Battlecruiser - Knowledge

714: 2109: 2356: 458: 2433: 110:. British battlecruisers in particular suffered heavy losses at Jutland, where poor fire safety and ammunition handling practices left them vulnerable to catastrophic magazine explosions following hits to their main turrets from large-calibre shells. This dismal showing led to a persistent general belief that battlecruisers were too thinly armoured to function successfully. By the end of the war, capital ship design had developed, with battleships becoming faster and battlecruisers becoming more heavily armoured, blurring the distinction between a battlecruiser and a 1578: 2391: 1589: 2412: 2370: 22: 1434: 2217:. Armed with 356 mm guns, the B65s would have been the best armed of the new breed of battlecruisers, but they still would have had only sufficient protection to keep out eight-inch shells. Much like the Dutch, the Japanese got as far as completing the design for the B65s, but never laid them down. By the time the designs were ready the Japanese Navy recognized that they had little use for the vessels and that their priority for construction should lie with aircraft carriers. Like the 2230: 1249: 1418:, launched in 1918, was the last World War I battlecruiser to be completed. Owing to lessons from Jutland, the ship was modified during construction; the thickness of her belt armour was increased by an average of 50 percent and extended substantially, she was given heavier deck armour, and the protection of her magazines was improved to guard against the ignition of ammunition. This was hoped to be capable of resisting her own weapons—the classic measure of a "balanced" battleship. 818: 2328: 223: 681:. This class came to be widely seen as a mistake and the next generation of British battlecruisers were markedly more powerful. By 1909–1910 a sense of national crisis about rivalry with Germany outweighed cost-cutting, and a naval panic resulted in the approval of a total of eight capital ships in 1909–1910. Fisher pressed for all eight to be battlecruisers, but was unable to have his way; he had to settle for six battleships and two battlecruisers of the 2454: 582: 1769:). With six 15-inch guns, high speed, excellent range, but very thin armour, they were intended as commerce raiders. Only one was ordered shortly before World War II; no work was ever done on it. No names were assigned, and they were known by their contract names: 'O', 'P', and 'Q'. The new class was not universally welcomed in the Kriegsmarine. Their abnormally-light protection gained it the derogatory nickname 1132: 337:

battleship and armoured cruiser construction in the future. While the stated purpose of the committee was to investigate and report on future requirements of ships, Fisher and his associates had already made key decisions. The terms of reference for the committee were for a battleship capable of 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph) with 12-inch guns and no intermediate calibres, capable of docking in existing

71:. The goal of the design was to outrun any ship with similar armament, and chase down any ship with lesser armament; they were intended to hunt down slower, older armoured cruisers and destroy them with heavy gunfire while avoiding combat with the more powerful but slower battleships. However, as more and more battlecruisers were built, they were increasingly used alongside the better-protected battleships. 1706:

carrier task forces. Completely new main engines, a reduced number of boilers and an increase in hull length by 26 feet (7.9 m) allowed them to reach up to 30 knots once again. They were reclassified as "fast battleships," although their armour and guns still fell short compared to surviving World War I–era battleships in the American or the British navies, with dire consequences during the

2183:, were cancelled before they were laid down. They were classified as "large cruisers" instead of battlecruisers. These ships were named after territories or protectorates. (Battleships, were named after states and cruisers after cities.) With a main armament of nine 12-inch guns in three triple turrets and a displacement of 27,000 long tons (27,000 t), the 546:

was the marked change in Britain's strategic circumstances between their conception and the commissioning of the first ships. The prospective enemy for Britain had shifted from a Franco-Russian alliance with many armoured cruisers to a resurgent and increasingly belligerent Germany. Diplomatically, Britain had entered the

55:, but differed in form and balance of attributes. Battlecruisers typically had thinner armour (to a varying degree) and a somewhat lighter main gun battery than contemporary battleships, installed on a longer hull with much higher engine power in order to attain greater speeds. The first battlecruisers were designed in the 356:

two Chilean battleships under construction in British yards, lest they be purchased by the Russians for use against the Japanese, Britain's ally. These economic realities meant that the 1905–1906 programme consisted only of one battleship, but three armoured cruisers. The battleship became the revolutionary battleship

1283:. This near-disaster was due to the way that ammunition handling was arranged and was common to both German and British battleships and battlecruisers, but the lighter protection on the latter made them more vulnerable to the turret or barbette being penetrated. The Germans learned from investigating the damaged 1939:. She was lightly damaged by a single 250-kilogram (550 lb) bomb and near-missed by two others in the first Japanese attack. Her speed and agility enabled her to avoid the other attacks by level bombers and dodge 33 torpedoes. The last group of torpedo bombers attacked from multiple directions and 2264:

cruisers, of 36,500 tonnes (35,900 long tons) standard load, nine 305 mm (12 in) guns and a speed of 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph). Three ships were laid down in 1951–1952, but they were cancelled in April 1953 after Stalin's death. Only the central armoured hull section of the first

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and 3,800 long tons (3,900 t) of horizontal armour added, and a "pagoda" mast with additional command positions built up. This reduced the ships' speed to 25.9 knots (48.0 km/h; 29.8 mph). The second reconstruction focused on speed as they had been selected as fast escorts for aircraft

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exploded with the loss of all but a handful of their crews. The exact reason why the ships' magazines detonated is not known, but the plethora of exposed cordite charges stored in their turrets, ammunition hoists and working chambers in the quest to increase their rate of fire undoubtedly contributed

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lost speed, causing her to fall behind the rest of the battleline, and Beatty was unable to effectively command his ships for the remainder of the engagement. A British signalling error allowed the German battlecruisers to withdraw, as most of Beatty's squadron mistakenly concentrated on the crippled

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s, an admiral "will be certain to put them in the line of battle where their comparatively light protection will be a disadvantage and their high speed of no value." Those in favor of the battlecruiser countered with two points—first, since all capital ships were vulnerable to new weapons such as the

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class and had the same main battery, they would have been more lightly armoured and only protected against eight-inch gunfire. Although the design was mostly completed, work on the vessels never commenced as the Germans overran the Netherlands in May 1940. The first ship would have been laid down in

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A late renaissance in popularity of ships between battleships and cruisers in size occurred on the eve of World War II. Described by some as battlecruisers, but never classified as capital ships, they were variously described as "super cruisers", "large cruisers" or even "unrestricted cruisers". The

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By 1911 Germany had built battlecruisers of her own, and the superiority of the British ships could no longer be assured. Moreover, the German Navy did not share Fisher's view of the battlecruiser. In contrast to the British focus on increasing speed and firepower, Germany progressively improved the

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s to just after the outbreak of the First World War, the battlecruiser played a junior role in the developing dreadnought arms race, as it was never wholeheartedly adopted as the key weapon in British imperial defence, as Fisher had presumably desired. The biggest factor for this lack of acceptance

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Along with questions over the new ships' nomenclature came uncertainty about their actual role due to their lack of protection. If they were primarily to act as scouts for the battle fleet and hunter-killers of enemy cruisers and commerce raiders, then the seven inches of belt armour with which they

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cruisers and had guns some 50% larger in diameter. They lacked the thick armoured belt and intricate torpedo defence system of true capital ships. However, unlike most battlecruisers, they were considered a balanced design according to cruiser standards as their protection could withstand fire from

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underwent a more thorough reconstruction between 1937 and 1939. Her deck armour was increased, new turbines and boilers were fitted, an aircraft hangar and catapult added and she was completely rearmed aside from the main guns which had their elevation increased to +30 degrees. The bridge structure

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battleship. The project began at the end of 1915, after Fisher's final departure from the Admiralty. While initially envisaged as a battleship, senior sea officers felt that Britain had enough battleships, but that new battlecruisers might be required to combat German ships being built (the British

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began to build large armoured cruisers for use on their overseas stations, laying down eight between 1897 and 1906. In the period 1889–1896, the Royal Navy spent £7.3 million on new large cruisers. From 1897 to 1904, it spent £26.9 million. Many armoured cruisers of the new kind were just

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was the largest ship in the Royal Navy when completed; because of her great displacement, in theory she combined the firepower and armour of a battleship with the speed of a battlecruiser, causing some to refer to her as a fast battleship. However, her protection was markedly less than that of the

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At the same time, Fisher resorted to subterfuge to obtain another three fast, lightly armoured ships that could use several spare 15-inch (381 mm) gun turrets left over from battleship construction. These ships were essentially light battlecruisers, and Fisher occasionally referred to them as

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size and armament, naval authorities considered them capital ships almost from their inception—an assumption that might have been inevitable. Complicating matters further was that many naval authorities, including Lord Fisher, had made overoptimistic assessments from the Battle of Tsushima in 1905

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Under the Selborne plan of 1902, the Royal Navy intended to start three new battleships and four armoured cruisers each year. However, in late 1904 it became clear that the 1905–1906 programme would have to be considerably smaller, because of lower than expected tax revenue and the need to buy out

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now had a range of 2,000 yards, and it seemed unlikely that a battleship would engage within torpedo range. However, at ranges of more than 2,000 yards it became increasingly unlikely that the heavy guns of a battleship would score any hits, as the heavy guns relied on primitive aiming techniques.

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In the late 1930s navies began to build capital ships again, and during this period a number of large commerce raiders and small, fast battleships were built that are sometimes referred to as battlecruisers. Germany and Russia designed new battlecruisers during this period, though only the latter

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In the years immediately after World War I, Britain, Japan and the US all began design work on a new generation of ever more powerful battleships and battlecruisers. The new burst of shipbuilding that each nation's navy desired was politically controversial and potentially economically crippling.

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Fisher's views were very controversial within the Royal Navy, and even given his position as First Sea Lord, he was not in a position to insist on his own approach. Thus he assembled a "Committee on Designs", consisting of a mixture of civilian and naval experts, to determine the approach to both

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of enemy battleships and cruisers alike. In 1896–97 France and Russia, who were regarded as likely allies in the event of war, started to build large, fast armoured cruisers taking advantage of this. In the event of a war between Britain and France or Russia, or both, these cruisers threatened to

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Of what use is a battle fleet to a country called (A) at war with a country called (B) possessing no battleships, but having fast armoured cruisers and clouds of fast torpedo craft? What damage would (A's) battleships do to (B)? Would (B) wish for a few battleships or for more armoured cruisers?

