471:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6430:
6398:
6385:
6384:
6374:
6350:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6288:(7): 1700–1707.
6276:
6270:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6241:
6210:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6178:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6167:
6152:
6146:
6145:
6135:
6118:(8): 1841–1850.
6103:
6097:
6096:
6086:
6062:
6056:
6055:
6019:
6013:
6012:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5924:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5849:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5803:Acta Leprologica
5798:
5792:
5791:
5781:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5730:
5724:
5723:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5639:
5629:
5605:
5596:
5595:
5579:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5516:10.1002/dc.20012
5499:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5439:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5398:
5388:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5347:
5337:
5313:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5290:. Archived from
5283:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5263:
5252:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5226:
5216:
5192:
5177:
5176:
5170:
5162:
5122:
5113:
5112:
5091:Cook GC (2009).
5088:
5082:
5081:
5071:
5061:
5037:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4987:
4955:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4932:News-Medical.net
4923:
4914:
4913:
4903:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4824:
4814:
4799:An Bras Dermatol
4790:
4784:
4783:
4765:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4581:
4571:
4547:
4538:
4537:
4519:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4465:
4456:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4412:
4402:
4378:
4369:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4336:10.1136/vr.g5680
4319:
4313:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4260:on 9 August 2020
4246:
4240:
4239:
4229:
4205:
4194:
4193:
4159:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4095:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4068:
4036:
4005:
4004:
3994:
3984:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3947:
3945:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3854:on 5 August 2013
3853:
3847:. Archived from
3832:
3822:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3520:
3503:
3502:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3428:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3355:
3340:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3285:
3270:
3269:
3259:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3192:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3157:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3122:
3045:
3044:
3008:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2920:
2896:
2784:
2740:
2728:
2716:
2703:
2693:
2675:
2660:Monk (TV Series)
2657:
2631:
2615:
2599:
2579:
2557:
2537:
2528:A Burnt-Out Case
2524:
2511:
2491:
2484:Tales of Hawai'i
2477:
2461:
2454:Leprosy in media
2434:Ōtani Yoshitsugu
2427:Vietnamese poet
2401:Ingeborg Grytten
2324:
2312:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2202:Leprosy in India
2070:Chalon-sur-Saône
2014:Early Christians
1938:Historical texts
1759:
1627:, discoverer of
1487:
1486:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1302:fluoroquinolones
1140:epithelioid cell
1088:
1087:
1015:tinea versicolor
948:white blood cell
738:
737:
655:Sciurus vulgaris
647:zoonotic disease
549:and rod-shaped.
455:
443:
431:
419:
407:
364:nasal cartilages
325:
319:
318:
313:
307:
306:
262:poorly pigmented
213:Hansen's disease
211:, also known as
100:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
51:
31:
30:
12225:
12224:
12220:
12219:
12218:
12216:
12215:
12214:
12185:
12184:
12183:
12173:
12171:
12163:
12161:
12156:
12132:
12077:
12027:
11988:
11922:
11901:
11857:
11853:Histoid leprosy
11808:
11655:
11652:M. tuberculosis
11623:
11603:
11525:
11516:
11486:
11477:
11409:
11402:
11369:
11335:Alopecia areata
11313:
11295:
11281:
11238:
11217:
11193:
11183:
11140:
11099:
11085:Viral exanthems
11063:
11047:
11045:
11035:
11006:Pityriasis alba
10984:
10926:
10868:
10805:
10725:
10721:Zinc deficiency
10651:
10649:
10630:
10558:
10549:
10513:
10504:Nevus sebaceous
10438:
10435:
10405:
10400:
10399:
10339:
10338:
10256:
10231:
10221:
10192:
10186:
10170:
10168:Further reading
10165:
10164:
10154:
10152:
10139:
10138:
10134:
10079:
10075:
10065:
10063:
10050:
10049:
10045:
10000:
9996:
9986:
9984:
9971:
9970:
9966:
9956:
9954:
9953:. 30 March 2019
9945:
9944:
9940:
9930:
9928:
9913:
9909:
9898:
9876:
9872:
9827:
9823:
9786:
9782:
9772:
9770:
9755:
9754:
9750:
9740:
9738:
9725:
9724:
9720:
9710:
9708:
9697:
9696:
9692:
9682:
9680:
9667:
9666:
9662:
9652:
9650:
9613:
9609:
9599:
9597:
9595:
9579:
9575:
9544:
9540:
9529:
9513:
9509:
9499:
9497:
9482:
9478:
9471:
9455:
9451:
9444:
9430:
9426:
9415:
9399:
9395:
9385:
9383:
9370:
9369:
9365:
9355:
9353:
9340:
9339:
9332:
9322:
9320:
9307:
9306:
9299:
9289:
9287:
9274:
9273:
9266:
9256:
9254:
9211:
9207:
9197:
9195:
9182:
9181:
9174:
9164:
9162:
9149:
9148:
9144:
9134:
9132:
9116:
9115:
9111:
9101:
9099:
9086:
9085:
9076:
9037:
9033:
9023:
9021:
9008:
9007:
9003:
8966:
8962:
8952:
8950:
8935:
8931:
8886:
8879:
8872:
8858:
8854:
8844:
8842:
8829:
8828:
8824:
8800:
8799:
8795:
8788:
8770:
8761:
8751:
8749:
8738:
8734:
8724:
8722:
8711:
8707:
8700:
8686:
8682:
8654:
8650:
8631:10.2307/2841703
8604:
8600:
8574:
8570:
8563:
8549:
8545:
8514:
8507:
8497:
8495:
8482:
8481:
8472:
8465:
8445:
8441:
8434:
8422:Clay R (1909).
8420:
8416:
8409:
8388:
8384:
8377:
8363:
8359:
8349:
8347:
8320:
8307:
8292:
8288:
8278:
8276:
8257:History Compass
8249:
8245:
8235:
8233:
8229:
8196:
8190:
8181:
8166:10.2307/2803354
8150:
8146:
8136:
8134:
8121:
8117:
8107:
8105:
8090:
8086:
8081:
8077:
8046:
8042:
7995:
7991:
7981:
7979:
7960:
7956:
7946:
7944:
7931:
7930:
7926:
7920:Wayback Machine
7911:
7907:
7868:
7864:
7856:
7852:
7833:
7825:. 25 May 2001.
