Bee-eater - Knowledge

2263: 2202: 2026:, stealing prey collected by other colony members. The colony's daily routine is to emerge from the nesting holes or roosting branches soon after dawn, preen and sun themselves for an hour, then disperse to feed. Feeding territories are divided by clan, with each clan defending its territory from all others of the same species, including clans of the same colony. The clans return to the colony before dusk, and engage in more social behaviour before retiring for the night. Colonies are situated several hundred metres apart and have little to do with each other, although young individuals may disperse between colonies. As such, these species can be thought to have four tiers of social kinship: the individual pair, the family unit, the clan, and the colony as a whole. 2157: 2381: 1449: 2059: 1908: 1406: 1776: 38: 56: 2228:. In the case of the bee-eaters the nests are burrows dug into the ground, either into the sides of earth cliffs or directly into level soil. Both types of nesting site are vulnerable, those on level ground are vulnerable to trampling and small predators, whereas those in cliffs, which are often the banks of rivers, are vulnerable to flash floods, which can wipe out dozens or hundreds of nests. Many species will nest either on cliffs or on level ground but prefer cliffs, although 286: 1481: 2437: 4695: 2221:

the performance of the white-throated bee-eater. Their "butterfly display" involves both members of a pair performing a gliding display flight with shallow wing-beats; they then perch facing each other, raising and folding their wings while calling. Most members of the family engage in courtship feeding, where the male presents prey items to the female, and such feeding can account for much, if not all, of the energy females require for egg creation.

1974:. Another population of the same species breeds in South Africa and Namibia; these birds move northwards after breeding. In Australia the rainbow bee-eater is migratory in the southern areas of its range, migrating to Indonesia and New Guinea, but occurs year-round in northern Australia. Several species of bee-eater, are intra-African migrants; the white-throated bee-eater, for example, breeds on the southern edge of the 165: 4705: 1963:

vegetation type. A single species, the blue-headed bee-eater, is found inside closed rainforest where it forages close to the ground in poor light in the gaps between large trees. Six other species are also closely associated with rainforest, but occur in edge habitat such as along rivers, in tree-fall gaps, off trees overhanging ravines or on emergent tree crowns above the main canopy.

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is set up close to a bee-eater colony, a larger number of honey bees are eaten because they are more abundant. However, studies show the bee-eaters do not intentionally fly into the apiary, rather they feed on the insects caught on pastures and meadows within a radius of 12 km (7.5 mi) from

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Prey can be spotted from a distance; European bee-eaters are able to spot a bee 60 m (200 ft) away, and blue-cheeked bee-eaters have been observed flying out 100 m (330 ft) to catch large wasps. Prey is approached directly or from behind. Prey that lands on the ground or on plants

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is red in the males and brown-red in the females, and in species with tail-streamers these may be slightly longer in males. Both the European and red-bearded bee-eaters have sex-based differences in their plumage colour, and the female rainbow bee-eater has shorter tail streamers than the male, which

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Hackett, Shannon J.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Reddy, Sushma; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Cox, W. Andrew; Han, Kin-Lan; Harshman, John; Huddleston, Christopher; Marks, Ben D; Miglia, Kathleen J.; Moore, William S.; Sheldon, Frederick H; Steadman, David W;

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A study of the southern carmine bee-eater in Zimbabwe showed that it was affected by deliberate interference and persecution and loss of woodlands, and that nesting sites are lost through poor water management leading to river bank damage, dam construction and panning for gold. Colonies are becoming

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deposits that do not crumble when excavated may be favoured by the larger bee-eaters. There may be several false starts where nests are dug partway before being abandoned; in solitary species this can give the impression of colonial living even when that is not the case. The process of nest building

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a fairly uniform group. They share many features with related Coraciiformes such as the kingfishers and rollers, being large-headed (although less so than their relatives), short-necked, brightly plumaged and short-legged. Their wings may be rounded or pointed, with the wing shape closely correlated

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during a nesting season, and in sedentary species, pairs may stay together for multiple years. Migratory bee-eaters may find new mates each breeding season. The courtship displays of the bee-eaters are rather unspectacular, with some calling and raising of throat and wing feathers. The exception is

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The bee-eaters are almost exclusively aerial hunters of insect prey. Prey is caught either on the wing or more commonly from an exposed perch from which the bee-eater watches for prey. Smaller, rounder-winged bee-eaters typically hunt from branches and twigs closer to the ground, whereas the larger

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Open country species, which comprise the majority of bee-eaters, have mostly expanded in range as more land is converted to agriculture, but some tropical forest species have suffered declines through loss of habitat, although no species or subspecies gives serious cause for concern. There is some

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starts soon after the first egg is laid, with both parents sharing this duty in the day, but only the female at night. The eggs hatch in about 20 days, and the newly hatched young are blind, pink and naked. For most species, the eggs do not all hatch at the same time, so if food is in short supply

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Bee-eaters may nest as single pairs, loose colonies or dense colonies. Smaller species tend to nest solitarily, while medium-sized bee-eaters have small colonies, and larger and migratory species nest in large colonies that can number in the thousands. In some instances, colonies may contain more

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tendencies. Shorter, rounder wings are found on species that are sedentary and make typically short foraging flights in denser forests and reed-beds. Those with more elongated wings are more migratory. All the bee-eaters are highly aerial; they take off strongly from perches, fly directly without

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studies have confirmed that the bee-eaters are more closely related to the rollers and ground rollers than they are to the todies, motmots and kingfishers. The relationship between the families is shown the cladogram below. The number of species in each family is taken from the list maintained by

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The social structures of the red-throated bee-eater and the white-fronted bee-eaters have been described as more complex than for any other bird species. The birds exist in colonies located on nesting cliffs, and have a stable structure all year round. These colonies typically contain five to 50

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Bee-eaters are fairly indiscriminate in their choice of habitat. Their requirements are simply an elevated perch from which to watch for prey and a suitable ground substrate in which to dig their breeding burrow. Because their prey is entirely caught on the wing they are not dependent on any

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can take as long as twenty days to complete, during which time the bill can be blunted and shortened. Nests are generally used only for a single season and are rarely used twice by the bee-eaters, but abandoned nests may be used by other birds, snakes and bats as shelter and breeding sites.

2018:, and their offspring. The helpers are male offspring from a previous year. Within the colony, the males alternate between guarding their mate and attempting to make forced copulations with other females. The females in turn attempt to lay eggs in their neighbour's nests, an example of 2079:

is usually not pursued. Small prey may be eaten on the wing, but larger items are returned to the perch where they are beaten until dead and then broken up. Insects with poisonous stings are first smacked on the branch, then, with the bird's eyes closed, rubbed to discharge the

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with which to snatch insects from the air and crush smaller prey. The short legs have weak feet, and when it is moving on the ground a bee-eater's gait is barely more than a shuffle. The feet have sharp claws used for perching on vertical surfaces and also for nest excavation.