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The increasing size and power of the armoured cruiser led to suggestions in British naval circles that cruisers should displace battleships entirely. The battleship's main advantage was its 12-inch heavy guns, and heavier armour designed to protect from shells of similar size. However, for a few

134:, and only one survived to the end. There was also renewed interest in large "cruiser-killer" type warships, but few were ever begun, as construction of battleships and battlecruisers was curtailed in favor of more-needed convoy escorts, aircraft carriers, and cargo ships. During (and after) the 1464:

battleships which were to precede them were 1 inch (25 mm) less side armour and a .25 knots (0.46 km/h; 0.29 mph) increase in speed. The United States Navy, which had worked on its battlecruiser designs since 1913 and watched the latest developments in this class with great care,

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Is there anything outside of 2,000 yards that the big gun in its hundreds of tons of medieval castle can affect, that its weight in 6-inch guns without the castle could not affect equally well? And inside 2,000, what, in these days of gyros, is there that the torpedo cannot effect with far more

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In Britain, Jackie Fisher returned to the office of First Sea Lord in October 1914. His enthusiasm for big, fast ships was unabated, and he set designers to producing a design for a battlecruiser with 15-inch guns. Because Fisher expected the next German battlecruiser to steam at 28 knots, he

895:. These ships were designed to carry twelve 14-inch guns, with armour up to 12 inches thick, and a speed of 26.6 knots (49.3 km/h; 30.6 mph). The heavy armour and relatively slow speed of these ships made them more similar to German designs than to British ships; construction of the 483:

class themselves were referred to as "cruiser-battleships", "dreadnought cruisers"; the term "battlecruiser" was first used by Fisher in 1908. Finally, on 24 November 1911, Admiralty Weekly Order No. 351 laid down that "All cruisers of the "Invincible" and later types are for the future to be

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to an "all-big-gun" design, and preliminary designs circulated for battleships with all 12-inch or all 10-inch guns and armoured cruisers with all 9.2-inch guns. In late 1904, not long after the Royal Navy had decided to use 12-inch guns for its next generation of battleships because of their

696:, the now-standard caliber of the British "super-dreadnought" battleships. Speed increased to 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph) and armour protection, while not as good as in German designs, was better than in previous British battlecruisers, with nine-inch (230 mm) armour belt and 1444:

The navies of Japan and the United States, not being affected immediately by the war, had time to develop new heavy 16-inch (410 mm) guns for their latest designs and to refine their battlecruiser designs in light of combat experience in Europe. The Imperial Japanese Navy began four

118:, which limited capital ship construction from 1922 onwards, treated battleships and battlecruisers identically, and the new generation of battlecruisers planned by the United States, Great Britain and Japan were scrapped or converted into aircraft carriers under the terms of the treaty. 1271:. The shell did not penetrate the barbette, but it dislodged a piece of the barbette armour that allowed the flame from the shell's detonation to enter the barbette. The propellant charges being hoisted upwards were ignited, and the fireball flashed up into the turret and down into the 788:

battleships would be armed with 14-inch (360 mm) guns, the Japanese decided to radically revise their plans and go one better. A new plan was drawn up, carrying eight 14-inch guns, and capable of 27.5 knots (50.9 km/h; 31.6 mph), thus marginally having the edge over the

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The Royal Navy's early superiority in capital ships led to the rejection of a 1905–1906 design that would, essentially, have fused the battlecruiser and battleship concepts into what would eventually become the fast battleship. The 'X4' design combined the full armour and armament of

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is sometimes referred to as a battlecruiser. This description arises from their over 24,000-tonne (24,000-long-ton) displacement, which is roughly equal to that of a First World War battleship and more than twice the displacement of contemporary cruisers; upon entry into service,

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Britain, which had concluded in 1892 that it needed twice as many cruisers as any potential enemy to adequately protect its empire's sea lanes, responded to the perceived threat by laying down its own large armoured cruisers. Between 1899 and 1905, it completed or laid down seven

1488:. Royal Navy documents of the period often described any battleship with a speed of over about 24 knots (44 km/h; 28 mph) as a battlecruiser, regardless of the amount of protective armour, although the G3 was considered by most to be a well-balanced fast battleship. 1962:-class battlecruisers were extensively used as carrier escorts for most of their wartime career due to their high speed. Their World War I–era armament was weaker and their upgraded armour was still thin compared to contemporary battleships. On 13 November 1942, during the 185:

roles of patrol, trade protection and power projection. However, the results were rarely satisfactory, as the weight of armour required for any meaningful protection usually meant that the ship became almost as slow as a battleship. As a result, navies preferred to build

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was in constant service with the fleet and could not be withdrawn for an extended reconstruction. She received minor improvements over the course of the 1930s, including modern fire control systems, increased numbers of anti-aircraft guns, and in March 1941, radar.

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The Battle of Tsushima proved the effectiveness of heavy guns over intermediate ones and the need for a uniform main caliber on a ship for fire control. Even before this, the Royal Navy had begun to consider a shift away from the mixed-calibre armament of the 1890s

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continued to use "battlecruiser" as a classification for the World War I–era capital ships that remained in the fleet; while Japan's battlecruisers remained in service, they had been significantly reconstructed and were re-rated as full-fledged fast battleships.

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their own caliber of gun, albeit only in a very narrow range band. They were designed to hunt down Japanese heavy cruisers, though by the time they entered service most Japanese cruisers had been sunk by American aircraft or submarines. Like the contemporary

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Improvements in armour design and propulsion created the 1930s "fast battleship" with the speed of a battlecruiser and armour of a battleship, making the battlecruiser in the traditional sense effectively an obsolete concept. Thus from the 1930s on, only the

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on 31 May 1916, both British and German battlecruisers were employed as fleet units. The British battlecruisers became engaged with both their German counterparts, the battlecruisers, and then German battleships before the arrival of the battleships of the

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s were essentially extremely large, heavily armed, fast armoured cruisers. However, the viability of the armoured cruiser was already in doubt. A cruiser that could have worked with the Fleet might have been a more viable option for taking over that role.

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s, with nine inches of armour on the turrets and 8 inches (203 mm) on the barbettes. The first ship in the class was built in Britain, and a further three constructed in Japan. The Japanese also re-classified their powerful armoured cruisers of the

1311:, sinking her with great loss of life. The British blamed their failure to win a decisive victory on their poor gunnery and attempted to increase their rate of fire by stockpiling unprotected cordite charges in their ammunition hoists and barbettes. 1071:, was built according to this design to counter the possible completion of any of the Mackensen-class ship. The plans for her three sisters, on which little work had been done, were revised once more later in 1916 and in 1917 to improve protection. 849:

was also more heavily armoured on the whole; while the maximum thickness of armour was the same at nine inches, the height of the main armour belt was increased. Not all the desired improvements for this ship were approved, however. Her designer,

273:, a faster, more lightly armoured battleship. As early as 1901, there is confusion in Fisher's writing about whether he saw the battleship or the cruiser as the model for future developments. This did not stop him from commissioning designs from 1093:

s with 15-inch guns. Work on the three additional Admirals was suspended in March 1917 to enable more escorts and merchant ships to be built to deal with the new threat from U-boats to trade. They were finally cancelled in February 1919.

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would be able to destroy battleships; this in Fisher's view heralded the end of the battleship or at least compromised the validity of heavy armour protection. Nevertheless, armoured cruisers would remain vital for commerce protection.

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Through the 1920s and 1930s only Britain and Japan retained battlecruisers, often modified and rebuilt from their original designs. The line between the battlecruiser and the modern fast battleship became blurred; indeed, the Japanese

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had been equipped would be adequate. If, on the other hand, they were expected to reinforce a battle line of dreadnoughts with their own heavy guns, they were too thin-skinned to be safe from an enemy's heavy guns. The

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meant that the design was radically revised and transformed again into a fast battleship with armour up to 12 inches thick, but still capable of 31.5 knots (58.3 km/h; 36.2 mph). The first ship in the class,

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s armour, by comparison, was 11–12 inches (279–305 mm) at its thickest.) The class had a very marked increase in speed, displacement and firepower compared to the most recent armoured cruisers but no more armour.

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to propel them at 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph). Moreover, the new ships could maintain this speed for days, whereas pre-dreadnought battleships could not generally do so for more than an hour. Armed with eight

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and up to 2.5 inches (64 mm) on her decks. However, mainstream British naval thinking between 1902 and 1904 was clearly in favour of heavily armoured battleships, rather than the fast ships that Fisher favoured.

1733:. The Turkish Navy made only minor improvements to the ship in the interwar period, which primarily focused on repairing wartime damage and the installation of new fire control systems and anti-aircraft batteries. 1456:

whilst carrying a main battery of ten 16-inch guns, the most powerful armament ever proposed for a battlecruiser. They were, for all intents and purposes, fast battleships—the only differences between them and the

1275:, setting fire to charges removed from their brass cartridge cases. The gun crew tried to escape into the next turret, which allowed the flash to spread into that turret as well, killing the crews of both turrets. 673:

s built to fundamentally the same specification, partly due to political pressure to limit costs and partly due to the secrecy surrounding German battlecruiser construction, particularly about the heavy armour of

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produced by having been built in secret; this prompted most other navies to delay their building programmes and radically revise their designs. This was particularly true for cruisers, because the details of the

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s, a Royal Navy memorandum refers to "large armoured ships" meaning both battleships and large cruisers. In October 1906, the Admiralty began to classify all post-Dreadnought battleships and armoured cruisers as

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W. H. Gard for an armoured cruiser with the heaviest possible armament for use with the fleet. The design Gard submitted was for a ship between 14,000–15,000 long tons (14,000–15,000 t), capable of 25

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ships from 1909, and was determined that, since the Japanese economy could support relatively few ships, each would be more powerful than its likely competitors. Initially the class was planned with the

2559: 2546: 1036:, which might be important in the shallow Baltic. This is not clear-cut evidence that the ships were designed for the Baltic: it was considered that earlier ships had too much draught and not enough 1060:

class as well as their likely capabilities). A battlecruiser design with eight 15-inch guns, 8 inches of armour and capable of 32 knots was decided on. The experience of battlecruisers at the

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The better-armoured German battlecruisers fared better, in part due to the poor performance of British fuzes (the British shells tended to explode or break up on impact with the German armour).

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about the armoured cruiser's ability to survive in a battle line against enemy capital ships due to their superior speed. These assumptions had been made without taking into account the Russian

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They could be stationed at the ends of the battle line to stop enemy cruisers harassing the battleships, and to harass the enemy's battleships if they were busy fighting battleships. Also, the

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Would not (A) willingly exchange a few battleships for more fast armoured cruisers? In such a case, neither side wanting battleships is presumptive evidence that they are not of much value.

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s were so far ahead of any enemy armoured cruiser in firepower and speed that it proved difficult to justify building more or bigger cruisers. This lead was extended by the surprise both

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under operational conditions. Roberts argues that the focus on the Baltic was probably unimportant at the time the ships were designed, but was inflated later, after the disastrous

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by American carrier aircraft on 24 and 28 July 1945. The ship was only lightly damaged by a single bomb hit on 24 July, but was hit a dozen more times on 28 July and sank at her

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s—this after an 8,000-long-ton (8,100 t) increase in protection following Jutland. The final stage in the post-war battlecruiser race came with the British response to the

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and was scrapped. Because their high speed made them valuable surface units in spite of their weaknesses, most of these ships were significantly updated before World War II.

998:) and their armour, which at three inches (76 mm) thickness was on the scale of a light cruiser. The design was generally regarded as a failure (nicknamed in the Fleet 858:

and geared turbines to give her a speed of 32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph), but he received no support from the authorities and the engine makers refused his request.

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in the face of Japanese aggression. Never officially assigned names, these ships were designed with German and Italian assistance. While they broadly resembled the German

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s aft turret. The British ship was struck twice by German shells that failed to inflict any significant damage. She was the only pre-war battlecruiser to survive the war.

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superior performance at long range, Fisher began to argue that big-gun cruisers could replace battleships altogether. The continuing improvement of the torpedo meant that

267:, the senior officer of the Royal Navy. He had for some time thought about the development of a new fast armoured ship. He was very fond of the "second-class battleship" 4551: 2127:

Dutch, American, and Japanese navies all planned these new classes specifically to counter the heavy cruisers, or their counterparts, being built by their naval rivals.

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took his squadron of five battlecruisers into the Bight and turned the tide of the battle, ultimately sinking three German light cruisers and killing their commander,

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fast battleships, their speed ultimately made them more useful as carrier escorts and bombardment ships than as the surface combatants they were developed to be.