7817:
7813:
7809:
7799:
7797:
7784:
7783:
7779:
7768:Wayback Machine
7758:
7754:
7744:
7742:
7733:
7732:
7728:
7689:
7685:
7654:(5688): 89–92.
7640:
7636:
7625:
7609:
7605:
7595:
7593:
7578:
7569:
7546:
7542:
7532:
7530:
7503:
7499:
7492:
7476:
7472:
7418:Aëtius of Amida
7367:
7363:
7351:
7347:
7340:
7326:
7325:
7321:
7311:
7309:
7302:
7286:
7282:
7275:
7259:
7255:
7245:
7243:
7220:
7216:
7183:(5): e1006997.
7169:
7165:
7155:
7153:
7140:
7139:
7135:
7080:
7076:
7021:
7017:
6962:
6958:
6948:
6946:
6942:
6903:
6897:
6893:
6883:
6881:
6877:
6838:
6832:
6825:
6815:
6813:
6800:
6799:
6795:
6772:
6748:
6739:
6729:
6727:
6714:
6713:
6709:
6699:
6697:
6688:
6687:
6683:
6673:
6671:
6656:
6652:
6642:
6640:
6627:
6626:
6617:
6607:
6605:
6592:
6591:
6587:
6571:
6567:
6566:
6562:
6552:
6550:
6537:
6536:
6532:
6500:
6499:
6495:
6448:
6444:
6399:
6388:
6351:
6347:
6337:
6335:
6322:
6321:
6317:
6277:
6273:
6259:
6255:
6239:10.1038/537012a
6212:
6211:
6207:
6197:
6195:
6190:. 6 June 2014.
6180:
6179:
6175:
6165:
6163:
6154:
6153:
6149:
6104:
6100:
6063:
6059:
6020:
6016:
5977:
5973:
5942:
5938:
5893:
5889:
5879:
5877:
5872:. 3 June 2021.
5868:
5867:
5863:
5826:
5822:
5799:
5795:
5758:
5754:
5731:
5727:
5688:
5684:
5674:
5672:
5657:
5653:
5606:
5599:
5592:
5570:
5566:
5543:
5539:
5500:
5496:
5486:
5484:
5469:
5465:
5455:
5453:
5416:
5412:
5365:
5361:
5314:
5307:
5297:
5295:
5286:
5284:
5277:
5267:
5265:
5261:
5250:
5244:
5240:
5193:
5180:
5164:
5163:
5123:
5116:
5105:
5089:
5085:
5038:
5031:
5021:
5019:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4956:
4952:
4941:
4939:
4926:
4924:
4917:
4872:
4868:
4858:
4856:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4791:
4787:
4742:
4738:
4699:
4695:
4685:
4683:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4634:
4630:
4599:
4595:
4562:(5): e0004703.
4548:
4541:
4496:
4492:
4482:
4480:
4467:
4466:
4459:
4453:Wayback Machine
4439:Wayback Machine
4430:
4426:
4379:
4372:
4363:
4359:
4330:(11): 285–286.
4320:
4316:
4307:
4303:
4293:
4291:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4263:
4261:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4206:
4197:
4178:
4160:
4153:
4143:
4141:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4108:
4086:
4082:
4051:(7): CD012235.
4037:
4008:
3961:
3957:
3943:
3941:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3906:
3902:
3871:
3867:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3816:
3806:
3804:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3745:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3713:
3708:. 6 June 2011.
3700:
3699:
3695:
3685:
3683:
3668:
3664:
3654:
3652:
3651:on 8 April 2010
3641:
3637:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3602:
3597:. August 2023.
3587:
3586:
3582:
3572:
3570:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3521:
3506:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3419:
3412:
3397:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3342:
3341:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3287:
3286:
3273:
3228:
3224:
3193:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3159:
3158:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3124:
3123:
3048:
3009:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2853:Brownsea Island
2829:at the site of
2799:
2763:Paddy Considine
2707:Darkest Dungeon
2642:William Monahan
2640:and written by
2571:My Uncle Oswald
2470:Rudyard Kipling
2464:Life's Handicap
2456:
2445:British writer
2367:
2335:
2328:
2325:
2316:
2313:
2304:
2301:
2295:
2274:
2264:
2255:
2250:
2226:
2204:
2198:
2193:
2141:
2121:
2108:
2058:palliative care
2050:John Chrysostom
2030:
1971:ritual impurity
1940:
1919:
1906:
1898:
1890:Ernest W. Price
1826:
1732:
1639:
1625:G. H. A. Hansen
1618:
1612:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1353:
1347:
1338:
1270:
1246:
1240:into the body.
