863:
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first year and even more in the second year. Black walnut will not leaf out until temperatures have warmed sufficiently. Leafout in spring is initiated when daytime highs reach approximately 70 °F (21 °C) and leaf drop in fall when daytime highs fall below 65 °F (18 °C). As such, the exact timing will vary in different regions of the US and depending on the weather conditions from year to year, leafout is typically early April in the southern part of its range and sometimes not until the end of May or beginning of June in cooler areas. Leaf drop in fall may begin in late
September in cooler regions and not until November in southern areas.
1749:. These compounds cause walnuts to stain cars, sidewalks, porches, and patios, in addition to the hands of anyone attempting to shell them. The brownish-black dye was used by early American settlers to dye hair. According to Eastern Trees in the Petersen Guide series, black walnuts make a yellowish-brown dye, not brownish-black. The apparent confusion is easily explained by the fact that the liquid (dye) obtained from the inner husk becomes increasingly darker over time, as the outer skin darkens from light green to black. Extracts of the outer, soft part of the drupe are still used as a
1841:) in the husk are common, though more a nuisance than a serious problem for amateurs, who may simply remove the affected husk as soon as infestation is noticed. The maggots develop entirely within the husk, thus the quality of the nutmeat is not affected. However, infestations of maggots are undesirable because they make the husk difficult to remove and are unsightly. Maggots can be serious for commercial walnut growers, who tend to use chemical treatments to prevent damage to the crop. Some non-chemical controls also exist, such as removing and disposing of infested nuts.
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1962:, meaning it excretes chemicals into its environment that harm competition, research from 2019 has questioned whether this long-held belief holds up to scientifically rigorous examination. Many publications that have repeated claims of black walnut allelopathy cite a very limited set of dated research literature, which has not held up to scientific scrutiny. Anecdotally, records of walnut toxicity to other plants have been observed as far back as the first century when
73:
551:
873:, nut-producing trees are available from several nurseries operating in the U.S. Selections worth considering include Thomas, Neel #1, Thomas Myers, Pounds #2, Stoker, Surprise, Emma K, Sparrow, S127, and McGinnis. Several older varieties, such as Kwik Krop, are still in cultivation; while they make decent nuts, they would not be recommended for commercial planting.
951:
Some take a thick plywood board and drill a nut-sized hole in it (from one to two inches in diameter) and smash the nut through using a hammer. The nut goes through and the husk remains behind. American pioneers let the nuts dry in the sun, then removed the husks and let the kernels dry—making them less bitter.
669:
disease, and spongy moth infestations. Widespread clear-cutting of oaks due to spongy moth damage in the 1970s–1980s particularly aided in the tree's spread. The aggressive competitive strategy of black walnut such as its fast growth, alleopathic chemicals, and rodent-dispersed seeds, have also contributed.
629:) in leaf shape, and the range also overlaps significantly. The fruits are quite different, and their presence makes an identification easy, as black walnut fruits are round (spherical) and butternuts are more oval-oblong shaped. When a fruit is not available, two species can be differentiated based on the
359:, which means that it releases chemicals from its roots and other tissues that may harm other organisms and give the tree a competitive advantage. There is not, however, solid scientific consensus that allelopathic chemicals in black walnut are the primary source of its competitive growth in an area.
950:
The extraction of the kernel from the fruit of the black walnut is difficult. The thick, hard shell is tightly bound by tall ridges to a thick husk. Rolling the nut underfoot on a hard surface such as a driveway is a common method; commercial huskers use a car tire rotating against a metal mesh.
850:
While its primary native region is the
Midwest and east-central United States, the black walnut was introduced into Europe in 1629 and is also cultivated in Hawaii. It is cultivated there and in North America as a forest tree for its high-quality wood. Black walnut plantings can be made to produce
668:
Black walnut is one of the most abundant trees in the eastern US, particularly the
Northeast, and its numbers are increasing due to epidemics that have affected other tree species, including emerald ash borer, chestnut blight, butternut canker, wooly hemlock adelgid, dogwood anthracnose, Dutch elm
954:
The shell itself is thicker than that of the
English walnut, and there are additional, thick internal walls tightly surrounding the nutmeat. Walnuts are too tough and too large to be opened with a standard nutcracker, but simply cracking the shell open with a rock results in smashed and shattered
590:
for 3–4 months, although the exact time depends on the seed source. The seedlings emerge in April or May. While most trees with taproots have a reputation for slow growth, black walnut is an exception and can achieve very rapid growth in the seedling stage, typically 90 cm (35 in) their
1765:
Walnut shells are often used as an abrasive in sand blasting or other circumstances where a medium hardness grit is required. The hard black walnut shell is also used commercially in abrasive cleaning, a filtering agent in scrubbers in smoke stacks, cleaning jet engines, cosmetics, and oil well
888:
or else produce pistillate flowers and then pollen. An early pollen-producer should be grouped with other varieties that produce pistillate flowers so all varieties benefit from overlap. Cranz, Thomas, and Neel #1 make a good pollination trio. A similar group for more northern climates would be
1977:
that is biologically active and acts as a respiratory inhibitor to some plants. Juglone is poorly soluble in water and does not move far in the soil and will stay most concentrated in the soil directly beneath the tree. Even after a tree is removed the soil where the roots once were will still
2029:
The tallest black walnut in Europe is located in the Woluwe Park in the city of Sint-Pieters-Woluwe, Brussels, Belgium. It has a circumference of 3.50 m (11 ft 6 in), height of exactly 33.60 m (110.2 ft) (measured by laser), and was planted around 1850 (± 10 years).
609:, but thrives best in the warmer regions of fertile, lowland soils with high water tables, although it will also grow in drier soils, but much more slowly. Some specimens have been found to survive frosts down to −43 °C (−45 °F). Some soils preferred by black walnut include
664:
as well as the
Mississippi Valley, and does not occur in the northern tier of the eastern US, where the frost-free season is too short for the nuts to develop. Its western range extends all the way to the eastern Great Plains, beyond which climate conditions become too dry for it.
340:) are cultivated for their distinctive and desirable taste. Walnut trees are grown for lumber and food, and processors have found additional markets for even the tough outer hulls by finely grinding them for use in abrasive cleansers, exfoliating cosmetics, and the like. Many
344:
have been developed for improved quality wood or nuts. In 2017, the U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA) valued United States walnut timber at $ 530 billion, and the Missouri Department of Conservation has stated that it is the most valuable timber raised in Missouri.
657:. Because of this, black walnut is a common weed tree found along roadsides, fields, and forest edges in the eastern US. It will grow in closed forests, but is classified as shade intolerant; this means it requires full sun for optimal growth and nut production.
2866:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
1981:
Symptoms of juglone poisoning include foliar yellowing and wilting. A number of plants are particularly sensitive. Apples, tomatoes, pines, and birch are poisoned by juglone, and as a precaution, should not be planted in proximity to a black walnut.
