510:
similarity between the two bibles. He assumed that the text of both bibles was based on the same preparatory work. According to modern research, the Bible of Saint Louis and the Oxford-Paris-London Bible were made almost simultaneously and some scholars think that the Bible of St. Louis served as a model for the Oxford-Paris-London. In the first two volumes the illumination is very similar, while the text excerpts show more differences. The illumination of the Toledo Bible is clearly of a better quality than that in the Oxford-Paris-London Bible, which apparently was made under the pressure of time. The third volume of the Toledo Bible and that of the Oxford-Paris-London Bible shows more differences. The Toledo Bible is lacking the books of the
Maccabees present in Harley 1526. The treatment of the Apocalypse is quite similar in both works, but other parts of the New Testament are treated very differently.
113:, of January 10, 1284. This will mentioned an “illuminated Bible in three volumes, given to us by king Louis of France". The will was written in Spanish. The original was lost, but an early copy reads as follows: "E mandamos otrosi, que las dos biblias et tres libros de letra gruesa, cobiertas de plata, é la otra en tres libros estoriada que nos dió el rey Luis de Francia, é la nuestra tabla con las reliquias, e las coronas con las piedras é con los camafeos é sortijas, é otras nobles que perteneçen al Rey, que lo aya todo aquel que con derecho por nos heredare el nuestro señorío mayor de Castilla é León". Shortly after the death of Alfonso his wills were translated into
20:
419:
180:
depicts a queen and a young beardless king. There are no attributes clearly identifying the couple, but the queen has been thought to be
Blanche of Castile. She is seated on a throne, garbed in her regal cloak and wearing a white veil. She speaks to the young king, her son Louis IX, who listens respectfully while he holds the gold bull hanging upon his chest. According to John Lowden, the scene suggests the dedication of the Bible by his mother to the young king. If this is correct, it was Blanche who commissioned the work.
485:
some are split in two by a cloud, arch or straight line. The illustrators used the moralisations to include criticisms of society from a monastic viewpoint. The Bible is a portrayal of medieval life in the first half of the 13th century with pictures of men, the social groups that existed, vices and virtues, apparel, customs, beliefs, games and ideals. Like the other Bibles
Moralisées the work also contains many anti-Semitic illustrations.
168:
155:
Madrid, which was copied from the Bible of St. Louis at the end of the 14th or the beginning of the 15th century. The text of this Osuna Bible ends at the
Apocalypse of John, XIX: 15-16, like volume 3 of the Toledo Bible. This means that the Morgan fragment had already been removed from the Toledo Bible at that time.
833:
Facsimile of Ms M.240 New York, Pierpont Morgan
Library: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt (ADEVA), Graz 1995. Complete colour facsimile edition of the 20 pages (10 pages of pictures, 10 blank pages) in original size of 375 x 262 mm. 56 picturer-medaillons, 1 full-page miniature, illustrations and
179:
or any other indication in the work about the patron who commissioned this Bible, but there is a kind of visual colophon. On the last page of the Morgan fragment we find a miniature that tells us something about the making of the Bible. The page is horizontally divided into two scenes. The upper half
154:
The Toledo Bible was mentioned in an inventory of the treasures of the
Cathedral of Toledo made in 1539 when Archbishop Tavera visited the cathedral. However, the Rich Bible was already described in 1466 by Gabriel Tetzel, a patrician from Nuremberg. Another testimony is the Osuna Bible, now kept in
484:
The miniatures were painted on a background of burnished gold and a wide range of colors (blues, greens, reds, yellows, grays, oranges and sepia) was used. The overall composition brims with highly expressive artistic and technical resources. Most of the medallions contain a single scene, although
368:
Size: 430 x 305 mm, writing space: ca. 293 x 207 mm. It consists of 190 numbered folios made of parchment. Front and rear, three parchment flyleaves. The volume is illustrated with 1.520 miniatures and is dedicated to the New
Testament, containing texts from
158:
This so-called Morgan fragment, which contains the authorship miniature, was owned by François de la
Majorie, Seigneur des Granges et de la Majorie, around 1593. His coat of arms was painted on folio 1. The coat of arms in question was used from 1593 onwards, after his marriage to Anne de Turenne.