1233:
1216:Histoid leprosy
1183:
1179:Multibacillary
1160:
1158:
1154:Multibacillary
1124:
1122:
1118:Paucibacillary
1094:Ridley-Jopling
1057:
1020:In some cases,
976:
967:autonomic nerve
901:
736:
698:
681:
673:Brownsea Island
653:Red squirrels (
600:M. lepromatosis
584:M. lepromatosis
572:M. lepromatosis
529:M. lepromatosis
521:M. lepromatosis
517:M. lepromatosis
487:
479:Main articles:
477:
474:M. lepromatosis
466:
459:
456:
447:
444:
435:
432:
423:
420:
411:
408:
348:
104:
71:
67:
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12223:
12213:
12212:
12207:
12202:
12197:
12182:
12181:
12158:
12157:
12155:
12154:
12146:
12144:
12138:
12137:
12134:
12133:
12131:
12130:
12129:
12128:
12116:
12115:
12114:
12102:
12101:
12100:
12087:
12085:
12079:
12078:
12076:
12075:
12068:
12067:
12066:
12045:
12043:
12037:
12036:
12033:
12032:
12029:
12028:
12026:
12025:
12018:
12011:
12003:
12001:
11990:
11989:
11987:
11986:
11983:M. haemophilum
11979:
11978:
11977:
11965:
11964:
11963:
11933:
11931:
11924:
11923:
11921:
11920:
11912:
11910:
11903:
11902:
11900:
11899:
11898:
11897:
11885:
11877:
11875:
11865:
11863:Nontuberculous
11859:
11858:
11856:
11855:
11850:
11845:
11840:
11835:
11830:
11820:
11818:
11810:
11809:
11807:
11806:
11801:
11796:
11791:
11786:
11781:
11776:
11771:
11770:
11769:
11759:
11754:
11753:
11752:
11747:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11730:Lupus vulgaris
11727:
11722:
11710:
11709:
11708:
11698:
11697:
11696:
11691:
11681:
11676:
11674:Ghon's complex
11662:
11660:
11644:
11635:
11629:
11628:
11625:
11624:
11622:
11621:
11613:
11611:
11605:
11604:
11602:
11601:
11594:
11593:
11592:
11580:
11579:
11578:
11564:
11563:
11562:
11557:
11544:
11542:
11533:
11531:Actinomycineae
11527:
11526:
11523:Actinomycetota
11515:
11514:
11507:
11500:
11492:
11483:
11482:
11479:
11478:
11476:
11475:
11470:
11465:
11460:
11458:Coxsackievirus
11455:
11450:
11445:
11440:
11435:
11430:
11425:
11420:
11414:
11412:
11404:
11403:
11401:
11400:
11395:
11390:
11385:
11379:
11377:
11371:
11370:
11368:
11367:
11362:
11357:
11352:
11347:
11342:
11337:
11332:
11327:
11321:
11319:
11315:
11314:
11312:
11311:
11308:
11306:
11297:
11291:
11290:
11287:
11286:
11283:
11282:
11280:
11279:
11274:
11269:
11264:
11254:
11252:
11248:
11247:
11244:
11243:
11240:
11239:
11237:
11236:
11231:
11225:
11223:
11219:
11218:
11216:
11215:
11210:
11204:
11202:
11195:
11189:
11188:
11185:
11184:
11182:
11181:
11175:
11170:
11168:Gyratum repens
11165:
11160:
11154:
11148:
11146:
11142:
11141:
11139:
11138:
11133:
11128:
11123:
11118:
11113:
11107:
11105:
11101:
11100:
11098:
11097:
11092:
11090:Toxic erythema
11087:
11082:
11080:Drug eruptions
11076:
11074:
11067:
11056:
11049:
11041:
11040:
11037:
11036:
11034:
11033:
11028:
11023:
11018:
11013:
11008:
11003:
10998:
10992:
10990:
10986:
10985:
10983:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10942:
10936:
10934:
10928:
10927:
10925:
10924:
10919:
10917:Lichen nitidus
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10878:
10876:
10870:
10869:
10867:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10841:
10836:
10831:
10826:
10821:
10819:Herpes simplex
10815:
10813:
10807:
10806:
10804:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10788:
10783:
10778:
10773:
10768:
10762:
10757:
10752:
10747:
10741:
10735:
10733:
10727:
10726:
10724:
10723:
10718:
10713:
10708:
10703:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10683:
10678:
10673:
10668:
10662:
10660:
10653:
10642:
10636:
10635:
10632:
10631:
10629:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10613:
10608:
10603:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10562:
10560:
10551:
10550:
10548:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10521:
10519:
10515:
10514:
10512:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10496:
10491:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10455:
10453:
10444:
10440:
10439:
10434:
10433:
10426:
10419:
10411:
10402:
10401:
10398:
10397:
10388:
10377:
10360:
10348:
10347:
10345:
10341:
10340:
10337:
10336:
10325:
10314:
10303:
10288:
10273:
10257:
10252:
10251:
10249:
10248:Classification
10242:
10241:
10230:
10229:External links
10227:
10226:
10225:
10219:
10190:
10185:978-1631495038
10184:
10169:
10166:
10163:
10162:
10132:
10093:(11): 100820.
10073:
10043:
10014:(1–2): 51–67.
9994:
9964:
9938:
9907:
9886:(2): 137–151.
9870:
9821:
9800:(3): 198–208.
9794:Leprosy Review
9780:
9748:
9731:Apple Podcasts
9718:
9690:
9660:
9607:
9593:
9573:
9538:
9527:
9507:
9476:
9469:
9449:
9442:
9424:
9413:
9393:
9363:
9330:
9297:
9264:
9205:
9172:
9142:
9109:
9074:
9047:(2): 216–230.
9031:
9001:
8980:(3): 310–330.
8960:
8929:
8877:
8870:
8852:
8822:
8793:
8786:
8759:
8732:
8705:
8698:
8680:
8648:
8598:
8579:(March 1798).
8568:
8561:
8543:
8505:
8470:
8463:
8439:
8432:
8414:
8407:
8382:
8376:978-0801470769
8375:
8357:
8334:(1/2): 16–28.
8305:
8286:
8263:(5): 388–406.
8243:
8179:
8144:
8115:
8084:
8075:
8040:
7989:
7954:
7924:
7905:
7862:
7850:
7848:
7847:
7831:
7807:
7777:
7752:
7726:
7683:
7634:
7623:
7603:
7567:
7556:(7): 708–709.
7540:
7517:(2): 115–152.
7497:
7490:
7470:
7452:translated by
7422:Sicamus Aëtius
7361:
7345:
7338:
7319:
7300:
7280:
7273:
7253:
7214:
7177:PLOS Pathogens
7163:
7133:
7074:
7035:(12): e84814.
7015:
6956:
6891:
6823:
6793:
6770:
6737:
6707:
6681:
6650:
6615:
6585:
6560:
6530:
6493:
6442:
6386:
6365:(9): 383–393.
6345:
6315:
6271:
6253:
6205:
6173:
6147:
6098:
6057:
6014:
5987:(2): 209–222.
5971:
5952:(3): 162–170.
5936:
5901:Human Vaccines
5887:
5861:
5840:(3): 263–268.
5834:Leprosy Review
5820:
5809:(4): 187–194.
5793:
5772:(2): 101–106.
5752:
5741:(3): 261–267.