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was very successful. Fisher also speculated about a new mammoth, but lightly built battlecruiser, that would carry 20-inch (508 mm) guns, which he termed

1358:—the only German battlecruiser lost at Jutland—had only 128 killed, for instance, despite receiving more than thirty hits. The other German battlecruisers, 949:, which had been approved but not yet laid down, to a new design. Fisher finally received approval for this project on 28 December 1914 and they became the 479:", while Fisher used the term "dreadnought" to refer either to his new battleships or the battleships and armoured cruisers together. At the same time, the 2103: 1837:

for the forward 150 mm (5.9 in) turrets. Main-battery fire control had to be shifted aft due to the loss of electrical power. Another shell from

533:, armour had lost some of its validity; and second, because of its greater speed, the battlecruiser could control the range at which it engaged an enemy. 2578:) respectively. Since neither their operators nor a significant number of naval historians classify them as such, they are not discussed in this article. 1527:, was converted in her stead. The United States Navy also converted two battlecruiser hulls into aircraft carriers in the wake of the Washington Treaty: 1395:

of 1922, where the major naval powers agreed to limits on capital ship numbers. The German navy was not represented at the talks; under the terms of the

642:. The additional cost could not be justified given the existing British lead and the new Liberal government's need for economy; the slower and cheaper 470:

Confusion about how to refer to these new battleship-size armoured cruisers set in almost immediately. Even in late 1905, before work was begun on the

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classes were designed for Fisher's plan to land troops (possibly Russian) on the German Baltic coast. Specifically, they were designed with a reduced

750:; speed increased by one knot to 26.5 knots (49.1 km/h; 30.5 mph), while her armour had a maximum thickness of 12 inches, equivalent to the 1472:. If completed as planned, they would have been exceptionally fast and well armed with eight 16-inch guns, but carried armour little better than the 372:

The construction of the new class was begun in 1906 and completed in 1908, delayed perhaps to allow their designers to learn from any problems with

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class lacks the armour that distinguishes battlecruisers from ordinary cruisers and they are classified as heavy nuclear-powered missile cruisers (

729:, begun in 1908 and completed in 1910, carried eight 11.1-inch guns, but with 11.1-inch (283 mm) armour she was far better protected than the 416:

s were to fill the same role as the armoured cruisers they succeeded, they were expected to do so more effectively. Specifically their roles were:

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s entirely fulfilled Fisher's vision of being able to sink any ship fast enough to catch them, and run from any ship capable of sinking them. An

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classes, carrying four 12-inch guns, as battlecruisers; nonetheless, their armament was weaker and they were slower than any battlecruiser.

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of this type, a total of 35 ships. This building program, in turn, prompted the French and Russians to increase their own construction. The

2043:, knocking out her aft turrets, jamming her rudder, and hitting the ship below the waterline. The flooding proved to be uncontrollable and 1754:. They were still on the slipways when the Germans invaded in 1941 and construction was suspended. Both ships were scrapped after the war. 837:

class, but was substantially redesigned. She retained the eight 13.5-inch guns of her predecessors, but they were positioned like those of

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s could sweep away the screen of enemy cruisers to close with and observe an enemy battlefleet before using their superior speed to retire.

341:; and a cruiser capable of 25.5 knots (47.2 km/h; 29.3 mph), also with 12-inch guns and no intermediate armament, armoured like 3593: 2300:

surface to surface missiles. Four members of the class were completed during the 1980s and 1990s, but due to budget constraints only the

972:. This unusual designation was required because construction of new capital ships had been placed on hold, while there were no limits on 574:

became the new model capital ship. Nevertheless, battlecruiser construction played a part in the renewed naval arms race sparked by the

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The Washington Naval Treaty meant that none of these designs came to fruition. Ships that had been started were either broken up on the

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were easily crippled by US gunfire during actions off Guadalcanal, forcing their scuttling shortly afterwards. Perhaps most tellingly,

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Admiralty Weekly Orders. 351. – Description and Classification of Cruisers of the "Invincible" and Later Types. ADM 182/2, quoted at

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The secondary batteries of 6-inch quick-firing guns, firing more plentiful shells, were more likely to hit the enemy. As naval expert

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Lambert, Nicholas A. (January 1998). "'Our Bloody Ships' or 'Our Bloody System'? Jutland and the Loss of the Battle Cruisers, 1916".

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with the loss of 27 officers and 486 crewmen; 42 officers and 754 enlisted men were rescued by the escorting destroyers. The loss of

5528: 181:. The first armoured cruisers had been built in the 1870s, as an attempt to give armour protection to ships fulfilling the typical 562:-type design. Britain also boasted very cordial relations with two of the significant new naval powers: Japan (bolstered by the 1873:

were employed on operations to hunt down the commerce-raiding German ships. The one stand-up fight occurred when the battleship

2489: 2311: 1924: 607:. Naval circles concurred that the armoured cruiser in its current form had come to the logical end of its development and the 161: 713: 4583: 4467: 4427: 4408: 4381: 4343: 4242: 4161: 4086: 4048: 4022: 3965: 3862: 3778: 3759: 3683: 2494: 2484: 1641: 876:

s, had their guns arranged in superfiring turrets for greater efficiency. Their armour and speed was similar to the previous

5154: 4588: 2846: 369:. Fisher later claimed, however, that he had argued during the committee for the cancellation of the remaining battleship. 324: 2301: 1697:

only later as it had been disarmed under the terms of the Washington treaty) in two substantial reconstructions (one for

155: 566:, signed in 1902 and renewed in 1905), and the US. These changed strategic circumstances, and the great success of the 554:. Neither France nor Russia posed a particular naval threat; the Russian navy had largely been sunk or captured in the 2248:'s fondness for big-gun-armed warships caused the Soviet Union to plan a large cruiser class in the late 1940s. In the 2000: 4521: 1279:

was saved from near-certain destruction only by emergency flooding of her after magazines, which had been effected by

5493: 4505: 4486: 4446: 4362: 4324: 4305: 4286: 4223: 4185: 4105: 4067: 4003: 3984: 3946: 3927: 3900: 3881: 3840: 3821: 3797: 3740: 3721: 3702: 1963: 1103: 663: 2108: 1830: 1150:

perhaps made the most impact early in the war. Stationed in the Mediterranean, she and the escorting light cruiser

1083: 935:

class, with 13.8-inch guns and a broadly similar armour scheme, designed for 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph).

653: 1654:

s tonnage actually decreased due to a substantially lighter power plant. Similar thorough rebuildings planned for

5359: 4439:

In Defense of Naval Supremacy: Financial Limitation, Technological Innovation and British Naval Policy, 1889–1914

1500: 862: 5595: 5587: 5556: 4665: 4204: 2544:

are all sometimes referred to as battlecruisers, although the owning navies referred to them as "battleships" (

2257: 1748: 1669:

Unable to build new ships, the Imperial Japanese Navy also chose to improve its existing battlecruisers of the

1541:, although this was only considered marginally preferable to scrapping the hulls outright (the remaining four: 1522: 1204: 484:

described and classified as "battle cruisers" to distinguish them from the armoured cruisers of earlier date."

363: 95: 5506: 2244:

In spite of the fact that most navies abandoned the battleship and battlecruiser concepts after World War II,

1510: 2499: 1798: 1680: 1466: 1157: 1118: 921: 260: 2221:

s, the Japanese did not call these ships battlecruisers, referring to them instead as super-heavy cruisers.

1452:

battlecruisers. These vessels would have been of unprecedented size and power, as fast and well armoured as

1082:

s were launched, none were ever completed. The Germans also worked briefly on a further three ships, of the

916:

For most of the combatants, capital ship construction was very limited during the war. Germany finished the

5521: 5051: 2524: 1902: 1868: 1604: 1260: 885: 1851:

In the early years of the war various German ships had a measure of success hunting merchant ships in the

1686: 769: 5334: 5180: 4214:

McLaughlin, Stephen (2004). "Project 69: The Kronshtadt Class Battlecruisers". In Preston, Antony (ed.).

2073: 1792: 1647:

battleships installed in its place. While conversions of this kind generally added weight to the vessel,

1346: 1048: 810: 693: 328: 1722:

was crippled by medium-caliber gunfire from heavy and light cruisers in a close-range night engagement.

1407:

s were formally redesignated as battleships after their very comprehensive reconstruction in the 1930s.

994:, and there was a bizarre imbalance between their main guns of 15 inches (or 18 inches (457 mm) in 5381: 4763: 2538: 1883: 1874: 1674: 950: 751: 734: 604: 197:

armour meant that it was now possible to give a cruiser side armour which would protect it against the

68: 4536: 5574: 5564: 5276: 4945: 4821: 4720: 4710: 4252:

Noot, Lt. Jurrien S. (1980). "Battlecruiser: Design Studies for the Royal Netherlands Navy 1939–40".

2531: 2400: 2337: 2273: 2131: 2089: 1446: 1287:

and instituted measures to ensure that ammunition handling minimised any possible exposure to flash.

964:

in firepower and speed, but returned to the level of protection of the first British battlecruisers.

957: 630:, was armed with only 21-centimetre (8.3 in) guns, and was no match for the new battlecruisers. 394: 282:(46 km/h; 29 mph), armed with four 9.2-inch and twelve 7.5-inch (190 mm) guns in twin 150: 139: 1219:

did precisely the job for which they were intended when they chased down and annihilated the German

797:

both fore and aft with no turret amidships. The armour scheme was also marginally improved over the

509:'s inefficiency and tactical ineptitude. By the time the term "battlecruiser" had been given to the 5354: 5344: 5271: 4914: 4772: 2012: 1955:

conclusively proved the vulnerability of capital ships to aircraft without air cover of their own.

1896: 1692: 1332: 940: 682: 385: 5624: 5514: 5144: 4950: 4660: 2188: 1424: 1392: 563: 115: 51:

of the first half of the 20th century. These were similar in displacement, armament and cost to

5139: 5026: 4990: 4985: 4811: 4715: 2479: 2396: 2018: 1164:) with two British battlecruisers in hot pursuit. The two German ships were handed over to the 765: 643: 357: 91: 2310:, though plans were announced in 2010 to return the other three ships to service. As of 2021, 5582: 5226: 5175: 5071: 4975: 4970: 4690: 2379: 2375: 2196: 1833:

without exploding, severing electrical and communication cables as it went and destroyed the

1758: 1458: 1240: 1214: 1208: 1185: 804: 551: 461: 87: 4768: 2406:

battlecruisers into fast-battleships in the 1930s, ending their operation of battlecruisers.

401:, they had 6–7 inches (152–178 mm) of armour protecting the hull and the gun turrets. ( 5548: 5452: 5056: 5005: 4748: 4630: 3520:

Chesneau, p. 388; Garzke & Dulin, p. 86; Friedman 1984, p. 288; McLaughlin 2006, p. 104

2459: 2442: 2361: 2147: 2093: 2059: 2051: 1528: 1396: 1382:

barely making it home, for they had been the focus of British fire for much of the battle.

1272: 1041: 1037: 457: 215: 79: 1078:

class; nevertheless, German shipbuilding was drastically slowed by the war, and while two

841:

for better fields of fire. She was faster (making 29 knots (54 km/h; 33 mph) on

149:

have been the only ships termed "battlecruisers"; the class is also the only example of a

8: 5619: 5569: 5488: 5306: 4995: 4858: 4700: 2214: 2146:

The only class of these late battlecruisers actually built were the United States Navy's

2097: 1702: 1701:). During the first of these, elevation of their main guns was increased to +40 degrees, 1557:

were scrapped). In Britain, Fisher's "large light cruisers," were converted to carriers.

1535: 1320: 1236: 1074:

The Admiral class would have been the only British ships capable of taking on the German

977: 376:. The ships fulfilled the design requirement quite closely. On a displacement similar to 342: 5422: 5286: 5241: 5134: 5036: 5000: 4980: 4879: 4705: 4600: 4233:

McLaughlin, Stephen (2006). "Project 82: The Stalingrad Class". In Jordan, John (ed.).

4176: 4140: 2438: 2119: 1804: 1788: 1614: 1220: 555: 290:

and 9.2-inch turrets, 4 inches (102 mm) on her 7.5-inch turrets, 10 inches on her

226: 437:

s could operate as the fast wing of the battlefleet and try to outmanoeuvre the enemy.