143:
The fact that the three-volume historiated Bible was separately mentioned in the will written in
Seville could mean that it was in the possession of Alfonso at that time. Alfonso seemed to have reconciled with Sancho before his death and thus Sancho became the rightful successor, and the Bible was
135:
Whether the three-volume historiated Bible mentioned in the will was in
Seville or Toledo when the will was drafted, we can only guess. According to a note in the ‘Historia Ecclesiastica de Toledo’ by J. Roman de la Higuera, Alfonso had also left his possessions that were in Toledo at that time to
210:
Size: 422 x 305 mm, writing space: ca. 295 x 210 mm. It contains 192 numbered parchment folios. There are two parchment flyleaves at the beginning and at the end of the volume, with an additional paper flyleaf at the back. The first volume opens with a full
509:
The second generation of Bibles Moralisées consists of the three-volume manuscripts Oxford-Paris-London and Toledo-Morgan. This second generation follows the Vulgate much more closely than the works of the first generation. In his study of 1911-1927, Laborde gives an extensive description of the
505:
Researchers do not agree on whether ÖNB 2554 remained unfinished or if a part of the manuscript was lost. It has been assumed that this manuscript was made in the region of Reims. Nowadays, however, scholars agree that it originated in Paris. ÖNB 1179 is more complete in content, but it diverges
405:
Size: 375 x 265 mm, writing space: ca. 285 x 208 mm. It is composed of 8 parchment folios, with an additional parchment flyleaf at the front and at the back. The fragment contains 57 miniatures, 56 medallions and one full page miniature, the so-called
187:. The man on the right is a scribe and he is working on a Bible Moralisée, as can be seen from the page layout. It is obvious that the cleric is giving instructions to the scribe and supervises the work on the Bible. The appearance of the cleric suggests that he is a member of a religious order.
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The content of the Bible of Saint Louis largely corresponds to that of the Vulgate as given in the 'Parisian Bible' from the 13th century. There are some exceptions, the books of Chronicles I and II, III Ezra, Baruch, and the Maccabees are not in the Toledo Bible. In contrast, the books of the
480:
Only one side of each folio was used to paint on, the other side was left empty. This procedure doubled the size of the work and made the creation of this bible very expensive. The artists used the hair-side of the parchment to work on. It is a bit rougher than the flesh-side, so the paint and
497:
The oldest Bibles Moralisées are the ones kept in Vienna (Codex Vindobonensis 1179 and 2554) which are very similar to each other. However ÖNB 2554 is much shorter (129 folia ) than ÖNB 1179 ( 246 folia ), it contains only the books Genesis to Kings 4 and it is written in
159:
The work stayed in the family and in 1838 it was owned by Alois de Chievres (1828-1904), who left it to his son in law the Vicomte George Marie Louis de Hillerin (1842-1892). It then passed to Otto Weiner. Morgan bought it from Louis Badin, a Parisian bookseller, in 1906.
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page illumination showing the Pantocrator, God the Son, as the Creator of the universe. The rest of the work contains the texts and miniatures as described in the section ‘Iconography’. The first volume contains 1.529 miniatures with text excerpts from the books:
283:
Size: 422 x 305 mm, writing space: ca. 300 x 215 mm. This volume contains 224 numbered parchment folios and six parchment flyleaves, three in the front and three at the back. The 1.792 miniatures illustrate excerpts from: Job,
493:
The Bible of St. Louis is part of the four early Bibles Moralisées created in the period between 1220 and 1234. These four Bibles are very similar to each other but especially the Oxford-Paris-London version and the Toledo-Morgan version are strongly related.
92:
Like other similar works, the book does not contain the full text of the Bible and is, despite its name, actually not a real Bible. The work would have served for the training of the young king. The manuscript has been kept for the past eight centuries in the
426:
The Bible’s layout is similar to the layout of the other three early Bibles Moralisées. On each page there are two columns, each with four miniatures set in medallions, which work as pairs. The upper miniature of each pair illustrates the text of the
674:
John Lowden, The Holkham Bible picture and the Bible Moralisée in “The Medieval Book Glosses from Friends & Colleagues of Christopher de Hamel” edited by James H. Marrow, Richard A . Linenthal, & William Noel, Hes & De Graaf publishers,
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substantially from the Oxford-Paris-London and the Toledo-Morgan bible in the sequence of the books of the bible. ÖNB 2554 and ÖNB 1179 are sometimes referred to as the first generation of Bibles Moralisées.