5725:
5698:(7): 806–809.
5682:
5651:
5620:(3): 389–401.
5597:
5590:
5564:
5553:(3): 255–273.
5537:
5510:(6): 386–388.
5494:
5463:
5424:Leprosy Review
5410:
5359:
5305:
5275:
5238:
5178:
5137:(2): 169–170.
5114:
5103:
5083:
5029:
4999:
4950:
4915:
4866:
4836:
4805:(2): 205–218.
4785:
4756:(7): 554–563.
4736:
4693:
4663:
4644:(1): 125–128.
4628:
4593:
4539:
4490:
4457:
4424:
4370:
4357:
4314:
4301:
4271:
4241:
4220:(4): 174–177.
4195:
4176:
4151:
4121:
4106:
4080:
4006:
3955:
3925:
3918:
3900:
3865:
3844:978-9241209687
3843:
3814:
3784:
3754:
3743:
3723:
3693:
3662:
3635:
3612:
3580:
3550:
3531:(6): 464–470.
3504:
3477:
3446:
3439:
3410:
3395:
3369:
3362:
3310:
3271:
3242:(3): 522–527.
3222:
3182:
3147:
3046:
3019:(2): 121–129.
2974:
2948:
2911:(6): 518–537.
2890:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2780:
2754:Fire and Blood
2736:
2724:
2712:
2699:
2689:
2680:is a novel by
2671:
2653:
2627:
2611:
2595:
2575:
2553:
2533:
2520:
2507:
2494:James Michener
2487:
2473:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2442:(feudal lord).
2431:
2425:
2418:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2378:
2366:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2307:
2305:
2296:
2289:
2268:Leprosy stigma
2263:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2234:Leprosy stigma
2225:
2222:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2185:decolonization
2140:
2137:
2120:
2117:
2107:
2104:
2062:Constantinople
2029:
2026:
2020:(540–604) and
1939:
1936:
1918:
1917:Treatment cost
1915:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1825:
1822:
1731:
1728:
1706:, next to the
1680:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1662:
1655:M. leprae
1638:
1635:
1614:Main article:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1482:disease burden
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1349:Main article:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1310:clarithromycin
1269:
1266:
1245:
1242:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1056:
1055:Classification
1053:
995:
994:
991:
975:
972:
900:
897:
870:
869:
867:
862:
859:
855:
854:
847:
842:
839:
835:
834:
827:
822:
819:
815:
814:
807:
802:
799:
795:
794:
783:
778:
775:
771:
770:
768:
763:
760:
756:
755:
752:
747:
742:
735:
732:
697:
694:
680:
677:
665:Hoxne, Suffolk
626:sooty mangabey
476:
467:
465:
462:
461:
460:
457:
450:
448:
445:
438:
436:
433:
426:
424:
421:
414:
412:
409:
402:
347:
344:
293:leper colonies
204:
203:
198:
192:
191:
190:209,000 (2018)
188:
184:
183:
170:
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
152:
146:
145:
132:
128:
127:
124:
118:
117:
112:
106:
105:
103:
102:
64:
62:
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12222:
12211:
12208:
12206:
12203:
12201:
12198:
12196:
12193:
12192:
12190:
12180:
12170:
12169:
12166:
12153:
12152:
12148:
12147:
12145:
12143:
12139:
12127:
12124:
12123:
12122:
12121:
12117:
12113:
12110:
12109:
12108:
12107:
12103:
12099:
12096:
12095:
12094:
12093:
12089:
12088:
12086:
12084:
12080:
12074:
12073:
12069:
12065:
12062:
12061:
12060:
12059:
12055:
12051:
12047:
12046:
12044:
12042:
12038:
12024:
12023:
12019:
12017:
12016:
12012:
12010:
12009:
12005:
12004:
12002:
11999:
11995:
11991:
11985:
11984:
11980:
11976:
11973:
11972:
11971:
11970:
11966:
11962:
11961:MAI infection
11959:
11958:
11957:
11953:
11952:
11947:
11946:
11941:
11939:
11935:
11934:
11932:
11929:
11925:
11919:
11918:
11914:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11904:
11896:
11893:
11892:
11891:
11890:
11886:
11884:
11883:
11879:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11869:
11866:
11864:
11860:
11854:
11851:
11849:
11846:
11844:
11841:
11839:
11836:
11834:
11831:
11829:
11825:
11822:
11821:
11819:
11817:
11816:
11811:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11768:
11765:
11764:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11755:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11720:Scrofuloderma
11718:
11717:
11716:
11715:
11711:
11707:
11704:
11703:
11702:
11699:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11687:
11686:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11675:
11671:
11667:
11664:
11663:
11661:
11659:
11658:
11653:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11639:
11636:
11634:
11630:
11620:
11619:
11615:
11614:
11612:
11610:
11606:
11600:
11599:
11595:
11591:
11588:
11587:
11586:
11585:
11581:
11577:
11574:
11573:
11571:
11570:
11565:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11555:Actinomycosis
11553:
11552:
11551:
11550:
11546:
11545:
11543:
11541:
11537:
11534:
11532:
11528:
11524:
11520:
11513:
11508:
11506:
11501:
11499:
11494:
11493:
11490:
11474:
11471:
11469:
11466:
11464:
11461:
11459:
11456:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11446:
11444:
11441:
11439:
11436:
11434:
11431:
11429:
11428:Lichen planus
11426:
11424:
11421:
11419:
11416:
11415:
11413:
11411:
11405:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11383:Onychomycosis
11381:
11380:
11378:
11376:
11372:
11366:
11363:
11361:
11358:
11356:
11353:
11351:
11348:
11346:
11345:Tinea capitis
11343:
11341:
11338:
11336:
11333:
11331:
11328:
11326:
11323:
11322:
11320:
11316:
11310:
11309:
11307:
11305:
11301:
11298:
11294:Miscellaneous
11292:
11278:
11275:
11273:
11270:
11268:
11265:
11263:
11259:
11256:
11255:
11253:
11249:
11235:
11232:
11230:
11227:
11226:
11224:
11220:
11214:
11211:
11209:
11206:
11205:
11203:
11199:
11196:
11192:Nonblanchable
11190:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11149:
11147:
11143:
11137:
11134:
11132:
11129:
11127:
11124:
11122:
11119:
11117:
11114:
11112:
11109:
11108:
11106:
11102:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11077:
11075:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11060:
11057:
11053:
11050:
11042:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11004:
11002:
10999:
10997:
10994:
10993:
10991:
10989:Hypopigmented
10987:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10941:
10940:Acne vulgaris
10938:
10937:
10935:
10933:
10929:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10892:Lichen planus
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10879:
10877:
10875:
10871:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10824:Herpes zoster
10822:
10820:
10817:
10816:
10814:
10812:
10808:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10796:Parapsoriasis
10794:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10736:
10734:
10732:
10728:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10714:
10712:
10709:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10699:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10687:
10684:
10682:
10679:
10677:
10674:
10672:
10669:
10667:
10664:
10663:
10661:
10657:
10654:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10637:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10563:
10561:
10556:
10552:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10522:
10520:
10516:
10510:
10507:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10456:
10454:
10452:
10448:
10445:
10441:
10432:
10427:
10425:
10420:
10418:
10413:
10412:
10409:
10396:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10383:
10382:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10370:
10366:
10365:
10361:
10359:
10355:
10354:
10350:
10349:
10346:
10342:
10335:
10331:
10330:
10326:
10324:
10320:
10319:
10315:
10313:
10309:
10308:
10304:
10302:
10298:
10297:
10293:
10289:
10287:
10283:
10282:
10278:
10274:
10272:
10268:
10267:
10263:
10259:
10258:
10255:
10250:
10246:
10240:
10236:
10233:
10232:
10222:
10216:
10211:
10206:
10202:
10200:
10195:
10191:
10187:
10181:
10178:. Liveright.