5457: 5407: 5349: 5339: 5106: 4960: 4838: 4778: 4625: 4501: 4482: 4463: 4457: 4442: 4423: 4404: 4387: 4377: 4358: 4339: 4320: 4301: 4282: 4265: 4238: 4219: 4200: 4181: 4157: 4132: 4101: 4082: 4063: 4044: 4037: 4018: 3999: 3980: 3961: 3942: 3923: 3906: 3896: 3877: 3858: 3836: 3817: 3811: 3807: 3793: 3774: 3755: 3736: 3717: 3698: 3679: 3662: 2421: 2316:

was being refitted, but the other two ships are reportedly beyond economical repair.

2285: 2166: 2154: 2135: 2112: 1971: 1632: 1624: 1608: 1577: 1315: 1061: 939:

required the new British design to be capable of 32 knots. He planned to reorder two

900: 855: 624:

class were kept secret for longer; this meant that the last German armoured cruiser,

268: 241:

years after 1900 it seemed that those advantages were of little practical value. The

198: 187: 107: 1588: 1114:) to attack German destroyer patrols. When they met opposition from light cruisers, 513:

s, the idea of their parity with battleships had been fixed in many people's minds.

5442: 5376: 5329: 5311: 5261: 5091: 4955: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4796: 4652: 4610: 4605: 4124: 2681:

Sumida, p. 351, Table 9. Figures are for First-Class Cruisers and exclude armament.

2008: 1485: 1280: 1193: 1107: 1015: 1011: 989: 828: 675: 547: 178: 60: 3833:

Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941

5366: 5296: 5221: 5119: 4853: 4833: 4801: 4758: 4725: 4670: 4615: 3850: 2571: 2563: 2550: 2160: 2069: 1599:

In total, nine battlecruisers survived the Washington Naval Treaty, although HMS

1433: 1373: 1239:, in the South Atlantic Ocean. Prior to the battle, the Australian battlecruiser 1224: 1125: 300: 274: 111: 21: 447:

s would use their speed to pursue, and their guns to damage or slow enemy ships.

5536: 5236: 5231: 5216: 5086: 4848: 4685: 4357:. Vol. I: The Drift to War to the Fall of Singapore. London: Grub Street. 1999:

in the early evening of 14 November. On the night of 14/15 November during the

1928: 1852: 1294:

handling, the battle was mostly inconclusive, though both the British flagship

1173: 1169: 899:

s was halted by the First World War and all were scrapped after the end of the

881: 705: 585: 264: 203: 103: 56: 4531: 1192:

before being knocked out of the action for the remainder of the war after the

725:

armour and staying power of their ships to better the British battlecruisers.

625: 347:, the most recent armoured cruiser, and also capable of using existing docks. 5613: 5472: 5467: 5432: 5417: 5371: 5281: 5266: 5124: 5066: 5061: 4965: 4843: 4828: 4816: 4695: 4675: 4269: 4171: 4136: 4032: 3476: 2296:(ТАРКР)) by Russia, with their primary surface armament consisting of twenty 2245: 1880: 1619:

were modernized significantly in the 1920s and 1930s. Between 1934 and 1936,

1514: 1230: 1203:

The original battlecruiser concept proved successful in December 1914 at the

1106:

in August 1914. A force of British light cruisers and destroyers entered the

973: 476: 389: 291: 4391: 3910: 3666: 2229: 1378:, were all heavily damaged and required extensive repairs after the battle, 1353: 1342:

herself was almost lost in a similar manner, save for the heroic actions of

1248: 817: 793:

s in speed and firepower. The heavy guns were also better-positioned, being

190:

with an armoured deck protecting their engines, or simply no armour at all.

5427: 5412: 5251: 5246: 5185: 5129: 5096: 4929: 4924: 4730: 2333: 2307: 2297: 1891:

into the North Atlantic to attack British shipping and were intercepted by

1834: 1762: 1663: 1343: 1165: 1135: 1122: 1115: 1033: 983: 868:, the first German battlecruisers to mount 12-inch guns. These ships, like 741: 652:, was adopted instead. The X4 concept would eventually be fulfilled in the 506: 247: 194: 131: 83: 48: 4526: 3695:

Dreadnought Gunnery at the Battle of Jutland: The Question of Fire Control

3499: 1635:

and new gunnery equipment added and her anti-aircraft armament increased.

1323:. The result was a disaster for the Royal Navy's battlecruiser squadrons: 5462: 5301: 5200: 5076: 5031: 4753: 3453: 2249: 1975: 1974:. The ship was badly damaged in the encounter and had to be towed by her 1707: 1151: 740:

were quite similar but carried ten 11.1-inch guns of an improved design.

559: 287: 279: 64: 4919: 5447: 5256: 5190: 4740: 4640: 4567: 4566: 2463: 2417: 2205:

The Japanese started designing the B64 class, which was similar to the

2171:, was cancelled while under construction and three others, to be named 1916:

s 15-inch shells caused a magazine explosion. Only three men survived.

1359: 1197: 1145: 946: 892: 524:, for instance, stated that with vessels as large and expensive as the 283: 211: 174: 159:

has remained in active service since its 1998 commissioning, while the

123: 75: 52: 4144: 3918:

Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen & Budzbon, Przemysław (1995).

2364:

five surviving battlecruisers were all scuttled at Scapa Flow in 1919.

5321: 5195: 5010: 4904: 4884: 3895:. Conway's History of the Ship. Edison, New Jersey: Chartwell Books. 2104:

List of cruisers of the United States Navy § Large cruisers (CB)

1932: 1189: 1102:

The first combat involving battlecruisers during World War I was the

842: 794: 785: 309: 305: 222: 99: 31:, the largest battlecruiser ever built, in Australia on 17 March 1924 4279:

Cruisers and Battle Cruisers: An Illustrated History of Their Impact

1992:

s captain ordered her crew to abandon ship after further damage and

5437: 5170: 5041: 4680: 4635: 4128: 3855:

Naval Firepower: Battleship Guns and Gunnery in the Dreadnought Era

3556:

Jentschura, Jung & Mickel, p. 40; Garzke & Dulin, pp. 86–87

1993: 1985:

was forced to cast off her tow because of repeated aerial attacks.

1981:. Both were spotted by American aircraft the following morning and 1944: 1161: 1066: 1051:, which was born from a requirement for an improved version of the 697: 135: 25: 5537: 4522:

Maritimequest Battleships & Battlecruisers of the 20th century

453:

The new ships would hunt down enemy cruisers and commerce raiders.

5391: 5291: 5149: 5046: 4909: 4788: 4571: 2039:

opened fire a few minutes later at short range and badly damaged

1492: 1291: 1245:

had unsuccessfully searched for the German ships in the Pacific.

1111: 581: 558:

of 1904–1905, while the French were in no hurry to adopt the new

530: 338: 242: 182: 146: 4156:. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. 4058:

Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977).

2083: 1640:

was also removed and a large bridge similar to that used in the

1131: 5386: 5114: 5081: 1888: 1766: 1628: 861:

1912 saw work begin on three more German battlecruisers of the

761:

was Germany's last battlecruiser completed before World War I.

603:

would also, in many circumstances, be able to take on an enemy

3594:"Russia to Relaunch Soviet-era Nuclear Battle Cruiser in 2018" 2847:

The Dreadnought Project: The Battle Cruiser in the Royal Navy.

2612: 2080:. She was refloated after the war and scrapped in early 1946. 1787:

The Royal Navy deployed some of its battlecruisers during the

1773:(without armour nonsense) within certain circles of the Navy. 536: 384:

s were 40 feet (12.2 m) longer to accommodate additional

177:

in the first years of the 20th century as an evolution of the

4874: 4353:

Shores, Christopher; Cull, Brian & Izawa, Yasuho (1992).

4177:

Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War

1919:

The first battlecruiser to see action in the Pacific War was

1423:

British battleships built immediately after World War I, the

960:

but only 6-inch armour they were a further step forward from

3773:(2nd ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 2609:

Gröner, pp. 31, 60; Gille, p. 139; Koop & Schmolke, p. 4

2077: 1399:, Germany was not allowed any modern capital ships at all. 764:

The next step in battlecruiser design came from Japan. The

1047:

The final British battlecruiser design of the war was the

153:

battlecruiser. As of 2024, Russia operates two units: the

3958:

Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II

3735:(reprint of the 1997 ed.). London: Caxton Editions. 3716:(reprint of the 1999 ed.). London: Caxton Editions. 3714:

The Grand Fleet: Warship Design and Development 1906–1922

2209:

but with 310-millimetre (12.2 in) guns. News of the

780:

s as the benchmark. On learning of the British plans for

4527:

British and German Battlecruisers of the First World War

4498:

Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia

3633:Яндекс Дзен | Платформа для авторов, издателей и брендов 1561:

had already been partially converted during the war and

1410: 1235:, along with three light cruisers, commanded by Admiral 746:, designed in 1909 and finished in 1913, was a modified 165:

has been inactive (in storage or refitting) since 1999.

16:

Large capital warship, typically faster than battleships

3917: 1263:

in 1915, the aftermost barbette of the German flagship

4062:. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. 3657:

Bidlingmaier, Gerhard (1971). "KM Admiral Graf Spee".

3498:

Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander; Ahlberg, Lars (2012).

3497: 3475:

Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander; Ahlberg, Lars (2010).

3474: 3452:

Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander; Ahlberg, Lars (2010).

3451: 1158:

evaded British and French ships on the outbreak of war

3733:

Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development 1860–1905

3661:. Windsor, UK: Profile Publications. pp. 73–96. 2735:

Mackay, pp. 324–25; Roberts, pp. 17–18; Sumida, p. 52

219:

as large and expensive as the equivalent battleship.

4218:. London: Conway's Maritime Press. pp. 99–117. 4057: 1970:

stumbled across American cruisers and destroyers at

3816:. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company. 2427:

was decommissioned in 1945, following World War II.