617:
soil types. Black walnut grows best on sandy loam, loam, or silt loam type soils but will also grow well on silty clay loam soils. It prefers these soils because they hold large quantities of water, which the tree draws from during rainless periods.
1978:
contain juglone for several years after the tree is removed as more juglone will be released as the roots decay. Well drained and aerated soils will host a healthy community of soil microbes and these microbes will help to break down the juglone.
1592:
Black walnut kernels are edible. The nut provides a robust, distinctive, natural flavor and crunch as a food ingredient. Common uses include ice cream, bakery goods and confections. Consumers include black walnuts in traditional treats, such as
1937:
has been threatening black walnut in several western states. This disease has recently been discovered in
Tennessee, and could potentially have devastating effects on the species in the eastern United States. Vectored by the walnut twig beetle
955:
nutmeats mixed with shell, unless done with some care and skill—and it is still nearly impossible to extract an intact half this way. As a result, a number of home walnut-cracking devices have been produced, involving vices, cams, or levers.
892:
Sometimes black walnut is planted as part of reclaiming mines. When growing young trees weed control is critical for healthy establishment of the trees, without weed control the young trees are harmed significantly in their growth rate.
545:
Ripens during the summer/autumn into a spherical fruit (nut) with a brownish-green, semifleshy husk and a brown, corrugated nut. The whole fruit, including the husk, falls in
October; the seed is relatively small and very
905:
is home to the world's largest processor and distributor of black walnuts, and, in 1990, named the "Eastern Black Walnut" as its official tree nut. Missouri's largest processing plant is operated by
Hammons Products in
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1950:, spreads into the wood around the galleries carved by the small beetles. The fungus causes cankers that inhibit the movement of nutrients in black walnut, leading to crown and branch dieback, and ultimately death.
2865:
1864: in) long as an adult. The adult sucks plant juices through a snout. The eggs are laid in fruits in the spring and summer. Many nuts are lost due to damage from the larvae, which burrow through the nut shell.
922:, which has been held annually since 1961, "brings the community together for a 3-day event jam-packed with activities including a carnival, tractor pull, nut roll and 2-hour parade," stated Alexa Hodges in a
633:, or the place where the leaf meets the stem: butternut has a leaf scar with a flat upper edge and with a velvety ridge above that flat part, but black walnut has an indented leaf scar with no hairy ridge.
585:
is unlikely. However, individual trees are commonly self-compatible; if they are not pollinated by neighboring trees, they may set self-fertilized seeds. For maximum seed germination, the seeds should be
1818:, furniture, flooring, paddles, coffins, and a variety of other wood products. Black walnut has a density of 660 kg per cubic meter (41.2 lb/cubic foot), which makes it less dense than oak.
1811:) black walnut is one of the most durable hardwoods in the US. The wood can be kiln dried and holds its shape well after seasoning, which makes this wood even more attractive for wood working.
1924:
spp.), which suck the juices from leaves and often deposit a sticky substance called "honey-dew" on the leaf surface that may turn black and prevent photosynthesis; and the walnut lace bug (
2172:
1793:
Black walnut is highly prized for its dark-colored, straight grained, true heartwood. It is heavy, strong, shock resistant and yet can be easily split and worked. Along with cedars (
2690:
2845:
859:. Varieties include Purdue #1, which can be used for both timber and nut production, though nut quality is poor compared to varieties selected specifically as nut producers.
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but there is heavy variation among leaves. The stems have 15–23 leaflets, when terminal leaf is included, with the largest leaflets located in the center, 7–10 cm (
203:
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is also grown as a specimen ornamental tree in parks and large gardens, growing to 30 m (100 ft) tall by 20 m (65 ft) broad. It has gained the
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1973:, the roots, inner bark, nut husks, and leaves contain a nontoxic chemical called hydrojuglone; when exposed to air or soil compounds it is oxidized into
846:
Seed shell cracked open to expose kernel. Under the right conditions, a black walnut tree will sprout and grow from a seed like the one pictured here.
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2037:, Slovakia. It has a circumference of 6.30 m (20 ft 8 in), height of 25 m (82 ft) and estimated age of 300 years.
573:, such as oaks, hickories, chestnuts, and birches, it is monoecious, with wind-pollinated catkins. Male and female flowers are in separate
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Black walnuts are shelled commercially in the United States. With about 65% of the United State's annual wild harvest, the U.S. state of
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stated in an article that "Ralph Hammons began the company in 1946 with a nut cracking machine acquired from Tennessee." The Stockton
2873:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
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Tapped in spring, the tree yields a sweet sap that can be drunk or concentrated into syrup or sugar that is not unlike the sap of
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2199:
A field guide to trees and shrubs : northeastern and north-central United States and southeastern and south-central Canada
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kernel is prized, the difficulty in preparing it may account for the wider popularity and availability of the English walnut.
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Pollination requirements should be considered when planting black walnuts. As is typical of many species in Juglandaceae,
697:), the two species sometimes interbreed, producing populations with characteristics intermediate between the two species.
5106:
4691:
3625:
2500:. US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory
2474:. US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory
97:
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spp.). Near the western edge of its range, black walnut may be confined to floodplains, where it grows either with
495:
has three prominent bundle scars and has a notch on the side that points toward the tip of the branch (distal side)
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3112:
482:
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Black walnut's native range extends across much of the eastern US. It is absent from the coastal plain south of
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2003:
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3028:"Fixing natural dyes from walnuts, goldenrod, sassafras and poke weed in cotton – do I use urea or soda ash?"
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31:
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Black walnut is an important tree commercially, as the wood is a deep brown color and easily worked. Walnut
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2916:
The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants, Mushrooms, Fruits, and Nuts: How to Find, Identify, and Cook Them
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1930:), which causes damage when the adults and nymphs suck the sap from the lower surfaces of walnut leaflets.
17:
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1896:) are two of the most serious pests, they commonly eat the foliage in midsummer and continue into autumn.
395:
is typically grey-black and deeply furrowed into thin ridges that gives the bark a diamond shaped pattern.
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The fruit production tends to occur irregularly with some years producing larger crops than others (see
4962:
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1557:
565:). Fruiting may begin when the tree is 4–6 years old, but large crops take 20 years. Total lifespan of
2546:"Flowering and Fruit Characteristics of Black Walnuts: A Tool for Identifying and Selecting Cultivars"
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2100:
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2015:
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3258:"Allelopathic effects of juglone on germination and growth of several herbaceous and woody species"
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timber, nuts, or both timber and nuts. Patented timber-type trees were selected and released from
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1940:
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Height 30–40 m (100–130 ft). Under forest competition, it develops a tall and straight
5000:
4954:
2716:
2647:"Black walnuts don't get as much love as non-native nuts. These Missourians want to change that"
1441:
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4714:
4552:
4089:
3886:
3457:"Mesto Sereď má unikátny strom Juglans nigra nominovaný v súťaži Strom roka 2012 - SereďOnLine"
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1389:
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978:
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230:
425: in) long, and slightly longer than broad, the lateral buds are smaller and superposed.