10177:
10172:
10171:
10150:
10146:
10142:
10136:
10128:
10124:
10120:
10116:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10092:
10088:
10084:
10077:
10061:
10057:
10053:
10047:
10039:
10035:
10030:
10025:
10021:
10017:
10013:
10009:
10005:
9998:
9982:
9978:
9974:
9968:
9952:
9948:
9942:
9926:
9922:
9918:
9911:
9903:
9897:
9893:
9889:
9885:
9881:
9874:
9866:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9848:
9844:
9840:
9836:
9832:
9825:
9817:
9813:
9808:
9803:
9799:
9795:
9791:
9784:
9768:
9764:
9763:
9758:
9752:
9736:
9732:
9728:
9722:
9706:
9702:
9701:
9694:
9678:
9674:
9670:
9664:
9648:
9644:
9640:
9636:
9632:
9628:
9624:
9623:
9618:
9611:
9596:
9590:
9586:
9585:
9577:
9569:
9565:
9561:
9557:
9553:
9549:
9542:
9534:
9530:
9524:
9520:
9519:
9511:
9495:
9491:
9490:Esquiremag.ph
9487:
9480:
9472:
9466:
9462:
9461:
9453:
9445:
9439:
9435:
9428:
9420:
9416:
9410:
9406:
9405:
9397:
9381:
9377:
9373:
9367:
9351:
9347:
9343:
9342:"Nation Home"
9337:
9335:
9318:
9314:
9310:
9304:
9302:
9285:
9281:
9277:
9271:
9269:
9252:
9248:
9244:
9240:
9236:
9232:
9228:
9224:
9220:
9216:
9209:
9193:
9189:
9185:
9179:
9177:
9160:
9156:
9152:
9146:
9130:
9126:
9124:
9119:
9113:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9083:
9081:
9079:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9058:
9054:
9050:
9046:
9042:
9035:
9019:
9015:
9011:
9005:
8997:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8964:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8933:
8925:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8907:
8903:
8899:
8895:
8891:
8884:
8882:
8873:
8867:
8863:
8856:
8840:
8836:
8832:
8826:
8817:
8812:
8808:
8804:
8797:
8789:
8783:
8779:
8775:
8768:
8766:
8764:
8747:
8743:
8736:
8720:
8716:
8709:
8701:
8695:
8691:
8684:
8676:
8672:
8668:
8664:
8663:
8658:
8652:
8644:
8640:
8636:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8608:
8602:
8594:
8590:
8587:(in German).
8586:
8582:
8578:
8572:
8564:
8558:
8554:
8547:
8539:
8535:
8531:
8527:
8524:(2): 315–21.
8523:
8519:
8512:
8510:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8479:
8477:
8475:
8466:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8451:
8443:
8435:
8429:
8425:
8418:
8410:
8404:
8399:
8398:
8392:
8386:
8378:
8372:
8368:
8361:
8345:
8341:
8337:
8333:
8329:
8325:
8318:
8316:
8314:
8312:
8310:
8302:(3): 439–456.
8301:
8297:
8290:
8274:
8270:
8266:
8262:
8258:
8254:
8247:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8216:
8212:
8209:(2): 315–21.
8208:
8204:
8203:
8195:
8188:
8186:
8184:
8175:
8171:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8155:
8148:
8132:
8128:
8127:
8119:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8088:
8079:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8044:
8036:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7993:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7958:
7942:
7938:
7934:
7928:
7921:
7917:
7914:
7909:
7901:
7897:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7866:
7859:
7854:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7815:
7811:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7781:
7774:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7756:
7740:
7736:
7730:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7687:
7679:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7638:
7630:
7626:
7620:
7616:
7615:
7607:
7591:
7587:
7583:
7576:
7574:
7572:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7544:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7501:
7493:
7487:
7483:
7482:
7474:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7443:
7439:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7365:
7357:
7349:
7341:
7335:
7331:
7330:
7323:
7307:
7303:
7297:
7293:
7292:
7284:
7276:
7270:
7266:
7265:
7257:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7218:
7210:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7167:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7137:
7129:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7078:
7070:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7019:
7011:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6960:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6902:
6895:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6837:
6830:
6828:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6797:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6753:
6746:
6744:
6742:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6711:
6695:
6691:
6685:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6654:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6624:
6622:
6620:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6589:
6581:
6578:(WHO). 2002.