833:, was intended initially as the fourth ship in the 4096:Koop, Gerhard & Schmolke, Klaus-Peter (1998). 4036: 3956:Garzke, William H. & Dulin, Robert O. (1985). 3937:Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). 3388:Garzke & Dulin, pp. 353–54, 363; Gröner, p. 68 2269:, was launched in 1954 and then used as a target. 286:and protected with six inches of armour along her 4333: 4060:Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945 3939:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 3920:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995 3790:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946 2058:was torpedoed and sunk by the American submarine 1267:was struck by a British 13.5-inch shell from HMS 591:, the last battlecruiser built before World War I 362:, and the cruisers became the three ships of the 130:Battlecruisers were put into action again during 5611: 3890: 2672:Gardiner & Gray, p. 142; Osborne, pp. 62, 74 2596: 2594: 1757:The Germans planned three battlecruisers of the 1140:was heavily damaged in the Battle of Dogger Bank 4352: 4039:Dreadnought: A History of the Modern Battleship 3893:The Eclipse of the Big Gun: The Warship 1906–45 3831:Evans, David C. & Peattie, Mark R. (1997). 1010:), though the later conversion of the ships to 662:The next British battlecruisers were the three 98:and in the several raids and skirmishes in the 4481:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 4319:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 4017:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 3998:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 3960:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 3941:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 3922:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 3876:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 3857:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 3835:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 3629:"Россия получит второй атомный крейсер-гигант" 2153:"large cruisers". Two of them were completed, 1783:List of battlecruisers of the Second World War 5522: 4552: 3621: 2591: 2343:battlecruiser with one more being overhauled. 2130:The first such battlecruisers were the Dutch 1495:or converted to aircraft carriers. In Japan, 968:such, but officially they were classified as 884:also began the construction of the four-ship 845:), and carried a heavier secondary armament. 4095: 3936: 3874:U.S. Cruisers: An Illustrated Design History 3830: 3697:. London: Routledge, Frank Cass Publishers. 3656: 2134:, designed to protect their colonies in the 1484:types: four 48,000-long-ton (49,000 t) 1391:This nascent arms race was prevented by the 1168:, and this was instrumental in bringing the 4401:Imperial Japanese Navy Battleship 1941–1945 3955: 3477:"IJN Kirishima: Tabular Record of Movement" 2663:Lambert 2002, pp. 20–22; Osborne, pp. 61–62 2213:s led them to upgrade the design, creating 2011:, but encountered the American battleships 1935:on 10 December 1941 whilst in company with 1097: 1021:; this never got beyond the concept stage. 537:Battlecruisers in the dreadnought arms race 74:Battlecruisers served in the navies of the 5529: 5515: 4559: 4545: 4232: 4213: 4123:(1). Society for Military History: 29–55. 1943:was struck by five torpedoes. She quickly 595:For their first few years of service, the 5538:Large cruiser or "cruiser killer" designs 4455: 4262:International Naval Research Organization 3813:The Second World War: The Gathering Storm 3806: 3676:Battleships and Battle Cruisers 1905–1970 3433:Shores, Cull & Izawa, pp. 116–21, 123 2764: 2762: 1811:in very bad weather and disengaged after 891:, which were designed for service in the 4417: 3871: 3849: 3792:. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. 3787: 3583:Gardiner, Chumbley & Budzbon, p. 328 3500:"IJN Haruna: Tabular Record of Movement" 2228: 2107: 1587: 1576: 1572: 1440:-class battlecruiser (painting, c. 1919) 1432: 1247: 1130: 816: 712: 580: 456: 221: 94:during World War I, most notably at the 20: 4495: 4476: 4314: 4295: 4281:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC CLIO. 4276: 4151: 4114: 4076: 4012: 3120: 3118: 2856: 2854: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2256:). The fruits of this program were the 2224: 2047:capsized three and a half hours later. 350: 173:The battlecruiser was developed by the 5612: 4436: 4398: 4194: 4170: 3993: 3692: 3673: 3538:Friedman 1984, pp. 288–89, 296, 301–02 3454:"IJN Hiei: Tabular Record of Movement" 2759: 2752: 2750: 2490:List of battlecruisers of World War II 2462:decommissioned its only battlecruiser 2378:decommissioned its only battlecruiser 1110:(the part of the North Sea closest to 1089:, which were modified versions of the 5510: 4540: 4371: 4031: 3974: 3730: 3711: 3258: 3256: 2495:List of ships of the Second World War 2485:List of battlecruisers of World War I 2252:, they were termed "heavy cruisers" ( 1623:was partially modernized and had her 1411:Plans in the aftermath of World War I 1056:overestimated German progress on the 4251: 4237:. London: Conway. pp. 102–123. 3768: 3749: 3678:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. 3468: 3445: 3262:Jentschura, Jung & Mickel, p. 35 3151:Halpern, pp. 53–58; Staff, pp. 18–20 3115: 2851: 2807: 2288:to be built since World War II. The 1725:There were two exceptions: Turkey's 1662:were cancelled due to the advent of 1255:sinking during the Battle of Jutland 1223:, centered on the armoured cruisers 757:battleships of a few years earlier. 704:s were followed by the very similar 4199:. London: Oxford University Press. 3491: 2747: 2347: 2084:Large cruisers or "cruiser killers" 1741: 431:Close support for the battle fleet. 202:cause serious difficulties for the 13: 4154:Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution 3253: 3178:Staff, pp. 43–44; Burr, pp. 24, 33 2896:Roberts, p. 25; Mackay, pp. 324–25 2708:Roberts, p. 15; Mackay, pp. 212–13 2001:Second Naval Battle of Guadalcanal 1517:; the hull of one of the proposed 1385: 14: 5636: 4515: 4300:. London: Conway Maritime Press. 4100:. London: Conway Maritime Press. 3754:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. 2448:were both decommissioned in 1947. 1964:First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal 1509:was damaged beyond repair by the 1338:to their loss. Beatty's flagship 1184:, fought engagements against the 1160:, and steamed to Constantinople ( 570:ensured that she rather than the 4374:German Battlecruisers: 1914–1918 3752:British Battlecruisers 1914–1918 3612: 3586: 3577: 3574:McLaughlin 2006, pp. 116, 121–22 3568: 3559: 3550: 3541: 2636:Sondhaus, p. 199; Roberts, p. 13 2452: 2431: 2410: 2389: 2368: 2354: 2326: 2294:Тяжелый Атомный Ракетный Крейсер 1855:. Allied battlecruisers such as 1822:s 15-inch shells passed through 1761:as part of the expansion of the 1747:laid down two of the 35,000-ton 827:The next British battlecruiser, 443:If an enemy fleet ran, then the 4336:Jane's Fighting Ships 2013–2014 4334:Saunders, Stephen, ed. (2013). 3891:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2001) . 3532: 3523: 3514: 3436: 3427: 3418: 3409: 3400: 3391: 3382: 3373: 3364: 3355: 3346: 3337: 3328: 3319: 3310: 3301: 3292: 3283: 3274: 3265: 3244: 3235: 3226: 3217: 3208: 3199: 3190: 3181: 3172: 3163: 3154: 3145: 3136: 3127: 3106: 3097: 3088: 3079: 3070: 3061: 3052: 3043: 3034: 3025: 3016: 3013:Evans & Peattie, pp. 161–63 3007: 2998: 2989: 2980: 2971: 2962: 2953: 2944: 2935: 2926: 2917: 2908: 2899: 2890: 2881: 2872: 2869:As quoted in Massie, pp. 494–95 2863: 2839: 2830: 2821: 2798: 2789: 2780: 2771: 2738: 2729: 2720: 2711: 2702: 2693: 2684: 2675: 2666: 1776: 911: 852:Sir Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt 516:Not everyone was so convinced. 466:, Britain's first battlecruiser 4666:Anti-submarine warfare carrier 4462:. New York: Harper & Row. 4079:British Battlecruisers 1939–45 4015:A Naval History of World War I 3977:Cent ans de cuirassés français 3771:British Battleships, 1919–1939 3397:Garzke & Dulin, pp. 135–36 3289:Gardiner & Gray, pp. 41–42 2657: 2648: 2639: 2630: 2621: 2603: 2517: 2240:, the second ship of her class 1505:were selected for conversion. 1205:Battle of the Falkland Islands 1196:against British forces in the 906: 784:, and the likelihood that new 96:Battle of the Falkland Islands 1: 4584:Naval ship classes in service 3788:Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). 3650: 3379:McLaughlin 2004, pp. 112, 114 2500:List of sunken battlecruisers 2050:Returning to Japan after the 1603:later became a victim of the 1207:. The British battlecruisers 648:, a relatively close copy of 541:Between the launching of the 168: 5052:Harbour defence motor launch 4479:Battleships of World War Two 4403:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Books. 4376:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Books. 4081:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Books. 2585: 2505: 2319: 1903:Battle of the Denmark Strait 1605:London Naval Conference 1930 931:s were a development of the 920:class and began work on the 423:Because of their power, the 7: 5335:Ballistic missile submarine 5181:Mine countermeasures vessel 4418:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001). 4195:Mackay, Ruddock F. (1973). 4117:Journal of Military History 3307:Gardiner & Gray, p. 119 3298:Gardiner & Gray, p. 235 3022:Gardiner & Gray, p. 233 2473: 1863:, and the fast battleships 1595:, as reconstructed, in 1939 1511:1923 Great Kantō earthquake 1172:into the war as one of the 659:and later by other navies. 329:First Lord of the Admiralty 10: 5641: 5382:Submarine aircraft carrier 4764:Pre-dreadnought battleship 4574:in 19th and 20th centuries 4298:The World's Worst Warships 4180:. New York: Random House. 4152:Lambert, Nicholas (2002). 3996:German Warships: 1815–1945 3674:Breyer, Siegfried (1973). 3316:Gardiner & Gray, p. 40 2818:Gardiner & Gray, p. 24 2101: 2087: 2023:. While failing to detect 1780: 1569:were similarly converted. 1104:Battle of Heligoland Bight 1024:It is often held that the 976:construction. They became 638:with the 25-knot speed of 605:pre-dreadnought battleship 69:pre-dreadnought battleship 63:, at the same time as the 59:, as a development of the 5565:Design 1047 battlecruiser 5544: 5481: 5400: 5320: 5277:General stores issue ship 5209: 5163: 5105: 5019: 4946:Amphibious transport dock 4938: 4867: 4787: 4739: 4721:Merchant aircraft carrier 4711:Interdiction Assault Ship 4651: 4579: 4277:Osborne, Eric F. (2004). 4013:Halpern, Paul G. (1995). 3872:Friedman, Norman (1984). 2187:s were twice the size of 2090:Design 1047 battlecruiser 1144:The German battlecruiser 5355:Deep-submergence vehicle 5345:Cruise missile submarine 5272:Fast combat support ship 4915:Guided-missile destroyer 4773:Standard-type battleship 4420:Naval Warfare, 1815–1914 4296:Preston, Antony (2002). 3731:Brown, David K. (2003). 3712:Brown, David K. (2003). 3547:Whitley 1995, pp. 278–79 3241:Breyer, pp. 62–64, 70–72 2510: 2306:is operational with the 1803:were engaged during the 1237:Maximilian Graf Von Spee 1098:Battlecruisers in action 854:, had wanted small-bore 4951:Amphibious warfare ship 4661:Amphibious assault ship 4496:Whitley, M. J. (1995). 4477:Whitley, M. J. (1998). 4456:Vandervat, Dan (1988). 4437:Sumida, Jon T. (1993). 4077:Konstam, Angus (2003). 4043:. New York: MacMillan. 