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3759:
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1609:, during the fall holiday season. The nuts are versatile for uses in other foods, such as
1467:
1428:
842:
681:
435:
and alternately arranged on the stem. They are 30–60 cm (1–2 ft) long, typically
314:
946:
The black walnut (on the left) is harder to process than the English walnut (on the right)
485:
edge. The leaves are overall dark green in color and are typically hairy on the underside.
8:
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4913:
4012:
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for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
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1120:
1110:
923:
375:
have a very characteristic pungent or spicy odor. This odor is lacking in the nut itself.
62:
4941:
4601:
3276:
2545:
2077:
1000:
934:
531:–4 in) long. These are borne from axillary buds on the previous year's growth. The
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are pale silky and covered in downy hairs. The terminal buds are ovate, and 8 mm (
92:
2196:
Peterson, George A. Petrides; illustrations by George A. Petrides, Roger Tory (1986).
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2572:"Nuts of Missouri | Missouri's Natural Heritage | Washington University in St. Louis"
2428:. Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
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2313:
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2197:
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Where the range of the eastern black walnut overlaps that of the Texas black walnut (
685:
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672:
48:
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1800:
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3192:. Purdue University: Purdue Pest & Plant Diagnostic Laboratory. Archived from
4820:
4316:
4130:
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3957:
3937:
3879:
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3744:
3727:
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3615:
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1966:
wrote: "The shadow of walnut trees is poison to all plants within its compass."
1963:
1901:
713:
642:
135:
4990:
4859:
3554:
2033:
The largest black walnut in Europe is located in the Castle Park in the city of
539:) flowers are terminal, in clusters of two to five on the current year's growth.
4936:
4611:
4504:
4457:
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2868:
2018:
and 112 ft (34 m) tall, with a crown spread of 144 feet (44 m).
1652:(table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), walnuts supply 619
758:
709:
661:
622:
606:
602:
574:
382:
122:
4234:
3514:
National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Edition.
2977:
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4452:
4222:
3999:
3962:
3650:
3442:"Zwarte walnoot in het park van Woluwe, Sint-Pieters-Woluwe, Brussel, België"
3336:
3187:"Pest Alert: Walnut Twig Beetle and Thousand Cankers Disease of Black Walnut"
2938:
2086:
2046:
2021:
2007:
1718:
1706:
1657:
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856:
726:
432:
392:
329:
may be an isolated native population or may have derived from planted trees.
326:
302:
298:
246:
82:
77:
1876:
1757:, aiding in the dyeing process, and are usable as a dark ink or wood stain.
1690:(33% DV) (table). Black walnut kernels are a moderate source (10-19% DV) of
885:
577:, and the female flowers typically appear before the male on a single tree (
255:
4980:
4905:
4535:
4422:
4331:
4306:
4034:
3926:
3854:
3771:
3600:
3302:
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2056:
1722:
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650:
436:
310:
294:
181:
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often grow in the same range as well but they do not hybridize naturally.
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4621:
4584:
4377:
4367:
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4296:
4227:
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2621:
2252:(4. ed., rev. ed.). Champaign, Illinois: Stipes Publishing Company.
1959:
1750:
1661:
1629:
1016:
766:
684:. The nuts are also eaten by species of birds. The leaves are browsed by
356:
337:
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2738:
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4321:
4253:
4074:
4054:
3992:
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2025:
The largest known living black walnut tree is on Sauvie Island, Oregon.
1710:
1702:
1695:
1680:
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1288:
1237:
536:
502:
2978:"Black Walnut Uses, Benefits & Dosage – Drugs.com Herbal Database"
2168:
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in the early 1990s. These trees have been sporadically available from
477: in) broad. The leaflets have a rounded base and a long pointed (
4758:
4678:
4514:
4193:
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4005:
3942:
3898:
3819:
1991:
1815:
1742:
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1321:
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806:
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The nuts are food for many rodents and make up to 10% of the diet of
646:
630:
578:
562:
510:
492:
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283:
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598:, which makes the seedlings resilient, but difficult to transplant.
550:
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4301:
4200:
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2156:
1914:
1873:). The infection spreads slowly but infected trees eventually die.
1220:
902:
870:
814:
750:
341:
148:
4771:
4683:
4262:
3218:"Bill Poovey. Black walnut tree thousand canker first in East US.
2034:
385:. When grown in an open area it has a short trunk and broad crown.
4652:
4509:
4442:
4402:
4387:
4341:
4326:
4246:
4241:
4212:
4207:
4111:
3859:
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3839:
3635:- information, genetic conservation units and related resources.
2691:"What you should know before you go to the Black Walnut Festival"
2277:(2 ed.). Philadelphia Pa: University of Pennsylvania press.
1974:
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822:
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Do black walnut trees have allelopathic effects on other plants?
4670:
4382:
4184:
4172:
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4101:
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3903:
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3834:
3824:
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2011:
1970:
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1746:
1734:
1701:
Analysis of black walnut fat content showed the most prevalent
1598:
1304:
1046:
881:
290:
161:
1905:) larvae eat walnut kernels, as well as apple and pear seeds.
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4412:
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1909:
1794:
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718:. Some endomycorrhizal relations improve the plant's growth.
322:
109:
3616:
Black Walnut Diagnostic photos: tree, leaves, bark and fruit
3533:
A variety index and characteristics guide is available from
352:, which provoked a decline of walnut trees in some regions.
4177:
2654:
2069:
1618:
1614:
1594:
915:
402:
372:
333:
286:
3122:. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs.
2859:
2838:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
2761:. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136.
371:
Most parts of the tree including leaves, stems, and fruit
4291:
4122:
2650:
1753:
for handicrafts. The tannins present in walnuts act as a
1641:
1606:
1086:
911:
774:
412:
3642:
3046:"Dyeing with Tannic Acid and Iron: Walnut Husks (2005)"
2422:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
938:
Hand stains after removing the husks from black walnuts
4260:
4251:
4232:
4198:
4182:
2953:"Tapping Walnut Trees for a Novel and Delicious Syrup"
3477:
Identifying Wood: Accurate Results with Simple Tools
3238:. South Carolina: Clemson University. Archived from
2814:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 56
2645:
Bailey, Hogan, Natasha, Suzanne (December 7, 2022).
2374:. In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
3541:
Guide to "Growing Black Walnuts for Nut Production"
30:"Black walnut" redirects here. For other uses, see
2870:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
1908:Important leaf sucking insects include species of
569:is about 130 years. Like other trees of the order
3393:. Purdue University. January 2005. Archived from
2101:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T62019712A62019714.en
1379:
1200:
601:Black walnut is more resistant to frost than the
5028:
3388:"Laminitis Caused by Black Walnut Wood Residues"
3133:"Walnut Husk Fly Management Guidelines – UC IPM"
2273:Rhoads, Ann; Block, Timothy (5 September 2007).