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the colony, this maximum distance being reached only when there is a shortage of food. Observations show that the birds actually enter the apiary only in cold and rainy periods, when the bees do not leave the hive and other insect prey are harder for the bee-eaters to detect.

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Predation is more likely when the bees are queening or during the peak of migration, from late March till mid-April, and in mid-September. Hives close to or under trees or overhead cables are at increased risk as the birds pounce on flying insects from these perches.

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to kill the birds. Aristotle knew that bee-eaters nested at the end of tunnels up to 2 m (6.6 ft) long and the size of their clutch. He said that nesting adults were fed by their own young, based on the observed actual help at the nest by related birds.

246:, nesting in burrows tunnelled into vertical sandy banks, often at the side of a river or in flat ground. As they mostly live in colonies, large numbers of nest holes may be seen together. The eggs are white, with typically five to the clutch. Most species are 2140:

is a particularly commonly eaten species. These bees attempt to congregate in a mass defence against the bee-eaters. In Israel, a European bee-eater was documented attempting to eat a small bat that it had caught, which probably could not fit down its throat.

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always nests on level ground. The burrows are dug by both birds in the pair, sometimes assisted by helpers. The soil or sand is loosened with jabs of the sharp bill, then the feet are used to kick out the loose soil. It has been suggested that riverine

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found that males were more colourful than females in UV light. Their overall colour was also affected by body condition, suggesting that there was a signalling component to plumage colour. Juveniles are generally similar to adults, except for the two

2408:, or young taken for food. More generally problematic is the unintended destruction of nests. This can occur through cattle trampling, as with the blue-headed bee-eater in Kenya, or loss of forests, with massive conversion of native forest to 2189:, showed that the bee-eaters were not the main obstacle to bee foraging; in some cases, the foraging rate was higher in the presence of the birds than in their absence. The average bird meal consisted of 90.8% honey bees and 9.2% beetles. 1986:, which has a three-stage migration; after breeding in a band between Angola and Mozambique it moves south to Botswana, Namibia and South Africa before moving north to its main wintering grounds in northern Angola, Congo and Tanzania. 2037:

and water bathing. Sunning behaviour helps warm birds in the morning, reducing the need to use energy to raise their temperature. It also has a social aspect, as multiple birds adopt the same posture. Finally, it may help stimulate

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Prum, Richard O.; Berv, Jacob S.; Dornburg, Alex; Field, Daniel J.; Townsend, Jeffrey P.; Lemmon, Emily Moriarty; Lemmon, Alan R. (2015). "A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing".

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and kingfishers). A 2009 book supported Fry's contention, but then a later study in 2015 suggested that the bee-eaters are sister to the rollers. The 2008 and 2015 papers both linked the kingfishers to the New World motmots.

2091:, as demonstrated by a juvenile bird in captivity, which performed the task when first presented with wild bees. This bird was stung on the first five tries, but by ten bees, it was as adept at handling bees as adult birds. 2488:

believed that bee-eaters had medical properties, prescribing the application of bee-eater fat to deter biting flies, and treating the eyes with the smoke from charred bee-eater legs to cure an unspecified female complaint.

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believe that the bee-eaters are the main obstacle causing worker bees not to forage, and instead stay inside the hives for much of the day between May and the end of August. However, a study carried out in a

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than one species of bee-eater. In species that nest gregariously, breeding pairs may be assisted by up to five helpers. These birds may alternate between breeding themselves and helping in successive years.

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Bee-eaters have calls that are characteristic for each species. Most sound simple to the human ear, but show significant variability when studied in detail, carrying significant information for the birds.

2396:(IUCN) assesses species vulnerability in terms of total population and the rate of any population decline. None of the bee-eaters meet the IUCN vulnerability criteria, and all are therefore evaluated as " 2136:

can comprise a large part of the diet, as much as 89% of the overall intake. The preference for bees and wasps may have arisen because of the numerical abundance of these suitably sized insects. The

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distribution, occurring from Europe to Australia. The centre of diversity of the family is Africa, although a number of species also occur in Asia. Single species occur in each of Europe, (the

348:. Opinions have varied as to the bee-eater's nearest relatives. In 2001, Fry considered the kingfishers to be the most likely, whereas a large study published in 2008 found that bee-eaters are 204:, containing three genera and thirty species. Most species are found in Africa and Asia, with a few in southern Europe, Australia, and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured 3638: 2530:. Bee-eaters have been depicted on the postage stamps of at least 38 countries, the European and Carmine bee-eaters being the most common subjects, with 18 and 11 countries respectively. 2428:, an estimated 4,000–6,000 annually being killed in Cyprus alone, but with a global population of between 170,000 and 550,000 pairs even losses on that scale make little overall impact. 2343:. The hole-nesting lifestyle of bee-eaters means that they tend to carry a higher burden of external parasites than non-hole-nesting bird species. Bee-eaters may also be infected by 1748:

The Asian green bee-eater, African green bee-eater, and Arabian green bee-eater were previously considered to be a single species, and are still treated as such by some authorities.

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and the typical bee-eaters, having rounded wings and a "beard", but a smooth culmen and no nostril feathers. All the remaining species are normally retained in the single genus

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Species that breed in subtropical or temperate areas of Europe, Asia and Australia are all migratory. The European bee-eaters that breed in southern Europe and Asia migrate to

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bee-eaters have a black bar through the eye and many have differently coloured throats and faces. The extent of the green in these species varies from almost complete in the

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Depictions in classical art are rare for such striking birds. The only known Ancient Egyptian example is a relief, probably of a little green bee-eater, on a wall of Queen

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live in the nests of at least European bee-eaters, and feed on faeces and food remains. Their presence and cleaning activities appear to benefit the developing bee-eaters.

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Fry, Hilary C.; de Juana, Eduardo; Boesman, Peter; Kirwan, Guy M. (2013). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).

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is removed by repeatedly hitting and rubbing the insect on a hard surface. During this process, pressure is applied to the insect's body, thereby discharging most of the

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is unsuitable for stopping or if they are crossing the sea. Bee-eaters are highly social, and pairs sitting or roosting together are often so close that they touch (an

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Krištofík, Ján; Darolová, Alžbeta; Hoi, Christine; Hoi, Herbert (2016). "Housekeeping by lodgers: the importance of bird nest fauna on offspring condition".

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in the feathers, making them easier to find and remove. Due to their hole-nesting lifestyle, bee-eaters accumulate a number of external parasites such as

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del Hoyo, Josep; Collar, Nigel; Kirwan, Guy M. (2013). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).