3750:Burr, Lawrence (2006). 3565:McLaughlin 2006, p. 104 3529:Noot, pp. 243, 249, 268 3334:Breyer, pp. 157–58, 172 3196:Lambert 1998, pp. 54–55 2744:quoted in Sumida, p. 52 2699:Quoted in Sumida, p. 44 2627:Bidlingmaier, pp. 73–74 2122:'s two "large cruisers" 2074:naval base was attacked 1909:was destroyed when the 1393:Washington Naval Treaty 1302:were severely damaged. 564:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 236:-class armoured cruiser 116:Washington Naval Treaty 5027:Armed boarding steamer 4991:Landing Ship Logistics 4986:Landing ship, infantry 4812:Guided missile cruiser 4716:Light aircraft carrier 4315:Roberts, John (1997). 4098:Battleship Scharnhorst 3994:Gröner, Erich (1990). 2575: 2567: 2554: 2480:List of battlecruisers 2397:Imperial Japanese Navy 2241: 2123: 1831:director-control tower 1627:modified, an aircraft 1596: 1585: 1513:and was broken up for 1441: 1256: 1141: 824: 768:had been planning the 766:Imperial Japanese Navy 721: 592: 467: 334: 257: 237: 102:which culminated in a 32: 5583:O-class battlecruiser 5227:Auxiliary repair dock 5176:Destroyer minesweeper 5072:Ocean boarding vessel 4976:Landing Craft Support 4971:Landing craft carrier 4691:Fighter catapult ship 4459:The Atlantic Campaign 4441:. London: Routledge. 4422:. London: Routledge. 4399:Stille, Mark (2008). 4254:Warship International 4197:Fisher of Kilverstone 3693:Brooks, John (2005). 2887:Sondhaus, pp. 199–202 2570:) and "battleships" ( 2557:), "armoured ships" ( 2446:-class battlecruisers 2376:Royal Australian Navy 2232: 2111: 2088:Further information: 2064:on 21 November 1944. 1729:and the Royal Navy's 1673:class (initially the 1591: 1580: 1573:Rebuilding programmes 1436: 1261:Battle of Dogger Bank 1251: 1186:Imperial Russian Navy 1134: 820: 716: 584: 552:Anglo-Russian Entente 460: 421:Heavy reconnaissance. 397:, compared to ten on 315: 252: 225: 24: 5599:-class battlecruiser 5591:-class battlecruiser 5560:-class battlecruiser 5453:Littoral combat ship 5006:Landing Ship Vehicle 4749:Coastal defence ship 4372:Staff, Gary (2006). 4338:. n.p.: IHS Jane's. 3975:Gille, Eric (1999). 3769:Burt, R. A. (2012). 3424:Whitley 1998, p. 127 3415:Chesneau, pp. 9, 173 3169:Staff, pp. 23–24, 43 3004:Breyer, pp. 267, 272 2986:Sondhaus, pp. 202–03 2905:Sondhaus, pp. 201–02 2460:Turkish Naval Forces 2420:last battlecruiser, 2362:Imperial German Navy 2225:Cold War–era designs 2094:Alaska-class cruiser 2052:Battle of Leyte Gulf 1815:was damaged. One of 1521:-class battleships, 1397:Treaty of Versailles 1042:Dardanelles Campaign 970:large light cruisers 880:class. In 1913, the 669:, slightly improved 451:Commerce protection. 351:First battlecruisers 216:Imperial German Navy 206:'s worldwide trade. 5570:Design B-65 cruiser 5307:Replenishment oiler 5210:Command and support 4996:Landing Ship Medium 4859:Unprotected cruiser 4701:Flight deck cruiser 4500:. London: Cassell. 4260:(3). Toledo, Ohio: 3979:. Nantes: Marines. 3502:. Combinedfleet.com 3479:. Combinedfleet.com 3456:. Combinedfleet.com 3442:Osborne, pp. 127–28 3232:Halpern, pp. 319–25 3187:Halpern, pp. 318–21 2143:June of that year. 2098:Design B-65 cruiser 1901:in May 1941 in the 1895:and the battleship 1791:in April 1940. The 1771:Ohne Panzer Quatsch 1703:anti-torpedo bulges 1465:responded with the 1321:British Grand Fleet 261:John "Jacky" Fisher 250:wrote in June 1902, 5423:Breastwork monitor 5287:Joint support ship 5242:Combat stores ship 5037:Coastal motor boat 5001:Landing Ship, Tank 4981:Landing Ship Heavy 4880:Convoy rescue ship 4706:Helicopter carrier 3808:Churchill, Winston 3370:Konstam, pp. 33–34 3343:Breyer, pp. 339–40 3124:Roberts, pp. 60–61 3112:Roberts, pp. 55–61 3085:Roberts, pp. 50–52 3076:Roberts, pp. 46–47 3067:Breyer, pp. 283–84 3049:Breyer, pp. 277–78 3031:Roberts, pp. 37–38 2995:Breyer, pp. 269–72 2977:Roberts, pp. 31–33 2941:Roberts, pp. 28–29 2836:Mackay, pp. 325–26 2804:Breyer, pp. 114–17 2786:Roberts, pp. 24–25 2726:Roberts, pp. 16–17 2576:Bâtiments de ligne 2542:-class battleships 2528:-class battleships 2439:United States Navy 2242: 2124: 2120:United States Navy 2035:with some effect. 1805:action off Lofoten 1789:Norwegian Campaign 1727:Yavuz Sultan Selim 1597: 1586: 1584:as she was in 1919 1442: 1257: 1221:East Asia Squadron 1182:Yavuz Sultan Selim 1142: 856:water-tube boilers 825: 722: 593: 556:Russo-Japanese War 468: 388:and more powerful 331:), 20 October 1904 238: 193:In the 1890s, new 188:protected cruisers 106:fleet battle, the 33: 5607: 5606: 5504: 5503: 5408:Armed merchantman 5350:Cruiser submarine 5340:Coastal submarine 5107:Fast attack craft 4961:Dock landing ship 4839:Protected cruiser 4822:Pocket battleship 4779:Treaty battleship 4769:Super-dreadnought 4653:Aircraft carriers 4601:Operational zones 4469:978-0-06-015967-2 4429:978-0-415-21478-0 4410:978-1-84603-280-6 4383:978-1-84603-009-3 4345:978-0-7106-3048-3 4244:978-1-84486-030-2 4172:Massie, Robert K. 4163:978-1-57003-492-3 4088:978-1-84176-633-1 4050:978-0-02-554420-8 4024:978-1-55750-352-7 3967:978-0-87021-101-0 3864:978-1-59114-555-4 3780:978-1-59114-052-8 3761:978-1-84603-008-6 3685:978-0-385-07247-2 3659:Warship Profile 4 3600:. 16 October 2014 3352:Stille, pp. 19–20 3133:Gröner, pp. 58–59 2950:Brown 1999, p. 57 2932:Breyer, pp. 61–62 2690:Sumida, pp. 42–44 2286:surface combatant 2254:tjazholyj krejser 2072:, Japan when the 1972:point-blank range 1486:G3 battlecruisers 1316:Battle of Jutland 1307:armoured cruiser 1200:in January 1918. 1180:herself, renamed 1062:Battle of Jutland 1012:aircraft carriers 901:Russian Civil War 395:12-inch Mk X guns 259:In 1904, Admiral 199:quick-firing guns 108:Battle of Jutland 39:(also written as 5632: 5531: 5524: 5517: 5508: 5507: 5443:Floating battery 5377:Midget submarine 5330:Attack submarine 5312:Submarine tender 5262:Destroyer tender 5092:Submarine chaser 4956:Attack transport 4900:Escort destroyer 4895:Destroyer leader 4890:Destroyer escort 4797:Aircraft cruiser 4611:Green-water navy 4606:Brown-water navy 4561: 4554: 4547: 4538: 4537: 4532:Navsource Online 4511: 4492: 4473: 4452: 4433: 4414: 4395: 4368: 4349: 4330: 4311: 4292: 4273: 4248: 4229: 4210: 4191: 4167: 4148: 4111: 4092: 4073: 4054: 4042: 4028: 4009: 3990: 3971: 3952: 3933: 3914: 3887: 3868: 3851:Friedman, Norman 3846: 3827: 3803: 3784: 3765: 3746: 3727: 3708: 3689: 3670: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3625: 3619: 3618:Saunders, p. 674 3616: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3590: 3584: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3566: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3548: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3416: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3398: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3361:Chesneau, p. 406 3359: 3353: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3281: 3278: 3272: 3269: 3263: 3260: 3251: 3250:Chesneau, p. 218 3248: 3242: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3223:Staff, pp. 41–42 3221: 3215: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3170: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3143: 3140: 3134: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3113: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3095: 3092: 3086: 3083: 3077: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3032: 3029: 3023: 3020: 3014: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2996: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2960: 2959:Sondhaus, p. 203 2957: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2924: 2921: 2915: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2897: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2879: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2819: 2816: 2805: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2757: 2754: 2745: 2742: 2736: 2733: 2727: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2709: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2646: 2643: 2637: 2634: 2628: 2625: 2619: 2618:Chesneau, p. 259 2616: 2610: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2579: 2562: 2549: 2521: 2458: 2456: 2455: 2437: 2435: 2434: 2416: 2414: 2413: 2395: 2393: 2392: 2374: 2372: 2371: 2360: 2358: 2357: 2348:Former operators 2332: 2330: 2329: 2313:Admiral Nakhimov 2284:was the largest 2009:Ironbottom Sound 1991: 1915: 1847: 1828: 1821: 1742:Naval rearmament 1653: 1281:Wilhelm Heidkamp 1194:Battle of Imbros 1108:Heligoland Bight 982:and her sisters 692:s carried eight 550:in 1904 and the 548:Entente cordiale 521: 503: 407: 332: 179:armoured cruiser 162:Admiral Nakhimov 147:missile cruisers 145:of large guided 61:armoured cruiser 47:) was a type of 5640: 5639: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5540: 5535: 5505: 5500: 5494:Sailing vessels 5477: 5396: 5367:Fleet submarine 5316: 5297:Net laying ship 5222:Ammunition ship 5205: 5159: 5101: 5015: 4934: 4863: 4854:Torpedo cruiser 4834:Merchant raider 4802:Armored cruiser 4783: 4759:Fast battleship 4735: 4726:Seaplane tender 4671:Balloon carrier 4647: 4631:Central battery 4616:Blue-water navy 4575: 4565: 4518: 4508: 4489: 4470: 4449: 4430: 4411: 4384: 4365: 4355:Bloody Shambles 4346: 4327: 4308: 4289: 4245: 4226: 4207: 4188: 4164: 4108: 4089: 4070: 4051: 4025: 4006: 3987: 3968: 3949: 3930: 3903: 3884: 3865: 3843: 3824: 3800: 3781: 3762: 3743: 3724: 3705: 3686: 3653: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3496: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3473: 3469: 3459: 3457: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3214:Halpern, p. 328 3213: 3209: 3205:Roberts, p. 116 3204: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3160:Burr, pp. 22–23 3159: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3142:Burr, pp. 21–22 3141: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2878:Friedman, p. 10 2877: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2760: 2755: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2582: 2558: 2555:Schlachtschiffe 2545: 2537:and the French 2535:-class cruisers 2522: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2476: 2453: 2451: 2432: 2430: 2411: 2409: 2390: 2388: 2369: 2367: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2234:Admiral Lazarev 2227: 2106: 2100: 2086: 1989: 1953:Prince of Wales 1937:Prince of Wales 1929:torpedo bombers 1913: 1898:Prince of Wales 1845: 1826: 1819: 1785: 1779: 1744: 1651: 1575: 1413: 1388: 1386:Interwar period 1290:Apart from the 1126:Leberecht Maass 1100: 1053:Queen Elizabeth 914: 909: 655:Queen Elizabeth 539: 519: 501: 496:Because of the 405: 353: 333: 322: 301:pre-dreadnought 275:naval architect 171: 151:nuclear-powered 112:fast battleship 17: 12: 11: 5: 5638: 5628: 5627: 5625:Battlecruisers 5622: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5593: 5585: 5580: 5578:-class cruiser 5572: 5567: 5562: 5554: 5552:-class cruiser 5545: 5542: 5541: 5534: 5533: 5526: 5519: 5511: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5326: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5232:Auxiliary ship 5229: 5224: 5219: 5217:Amenities ship 5213: 5211: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5111: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5087:Steam gun boat 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4849:Strike cruiser 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4825: 4824: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4793: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4745: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4686:Escort