2413:
2312:. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 38.
1994:from exposure to black walnut wood in bedding.
3543:University of Missouri Center for Agroforestry
3236:"Walnut Twig Beetle, Thousand Cankers Disease"
3151:"Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry"
2826:
2414:Whittemore, Alan T.; Stone, Donald E. (1997).
4138:
3658:
3169:"Codling Moth Management Guidelines – UC IPM"
2644:
2006:black walnut is on a residential property on
1867:Black walnut is affected by European canker (
1778:Black walnut wood showing the color and grain
829:) on lower slopes and other favorable sites.
2674:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2538:
2425:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
2222:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
355:Black walnut is anecdotally known for being
5057:Trees of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
3637:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
3591:Set of Black Walnut ID photos and range map
2491:
2272:
2075:
1814:Walnut wood has historically been used for
880:trees tend to be monoecious, i.e.. produce
554:A young black walnut tree full of fruit in
4484:Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands
4145:
4131:
3665:
3651:
3364:. West Virginia University. Archived from
2834:United States Food and Drug Administration
2465:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2202:(2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
2014:. It is 8 ft 7 in (2.62 m)
1985:
688:, although they are not a preferred food.
405:of the twigs is chambered and light brown.
254:
71:
47:
3284:
2714:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2154:
2126:
2099:
929:
621:Visually, black walnut is similar to the
3601:Home Production of Black Walnut Nutmeats
3255:
3251:
3249:
2365:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2020:
1875:
1781:
1773:
1583:
941:
933:
861:
841:
671:
549:
3473:
2992:"Legumes, Nuts, Seeds & discussion"
2736:
2619:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2394:United States Department of Agriculture
1640:Black walnut kernels are 5% water, 59%
1588:A bowl of black walnut kernels, shelled
14:
5029:
3331:
3329:
3327:
2688:
2498:Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)
2472:Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)
2403:– via Southern Research Station.
2334:
2302:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2175:from the original on 19 September 2022
2127:Hilgedick, Kristie (October 1, 2017).
1660:in "rich" amounts (20% or more of the
712:relationships with fungi in the genus
4551:
4550:
4126:
3646:
3498:Petrides, G. A. and Wehr, J. (1998).
3246:
2759:RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants
2751:
2186:
2129:"Bountiful, Beneficial Black Walnuts"
4883:b469acac-4edb-434b-a456-c2fc524f7b91
3455:Majko, Majko Design Studio - Miloš.
2912:
2717:"Preparing Black Walnuts for Eating"
2689:Hodges, Alexa (September 28, 2018).
2440:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2247:
2150:
2148:
2122:
2120:
2118:
5037:IUCN Red List least concern species
3324:
2620:Association, Missouri Nut Growers.
2266:
2230:
2133:Missouri Department of Conservation
2087:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
24:
5072:Trees of humid continental climate
5062:Flora of the Appalachian Mountains
5052:Trees of the Eastern United States
4273:
3467:
2719:. University of Illinois Extension
2622:"Missouri Nut Growers Association"
453:–4 in) long and 2–3 cm (
25:
5118:
3527:
3454:
2309:Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants
2291:
2145:
2115:
2052:Taxonomy of walnut tree varieties
1958:While black walnut is considered
1675:(156% DV), among others, and the
4968:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:279034-2
2626:Missouri Nut Growers Association
2551:University of Missouri Extension
2250:Manual of woody landscape plants
1997:
1741:(5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone),
999:
96:
3448:
3434:
3420:"Oregon Champion Tree Registry"
3412:
3380:
3354:
3228:
3210:
3179:
3161:
3143:
3125:
3106:
3087:
3069:
3055:
3038:
3020:
3002:
2984:
2970:
2945:
2906:
2895:from the original on 2024-05-09
2848:from the original on 2024-03-27
2801:
2775:
2730:
2708:
2682:
2638:
2613:
2589:
2564:
2511:
2485:
1766:drilling and water filtration.
1745:(yellow quinone pigments), and
1625:, vegetables and pasta dishes.
1011:Nutritional value per 100 grams
348:Black walnut is susceptible to
5092:Garden plants of North America
3548:"USFS: Black Walnut Cultivars"
2919:(2nd ed.). Guilford, CN:
2519:"How can I germinate walnuts?"
2407:
2163:(Report). Home Garden Series.
2047:English walnut, Persian walnut
1953:
832:
721:Species often associated with
676:Fruits after falling from tree
362:
13:
1:
3066:. Madame Elizabeth de Nevell.
2913:Lyle, Katie Letcher (2010) .
2789:. Royal Horticultural Society
2062:
1760:
1021:619 kcal (2,590 kJ)
965:
896:
276:eastern American black walnut
32:Black walnut (disambiguation)
3502:. Houghton Mifflin Company.
3098:(Loew) and Walnut Husk Fly,
2390:United States Forest Service
2366:Williams, Robert D. (1990).
1635:
1565:Percentages estimated using
708:The tree's roots often form
641:Black walnut is primarily a
7:
5082:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
4261:
4252:
4233:
4199:
4183:
3626:Black Walnut Toxicity study
3565:Walnut Council.org homepage
3265:Journal of Chemical Ecology
2957:Cornell Small Farms Program
2492:Tirmenstein, D. A. (1990).
2434:Harvard University Herbaria
2040:
1933:A disease complex known as
1558:Link to USDA Database entry
975:Royal Horticultural Society
889:Sparrow, S127, and Mintle.
837:
10:
5123:
4152:
3582:Bioimages.vanderbilt.edu:
3076:Niche Timbers Black Walnut
2275:The Plants of Pennsylvania
1990:Horses are susceptible to
1912:and plant lice including (
1854:) grows to 5 millimetres (
1725:(1.5%) (source in table).
1579:
636:
594:Black walnut has a strong
513:) flowers are in drooping
481:) tip as well as having a
325:. Wild trees in the upper
29:
5107:Trees of Northern America
4559:
4523:
4492:
4471:
4350:
4284:
4271:
4160:
4065:
3978:
3800:
3680:
3512:Little, Elbert L. (1980)
3480:. Taunton Press. p.
2809:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
2466:Coladonato, Milo (1991).
2430:Missouri Botanical Garden
2016:diameter at breast height
1564:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1505:
1492:
1479:
1466:
1453:
1440:
1427:
1414:
1401:
1388:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1346:
1333:
1320:
1303:
1287:
1270:
1253:
1236:
1219:
1209:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1169:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1119:
1109:
1099:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1055:
1045:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1010:
998:
431:The leaves are pinnately
321:and southwest to central
262:
253:
236:
229:
93:Scientific classification
91:
69:
60:
55:
46:
41:
5077:Plants described in 1753
4531:Glossary of dyeing terms
4351:Traditional textile dyes
4090:Queensland macadamia nut
3672:
3596:Harvesting Black Walnuts
3570:Flora of North America:
2382:Silvics of North America
2248:Dirr, Michael A (1990).