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del Hoyo, Josep; Collar, Nigel; Kirwan, Guy M. (2013). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).

2050:, keep the feathers and skin in good health. Bathing with water involves making shallow dives into a water body and then returning to a perch to preen. 3678: 3108: 332:, but ancestors of those families diverged from the bee-eaters at least forty million years ago, so any relationship is not close. The scarcity of 4186:

El-Ahmed, A.; Gamal, el-D. N.; Shobrak, M.; Dik, B. (2012). "First records of the chewing lice (Phthiraptera) associated with European bee eater (

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Emlen, S. T.; Wrege, P. H. (1996). "Forced copulations and intra-specific parasitism: two costs of social living in the white-fronted bee-eater".

4902: 3653: 4335: 2393: 2132:. In a survey of 20 studies, the proportion of the diet made up by bees and wasps varied from 20% to 96%, with the average being 70%. Of these 266: 4941: 2250:

in the nest, and their pellets are trodden underfoot, making the nest cavity very malodorous. The chicks are in the nest for about 30 days.

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No nesting material is used in the breeding cavity. One white egg is laid each day until the typical clutch of about five eggs is complete.

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of bee-eaters are curved, long and end in a sharp point. The bill can bite strongly, particularly at the tip, and it is used as a pair of

2327: 2567:. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 190, 252. 3616: 3392:

Fry, C. Hilary; Boesman, P. (2020). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).

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species hunt from tree tops or telephone wires. One unusual technique often used by carmine bee-eaters is to ride on the backs of

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Kuhl, H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S.T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2021).

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Bee-eaters consume a wide range of insects; beyond a few distasteful butterflies they consume almost any insect from tiny

2292:. The young honeyguides kill the bee-eater's chicks and destroy any eggs. The begging call of the honeyguide sounds like 2160:

Bee-eater colony destroyed by bee-keepers. The entrances into the bee eater's nests were deliberately blocked with stones

309:, who created the bird subfamily Meropia for these birds in 1815. The name, now modernised as Meropidae, is derived from 2156: 2124:, true flies and moths. For many species, the dominant prey item are stinging members of the order Hymenoptera, namely 2088: 1839: 3503:

Hegner, Robert E.; Emlen, Stephen; Demong, Natalie J. (1982). "Spatial organization of the white-fronted bee-eater".

4980: 4855: 3854:"Loess and Bee-Eaters II: The 'loess' of North Africa and the nesting behaviour of the Northern Carmine Bee-Eater ( 1838:

of the family is generally very bright and in most species is mainly or at least partially green, although the two

4946: 3109:"Molecular phylogenetics of the bee-eaters (Aves: Meropidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data" 643:, have not been generally accepted for several decades since a 1969 paper united them in the current arrangement. 4868: 317:

for "bee-eater", and the English term "bee-eater" was first recorded in 1668, referring to the European species.

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and flies. Together with sunning, bouts of dust bathing (or water bathing where available), as well as rigorous

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Witt, Christopher C.; Yuri, Tamaki (2008). "A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history".

2496:, the shape of the bird in flight was thought to resemble a bow, with the long bill as an arrow. This led to a 2380: 4143:

Valera, F.; Casas-Crivillé, A.; Hoi, H. (2003). "Interspecific parasite exchange in a mixed colony of birds".

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Avery, M. T.; Krebs, J. R.; Houston, A. I. (1988). "Economics of courtship-feeding in the European bee-eater (

4928: 344:(from 11,700 years ago to present) specimens from Israel and Russia, but all have proved to be of the extant 306: 273:". Their conspicuous appearance means that they have been mentioned by ancient writers and incorporated into 4798: 4785: 3269: 3147: 2710: 2276:

Bee-eater nests may be raided by rats and snakes, and the adults are hunted by birds of prey such as the

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Valley. The well-studied European bee-eater is trapped and shot on migration in countries bordering the

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and medium to long wings, which may be pointed or round. Male and female plumages are usually similar.

55: 4985: 4665: 4595: 3173: 2624: 1707: 1590: 250:, and both parents care for their young, sometimes with assistance from related birds in the colony. 2100:

flies to large beetles and dragonflies. At some point bee-eaters have been recorded eating beetles,

1763:, although the position of the purple-bearded bee-eater seems anomalous, in that it appears amongst 4600: 4575: 4570: 4521: 4445: 1851: 1671: 1554: 1545: 1466: 598: 146: 4226: 2828: 1939:, which has the majority of the species, occurs across the entirety of the family's distribution. 575:

The bee-eaters are generally similar in appearance, although they are normally divided into three

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terminate in a club-shape that he lacks. There may be instances where bee-eaters are sexually

1653: 1448: 4967: 4907: 4590: 4580: 4555: 4498: 2637: 2527: 2397: 2058: 1887: 1859: 1581: 1563: 1425: 590: 270: 257:; their nests are raided by rodents, weasels, martens and snakes, and they can carry various 4959: 2820: 4824: 4772: 4331: 3917: 3868: 3816: 3716: 3512: 3123: 2981: 2909:"An unbiased molecular approach using 3′-UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life" 2865: 2777: 2718:. Vol. 6: Mousebirds to Hornbills. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 286–325. 2477:

was fatally struck by his father when he desecrated a ritual sacrifice of a ram to the god

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is restricted to Asia, ranging from India and southern China to the Indonesian islands of

8: 4763: 4620: 4438: 3801:"Loess and bee-eaters I: Ground properties affecting the nesting of European bee-eaters ( 3031: 2821: 2217: 2015: 2003: 1816: 1808: 382: 262: 247: 208:, slender bodies, and usually elongated central tail feathers. All have long down-turned 3921: 3872: 3820: 3720: 3516: 3127: 3004: 2985: 2969: 2869: 2781: 2481:

by tasting the victim's brains. The god took pity on him, turning him into a bee-eater.

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burrows, occasionally up to 200, and are composed of clans of two or three pairs, their

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McLaren, Sue; Svircev, Zorica; O'Hara-Dhand, Ken; Heneberg, Petr; Smalley, Ian (2014).

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Smalley, Ian; O'Hara-Dhand, Ken; McLaren, Sue; Svircev, Zorica; Nugent, Hugh (2013).

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in the breeding season and some species are also highly gregarious when not nesting.

1928: 1907: 1870: 1760: 1756: 1689: 1405: 1366: 437: 289: 4317: 4259: 4172: 3785: 3736: 3532: 3367: 3066:. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 229–238. 3061: 2547: 1854:. Three species, from equatorial Africa, have no green at all in their plumage, the 1775: 4635: 4545: 4465: 4305: 4245: 4199: 4152: 4115: 4107: 3992: 3929: 3925: 3884: 3876: 3832: 3824: 3763: 3724: 3613:"Prigonirea prigoriei. [Myths and truths about honey bees and bee eaters ]" 3567: 3520: 3477: 3407: 3371: 3353: 3282: 3234: 3186: 3131: 3086: 2999: 2989: 2940: 2930: 2920: 2873: 2805: 2785: 2568: 2023: 1800:

undulations, and are able to change direction quickly, although they rarely hover.