carrier 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4657: 4655: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4622:Gun placement 4620: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4564: 4563: 4556: 4549: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4517: 4516:External links 4514: 4513: 4512: 4506: 4493: 4487: 4474: 4468: 4453: 4447: 4434: 4428: 4415: 4409: 4396: 4382: 4369: 4363: 4350: 4344: 4331: 4325: 4317:Battlecruisers 4312: 4306: 4293: 4287: 4274: 4249: 4243: 4230: 4224: 4211: 4205: 4192: 4186: 4168: 4162: 4149: 4129:10.2307/120394 4112: 4106: 4093: 4087: 4074: 4068: 4055: 4049: 4033:Hough, Richard 4029: 4023: 4010: 4004: 3991: 3985: 3972: 3966: 3953: 3947: 3934: 3928: 3915: 3901: 3888: 3882: 3869: 3863: 3847: 3841: 3828: 3822: 3804: 3798: 3785: 3779: 3766: 3760: 3747: 3741: 3728: 3722: 3709: 3703: 3690: 3684: 3671: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3646: 3620: 3611: 3585: 3576: 3567: 3558: 3549: 3540: 3531: 3522: 3513: 3490: 3467: 3444: 3435: 3426: 3417: 3408: 3399: 3390: 3381: 3372: 3363: 3354: 3345: 3336: 3327: 3318: 3309: 3300: 3291: 3282: 3280:Breyer, p. 234 3273: 3271:Breyer, p. 353 3264: 3252: 3243: 3234: 3225: 3216: 3207: 3198: 3189: 3180: 3171: 3162: 3153: 3144: 3135: 3126: 3114: 3105: 3103:Roberts, p. 51 3096: 3094:Breyer, p. 172 3087: 3078: 3069: 3060: 3058:Breyer, p. 399 3051: 3042: 3040:Breyer, p. 136 3033: 3024: 3015: 3006: 2997: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2968:Roberts, p. 32 2961: 2952: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2923:Roberts, p. 26 2916: 2914:Staff, pp. 3–4 2907: 2898: 2889: 2880: 2871: 2862: 2860:Massie, p. 494 2850: 2838: 2829: 2827:Roberts, p. 18 2820: 2806: 2797: 2788: 2779: 2770: 2768:Breyer, p. 115 2758: 2756:Roberts, p. 19 2746: 2737: 2728: 2719: 2710: 2701: 2692: 2683: 2674: 2665: 2656: 2647: 2638: 2629: 2620: 2611: 2602: 2600:Breyer, p. 168 2589: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2449: 2428: 2407: 2386: 2365: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2321: 2318: 2226: 2223: 2085: 2082: 2068:was moored at 1778: 1775: 1743: 1740: 1574: 1571: 1412: 1409: 1387: 1384: 1347:Francis Harvey 1174:Central Powers 1170:Ottoman Empire 1099: 1096: 913: 910: 908: 905: 882:Russian Empire 694:13.5-inch guns 538: 535: 522:s Naval Annual 455: 454: 448: 438: 428: 352: 349: 320: 265:First Sea Lord 204:British Empire 170: 167: 84:Ottoman Empire 76:United Kingdom 67:succeeded the 57:United Kingdom 45:battle-cruiser 41:battle cruiser 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5637: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5532: 5527: 5525: 5520: 5518: 5513: 5512: 5509: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5473:Training ship 5471: 5469: 5468:River monitor 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5433:Drone carrier 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5418:Barracks ship 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401:Miscellaneous 5399: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5372:Human torpedo 5370: 5368: 5365: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5292:Naval tugboat 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5282:Hospital ship 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5267:Dispatch boat 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5067:Naval trawler 5065: 5063: 5062:Naval drifter 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4966:Landing craft 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4844:Scout cruiser 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4829:Light cruiser 4827: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4817:Heavy cruiser 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4807:Battlecruiser 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4696:Fleet carrier 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4676:Battlecarrier 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4573: 4569: 4562: 4557: 4555: 4550: 4548: 4543: 4542: 4539: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4509: 4507:1-86019-874-0 4503: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4488:1-55750-184-X 4484: 4480: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4454: 4450: 4448:0-04445-104-0 4444: 4440: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4364:0-948817-50-X 4360: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4326:1-55750-068-1 4322: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4307:0-85177-754-6 4303: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4288:1-85109-369-9 4284: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4225:0-85177-948-4 4221: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4187:0-394-52833-6 4183: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4107:0-85177-772-4 4103: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4069:0-87021-893-X 4065: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4041: 4040: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4005:0-87021-790-9 4001: 3997: 3992: 3988: 3986:2-909675-50-5 3982: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3948:0-87021-907-3 3944: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3929:1-55750-132-7 3925: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3902:0-7858-1414-0 3898: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3883:0-87021-718-6 3879: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3842:0-87021-192-7 3838: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3823:0-395-41055-X 3819: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3799:0-85177-146-7 3795: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3742:1-84067-529-2 3738: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3723:1-84067-531-4 3719: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3704:0-7146-5702-6 3700: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3654: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3615: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3580: 3571: 3562: 3553: 3544: 3535: 3526: 3517: 3501: 3494: 3478: 3471: 3455: 3448: 3439: 3430: 3421: 3412: 3403: 3394: 3385: 3376: 3367: 3358: 3349: 3340: 3331: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3295: 3286: 3277: 3268: 3259: 3257: 3247: 3238: 3229: 3220: 3211: 3202: 3193: 3184: 3175: 3166: 3157: 3148: 3139: 3130: 3121: 3119: 3109: 3100: 3091: 3082: 3073: 3064: 3055: 3046: 3037: 3028: 3019: 3010: 3001: 2992: 2983: 2974: 2965: 2956: 2947: 2938: 2929: 2920: 2911: 2902: 2893: 2884: 2875: 2866: 2857: 2855: 2848: 2842: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2801: 2795:Burr, pp. 7–8 2792: 2783: 2777:Sumida, p. 55 2774: 2765: 2763: 2753: 2751: 2741: 2732: 2723: 2717:Breyer, p. 48 2714: 2705: 2696: 2687: 2678: 2669: 2660: 2654:Breyer, p. 47 2651: 2645:Sumida, p. 19 2642: 2633: 2624: 2615: 2606: 2597: 2595: 2590: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2568:Panzerschiffe 2565: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2541: 2536: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2520: 2516: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2468: 2467: 2461: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2440: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2419: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2399:upgraded its 2398: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2377: 2366: 2363: 2352: 2351: 2342: 2340: 2336:operates one 2335: 2324: 2323: 2317: 2315: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2303:Pyotr Velikiy 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2270: 2268: 2263: 2261: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2246:Joseph Stalin 2239: 2235: 2231: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2193: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2163: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2121: 2118:, one of the 2117: 2116: 2110: 2105: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1958:The Japanese 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1881:heavy cruiser 1878: 1877: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1825: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1795: 1790: 1784: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1683: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1650: 1646: 1644: 1643:King George V 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1594: 1590: 1583: 1579: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1555:United States 1552: 1548: 1544: 1543:Constellation 1540: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1469: 1463: 1461: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1421: 1417: 1408: 1406: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1356: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1335: 1334:Indefatigable 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1254: 1253:Indefatigable 1250: 1246: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1149: 1148: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1069: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1049:Admiral class 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1019: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 992: 987: 986: 981: 980: 975: 974:light cruiser 971: 965: 963: 959: 955: 953: 948: 945: 943: 936: 934: 930: 926: 924: 919: 904: 902: 898: 894: 890: 888: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 865: 859: 857: 853: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 831: 823: 819: 815: 813: 812: 807: 806: 800: 796: 792: 787: 783: 779: 774: 772: 767: 762: 760: 756: 754: 749: 745: 744: 739: 737: 732: 728: 720: 715: 711: 709: 708: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 685: 680: 679: 672: 668: 666: 665:Indefatigable 660: 658: 656: 651: 647: 646: 641: 637: 631: 629: 628: 623: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 590: 589: 583: 579: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 544: 534: 532: 527: 523: 514: 512: 508: 499: 494: 491: 485: 482: 478: 477:capital ships 473: 465: 464: 459: 452: 449: 446: 442: 439: 436: 432: 429: 426: 422: 419: 418: 417: 415: 410: 404: 400: 396: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 370: 368: 366: 361: 360: 348: 346: 345: 340: 330: 326: 325:Lord Selborne 319: 314: 311: 307: 302: 296: 293: 292:conning tower 289: 285: 281: 276: 272: 271: 266: 262: 256: 251: 249: 244: 235: 231: 230: 224: 220: 217: 213: 207: 205: 200: 196: 191: 189: 184: 180: 176: 166: 164: 163: 158: 157: 156:Pyotr Velikiy 152: 148: 144: 142: 138:, the Soviet 137: 133: 128: 125: 119: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 72: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 37:battlecruiser 30: 29: 23: 19: 5596: 5588: 5575: 5557: 5549: 5428:Capital ship 5413:Arsenal ship 5252:Crane vessel 5247:Command ship 5186:Mine planter 5164:Mine warfare 5130:Missile boat 5097:Torpedo boat 5057:Motor launch 5020:Patrol craft 4925:Radar picket 4806: 4731:Supercarrier 4497: 4478: 4458: 4438: 4419: 4400: 4373: 4354: 4335: 4316: 4297: 4278: 4257: 4253: 4235:Warship 2006 4234: 4216:Warship 2004 4215: 4196: 4175: 4153: 4120: 4116: 4097: 4078: 4059: 4038: 4014: 3995: 3976: 3957: 3938: 3919: 3892: 3873: 3854: 3832: 3812: 3789: 3770: 3751: 3732: 3713: 3694: 3675: 3658: 3637:. Retrieved 3635:(in Russian) 3632: 3623: 3614: 3604:13 September 3602:. Retrieved 