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ornamentation rich in gold. All folios are cut according to the original. Commentary volume: Commentary by H.-W. Stork (German/English), 100 pp., 9 illustrations, 28,3 x 40,2 cm. CODICES SELECTI, Vol. CII
517:
with signature Add. 18719. The Osuna Bible now kept in Madrid is a copy of the text of the Bible of St. Louis. In this work the space for the miniatures was provided, but the illumination was never done.
410:
Maccabees do occur in Harley 1526 (see 'Similar manuscripts) that is considered as modeled on Bible of Saint Louis This suggests that the Maccabee books were present originally, but were los later on.
147:
If the Bible mentioned in the will is indeed the ‘Bible of St. Louis’, there is still the question of when it came to Spain. Since Alfonso was crowned king during the participation of Louis IX on the
202:
The Bible of St. Louis consists today of three volumes kept in the treasure of the Cathedral of Toledo and a fragment of 8 folios (one quire) kept in the Morgan Library & Museum in New York.
144:
therefore probably in his possession. From this, one might conclude that the Bible ended up in the Cathedral of Toledo only after the death of Alfonso in 1284, perhaps as a donation from Sancho.
406:
dedication miniature. The eight folios are not bound in the right order of the Apocalypse. This fragment contains the last chapters from the Apocalypse of St. John starting with XIX: 17.
124:, but considering that Alfonso was only five years old at the death of Louis VIII it is unlikely that the King Louis he referred to was Louis VIII, so the will must have meant Louis IX.
438:
If we call the medallions on the Old Testament A, B, C and D and the accompanying explanatory miniatures a, b, c, and d, the page layout would look as follows:
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183:
The bottom section of the miniature shows two people, smaller in size (thus lower in rank). The figure on the left is a cleric, as can be seen from his
718:
Een revision of the bible following the Vulgate, published in one volume and without and without the enormous number of glosses that were usual before.
593:
Memorial Histórico-Español. Coleccion de documentos, Opúsculos y Antigüedades que publica la Real Academia de la Historia, Vol. II, Madrid 1851, p. 126
151:, one can suspect that the manuscript arrived in Spain after 1254. This was indeed a busy period in the dynastic relations between Spain and France.
654:, Ms. 10232. The Osuna-bible, was based on the Toledo-bible, the space to illustrate the bible was foreseen but the miniatures were never realised.
513:
The Oxford-Paris-London Bible was also copied towards the end of the 13th or the beginning of the 14th century. This work is now preserved in the
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in 1234. Since the miniature depicts a young, unmarried king, the work must be dated in the time frame between his coronation and his marriage.
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or an allegorical or mystical meaning of the Old Testament story. Besides the miniatures, there are two narrow columns with explanatory text.
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769:, Images of Intolerance : The Representation of Jews and Judaism in the Bible moralisée, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1999
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pigments adhere better. The painted folios were arranged so that one opening showed two painted sides and the next opening was left empty.
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623:
Philippe Büttner, Bilder zum betreten der zeit: Bible Moralisée und Kapetingishes Königtum, Allschwill 2002, Gissler Druck AG, p.50.
89:. The miniatures are accompanied by the Bible text and by a short comment on the typological relationship between the two images.
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Philippe Büttner, Bilder zum betreten der zeit: Bible Moralisée und Kapetingishes Königtum, Allschwill 2002, Gissler Druck AG.
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109:
It is generally believed that the first reference to the Bible of St. Louis can be found in the second will and testament of
74:
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Based on this miniature, the book is dated between 1226 and 1234. Louis IX ascended to the throne in 1226 and married
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757:
Gonzálvez Ruiz, « La Bible en Castille », L'Officiel du Manuscrit, vol. 78, décembre/janvier 2005/2006.
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Agnès de Préville, « La Bible de saint Louis », Le Monde de la Bible, no hors série 4, Printemps 2006.
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J. Lowden, The Making of the Bibles Moralisées, II: The Book of Ruth, University Park, Pennsylvania 2000 p. 201
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J. Lowden, The Making of the Bibles Moralisées, I: The Manuscripts, University Park, Pennsylvania 2000, p.132,
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his rightful successor, in a document apart from the will written in Seville. Toledo was occupied in 1284 by
129:
19:
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London, British Library, Add. 18719 (Copied from the Oxford-Paris-Harley end 13th begin 14th century)
128:, Alfonso's father, was a cousin of Louis IX and there were close links between the French and the
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Mezquita Mesa, M. T, La Biblia moralizada de la catedral de Toledo. In: Goya 20, 1984, pp. 17-20.