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Fry, C. Hilary (1969). "The evolution and systematics of bee-eaters (Meropidae)".

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The bee-eaters have been considered to be related to other families, such as the

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human persecution of bee-eaters, with nest holes being blocked, adults shot or

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of undigested material, typically 2 cm (0.8 in) long black oblongs.

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Bee-eaters spend around 10% of their day on comfort activities. These include

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as bee-eaters, because of the metaphorical poison they bore in their mouths.

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bee-eater chicks, ensuring a good supply of food from the adult bee-eaters.

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Siefferman, Lynn; Wang, Yuan-Jyun; Wang, Yi-Ping; Yuan, Hsiao-Wei (2007).

1480: 340:(2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago) have been found in Austria, and there are 4889: 4757: 2436: 2321: 2030: 2007: 1967: 1883: 1752: 533: 337: 243: 2877: 4489: 3728: 2516: 2505: 2316: 2247: 2206: 2178: 2173: 2117: 2096: 1995: 1979: 1413: 581: 453: 329: 321: 139: 20: 16:

Widespread group of insectivorous bird species in the family Meropidae

3889: 3851: 3837: 3035: 4837: 4391:. Oxford Classical Monographs. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 108. 4203: 3798: 3524: 2549:

Analyse de la nature: ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés

2459: 2451: 2440: 2269: 2225: 2034: 1998:, although a few species may migrate during the night if the terrain 1920: 1879: 517: 274: 67: 4894: 4881: 4719: 4425: 4227:"Louse (Insecta: Phthiraptera) infestations of European Bee-eaters ( 2572: 2280:. The little bee-eater and red-throated bee-eaters are hosts of the 302:

The bee-eaters were first named as a scientific group by the French

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mural depicting blue-cheeked bee-eaters was found in the villa of

2552:(in French). Vol. 1815. Palermo: Self-published. p. 66. 2444: 2421: 2113: 2084: 2072: 1944: 1886:

part of the colour spectrum, which humans cannot see. A study of

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Casas-Crivillé, A.; Valera, F. (2005). "The European bee-eater (

3548:"The predator-prey interaction between blue-bearded bee eaters ( 2970:"Complexity of avian evolution revealed by family-level genomes" 227:, which are caught on the wing from an open perch. The insect's 164: 2501: 2478: 2474: 2455: 2210: 2165: 2121: 2109: 2101: 1975: 1948: 365: 333: 325: 269:'s vulnerability criteria, and all are therefore evaluated as " 216: 77: 3615:(in Romanian). Romanian Ornithological Society. Archived from 597:, feathered nostrils and a relatively sluggish lifestyle. The 4829: 3107:

Marks, Ben D.; Weckstein, Jason D.; Moyle, Robert G. (2007).

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is associated with forests, where it forages in edge habitats

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As their name suggests, bee-eaters predominantly eat flying

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10.1645/0022-3395(2003)089[0245:IPEIAM]2.0.CO;2

3769:

10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0240:CAATEO]2.0.CO;2

2125: 2043: 1823: 585:

comprises two large species with long throat feathers, the

361: 261:. Some species are adversely affected by human activity or 224: 209: 194: 97: 2300: 2129: 220: 3170: 2766: 2224:

Like almost all Coraciiformes the bee-eaters are cavity

4295: 4225:

Karáth, Kata; Fuisz, Tibor István; Vas, Zoltán (2013).

4185: 4142: 3973:"Competition and coexistence of the European Bee-eater 2412:

plantations in Malaysia being particularly concerning.

1935:, also found on mainland Africa). Of the three genera, 1895:

species, in which the young have mainly green plumage.

1873:

in most of the family, although in several species the

4048:. Poyser Monograph. London: Poyser. pp. 231–235. 3339: 2388:

is adversely affected by persecution and habitat loss.

4093: 4068: 3679:"Bee-eater is not to blame for decline in honey bees" 3589:"Ambitious bee-eater attempts to swallow a bat whole" 2854: 2714:. In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). 2450:

Bee-eaters were mentioned by ancient writers such as

1866:. Many species have elongated central tail feathers. 1387:

The bee-eater family contains the following species.

3903: 3266: 3218: 3026: 2616: 2565:

History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names

2299:

Bee-eaters may be infested by several blood-feeding

4094:Spottiswoode, Claire N.; Koorevaar, Jeroen (2011). 3106: 4460: 4012:Fry, C. Hilary; Fry, Kathie; Harris, Alan (1992). 3908:) as an ecosystem engineer in arid environments". 3393: 3268: 3220: 3172: 2709: 2617: 4069:Christie, David A.; Ferguson-Lees, James (2010). 3702: 3502: 3442:Animal migration: remarkable journeys in the wild 3433: 2743:. Poyser Monograph. London: Poyser. p. 195. 1795:with the species' preferred foraging habitat and 1377:were not included in the study. The placement of 5000: 4273:Mohammad, Mohammad K.; AlNeaim, Taha M. (2000). 3950:. Poyser Monograph. London: Poyser. p. 19. 3545: 3319:. Poyser Monograph. London: Poyser. p. 29. 2246:only the older chicks survive. Adults and young 4272: 4192:Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 3941: 3939: 3444:. University of California Press. p. 148. 4224: 2394:International Union for Conservation of Nature 267:International Union for Conservation of Nature 4446: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 3552:Jardine and Selby 1830) and giant honeybees ( 2504:'s bow" and an association with archer gods. 2443:advised the killing of bee-eaters to protect 646: 593:, both of which have rounded wings, a ridged 4011: 3936: 3308: 2732: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2589:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 1982:. The most unusual migration is that of the 5014:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque 4366:. London: Jonathan Cape. pp. 322–323. 4279:Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 4275:"Blood parasites of two bee-eaters in Iraq" 3970: 3260: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 1902: 1369:(maximum parsimony) based on a 2007 study. 4453: 4439: 4030: 3546:Kastberger, Gerald; Sharma, D. K. (2000). 3539: 3467: 3391: 3063:Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 5 2545: 2257: 2185:in Libya, 80 km (50 mi) east of 2151: 163: 36: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4324: 4249: 4119: 3996: 3897: 3888: 3836: 3767: 3571: 3357: 3164: 3003: 2993: 2944: 2934: 2924: 2762: 2760: 2144:Like kingfishers, bee-eaters regurgitate 1842:are primarily rose-coloured. Most of the 1811:, the outermost being very small, and 13 1786:usually have a black bar through the eye. 627:, but formerly suggested genera, such as 336:is unhelpful. Bee-eater fossils from the 4062: 4016:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 19. 3971:Kossenko, S. M.; Fry, C. Hilary (1998). 3792: 3749: 3676: 3463: 3461: 3404:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive 3279:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive 3231:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive 3212: 3183:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive 3102: 3100: 2644: 2435: 2379: 2261: 2200: 2155: 2066:presents his mate with a captured insect 2057: 1978:and winters further south in equatorial 1906: 1774: 284: 4231:Linnaeus, 1758) at Albertirsa, Hungary" 4218: 3586: 3385: 2967: 2585: 2546:Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1815). 5001: 4386: 4380: 4361: 4350: 4289: 4136: 3845: 3056: 3050: 2850: 2848: 2757: 2022:. Some individuals also specialise in 387:International Ornithological Committee 307:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz 4724: 4723: 4434: 4421:Meropidae, Bird families of the World 4179: 3743: 3458: 3439: 3116:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3097: 3070: 3038:. International Ornithologists' Union 19:For the family of scorpionflies, see 4869:c164363d-bcd7-437b-add0-874aee163460 4704: 4266: 4087: 4014:Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, and Rollers 3964: 3636: 3333: 2818: 2638:participating institution membership 2592:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 2562: 2181:forest in the Alaluas region in the 4073:. London: Bloomsbury. p. 530. 4043: 4005: 3945: 3709:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 3696: 3670: 3496: 3314: 3076: 3020: 2845: 2812: 2738: 2707: 2556: 2539: 2053: 1955:has a single species restricted to 385:and David Donsker on behalf of the 13: 3998:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1998.tb04535.x 3482:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1986.tb00566.x 3091:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1969.tb02567.x 3036:"IOC World Bird List Version 14.1" 2716:Handbook of the Birds of the World 2610: 2579: 180:bee-eater species regularly breed 14: 5025: 4408: 2968:Stiller, J.; et al. (2024). 178: Approximate area in which 4703: 4694: 4693: 4387:Irving, P. M. C. Forbes (1990). 2827:. Heidelberg: Springer. p. 1479: 1447: 1404: 605:, which is intermediate between 54: 4417:on the Internet Bird Collection 3977:and the Blue-cheeked Bee-eater 3630: 3605: 3580: 2961: 2913:Molecular Biology and Evolution 2900: 2711:"Family Meropidae (Bee-eaters)" 3930:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.03.012 3677:Carabott, Sarah (2015-10-26). 1770: 45:Six common African bee-eaters 1: 4426:Meropidae on Tree of Life Web 3750:Eberhard, Jessica R. (2002). 3643:on the behavior of honey bee 3639:"The impact of the Bee-eater 3587:Sarchet, Penny (2015-07-01). 2533: 2431: 2347:blood parasites of the genus 440:– ground rollers (5 species) 4389:Metamorphosis in Greek Myths 3910:Journal of Arid Environments 3881:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.01.040 3829:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.09.005 3406:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 3281:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 3233:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 3185:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 1989: 1871:difference between the sexes 536:– kingfishers (118 species) 253:Bee-eaters may be killed by 7: 3136:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.004 2205:Bee-eater nesting cliff in 2196: 2006:of zero). Many species are 1850:to barely any green in the 654:Evolutionary relationships 280: 10: 5030: 4681:Southern carmine bee-eater 4676:Northern carmine bee-eater 4626:Cinnamon-chested bee-eater 3805:L.1758) in loess deposits" 3395:"White-throated-Bee-eater( 3270:"African Green Bee-eater ( 3222:"Arabian Green Bee-eater ( 2995:10.1038/s41586-024-07323-1 2386:southern carmine bee-eater 2315:. Other parasites include 1984:southern carmine bee-eater 1759:study produced a possible 1735:Southern carmine bee-eater 1726:Northern carmine bee-eater 1627:Cinnamon-chested bee-eater 647:Species in taxonomic order 417:– bee-eaters (31 species) 18: 4732: 4689: 4666:Chestnut-headed bee-eater 4596:Blue-moustached bee-eater 4534: 4512: 4487: 4473: 4310:10.1007/s10336-016-1384-9 2936:21.11116/0000-0007-B72A-C 2625:Oxford English Dictionary 2586:Jobling, James A (2010). 2375: 2118:crickets and grasshoppers 1708:Chestnut-headed bee-eater 1591:Blue-moustached bee-eater 1419:Jardine & Selby, 1830 1248: 1233: 1226: 1202: 1187: 1180: 1173: 1158: 1151: 1118: 1103: 1096: 1081: 1074: 1067: 1052: 1045: 1030: 1023: 1008: 1001: 977: 970: 963: 956: 905: 890: 883: 868: 861: 846: 839: 815: 800: 793: 786: 762: 747: 740: 733: 709: 694: 687: 680: 665: 531: 515: 508: 492: 485: 451: 435: 428: 412: 405: 398: 171: 162: 135: 130: 51:Scientific classification 49: 44: 35: 30: 4601:Rufous-crowned bee-eater 4576:Swallow-tailed bee-eater 4571:White-throated bee-eater 4522:Purple-bearded bee-eater 4044:Fry, C. Hilary (2010) . 