2094:: e.T62019712A62019714.
1935:thousand cankers disease
1884:The walnut caterpillar (
1821:
958:While the flavor of the
821:), or with basswood and
350:thousand cankers disease
3577:Range distribution Map:
3362:"Black Walnut Toxicity"
3337:"Black walnut toxicity"
3256:Rietvelt, W. J (1983).
3222:. Posted July 30, 2010"
3009:Black Walnut Basket Dye
2739:"Black Walnut Crackers"
1986:Interaction with horses
1941:Pityophthorus juglandis
1769:
1567:US recommendations
984:
731:Liriodendron tulipifera
4278:
3887:Johnstone River almond
3426:. 2013. Archived from
3424:ascendingthegiants.com
2432:, St. Louis, MO &
2155:Chalker-Scott, Linda.
2026:
1881:
1851:Conotrachelus retentus
1805:.), and black locust (
1790:
1779:
1728:
1589:
1571:the National Academies
947:
939:
930:Nut processing by hand
867:
847:
811:Fraxinus pennsylvanica
677:
558:
5047:Edible nuts and seeds
4277:
4218:Reactive dye printing
3815:Australian cashew nut
3611:Black Walnut crackers
2524:Iowa State University
2161:rex.libraries.wsu.edu
2024:
1879:
1789:wood in cross section
1785:
1777:
1709:(33.8%), followed by
1664:, DV), including the
1587:
1175:Vitamins and minerals
979:Award of Garden Merit
945:
937:
920:Black Walnut Festival
865:
845:
682:eastern fox squirrels
675:
588:cold-moist stratified
581:). As a consequence,
553:
301:. It grows mostly in
42:Eastern black walnut
3621:The Hiker's Notebook
3606:Growing Black Walnut
3474:Hoadley, B. (1990).
3242:on 13 December 2014.
3094:Walnut Husk Maggot,
2494:"Juglans microcarpa"
2076:Stritch, L. (2018).
2004:US national champion
1927:Corythucha juglandis
1890:) and fall webworm (
1870:Neonectria galligena
1808:Robinia pseudoacacia
1715:alpha-linolenic acid
309:, west to southeast
5067:Symbols of Missouri
3893:Irvingia gabonensis
3368:on 12 February 2015
3342:. Purdue University
3277:1983JCEco...9..295R
3173:www.ipm.ucdavis.edu
3137:www.ipm.ucdavis.edu
3100:Rhagoletis completa
2996:www.faculty.ucr.edu
2578:. December 26, 2019
1880:Walnut caterpillars
1832:Rhagoletis completa
1272:Pantothenic acid (B
995:
803:Celtis occidentalis
63:Conservation status
4358:Armenian cochineal
4279:
4050:Single-leaf pinyon
3535:Missouri Extension
3295:10.1007/BF00988047
3118:2008-10-11 at the
3113:Walnut Husk Maggot
3081:2008-08-11 at the
3014:2008-10-10 at the
2027:
1947:Geosmithia morbida
1887:Datana integerrima
1882:
1791:
1780:
1590:
1532:Other constituents
989:
948:
940:
908:Stockton, Missouri
886:pistillate flowers
868:
848:
739:Fraxinus americana
694:J. microcarpa
678:
559:
5024:
5023:
4891:Open Tree of Life
4553:Taxon identifiers
4544:
4543:
4120:
4119:
4018:Monkey-puzzle nut
3880:Shellbark hickory
3865:Mockernut hickory
3825:Borneo tallow nut
3096:Rhagoletis suavis
3063:Making Walnut Ink
2930:978-1-59921-887-8
2880:978-0-309-48834-1
2768:978-1-4053-3296-5
2284:978-0-8122-4003-0
1838:Rhagoletis suavis
1577:
1576:
1522:
1521:
853:Purdue University
763:Fagus grandifolia
686:white tailed deer
267:
266:
86:
56:Leaves and fruit
16:(Redirected from
5114:
5097:Ornamental trees
5017:
5016:
5004:
5003:
4994:
4993:
4984:
4983:
4971:
4970:
4958:
4957:
4945:
4944:
4932:
4931:
4922:
4921:
4909:
4908:
4899:
4898:
4886:
4885:
4876:
4875:
4863:
4862:
4860:NBNSYS0000042116
4850:
4849:
4837:
4836:
4824:
4823:
4814:
4813:
4801:
4800:
4788:
4787:
4775:
4774:
4762:
4761:
4749:
4748:
4736:
4735:
4723:
4722:
4710:
4709:
4700:
4699:
4687:
4686:
4674:
4673:
4661:
4660:
4648:
4647:
4635:
4634:
4625:
4624:
4615:
4614:
4605:
4604:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4548:
4547:
4438:Polish cochineal
4266:
4257:
4238:
4204:
4188:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4124:
4123:
3875:Shagbark hickory
3777:Malabar chestnut
3667:
3660:
3653:
3644:
3643:
3561:
3559:
3553:. Archived from
3552:
3495:
3461:
3460:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3399:
3392:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3341:
3333:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3288:
3262:
3253:
3244:
3243:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3198:
3191:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3129:
3123:
3110:
3104:
3091:
3085:
3073:
3067:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3024:
3018:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2813:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2463:
2438:
2437:
2436:, Cambridge, MA.
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2386:Washington, D.C.
2363:
2332:
2331:
2304:Angier, Bradford
2300:
2289:
2288:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2245:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2213:
2193:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2124:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2103:
2073:
1893:Hyphantria cunea
1863:
1862:
1858:
1688:pantothenic acid
1666:dietary minerals
1383:
1308:
1292:
1275:
1258:
1241:
1224:
1204:
1171:
1170:
1003:
996:
988:
799:common hackberry
583:self-pollination
556:Eastern Oklahoma
530:
529:
525:
522:
501:Black walnut is
476:
475:
471:
468:
462:
461:
457:
452:
451:
447:
444:
424:
423:
419:
305:, from southern
258:
242:
208:
101:
100:
80:
75:
74:
51:
39:
38:
21:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5012:
5007:
4999:
4997:
4989:
4987:
4979:
4974:
4966:
4961:
4953:
4948:
4940:
4935:
4927:
4925:
4917:
4912:
4904:
4902:
4894:
4889:
4881:
4879:
4871:
4866:
4858:
4853:
4845:
4840:
4832:
4827:
4819:
4818:MichiganFlora:
4817:
4809:
4804:
4796:
4791:
4783:
4778:
4770:
4765:
4757:
4752:
4744:
4739:
4731:
4726:
4718:
4713:
4705:
4703:
4695:
4690:
4682:
4677:
4669:
4664:
4656:
4651:
4643:
4638:
4630:
4628:
4620:
4618:
4610:
4608:
4600:
4598:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4555:
4545:
4540:
4519:
4488:
4467:
4346:
4280:
4269:
4156:
4151:
4121:
4116:
4061:
4035:Colorado pinyon
3974:
3796:
3676:
3671:
3557:
3550:
3546:
3530:
3492:
3470:
3468:Further reading
3465:
3464:
3453:
3449:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3403:
3401:
3400:on 14 June 2010
3397:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3371:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3325:
3315:
3313:
3286:10.1.1.550.5739
3260:
3254:
3247:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3120:Wayback Machine
3111:
3107:
3092:
3088:
3083:Wayback Machine
3074:
3070:
3060:
3056:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3016:Wayback Machine
3007:
3003:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2962:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2931:
2923:. p. 134.