3598:Moscow Times 3597: 3588: 3579: 3570: 3561: 3552: 3543: 3534: 3525: 3516: 3504:. Retrieved 3493: 3481:. Retrieved 3470: 3458:. Retrieved 3447: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3411: 3406:Burt, p. 243 3402: 3393: 3384: 3375: 3366: 3357: 3348: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3312: 3303: 3294: 3285: 3276: 3267: 3246: 3237: 3228: 3219: 3210: 3201: 3192: 3183: 3174: 3165: 3156: 3147: 3138: 3129: 3108: 3099: 3090: 3081: 3072: 3063: 3054: 3045: 3036: 3027: 3018: 3009: 3000: 2991: 2982: 2973: 2964: 2955: 2946: 2937: 2928: 2919: 2910: 2901: 2892: 2883: 2874: 2865: 2841: 2832: 2823: 2800: 2791: 2782: 2773: 2740: 2731: 2722: 2713: 2704: 2695: 2686: 2677: 2668: 2659: 2650: 2641: 2632: 2623: 2614: 2605: 2539: 2532: 2525: 2519: 2465: 2443: 2423: 2401: 2381: 2338: 2334:Russian Navy 2312: 2308:Russian Navy 2302: 2298:P-700 Granit 2293: 2289: 2281: 2274: 2271: 2266: 2259: 2258:Project 82 ( 2253: 2243: 2237: 2233: 2218: 2210: 2206: 2204: 2197: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2148: 2145: 2139: 2129: 2125: 2114: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2033:South Dakota 2032: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2014:South Dakota 2013: 2007:returned to 2004: 1996: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1967: 1959: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1940: 1936: 1927:by Japanese 1925:she was sunk 1920: 1918: 1910: 1906: 1897: 1892: 1884: 1875: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1850: 1842: 1841:knocked out 1838: 1835:rangefinders 1823: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1799: 1793: 1786: 1777:World War II 1770: 1763:Kriegsmarine 1756: 1749: 1745: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1698: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1664:World War II 1659: 1655: 1648: 1642: 1636: 1620: 1615: 1609: 1600: 1598: 1592: 1581: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1551:Constitution 1550: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1530: 1523: 1518: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1490: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1467: 1459: 1453: 1447: 1443: 1437: 1425: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1404: 1401: 1389: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1366:Von der Tann 1365: 1360: 1354: 1351: 1339: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1289: 1284: 1276: 1268: 1264: 1258: 1252: 1241: 1231: 1225: 1215: 1209: 1202: 1181: 1177: 1166:Ottoman Navy 1153: 1146: 1143: 1136: 1123:Rear Admiral 1119:David Beatty 1116:Vice Admiral 1101: 1090: 1085:Ersatz Yorck 1084: 1079: 1075: 1073: 1067: 1057: 1052: 1046: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1018:Incomparable 1017: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 984: 978: 969: 966: 961: 958:15-inch guns 951: 941: 937: 932: 928: 922: 917: 915: 912:Construction 896: 886: 877: 873: 869: 863: 860: 846: 838: 834: 829: 826: 821: 809: 803: 798: 790: 781: 777: 770: 763: 758: 752: 747: 742: 735: 730: 727:Von der Tann 726: 723: 718: 706: 701: 689: 683: 678:Von der Tann 677: 670: 664: 661: 654: 649: 644: 639: 635: 632: 626: 621: 616: 612: 608: 600: 596: 594: 587: 575: 571: 567: 542: 540: 525: 517: 515: 510: 507:Baltic Fleet 497: 495: 489: 486: 480: 471: 469: 462: 450: 444: 440: 434: 430: 424: 420: 413: 411: 402: 398: 381: 377: 373: 371: 364: 358: 354: 343: 335: 316: 297: 269: 258: 253: 248:Fred T. Jane 239: 233: 228: 208: 192: 172: 160: 154: 140: 132:World War II 129: 120: 73: 49:capital ship 44: 40: 36: 34: 27: 18: 5576:Deutschland 5463:Mother ship 5302:Repair ship 5201:Minesweeper 5077:Patrol boat 5032:Armed yacht 4754:Dreadnought 4741:Battleships 4568:Naval ships 4264:: 242–273. 3325:Burt, p. 48 2533:Deutschland 2526:Scharnhorst 2523:The German 2272:The Soviet 2250:Soviet Navy 2236:, formerly 2215:Design B-65 2177:Puerto Rico 2173:Philippines 2165:; a third, 2140:Scharnhorst 2136:East Indies 2132:Design 1047 1976:sister ship 1885:Prinz Eugen 1800:Scharnhorst 1708:Pacific War 1375:Derfflinger 1259:During the 1226:Scharnhorst 956:. With six 947:battleships 933:Derfflinger 918:Derfflinger 907:World War I 864:Derfflinger 795:superfiring 733:s. The two 650:Dreadnought 645:Bellerophon 636:Dreadnought 613:Dreadnought 576:Dreadnought 568:Dreadnought 560:dreadnought 403:Dreadnought 399:Dreadnought 378:Dreadnought 374:Dreadnought 359:Dreadnought 284:gun turrets 195:Krupp steel 65:dreadnought 53:battleships 5620:Ship types 5614:Categories 5597:Stalingrad 5589:Kronshtadt 5558:Courageous 5489:Ship types 5448:Guard ship 5322:Submarines 5257:Depot ship 5191:Minehunter 4206:0198224095 3651:References 2418:Royal Navy 2267:Stalingrad 2260:Stalingrad 2102:See also: 2061:Sealion II 2037:Washington 2025:Washington 2020:Washington 1870:Strasbourg 1781:See also: 1750:Kronshtadt 1567:Courageous 1474:Invincible 1329:Queen Mary 1325:Invincible 1216:Invincible 1210:Inflexible 1198:Aegean Sea 1030:Courageous 1004:Uproarious 1000:Outrageous 979:Courageous 893:Baltic Sea 843:sea trials 778:Invincible 731:Invincible 707:Queen Mary 700:. The two 671:Invincible 640:Invincible 622:Invincible 617:Invincible 609:Invincible 601:Invincible 597:Invincible 588:Queen Mary 572:Invincible 543:Invincible 526:Invincible 511:Invincible 498:Invincible 490:Invincible 481:Invincible 472:Invincible 463:Invincible 445:Invincible 435:Invincible 425:Invincible 414:Invincible 412:While the 382:Invincible 365:Invincible 323:Fisher to 310:destroyers 306:submarines 255:certainty? 175:Royal Navy 169:Background 124:Royal Navy 5196:Minelayer 5011:Troopship 4939:Transport 4905:Escorteur 4885:Destroyer 4626:Broadside 4594:auxiliary 4589:submarine 4270:0043-0374 4137:0899-3718 2586:Citations 2560:‹See Tfd› 2547:‹See Tfd› 2540:Dunkerque 2506:Footnotes 2382:Australia 2320:Operators 2190:Baltimore 2113:USS 2045:Kirishima 2041:Kirishima 2029:Kirishima 2005:Kirishima 1983:Kirishima 1979:Kirishima 1933:Singapore 1931:north of 1865:Dunkerque 1843:Gneisenau 1824:Gneisenau 1813:Gneisenau 1794:Gneisenau 1716:Kirishima 1682:Kirishima 1536:USS 1531:Lexington 1529:USS 1482:Lexington 1468:Lexington 1438:Lexington 1242:Australia 1232:Gneisenau 1190:Black Sea 1152:SMS 1091:Mackensen 1080:Mackensen 1076:Mackensen 1058:Mackensen 1038:freeboard 1016:HMS 929:Mackensen 923:Mackensen 786:U.S. Navy 753:Helgoland 698:barbettes 676:SMS 586:HMS 227:HMS 100:North Sea 88:Australia 26:HMS 5438:Flagship 5171:Danlayer 5042:Corvette 4920:Kaibōkan 4789:Cruisers 4681:CAM ship 4636:Casemate 4572:warships 4392:64555761 4174:(1991). 4035:(1964). 3911:51940554 3853:(2008). 3810:(1986). 3667:20229321 2474:See also 2469:in 1950. 2385:in 1921. 2031:engaged 1994:scuttled 1945:capsized 1911:Bismarck 1879:and the 1876:Bismarck 1853:Atlantic 1797:and the 1633:catapult 1563:Glorious 1538:Saratoga 1380:Seydlitz 1370:Seydlitz 1300:Seydlitz 1285:Seydlitz 1277:Seydlitz 1273:magazine 1265:Seydlitz 1162:Istanbul 1137:Seydlitz 1008:Spurious 985:Glorious 897:Borodino 887:Borodino 878:Seydlitz 872:and the 759:Seydlitz 743:Seydlitz 719:Seydlitz 441:Pursuit. 390:turbines 344:Minotaur 339:drydocks 321:— 234:Minotaur 136:Cold War 5482:Related 5458:Monitor 5392:Wet sub 5237:Collier 5155:Shin'yō 5150:PT boat 5047:Gunboat 4910:Frigate 4641:Turrets 3639:2 April 1949:Repulse 1941:Repulse 1921:Repulse 1889:sortied 1861:Repulse 1759:O class 1710:, when 1656:Repulse 1621:Repulse 1616:Repulse 1582:Repulse 1559:Furious 1493:slipway 1314:At the 1309:Blücher 1292:cordite 1188:in the 1154:Breslau 1112:Hamburg 1034:draught 996:Furious 991:Furious 942:Revenge 805:Tsukuba 627:Blücher 531:torpedo 518:Brassey 386:boilers 263:became 243:torpedo 229:Shannon 212:classes 183:cruiser 104:pitched 80:Germany 5550:Alaska 5387:U-boat 5115:E-boat 5082:Q-ship 4868:Escort 4504: 4485: 4466: 4445: 4426: 4407: 4390: 4380: 4361: 4342: 4323: 4304: 4285: 4268: 4241: 4222: 4203: 4184: 4160: 4145:120394 4143: 4135: 4104: 4085: 4066: 4047: 4021: 4002: 3983: 3964: 3945: 3926: 3909: 3899: 3880: 3861: 3839: 3820: 3796: 3777: 3758: 3739: 3720: 3701: 3682: 3665: 3506:6 June 3483:6 June 3460:6 June 2572:French 2564:German 2551:German 2457: 2444:Alaska 2436: 2424:Renown 2415: 2404:-class 2394: 2373: 2359: 2341:-class 2331: 2265:ship, 2238:Frunze 2219:Alaska 2211:Alaska 2207:Alaska 2200:-class 2192:-class 2185:Alaska 2168:Hawaii 2156:Alaska 2151:-class 2149:Alaska 2115:Alaska 2096:, and 2066:Haruna 1857:Renown 1839:Renown 1817:Renown 1809:Renown 1767:Plan Z 1685:, and 1676:Haruna 1649:Renown 1645:-class 1637:Renown 1629:hangar 1625:bridge 1610:Renown 1593:Renown 1547:Ranger 1462:-class 1450:-class 1426:Nelson 1372:, and 1361:Moltke 1355:Lützow 1331:, and 1178:Goeben 1147:Goeben 1026:Renown 952:Renown 944:-class 927:. The 773:-class 755:-class 748:Moltke 736:Moltke 688:. The 380:, the 270:Renown 114:. The 82:, the 4930:Sloop 4875:Aviso 4141:JSTOR 2511:Notes 2466:Yavuz 2402:Kongo 2380:HMAS 2339:Kirov 2290:Kirov 2282:Kirov 2277:class 2275:Kirov 2181:Samoa 2056:Kongō 1990:' 1960:Kongō 1923:when 1914:' 1846:' 1827:' 1820:' 1752:class 1691:—the 1688:Kongō 1671:Kongō 1652:' 1601:Tiger 1515:scrap 1507:Amagi 1502:Akagi 1497:Amagi 1478:Amagi 1470:class 1448:Amagi 1428:class 1405:Kongō 1344:Major 1087:class 962:Tiger 954:class 925:class 889:class 874:Kongō 870:Tiger 866:class 847:Tiger 839:Kongō 830:Tiger 822:Kongō 811:Ibuki 771:Kongō 686:class 667:class 657:class 520:' 502:' 406:' 367:class 280:knots 143:class 141:Kirov 92:Japan 5360:DSRV 5145:MTSM 4570:and 4502:ISBN 4483:ISBN 4464:ISBN 4443:ISBN 4424:ISBN 4405:ISBN 4388:OCLC 4378:ISBN 4359:ISBN 4340:ISBN 4321:ISBN 4302:ISBN 4283:ISBN 4266:ISSN 4258:XVII 4239:ISBN 4220:ISBN 4201:ISBN 4182:ISBN 4158:ISBN 4133:ISSN 4102:ISBN 4083:ISBN 4064:ISBN 4045:ISBN 4019:ISBN 4000:ISBN 3981:ISBN 3962:ISBN 3943:ISBN 3924:ISBN 3907:OCLC 3897:ISBN 3878:ISBN 3859:ISBN 3837:ISBN 3818:ISBN 3794:ISBN 3775:ISBN 3756:ISBN 3737:ISBN 3718:ISBN 3699:ISBN 3680:ISBN 3663:OCLC 3641:2020 3606:2016 3508:2013 3485:2013 3462:2013 2530:and 2464:TCG 2441:two 2422:HMS 2198:Iowa 2179:and 2162:Guam 2159:and 2078:pier 2070:Kure 2017:and 1997:Hiei 1987:Hiei 1968:Hiei 1951:and 1907:Hood 1893:Hood 1867:and 1735:Hood 1731:Hood 1720:Hiei 1714:and 1712:Hiei 1699:Hiei 1694:Hiei 1660:Hood 1658:and 1613:and 1565:and 1553:and 1534:and 1524:Kaga 1519:Tosa 1499:and 1480:and 1460:Tosa 1454:Hood 1420:Hood 1416:Hood 1340:Lion 1304:Lion 1298:and 1296:Lion 1269:Lion 1229:and 1213:and 1068:Hood 1028:and 1006:and 988:and 835:Lion 808:and 799:Lion 791:Lion 782:Lion 717:SMS 702:Lion 690:Lion 684:Lion 615:and 308:and 288:belt 232:, a 90:and 35:The 28:Hood 5140:MTM 5135:MTB 5125:MGB 5120:MAS 4125:doi 1807:by 43:or 5616:: 4386:. 4256:. 4139:. 4131:. 4121:62 4119:. 3905:. 3631:. 3596:. 3255:^ 3117:^ 2853:^ 2809:^ 2761:^ 2749:^ 2593:^ 2574:: 2566:: 2553:: 2175:, 2092:, 2054:, 2027:, 2003:, 1966:, 1905:. 1859:, 1829:s 1679:, 1666:. 1631:, 1549:, 1545:, 1430:. 1368:, 1364:, 1349:. 1327:, 1176:. 1128:. 1044:. 1002:, 903:. 710:. 578:. 86:, 78:, 5530:e 5523:t 5516:v 4775:) 4771:( 4560:e 4553:t 4546:v 4510:. 4491:. 4472:. 4451:. 4432:. 4413:. 4394:. 4367:. 4348:. 4329:. 4310:. 4291:. 4272:. 4247:. 4228:. 4209:. 4190:. 4166:. 4147:. 4127:: 4110:. 4091:. 4072:. 4053:. 4027:. 4008:. 3989:. 3970:. 3951:. 3932:. 3913:. 3886:. 3867:. 3845:. 3826:. 3802:. 3783:. 3764:. 3745:. 3726:. 3707:. 3688:. 3669:. 3643:. 3608:. 3510:. 3487:. 3464:. 2262:) 1765:( 738:s 500:s 475:" 327:(

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