6577:
6570:
6564:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6534:
6526:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6497:
6489:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6446:
6438:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6397:
6395:
6393:
6391:
6382:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6349:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6319:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6275:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6257:
6249:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6209:
6193:
6189:
6188:
6183:
6177:
6161:
6157:
6151:
6143:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6102:
6094:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6061:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6018:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5975:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5940:
5932:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5891:
5875:
5871:
5865:
5857:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5824:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5797:
5789:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5756:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5729:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5686:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5655:
5647:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5604:
5602:
5593:
5587:
5583:
5578:
5577:
5568:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5541:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5498:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5467:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5414:
5406:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5363:
5355:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5312:
5310:
5293:
5289:
5282:
5280:
5260:
5256:
5249:
5242:
5234:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5174:
5168:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5121:
5119:
5110:
5106:
5100:
5096:
5095:
5087:
5079:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5036:
5034:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5003:
4995:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4954:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4922:
4920:
4911:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4870:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4840:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4789:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4740:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4697:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4667:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4632:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4597:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4546:
4544:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4462:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4428:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4377:
4375:
4368:308: 1040–42.
4367:
4361:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4305:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4158:
4156:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4093:
4084:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3921:
3915:
3911:
3904:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3828:
3821:
3819:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3727:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3417:
3415:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3365:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2791:
2789:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2700:
2697:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2682:Alan Brennert
2679:
2672:
2669:
2668:Tony Shalhoub
2665:
2661:
2656:December 2005
2654:
2651:
2650:Edward Norton
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2458:
2457:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2436:, a Japanese
2435:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2365:Notable cases
2362:
2359:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2333:Public policy
2323:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2253:United States
2245:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:United States
2221:
2218:
2213:
2212:British India
2209:
2206:In 1898, the
2203:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2176:Victorian era
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2156:Western world
2149:
2148:Father Damien
2145:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2112:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2034:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:Matthew 8:1–4
1987:
1986:New Testament
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1945:Atharava Veda
1935:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1910:
1901:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1780:Francis Adams
1777:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1747:
1746:Ebers Papyrus
1744:
1740:
1737:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1702:in a tomb in
1701:
1697:
1693:
1690:. Located at
1689:
1684:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1670:New Caledonia
1667:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1437: 13.5–15
1431: 12–13.5
1425: 10.5–12
1377: No data
1369:
1365:
1357:
1352:
1342:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1241:
1238:
1231:Complications
1228:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1187:A30.4, A30.5
1186:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1157:midborderline
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:hypopigmented
1133:
1130:
1128:A30.1, A30.2
1127:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:hypopigmented
992:
989:
988:
987:
980:
971:
968:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
921:demyelination
918:
917:Schwann cells
914:
910:
906:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
868:
866:
863:
860:
857:
856:
853:
852:
848:
846:
843:
840:
837:
836:
833:
832:
828:
826:
823:
820:
817:
816:
813:
812:
808:
806:
803:
800:
797:
796:
793:
792:
788:
784:
782:
779:
776:
773:
772:
769:
767:
764:
761:
758:
757:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
740:
739:
731:
729:
724:
722:
718:
713:
710:
705:
703:
693:
689:
687:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
656:
650:
648:
643:
639:
635:
634:red squirrels
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
566:Genetically,
564:
562:
561:
560:Mycobacterium
556:
555:cell envelope
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
482:
475:
471:
454:
449:
442:
437:
430:
425:
418:
413:
406:
401:
400:
399:
397:
391:
389:
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
343:
341:
337:
333:
332:social stigma
329:
324:
312:
301:
296:
294:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
258:
254:
253:pathogenicity
249:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:
228:
227:
222:
218:
214:
210:
202:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:
178:
174:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
151:
147:
144:
143:
138:
137:
133:
129:
125:
123:
119:
116:
113:
111:
107:
98:
66:
65:
63:
61:Pronunciation
59:
54:
50:
45:
41:
37:
32:
26:
22:
12149:
12118:
12104:
12090:
12070:
12048:
12041:Nocardiaceae
12022:M. abscessus
12020:
12013:
12008:M. fortuitum
12006:
11981:
11975:Buruli ulcer
11967:
11949:
11943:
11937:
11915:
11887:
11880:
11823:
11813:
11712:
11683:
11679:Pott disease
11666:Tuberculosis
11650:
11616:
11596:
11582:
11567:
11547:
11398:Ingrown nail
11025:
10970:Dermatophyte
10965:Gonococcemia
10950:Folliculitis
10591:Neurofibroma
10559:subcutaneous
10390:
10379:
10362:
10351:
10327:
10316:
10305:
10290:
10275:
10260:
10210:10665/274127
10197:
10175:
10153:. Retrieved
10144:
10135:
10090:
10086:
10076:
10064:. Retrieved
10055:
10046:
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9626:
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9548:Books Abroad
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7146:ScienceDaily
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6332:the original
6318:
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6187:The Guardian
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5864:
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5292:the original
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5254:
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4931:
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4848:
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4473:ScienceDaily
4472:
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3928:
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3878:
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3849:the original
3826:
3805:. Retrieved
3796:
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3766:
3757:
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3726:
3714:. Retrieved
3705:
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3676:Bangkok Post
3675:
3665:
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3649:the original
3638:
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3603:. Retrieved
3592:
3583:
3571:. Retrieved
3562:
3553:
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3480:
3468:. Retrieved
3459:
3449:
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3353:10665/274127
3343:
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3292:
3239:
3235:
3225:
3203:(1): 24–31.
3200:
3196:
3173:. Retrieved
3165:ScienceDaily
3164:
3138:. Retrieved
3016:
3012:
2965:. Retrieved
2951:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2858:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2825:multiply in
2822:
2818:
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2806:
2800:
2786:
2770:
2752:
2742:
2730:
2718:
2705:
2702:January 2016
2695:
2677:
2648:, played by
2638:Ridley Scott
2636:directed by
2621:
2605:
2581:
2569:
2563:
2562:short story
2547:
2526:
2514:
2497:
2483:
2463:
2449:(1910–1977).