3946:Fry, C. Hilary (2010) . 3865:Quaternary International 3809:Quaternary International 3315:Fry, C. Hilary (2010) . 3174:"Asian Green Bee-eater ( 3034:, eds. (December 2023). 2739:Fry, C. Hilary (2010) . 2563:Bock, Walter J. (1994). 1903:Distribution and habitat 1869:There is little visible 1852:white-throated bee-eater 1807:of the wing comprise 10 1672:Rufous-crowned bee-eater 1555:Swallow-tailed bee-eater 1546:White-throated bee-eater 1467:Purple-bearded bee-eater 599:purple-bearded bee-eater 4646:Blue-throated bee-eater 4616:Blue-breasted bee-eater 4611:White-fronted bee-eater 4566:Arabian green bee-eater 4561:African green bee-eater 4526:Blue-breasted bee-eater 4145:Journal of Parasitology 2790:10.1126/science.1157704 2630:Oxford University Press 2340:Echidnophaga gallinacea 2258:Predators and parasites 2152:Predation of honey bees 2064:blue-throated bee-eater 1919:The bee-eaters have an 1784:white-fronted bee-eater 1663:Blue-throated bee-eater 1618:Blue-breasted bee-eater 1609:White-fronted bee-eater 1537:Arabian green bee-eater 1528:African green bee-eater 621:white-fronted bee-eater 520:– motmots (14 species) 456:– rollers (13 species) 4631:Black-headed bee-eater 4606:Red-throated bee-eater 4551:Blue-cheeked bee-eater 4504:Blue-bearded bee-eater 4298:Journal of Ornithology 4251:10.2478/orhu-2014-0003 4112:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0739 3412:10.2173/bow.wtbeat1.01 3287:10.2173/bow.grbeat1.01 3239:10.2173/bow.grbeat1.01 3191:10.2173/bow.grbeat1.01 2926:10.1093/molbev/msaa191 2823:Paleogene Fossil Birds 2447: 2416:concentrated into the 2389: 2312:Ornithophila metallica 2273: 2272:to keep down parasites 2267:Asian green bee-eaters 2213: 2161: 2067: 1931:) and Madagascar (the 1916: 1913:blue-bearded bee-eater 1787: 1636:Black-headed bee-eater 1600:Red-throated bee-eater 1510:Blue-cheeked bee-eater 1435:Blue-bearded bee-eater 617:red-throated bee-eater 601:is the sole member of 587:blue-bearded bee-eater 374:molecular phylogenetic 299: 4968:Paleobiology Database 4591:Blue-headed bee-eater 4581:Blue-tailed bee-eater 4556:Asian green bee-eater 4499:Red-bearded bee-eater 4362:Cocker, Mark (2013). 3573:10.1051/apido:2000157 2819:Mayr, Gerald (2009). 2439: 2398:Least-concern species 2383: 2309:, and the biting fly 2265: 2204: 2159: 2061: 1910: 1888:blue-tailed bee-eater 1860:blue-headed bee-eater 1778: 1582:Blue-headed bee-eater 1564:Blue-tailed bee-eater 1519:Asian green bee-eater 1426:Red-bearded bee-eater 591:red-bearded bee-eater 497:– todies (5 species) 288: 4864:Fauna Europaea (new) 4190:) in Saudi Arabia". 4071:Raptors of the World 3867:. 334–335: 112–118. 2708:Fry, Hilary (2001). 2087:. This behaviour is 1782:species such as the 1685:Merops superciliosus 1439:Nyctyornis athertoni 1371:Nyctyornis athertoni 265:, but none meet the 238:Most bee-eaters are 4621:Ethiopian bee-eater 3922:2005JArEn..60..227C 3873:2014QuInt.334..112M 3821:2013QuInt.296..220S 3721:1988BEcoS..23...61A 3647:L. during foraging" 3550:Nyctornis athertoni 3517:1982Natur.298..264H 3440:Hoare, Ben (2009). 3272:Merops viridissimus 3128:2007MolPE..45...23M 2986:2024Natur.629..851S 2878:10.1038/nature15697 2870:2015Natur.526..569P 2782:2008Sci...320.1763H 2776:(5884): 1763–1768. 2628:(Online ed.). 2508:were thought to be 2458:, who both advised 2004:individual distance 1994:The bee-eaters are 1815:, and there are 12 1790:The bee-eaters are 1712:Merops leschenaulti 1613:Merops bullockoides 1532:Merops viridissimus 697:Merops bullockoides 383:Pamela C. Rasmussen 4661:European bee-eater 3729:10.1007/BF00299888 3030:; Donsker, David; 2448: 2390: 2282:greater honeyguide 2278:Levant sparrowhawk 2274: 2214: 2162: 2068: 2031:sunning themselves 1927:), Australia (the 1925:European bee-eater 1917: 1840:carmine bee-eaters 1788: 1699:European bee-eater 1568:Merops philippinus 1559:Merops hirundineus 1471:Meropogon forsteni 1430:Nyctyornis amictus 750:Meropogon forsteni 346:European bee-eater 300: 290:Rainbow bee-eaters 4996: 4995: 4955:Open Tree of Life 4726:Taxon identifiers 4717: 4716: 4656:Rainbow bee-eater 4398:978-0-19-814730-5 4373:978-0-224-08174-0 4080:978-0-7136-8026-3 4055:978-1-4081-3686-7 4023:978-0-7136-8028-7 3957:978-1-4081-3686-7 3511:(5871): 264–266. 3451:978-0-520-25823-5 3397:Merops albicollis 3326:978-1-4081-3686-7 3224:Merops cyanophrys 3176:Merops orientalis 3058:Peters, James Lee 3032:Rasmussen, Pamela 2980:(8013): 851–860. 2864:(7574): 563–573. 2838:978-3-540-89627-2 2750:978-1-4081-3686-7 2725:978-84-87334-30-6 2636:(Subscription or 2603:978-1-4081-2501-4 2486:Ancient Egyptians 2286:lesser honeyguide 1929:rainbow bee-eater 1761:phylogenetic tree 1757:mitochondrial DNA 1746: 1745: 1739:Merops nubicoides 1721:Merops malimbicus 1690:Rainbow bee-eater 1676:Merops americanus 1622:Merops variegatus 1550:Merops albicollis 1541:Merops cyanophyrs 1523:Merops orientalis 1385: 1384: 1367:Phylogenetic tree 1360: 1359: 1351: 1350: 1342: 1341: 1333: 1332: 1324: 1323: 1315: 1314: 1306: 1305: 1297: 1296: 1288: 1287: 1279: 1278: 1270: 1269: 1261: 1260: 1215: 1214: 1140: 1139: 1131: 1130: 990: 989: 945: 944: 936: 935: 927: 926: 918: 917: 828: 827: 775: 774: 722: 721: 572: 571: 563: 562: 554: 553: 545: 544: 474: 473: 465: 464: 438:Brachypteraciidae 187: 186: 126: 5021: 4989: 4988: 4976: 4975: 4963: 4962: 4950: 4949: 4937: 4936: 4934:NBNSYS0000160405 4924: 4923: 4911: 4910: 4898: 4897: 4885: 4884: 4872: 4871: 4859: 4858: 4846: 4845: 4833: 4832: 4820: 4819: 4807: 4806: 4794: 4793: 4781: 4780: 4768: 4767: 4766: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4721: 4720: 4707: 4706: 4697: 4696: 4641:Böhm's bee-eater 4636:Somali bee-eater 4546:Little bee-eater 4455: 4448: 4441: 4432: 4431: 4415:Bee-eater videos 4403: 4402: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4364:Birds and People 4359: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4253: 4235: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4204:10.12816/0006338 4183: 4177: 4176: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4123: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4041: 4028: 4027: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3943: 3934: 3933: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3862: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3771: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3690: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3658: 3651: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3599: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3556:Fabricius 1798)" 3543: 3537: 3536: 3525:10.1038/298264a0 3500: 3494: 3493: 3465: 3456: 3455: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3401: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3379: 3370:. Archived from 3361: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3276: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3228: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3180: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3158: 3152: 3146:. Archived