2911:
2907:
2898:
2896:
2881:
2864:
2860:
2851:
2849:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2743:
2741:
2735:
2731:
2722:
2720:
2715:Mason, Sandra.
2713:
2709:
2699:
2697:
2687:
2683:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2657:
2643:
2639:
2630:
2628:
2618:
2614:
2605:
2603:
2597:"RSMo § 10.100"
2595:
2594:
2590:
2581:
2579:
2576:sites.wustl.edu
2570:
2569:
2565:
2556:
2554:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2503:
2501:
2490:
2486:
2477:
2475:
2468:"Juglans nigra"
2464:
2441:
2412:
2408:
2399:
2397:
2384:. Vol. 2.
2364:
2335:
2320:
2301:
2292:
2285:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2246:
2231:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2194:
2187:
2178:
2176:
2153:
2146:
2137:
2135:
2125:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2043:
2000:
1988:
1964:Pliny the Elder
1956:
1902:Cydia pomonella
1860:
1856:
1855:
1824:
1772:
1763:
1731:
1684:
1638:
1582:
1560:
1555:
1513:
1500:
1487:
1474:
1461:
1448:
1435:
1422:
1409:
1396:
1384:
1354:
1341:
1328:
1315:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1282:
1273:
1265:
1256:
1248:
1239:
1231:
1222:
1205:
1176:
1165:
1160:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1127:
1121:Polyunsaturated
1111:Monounsaturated
1095:
1090:
1041:
1036:
1006:
990:Walnut, black (
987:
968:
932:
899:
884:first and then
840:
835:
795:Ulmus americana
755:Tilia americana
747:Prunus serotina
710:endomycorrhizal
703:J. cinerea
643:pioneer species
639:
627:Juglans cinerea
527:
523:
520:
518:
473:
469:
466:
464:
459:
455:
454:
449:
445:
442:
440:
421:
417:
416:
365:
249:
244:
238:
225:
206:
95:
87:
76:
72:
65:
35:
28:
27:Species of tree
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5120:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5102:Flora of Texas
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5014:wfo-0000355126
5005:
4995:
4985:
4972:
4959:
4946:
4933:
4923:
4910:
4900:
4887:
4877:
4864:
4851:
4838:
4825:
4815:
4802:
4789:
4776:
4763:
4750:
4737:
4724:
4711:
4701:
4688:
4675:
4662:
4649:
4636:
4626:
4616:
4606:
4596:
4581:
4565:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4479:Use of saffron
4475:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4258:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4196:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4175:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4150:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4127:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4045:Mexican pinyon
4042:
4037:
4032:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4002:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3984:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3963:English walnut
3960:
3955:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3909:Planted karuka
3901:
3896:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3806:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3787:Red bopple nut
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3750:European hazel
3747:
3742:
3740:American hazel
3732:
3731:
3730:
3728:Sweet chestnut
3720:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3706:European beech
3703:
3701:American beech
3693:
3687:
3685:
3683:botanical nuts
3678:
3677:
3670:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3579:
3567:
3562:
3560:on 2013-03-12.
3544:
3538:
3529:
3528:External links
3526:
3525:
3524:
3516:Borzoi Books.
3510:
3496:
3490:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3447:
3433:
3430:on 2016-03-08.
3411:
3379:
3353:
3323:
3271:(2): 295–308.
3245:
3227:
3209:
3178:
3160:
3142:
3124:
3105:
3086:
3068:
3054:
3037:
3032:www.pburch.net
3019:
3001:
2983:
2969:
2944:
2929:
2905:
2879:
2858:
2825:
2800:
2774:
2767:
2750:
2729:
2707:
2681:
2637:
2612:
2601:revisor.mo.gov
2588:
2563:
2537:
2510:
2484:
2439:
2406:
2333:
2318:
2290:
2283:
2265:
2258:
2229:
2208:
2185:
2144:
2114:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2039:
1999:
1996:
1987:
1984:
1955:
1952:
1899:Codling moth (
1823:
1820:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1730:
1727:
1682:
1671:(169% DV) and
1658:micronutrients
1637:
1634:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1373:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1004:
986:
983:
967:
964:
931:
928:
898:
895:
866:Autumn foliage
839:
836:
834:
831:
771:Acer saccharum
759:American beech
662:North Carolina
638:
635:
607:Persian walnut
548:
547:
540:
517:8–10 cm (
496:
486:
426:
406:
396:
386:
376:
364:
361:
303:riparian zones
265:
264:
263:Natural range
260:
259:
251:
250:
245:
234:
233:
227:
226:
219:
217:
213:
212:
201:
197:
196:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
152:
151:
146:
139:
138:
133:
126:
125:
120:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
89:
88:
70:
67:
66:
61:
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5119:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5015:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4982:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4920:
4919:Juglans nigra
4915:
4911:
4907:
4906:Juglans_nigra
4901:
4897:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4812:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4613:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4592:
4591:Juglans nigra
4586:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4561:Juglans nigra
4558:
4554:
4549:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4453:Tyrian purple
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:Types of dyes
4283:
4276:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4143:
4141:
4136:
4134:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:Macadamia nut
4083:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4030:Chilgoza pine
4028:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3993:Burrawang nut
3991:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3840:Chilean hazel
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3792:Yellow walnut
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3656:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3632:Juglans nigra
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3584:Juglans nigra
3580:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3572:Juglans nigra
3568:
3566:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3523:
3522:0-394-50760-6
3519:
3515:
3511:
3509:
3508:0-395-90455-2
3505:
3501:
3500:Eastern Trees
3497:
3493:
3491:0-942391-04-7
3487:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3458:
3451:
3443:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3396:
3389:
3383:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3338:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3250:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3223:
3221:
3213:
3199:on 2010-06-28
3195:
3188:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3065:
3064:
3058:
3047:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2979:
2973:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2909:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2862:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2810:
2804:
2788:
2786:
2785:Juglans nigra
2778:
2770:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2740:
2737:John Sankey.