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Le comte A. de Laborde, Etude sur la Bible Illustrée, Paris, 1911-1927. Volume 5, p.45.
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Le comte A. de Laborde, Etude sur la Bible Illustrée, Paris, 1911-1927 in 5 volumes.
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The St. Louis Bible - The Pantocrator, God the Son, as the Creator of the universe.
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The text columns are 25 mm wide, the columns for the medallions 75 mm.
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Le comte A. de Laborde, Etude sur la Bible Illustrée, Paris, 1911-1927. Volume 5
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Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Codex Vindobonensis 2554 (1220-1230)
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Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Codex Vindobonensis 1179 (1220-1226)
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Toledo, Cathedral of Toledo, Bible moralisée (Biblia de San Luis), 3 volumes
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episodes with illustrations explaining their moral significance in terms of
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scene explaining the text fragment in the light of the teachings of the
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Paris, BnF, Fr. 166 (mid 15th century) – The Bible of Philip the Bold
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The Bible of St Louis, 3 vol., M. Moleiro Editor, Barcelona, 2000,
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The ‘Louis of France’ mentioned in the will might theoretically be
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A number of pictures can be seen on the M. Moleiro Editor website.
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Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional de España, Ms. 10232 (14th century)
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Bible of St. Louis - Morgan fragment, the authorship miniature
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61:, along with a commentary and illustrations. Each page pairs
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Paris, BnF, Fr. 167 (1345-1355) – The Bible of John the Good
431:, the lower shows a typologically equivalent scene from the
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Bible of St. Louis, f58r with text and scènes from Leviticus
97:, except for a fragment of eight leaves which is now in the
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P. O’Callaghan, The Learned King, London 1993, p. 267.
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New York, Morgan Library and Museum, M. 240 (fragment)
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in three volumes, made between 1226 and 1234 for King
73:. Every excerpt of the Bible is illustrated with two
117:and the original translations are still available.
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876:Collection of the Morgan Library & Museum
542:London, British Library, Harley Ms. 1526-1527
57:that contains selections of the text of the
709:De Labarde, 1911-1927. Volume 5, pp.49-56.
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16:13th-century French illuminated manuscript
536:Oxford, Bodleian Library, Ms. Bodley 270b
584:For references see the section 'patron'.
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851:Website of the Pierpont Morgan Library.
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602:Madrid, Bibl. Nac., ms. 1289, fol. 139v
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881:13th-century illuminated manuscripts
814:De Laborde, 1911-1927, Vol. V, p.54.
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845:Bible of St. Louis (Toledo-Morgan).
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805:Philippe Büttner, 2002, p.38.
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727:Philippe Büttner, 2002, p.37.
652:Biblioteca Nacional de España
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522:List of the Bibles Moralisées
502:while ÖNB 1179 is in Latin.
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539:Paris, BnF, Ms. Latin 11560
397:, up to chapter XIX:15-16.
99:Morgan Library & Museum
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251:, Regum iiii. (2 Kings),
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247:, Regum ii. (2 Samuel),
101:in New York as MS M240.
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401:Volume 4 (Morgan M240)
395:Apocalypse of St. John
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55:illuminated manuscript
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375:Acts of the Apostles
249:Regum iii. (1 Kings)
192:Margaret of Provence
175:There is no written
122:Louis VIII of France
33:Rich Bible of Toledo
489:Similar manuscripts
245:Regum i. (1 Samuel)
95:Cathedral of Toledo
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51:Blanche of Castile
47:Louis IX of France
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198:Description
132:royalties.
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53:. It is an
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500:Old French
75:miniatures
354:Zechariah
221:Leviticus
130:Castilian
650:Madrid,
364:Volume 3
314:Jeremiah
290:Proverbs
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257:Nehemiah
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177:colophon
71:typology
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105:History
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163:Patron
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81:or an
675:p.80.
387:Peter
383:James
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326:Hosea
261:Tobit
115:Latin
59:Bible
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391:John
389:and
356:and
334:Amos
330:Joel
271:and
241:Ruth
65:and
27:The
273:Job
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63:Old
862::
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616:^
471:d
463:D
455:c
447:C
385:,
381:,
360:.
352:,
348:,
344:,
340:,
336:,
332:,
328:,
324:,
320:,
316:,
312:,
308:,
304:,
300:,
296:,
292:,
288:,
275:.
267:,
263:,
243:,
239:,
235:,
231:,
227:,
223:,
219:,
215:,
468:b
460:B
452:a
444:A
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