from 3113: 3104: 3095: 3094: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3007: 2997: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2948: 2938: 2928: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2852: 2843: 2842: 2826: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2764: 2755: 2754: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2713: 2705: 2642: 2641: 2633: 2621: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2543: 2230:Böhm's bee-eater 2054:Diet and feeding 2024:kleptoparasitism 2020:brood parasitism 1654:Böhm's bee-eater 1645:Somali bee-eater 1631:Merops oreobates 1501:Little bee-eater 1495: 1483: 1461: 1451: 1420: 1408: 1390: 1389: 1251:M. superciliosus 1229: 1228: 1183: 1182: 1176: 1175: 1154: 1153: 1099: 1098: 1077: 1076: 1070: 1069: 1048: 1047: 1026: 1025: 1004: 1003: 973: 972: 966: 965: 959: 958: 886: 885: 864: 863: 842: 841: 796: 795: 789: 788: 743: 742: 736: 735: 690: 689: 683: 682: 661: 660: 651: 650: 511: 510: 488: 487: 431: 430: 408: 407: 401: 400: 393: 392: 181: 177: 167: 121: 59: 58: 40: 28: 27: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5018: 4999: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4984: 4979: 4971: 4966: 4958: 4953: 4945: 4940: 4932: 4927: 4919: 4914: 4906: 4901: 4893: 4888: 4880: 4875: 4867: 4862: 4854: 4849: 4841: 4836: 4828: 4823: 4815: 4810: 4802: 4797: 4789: 4784: 4776: 4771: 4762: 4761: 4756: 4747: 4746: 4741: 4728: 4718: 4713: 4685: 4651:Olive bee-eater 4586:Black bee-eater 4530: 4508: 4483: 4469: 4459: 4411: 4406: 4399: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4360: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4294: 4290: 4271: 4267: 4238:Ornis Hungarica 4233: 4229:Merops apiaster 4223: 4219: 4188:Merops apiaster 4184: 4180: 4141: 4137: 4100:Biology Letters 4092: 4088: 4081: 4067: 4063: 4056: 4042: 4031: 4024: 4010: 4006: 3979:Merops persicus 3975:Merops apiaster 3969: 3965: 3958: 3944: 3937: 3906:Merops apiaster 3902: 3898: 3860: 3850: 3846: 3803:Merops apiaster 3797: 3793: 3748: 3744: 3705:Merops apiaster 3701: 3697: 3688: 3686: 3675: 3671: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3649: 3641:Merops apiaster 3637:Alfallah, H.M. 3635: 3631: 3622: 3620: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3597: 3595: 3585: 3581: 3544: 3540: 3501: 3497: 3466: 3459: 3452: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3390: 3386: 3377: 3375: 3338: 3334: 3327: 3313: 3309: 3299: 3297: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3217: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3169: 3165: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3111: 3105: 3098: 3075: 3071: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3025: 3021: 2966: 2962: 2905: 2901: 2853: 2846: 2839: 2817: 2813: 2765: 2758: 2751: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2706: 2645: 2635: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2584: 2580: 2561: 2557: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2522:, and an early 2520:mortuary temple 2468:Greek mythology 2434: 2378: 2290:brood parasites 2260: 2216:Bee-eaters are 2199: 2183:Murqub District 2154: 2056: 1992: 1972:southern Africa 1933:olive bee-eater 1905: 1856:black bee-eater 1848:green bee-eater 1805:flight feathers 1792:morphologically 1773: 1703:Merops apiaster 1681:Olive bee-eater 1649:Merops revoilii 1595:Merops mentalis 1586:Merops muelleri 1573:Black bee-eater 1514:Merops persicus 1505:Merops pusillus 1493: 1460:Bonaparte, 1850 1459: 1418: 1399:Living Species 1375:Merops revoilii 1361: 1352: 1343: 1334: 1325: 1316: 1307: 1298: 1289: 1280: 1271: 1262: 1216: 1141: 1132: 1106:M. leschenaulti 991: 946: 937: 928: 919: 829: 776: 723: 649: 573: 564: 555: 546: 475: 466: 283: 193:are a group of 183: 182: 179: 175: 174: 120: 53: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5027: 5017: 5016: 5011: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4990: 4977: 4964: 4951: 4938: 4925: 4912: 4899: 4886: 4873: 4860: 4851:Fauna Europaea 4847: 4834: 4821: 4808: 4795: 4782: 4769: 4754: 4738: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4711: 4701: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4671:Rosy bee-eater 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4542: 4540: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4518: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4495: 4493: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4458: 4457: 4450: 4443: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4410: 4409:External links 4407: 4405: 4404: 4397: 4379: 4372: 4349: 4323: 4288: 4265: 4217: 4198:(3): 525–533. 4178: 4151:(2): 245–250. 4135: 4086: 4079: 4061: 4054: 4046:The Bee-Eaters 4029: 4022: 4004: 3963: 3956: 3948:The Bee-Eaters 3935: 3916:(2): 227–238. 3896: 3856:Merops nubicus 3844: 3791: 3762:(2): 240–247. 3742: 3695: 3683:Times of Malta 3669: 3645:Apis mellifera 3629: 3604: 3579: 3566:(6): 727–736. 3538: 3495: 3457: 3450: 3432: 3384: 3359:10.1650/8201.1 3352:(3): 577–584. 3332: 3325: 3317:The Bee-Eaters 3307: 3259: 3211: 3163: 3096: 3085:(4): 557–592. 3069: 3060:, ed. (1945). 3049: 3019: 2960: 2919:(1): 108–127. 2899: 2844: 2837: 2811: 2756: 2749: 2741:The Bee-Eaters 2731: 2724: 2643: 2609: 2602: 2578: 2555: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2506:Scandalmongers 2500:name meaning " 2433: 2430: 2418:national parks 2377: 2374: 2319:of the genera 2259: 2256: 2198: 2195: 2153: 2150: 2138:giant honeybee 2055: 2052: 1991: 1988: 1959:in Indonesia. 1904: 1901: 1864:rosy bee-eater 1772: 1769: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1732: 1730:Merops nubicus 1723: 1717:Rosy bee-eater 1714: 1705: 1696: 1694:Merops ornatus 1687: 1678: 1669: 1667:Merops viridis 1660: 1651: 1642: 1640:Merops breweri 1633: 1624: 1615: 1606: 1604:Merops bulocki 1597: 1588: 1579: 1577:Merops gularis 1570: 1561: 1552: 1543: 1534: 1525: 1516: 1507: 1496: 1494:Linnaeus, 1758 1484: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1462: 1452: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1432: 1421: 1409: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1383: 1382: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1161:M. philippinus 1157: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1007: 1002: 1000: 997: 996: 993: 992: 988: 987: 984: 983: 976: 971: 969: 964: 962: 957: 955: 952: 951: 948: 947: 943: 942: 939: 938: 934: 933: 930: 929: 925: 924: 921: 920: 916: 915: 912: 911: 904: 901: 900: 897: 896: 889: 884: 882: 879: 878: 875: 874: 867: 862: 860: 857: 856: 853: 852: 849:M. hirundineus 845: 840: 838: 835: 834: 831: 830: 826: 825: 822: 821: 814: 811: 810: 807: 806: 799: 794: 792: 787: 785: 782: 781: 778: 777: 773: 772: 769: 768: 765:Merops breweri 761: 758: 757: 754: 753: 746: 741: 739: 734: 732: 729: 728: 725: 724: 720: 719: 716: 715: 708: 705: 704: 701: 700: 693: 688: 686: 681: 679: 676: 675: 672: 671: 664: 659: 656: 655: 648: 645: 570: 569: 566: 565: 561: 560: 557: 556: 552: 551: 548: 547: 543: 542: 539: 538: 530: 527: 526: 523: 522: 514: 509: 507: 504: 503: 500: 499: 491: 486: 484: 481: 480: 477: 476: 472: 471: 468: 467: 463: 462: 459: 458: 450: 447: 446: 443: 442: 434: 429: 427: 424: 423: 420: 419: 411: 406: 404: 399: 397: 396:Coraciiformes 391: 358:ground