2733:
2718:
2711:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2677:
2671:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2410:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2370:Juglans nigra
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2319:0-8117-0616-8
2315:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2261:
2259:0-87563-344-7
2255:
2251:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2225:
2219:
2211:
2209:0-395-13651-2
2205:
2201:
2200:
2192:
2190:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2080:Juglans nigra
2072:
2068:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:Sauvie Island
2005:
1998:Largest trees
1995:
1993:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1944:), a fungus,
1943:
1942:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1799:), chestnut (
1798:
1797:
1788:
1787:Juglans nigra
1784:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1733:Black walnut
1726:
1724:
1720:
1719:palmitic acid
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:linoleic acid
1704:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1686:(34% DV) and
1685:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:carbohydrates
1647:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1310:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1238:Riboflavin (B
1235:
1228:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1067:Dietary fiber
1064:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:Carbohydrates
1028:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1002:
997:
993:
992:J. nigra
982:
980:
976:
972:
963:
961:
960:Juglans nigra
956:
952:
944:
936:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
894:
890:
887:
883:
879:
878:Juglans nigra
874:
872:
864:
860:
858:
854:
844:
830:
828:
827:Quercus rubra
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
727:yellow-poplar
724:
719:
717:
716:
711:
706:
704:
700:
699:J. nigra
696:
695:
689:
687:
683:
674:
670:
666:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
634:
632:
628:
624:
619:
616:
612:
608:
604:
599:
597:
592:
589:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
567:J. nigra
564:
557:
552:
544:
541:
538:
534:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
497:
494:
490:
487:
484:
480:
438:
434:
430:
427:
414:
410:
407:
404:
400:
397:
394:
390:
387:
384:
380:
377:
374:
370:
367:
366:
360:
358:
353:
351:
346:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
327:Ottawa Valley
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:North America
296:
292:
288:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:
271:Juglans nigra
261:
257:
252:
248:
243:
241:
240:Juglans nigra
235:
232:
231:Binomial name
228:
224:
223:
222:J. nigra
218:
215:
214:
211:
210:
202:
199:
198:
195:
194:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
123:Tracheophytes
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
99:
94:
90:
84:
79:
78:Least Concern
68:
64:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4560:
4536:List of dyes
4408:Dyer's broom
4363:Black walnut
4362:
4097:Paradise nut
4004:
3953:Black walnut
3952:
3927:Panda oleosa
3925:
3891:
3745:Beaked hazel
3630:
3583:
3571:
3555:the original
3513:
3499:
3476:
3450:
3436:
3428:the original
3423:
3414:
3402:. Retrieved
3395:the original
3382:
3370:. Retrieved
3366:the original
3356:
3344:. Retrieved
3314:. Retrieved
3268:
3264:
3240:the original
3230:
3219:
3212:
3201:. Retrieved
3194:the original
3181:
3172:
3163:
3155:na.fs.fed.us
3154:
3145:
3136:
3127:
3108:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3071:
3062:
3057:
3040:
3031:
3022:
3004:
2995:
2986:
2972:
2961:. Retrieved
2959:. 2016-01-11
2956:
2947:
2921:FalconGuides
2915:
2908:
2897:. Retrieved
2869:
2861:
2850:. Retrieved
2841:
2828:
2816:. Retrieved
2803:
2793:25 September
2791:. Retrieved
2784:
2777:
2758:
2753:
2742:. Retrieved
2732:
2721:. Retrieved
2710:
2698:. Retrieved
2684:
2658:. Retrieved
2640:
2629:. Retrieved
2625:
2615:
2604:. Retrieved
2600:
2591:
2580:. Retrieved
2575:
2566:
2555:. Retrieved
2549:
2540:
2528:. Retrieved
2522:
2513:
2502:. Retrieved
2497:
2487:
2476:. Retrieved
2471:
2424:
2417:
2409:
2398:. Retrieved
2381:
2376:
2369:
2308:
2274:
2268:
2249:
2198:
2177:. Retrieved
2160:
2136:. Retrieved
2132:
2105:. Retrieved
2091:
2085:
2079:
2071:
2057:Anthelmintic
2032:
2028:
2001:
1989:
1980:
1968:
1960:allelopathic
1957:
1945:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1921:Monelliopsis
1919:
1913:
1907:
1900:
1898:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1868:
1866:
1849:
1843:
1836:
1830:
1825:
1813:
1806:
1802:Castanea spp
1801:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1764:
1732:
1723:stearic acid
1721:(1.9%), and
1700:
1656:and several
1639:
1627:
1591:
1536:
1531:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1164:24.06 g
1155:
1085:
1031:
1005:Black walnut
991:
970:
969:
959:
957:
953:
949:
919:
900:
891:
877:
875:
869:
849:
826:
819:Acer negundo
818:
810:
802:
794:
791:American elm
786:
778:
770:
762:
754:
746:
743:black cherry
738:
730:
722:
720:
714:
707:
702:
698:
692:
690:
679:
667:
659:
655:black cherry
651:silver maple
640:
626:
620:
600:
593:
566:
560:
542:
532:
506:
498:
488:
437:even-pinnate
428:
408:
398:
388:
378:
368:
357:allelopathic
354:
347:
331:
311:South Dakota
297:, native to
295:Juglandaceae
275:
270:
269:
268:
239:
237:
221:
220:
204:
192:
182:Juglandaceae
155:
142:
129:
116:
36:
18:Black walnut
4942:kew-2331834
4842:NatureServe
4754:iNaturalist
4585:Wikispecies
4317:Substantive
4235:Rōketsuzome
4228:Ring dyeing
4107:Peanut tree
4067:Angiosperms
4040:Korean pine
3980:Gymnosperms
3914:Wild karuka
3760:Asian hazel
3220:Times Union
2107:19 November
1969:Like other
1954:Allelopathy
1844:The walnut
1829:(larvae of
1751:natural dye
1703:fatty acids
1662:Daily Value
1630:sugar maple
1546:4.56 g
1221:Thiamine (B
1140:33.8 g
1135:36.4 g
1115:15.4 g
1094:59.3 g
1061:1.10 g
1051:0.24 g
833:Cultivation
781:spp.), and
767:sugar maple
645:similar to
363:Description
317:, northern
313:, south to
209:Rhysocaryon
136:Angiosperms
5087:Plant dyes
5031:Categories
4998:WisFlora:
4937:Plant List
4629:Calflora:
4493:Craft dyes
4254:Tsutsugaki
4161:Techniques
4075:Brazil nut
4055:Stone pine
4000:Ginkgo nut
3830:Breadfruit
3639:(EUFORGEN)
3203:2010-08-06
2963:2019-02-01
2899:2024-06-21
2852:2024-03-28
2744:2020-11-24
2723:2014-07-26
2700:8 December
2660:8 December
2631:2024-09-24
2606:2024-09-24
2582:2024-09-24
2557:2021-10-29
2530:3 December
2504:2016-06-29
2478:2016-06-29
2400:2016-06-29
2179:2022-09-18
2169:2376/14212
2138:2024-09-24
2063:References
1816:gun stocks
1796:Thuja spp.