2447:Peter Greave
2437:
2411:World War II
2355:
2340:
2336:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2256:
2248:21st century
2227:
2205:
2191:20th century
2164:bacteriology
2160:Global South
2153:
2126:
2122:
2106:19th century
2092:
2066:
2043:
2039:
2001:
1998:Luke 5:12–16
1994:Mark 1:40–45
1983:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1920:
1899:
1883:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1861:
1837:
1827:
1809:
1807:
1791:colonization
1788:
1783:
1766:
1733:
1720:
1685:
1681:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1628:
1474:
1463:
1455:
1419: 9–10.5
1345:Epidemiology
1339:
1318:
1314:bactericidal
1298:
1280:A number of
1279:
1262:
1258:tuberculosis
1251:
1247:
1236:
1234:
1226:
1190:Lepromatous
1131:Tuberculoid
1107:Description
1058:
1050:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1019:
996:
985:
964:
960:phagocytosis
955:
945:
936:
912:
908:
904:
902:
875:
873:
849:
829:
809:
785:
725:
716:
714:
708:
706:
699:
696:Transmission
690:
685:
682:
679:Risk factors
668:
654:
651:
641:
619:
610:
608:
599:
595:
583:
579:
571:
567:
565:
558:
550:
538:
537:
532:
528:
520:
516:
512:
511:
501:
493:
473:
469:
392:
380:
349:
297:
289:
270:
256:
250:
230:
224:
216:
212:
208:
207:
150:Risk factors
140:
134:
25:
12064:Nocardiosis
12015:M. chelonae
11969:M. ulcerans
11917:M. gordonae
11882:M. kansasii
11453:Herpesvirus
11433:Leukoplakia
11258:Scleroderma
11145:Specialized
11073:Generalized
11048:involvement
10960:Candidiasis
10652:involvement
10626:Myxoid cyst
10474:Acrochordon
10353:MedlinePlus
10155:18 November
10066:18 November
9773:28 December
9762:Vanity Fair
9653:21 February
9600:28 February
9386:15 November
9356:16 November
9323:15 November
9290:15 November
9257:22 November
9225:(1): 6–20.
8625:: 376–385.
8577:von Zach FX
8498:10 November
8350:10 November
8279:10 November
8009:(1): e113.
7839:Japan Times
7596:27 December
7533:3 September
7458:Alsharavius
6949:22 November
6884:22 November
6761:10665/40171
6674:24 February
6608:26 February
6553:19 December
6263:NCT03302897
5675:12 February
5022:28 February
4859:28 February
4483:21 November
4312:45: 144–52.
4310:J Wildl Dis
4144:11 February
3767:www.cdc.gov
3716:28 November
3303:28 February
3140:10 February
2831:inoculation
2827:macrophages
2739:August 2022
2598:August 1988
2565:The Visitor
2460:August 1891
2302: 1895
2174:during the
2172:imperialism
2082:King Edward
2028:Middle Ages
1848:clofazimine
1829:Chaulmoogra
1778:. In 1846,
1772:Hippocrates
1739:Atharvaveda
1443: 15–20
1413: 7.5–9
1407: 6–7.5
1401: 4.5–6
1395: 3–4.5
1389: 1.5–3
1306:minocycline
1294:clofazimine
1207:nose bleeds
1167:Borderline
1005:), raised (
954:may engulf
952:macrophages
893:biochemical
500:bacterium,
378:may occur.
281:clofazimine
245:extremities
196:Named after
181:clofazimine
39:Other names
12189:Categories
12112:Erythrasma
12098:Diphtheria
11889:M. marinum
11762:Tuberculid
11694:Rich focus
11689:Meningitis
11670:Ghon focus
11393:Paronychia
11234:Vasculitis
11158:Multiforme
11156:Erythema (
11111:Cellulitis
11062:Blanchable
10811:Blistering
10801:Ichthyosis
10659:Eczematous
10571:Hemangioma
10381:Patient UK
10329:DiseasesDB
9951:Vet Record
9741:20 October
9711:20 January
9629:: 89–105.
9470:8200062503
9165:9 February
9102:9 February
8160:(4): 598.
8098:Chabad.org
8056:(1): 3–7.
7878:(1): 2–5.
7800:31 January
7460:, Rhases (
7450:Haly Abbas
7436:; Arabic:
7428:, Nonnus,
7416:, Aetius (
7156:31 January
6643:14 January
6198:20 October
6166:20 October
5880:2 February
5487:1 February
5430:(2): 1–3.
5379:(4): 107.
5207:: 181089.
4709:: 105041.
3944:22 January
3655:31 January
3573:12 January
3175:31 January
2967:25 January
2886:References
2664:Randy Zisk
2623:Poodle Hat
2560:Roald Dahl
2429:Hàn Mặc Tử
2375:Seychelles
2266:See also:
2200:See also:
2074:leprosaria
1951:Manusmriti
1852:rifampicin
1833:Alice Ball
1776:Common Era
1767:Compendium
1478:prevalence
1326:clioquinol
1322:ketanserin
1286:rifampicin
1244:Prevention
1123:borderline
1040:bacterial
728:armadillos
661:Norman era
630:cynomolgus
628:, and the
622:chimpanzee
615:armadillos
277:rifampicin
173:Rifampicin
168:Medication
11815:M. leprae
11714:cutaneous
11388:Psoriasis
11296:disorders
11251:Indurated
11152:Urticaria
11104:Localized
11046:epidermal
10829:Varicella
10739:Psoriasis
10650:epidermal
10616:Leiomyoma
10518:Pigmented
10451:Epidermal
10375:neuro/187
10364:eMedicine
10127:253577148
9683:16 August
9643:164335632
9024:7 October
8953:7 October
8778:Routledge
8752:1 January
8725:1 January
8538:145166840
8391:Le Goff J
8223:145166840
7900:208142196
7745:7 October
7446:Albucasis
7426:Actuarius
7414:Oribasius
7400:; Greek:
6700:25 August
6462:(1): 41.