rollers 282: 279: 185: 184: 173: 172: 169: 168: 160: 159: 158: 157: 150: 143: 133: 132: 128: 127: 115: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 95: 91: 90: 85: 81: 80: 75: 71: 70: 65: 61: 60: 47: 46: 42: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5026: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5004: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4710: 4702: 4700: 4692: 4691: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4533: 4527: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4451: 4449: 4444: 4442: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4400: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4375: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4269: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4230: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4090: 4082: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4057: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4025: 4019: 4015: 4008: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3967: 3959: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3940: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3859: 3858:Gmelin 1788)" 3857: 3848: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3804: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3659:on 2018-06-27 3655: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3633: 3619:on 2018-06-27 3618: 3614: 3608: 3594: 3593:New Scientist 3590: 3583: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3462: 3453: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3398: 3388: 3374:on 2023-01-18 3373: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3328: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3263: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3215: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3177: 3167: 3153:on 2016-08-12 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3103: 3101: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3073: 3065: 3064: 3059: 3053: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2851: 2849: 2840: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2824: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2761: 2752: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2727: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2639: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2620: 2613: 2605: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2582: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2551: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2429: 2427: 2426:Mediterranean 2423: 2419: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2387: 2382: 2373: 2371: 2370: 2366:of the genus 2365: 2360: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2335: 2330: 2329: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2313: 2308: 2307: 2303:of the genus 2302: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2255: 2251: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2219: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2194: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2167: 2158: 2149: 2147: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2074: 2065: 2060: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1909: 1900: 1896: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1817:tail feathers 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1798: 1793: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1658:Merops boehmi 1655: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1356: 1355: 1347: 1346: 1338: 1337: 1329: 1328: 1320: 1319: 1311: 1310: 1302: 1301: 1293: 1292: 1284: 1283: 1275: 1274: 1266: 1265: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1231: 1230: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1185: 1184: 1178: 1177: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1136: 1135: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1101: 1100: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1084:M. orientalis 1079: 1078: 1072: 1071: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1055:M. malimbicus 1050: 1049: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1028: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1011:M. albicollis 1006: 1005: 999: 998: 995: 994: 986: 985: 982: 981: 975: 974: 968: 967: 961: 960: 954: 953: 950: 949: 941: 940: 932: 931: 923: 922: 914: 913: 910: 909: 908:M. variegatus 903: 902: 899: 898: 895: 894: 888: 887: 881: 880: 877: 876: 873: 872: 866: 865: 859: 858: 855: 854: 851: 850: 844: 843: 837: 836: 833: 832: 824: 823: 820: 819: 813: 812: 809: 808: 805: 804: 798: 797: 791: 790: 784: 783: 780: 779: 771: 770: 767: 766: 760: 759: 756: 755: 752: 751: 745: 744: 738: 737: 731: 730: 727: 726: 718: 717: 714: 713: 707: 706: 703: 702: 699: 698: 692: 691: 685: 684: 678: 677: 674: 673: 670: 669: 663: 662: 658: 657: 653: 652: 644: 642: 638: 634: 633:Melittophagus 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 613: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 583: 578: 568: 567: 559: 558: 550: 549: 541: 540: 537: 535: 529: 528: 525: 524: 521: 519: 513: 512: 506: 505: 502: 501: 498: 496: 490: 489: 483: 482: 479: 478: 470: 469: 461: 460: 457: 455: 449: 448: 445: 444: 441: 439: 433: 432: 426: 425: 422: 421: 418: 416: 410: 409: 403: 402: 395: 394: 390: 388: 384: 380: 375: 370: 367: 363: 359: 355: 354:Coraciiformes 352:to all other 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 318: 316: 315:Ancient Greek 312: 308: 305: 297: 296: 291: 287: 278: 276: 272: 271:least concern 268: 264: 260: 256: 251: 249: 245: 241: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 219:, especially 218: 213: 211: 207: 203: 200: 196: 192: 170: 166: 161: 156: 155: 151: 149: 148: 144: 142: 141: 137: 136: 134: 129: 124: 119: 116: 113: 112: 109: 108:Coraciiformes 106: 103: 102: 99: 96: 93: 92: 89: 86: 83: 82: 79: 76: 73: 72: 69: 66: 63: 62: 57: 52: 48: 43: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 4733: 4535: 4513: 4488: 4480: 4474: 4468:: Meropidae) 4461: 4388: 4382: 4363: 4340:. Retrieved 4332:"Bee-eaters" 4326: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4244:(2): 33–37. 4241: 4237: 4228: 4220: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4103: 4099: 4089: 4070: 4064: 4045: 4013: 4007: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3947: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3864: 3855: 3847: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3794: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3715:(2): 61–67. 3712: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3687:. Retrieved 3682: 3672: 3661:. Retrieved 3654:the original 3644: 3640: 3632: 3621:. Retrieved 3617:the original 3607: 3596:. Retrieved 3592: 3582: 3563: 3559: 3554:Apis dorsata 3553: 3549: 3541: 3508: 3504: 3498: 3473: 3469: 3441: 3435: 3423:. Retrieved 3403: 3396: 3387: 3376:. Retrieved 3372:the original 3349: 3345: 3335: 3316: 3310: 3298:. Retrieved 3278: 3271: 3262: 3250:. Retrieved 3230: 3223: 3214: 3202:. Retrieved 3182: 3175: 3166: 3155:. Retrieved 3148:the original 3122:(1): 23–32. 3119: 3115: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3062: 3052: 3040:. 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