6310:209677501
5446:2162-8807
4731:173188912
4352:207046489
3126:"Leprosy"
2927:1396-0296
2823:M. leprae
2819:M. leprae
2496:'s novel
2006:Leviticus
1896:Etymology
1885:M. leprae
1866:, as was
1824:Treatment
1810:M. leprae
1795:Polynesia
1782:produced
1712:Jerusalem
1647:M. leprae
1630:M. leprae
1459:Indonesia
1330:Phenytoin
1268:Treatment
1237:M. leprae
1221:Negative
1174:Negative
1149:Positive
1038:M. leprae
1022:acid-fast
974:Diagnosis
956:M. leprae
950:-derived
937:M. leprae
931:-binding
913:M. leprae
909:M. leprae
905:M. leprae
899:Mechanism
876:M. leprae
861:13q14.11
717:M. leprae
709:M. leprae
686:M. leprae
642:M. leprae
596:M. leprae
580:M. leprae
574:lack the
568:M. leprae
551:M. leprae
543:bacterium
539:M. leprae
533:M. leprae
527:in 2008.
513:M. leprae
502:M. leprae
498:acid-fast
494:M. leprae
470:M. leprae
376:impotence
368:phonation
266:acid-fast
257:M. leprae
221:long-term
187:Frequency
159:Treatment
110:Specialty
12179:Medicine
11938:M. avium
11657:M. bovis
11463:Syphilis
11410:membrane
11065:Erythema
11001:Vitiligo
10955:Impetigo
10932:Pustular
10897:Miliaria
10745:Corporis
10596:Xanthoma
10545:Melanoma
10525:Freckles
10372:derm/223
10369:med/1281
10149:Archived
10145:BBC News
10119:36384103
10060:Archived
10056:BBC News
10038:23332746
9981:Archived
9977:Guardian
9925:Archived
9865:23223615
9816:16248207
9767:Archived
9735:Archived
9705:Archived
9677:Archived
9647:Archived
9568:40093803
9533:Archived
9500:23 March
9494:Archived
9419:Archived
9380:Archived
9350:Archived
9317:Archived
9284:Archived
9251:Archived
9247:24595253
9239:24383749
9192:Archived
9129:Archived
9069:15974328
9018:Archived
8996:16222964
8947:Archived
8924:37486691
8915:10370849
8839:Archived
8746:Archived
8719:Archived
8675:25297157
8609:(1880).
8492:Archived
8393:(1990).
8344:Archived
8340:41887256
8273:Archived
8131:Archived
8102:Archived
8070:26773616
8035:18235845
7982:4 August
7976:Archived
7916:Archived
7892:31735101
7827:Archived
7823:BBC News
7764:Archived
7739:Archived
7721:38629414
7629:Archived
7590:Archived
7562:11998735
7527:Archived
7523:11617451
7442:Avenzoar
7438:Scrapion
7434:Myrepsus
7406:Plutarch
7402:Aretaeus
7390:Themison
7306:Archived
7246:13 April
7240:Archived
7236:24234298
7209:29746563
7150:Archived
7128:19479078
7088:PLOS ONE
7069:24358372
7029:PLOS ONE
7010:19479078
6970:PLOS ONE
6940:Archived
6936:86109194
6928:15894530
6875:Archived
6871:86109194
6863:15894530
6810:Archived
6780:12095109
6724:Archived
6668:Archived
6580:Archived
6547:Archived
6525:28861986
6488:30770756
6437:32742673
6381:26428602
6302:31899025
6248:27582199
6192:Archived
6142:31995448
6093:33338461
6044:29609965
6009:34309843
6001:20109030
5966:16500597
5931:22048122
5874:Archived
5788:10979277
5747:17120509
5720:20070335
5712:12883921
5669:Archived
5646:24937811
5532:29757876
5524:15176024
5481:Archived
5450:Archived
5405:30275432
5354:24722358
5259:Archived
5233:22988457
5159:43103579
5151:15301585
5109:Archived
5078:30079069
5052:: 1674.
5016:Archived
4994:21524213
4936:Archived
4910:15205269
4853:Archived
4831:24770495
4772:23870850
4723:31152726
4680:Archived
4658:21095536
4623:15653309
4588:27192199
4534:33997231
4526:28984227
4477:Archived
4449:Archived
4435:Archived
4419:24551248
4344:25234460
4288:Archived
4236:17657065
4190:Archived
4186:33838234
4138:Archived
4116:61405904
4075:31425632
4001:29234318
3975:: 1635.
3938:Archived
3895:25432808
3801:Archived
3771:Archived
3749:Archived
3710:Archived
3680:Archived
3630:Archived
3626:BBC News
3605:6 August
3599:Archived
3567:Archived
3545:21616456
3499:22919737
3464:Archived
3405:20510728
3297:Archived
3266:27402522
3217:26773620
3169:Archived
3134:Archived
3041:40027505
3033:21973237
2961:Archived
2943:42203681
2935:19889136
2678:Moloka'i
2630:May 2005
2614:May 2003
2556:May 1965
2532:disease.
2385:Molokaʻi
2352:leprosy.
2098:and the
2002:tzaraath
1979:tsaraath
1975:tsaraath
1967:tzaraath
1959:tsaraath
1927:Novartis
1868:syphilis
1762:Sushruta
1756:tzaraath
1743:Egyptian
1708:Old City
1704:Akeldama
1692:Balathal
1603:174,059
1600:140,546
1597:127,506
1594:202,166
1591:208,613
1588:210,973
1585:217,927
1582:211,945
1579:213,861
1576:215,636
1573:232,847
1570:224,344
1567:228,488
1564:244,797
1561:249,018
1558:252,541
1555:258,980
1552:296,479
1336:Outcomes
1111:Lepromin
1024:leprosy
734:Genetics
611:in vitro
592:cultured
545:that is
508:is used.
396:numbness
314:), from
219:), is a
122:Symptoms
12195:Leprosy
11940:complex
11824:Leprosy
11779:Miliary
11262:morphea
11222:Papular
11201:Macular
11194:Purpura
11178:Ab igne
11163:Migrans
11116:Abscess
11044:Without
11026:Leprosy
10945:Rosacea
10882:Scabies
10874:Papular
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