1761:Industrial
1711:oleic acid
1696:riboflavin
1677:B vitamins
1648:, and 10%
1455:Phosphorus
1137:2.7 g
1105:3.5 g
1071:6.8 g
1040:9.6 g
966:Ornamental
914:affiliate
897:Commercial
631:leaf scars
537:pistillate
503:monoecious
4720:233500721
4524:Reference
4378:Cochineal
4368:Bloodroot
4337:Discharge
4194:Kalamkari
4080:Macadamia
4013:Bunya nut
4006:Araucaria
3958:Butternut
3943:Pistachio
3933:Pekea nut
3855:Gabon nut
3820:Betel nut
3772:Kurrajong
3718:Candlenut
3681:True, or
3482:240 pages
3281:CiteSeerX
2939:560560606
2670:cite news
2377:Hardwoods
2218:cite book
1992:laminitis
1918:spp. and
1743:plumbagin
1713:(15.3%),
1698:(table).
1692:vitamin E
1669:manganese
1636:Nutrition
1468:Potassium
1442:Manganese
1429:Magnesium
1348:Vitamin K
1335:Vitamin E
1322:Vitamin C
1305:Folate (B
1289:Vitamin B
1255:Niacin (B
1211:Vitamin A
1101:Saturated
926:article.
857:nurseries
807:green ash
783:hickories
735:white ash
623:butternut
579:dichogamy
563:mast year
511:staminate
493:leaf scar
489:Leaf scar
479:acuminate
342:cultivars
284:deciduous
216:Species:
200:Section:
106:Kingdom:
4988:VASCAN:
4981:16700006
4976:Tropicos
4903:PalDat:
4847:2.141124
4811:62019712
4785:10200056
4772:279034-2
4619:BioLib:
4570:Wikidata
4448:Turmeric
4393:Dyewoods
4373:Brazilin
4332:Disperse
4307:Reactive
4201:Katazome
4025:Pine nut
3968:Heartnut
3938:Pili nut
3921:Mongongo
3899:Jack nut
3782:Palm nut
3767:Kola nut
3735:Hazelnut
3723:Chestnut
3713:Breadnut
3311:23491349
3303:24407348
3116:Archived
3079:Archived
3012:Archived
2893:Archived
2889:30844154
2846:Archived
2836:(2024).
2818:14 March
2392:(USFS),
2306:(1974).
2173:Archived
2041:See also
1915:Monellia
1737:contain
1717:(2.7%),
1654:calories
1537:Quantity
1481:Selenium
1449:3.896 mg
1376:Quantity
1370:Minerals
1299:0.583 mg
1283:1.660 mg
1266:0.470 mg
1249:0.130 mg
1232:0.057 mg
1197:Quantity
1191:Vitamins
971:J. nigra
903:Missouri
838:Planting
815:boxelder
751:basswood
725:include
723:J. nigra
483:serrated
433:compound
293:family,
205:Juglans
178:Family:
149:Eudicots
83:IUCN 3.1
5042:Juglans
4896:1072887
4829:MoBotPF
4733:3054357
4653:Ecocrop
4576:Q852572
4510:Procion
4505:Inkodye
4472:History
4443:Saffron
4428:Logwood
4403:Gamboge
4383:Cudbear
4342:Pigment
4312:Solvent
4297:Natural
4247:Tie-dye
4242:Shibori
4213:Mordant
4208:Leheria
4112:Soybean
3860:Hickory
3845:Coconut
3755:Filbert
3404:9 March
3346:30 June
3273:Bibcode
3102:Cresson
2418:Juglans
1975:juglone
1971:walnuts
1859:⁄
1827:Maggots
1755:mordant
1739:juglone
1646:protein
1623:chicken
1599:cookies
1580:As food
1514:3.37 mg
1423:3.12 mg
1390:Calcium
1157:Protein
1130:omega−6
1125:omega−3
871:Grafted
823:red oak
813:), and
779:Quercus
637:Ecology
615:entisol
611:alfisol
603:English
596:taproot
571:Fagales
526:⁄
515:catkins
499:Flowers
472:⁄
458:⁄
448:⁄
420:⁄
319:Florida
315:Georgia
307:Ontario
289:in the
280:species
278:, is a
193:Juglans
188:Genus:
172:Fagales
168:Order:
110:Plantae
81: (
4950:PLANTS
4880:NZOR:
4834:281348
4707:jugnig
4704:FEIS:
4697:173152
4671:594611
4599:AoFP:
4433:Madder
4423:Kermes
4418:Indigo
4398:Fustic
4322:Sulfur
4223:Resist
4185:Kasuri
4173:Dyeing
4154:Dyeing
4102:Peanut
3948:Walnut
3904:Karuka
3850:Durian
3835:Cashew
3810:Almond
3802:Drupes
3586:images
3520:
3506:
3488:
3372:3 July
3316:2 July
3309:
3301:
3283:
2937:
2927:
2887:
2877:
2765:
2396:(USDA)
2328:799792
2326:
2316:
2281:
2256:
2206:
2012:Oregon
1910:aphids
1846:weevil
1747:tannin
1735:drupes
1673:copper
1644:, 24%
1611:salads
1605:, and
1494:Sodium
1475:523 mg
1462:513 mg
1436:201 mg
1410:1.4 mg
1403:Copper
1355:2.7 μg
1342:2.1 mg
1329:1.7 mg
1057:Sugars
1047:Starch
1017:Energy
882:pollen
715:Glomus
575:spikes
533:female
505:. The
429:Leaves
291:walnut
274:, the
162:Rosids
4926:PFI:
4873:16719
4798:19254
4780:IRMNG
4759:54504
4746:20762
4692:EUNIS
4684:IUGNI
4645:6NFM9
4632:12597
4622:38445
4609:APA:
4500:Dylon
4413:Henna
4388:Cutch
4263:Yūzen
4168:Batik
4009:spp.
3988:Cycad
3870:Pecan
3696:Beech
3691:Acorn
3558:(PDF)
3551:(PDF)
3398:(PDF)
3391:(PDF)
3340:(PDF)
3307:S2CID
3261:(PDF)
3197:(PDF)
3190:(PDF)
3049:(PDF)
2812:(PDF)
2035:Sereď
1822:Pests
1603:fudge
1595:cakes
1543:Water
1488:17 μg
1397:61 mg
1316:31 μg
1215:40 IU
787:Carya
546:hard.
543:Fruit
383:trunk
379:Trunk
373:husks
334:seeds
323:Texas
207:sect.
156:Clade
143:Clade
130:Clade
117:Clade
5001:3958
4991:6243
4963:POWO
4955:JUNI
4914:PfaF
4868:NCBI
4821:1496
4806:IUCN
4793:ITIS
4767:IPNI
4741:GRIN
4728:GBIF
4679:EPPO
4658:7013
4612:2374
4602:3837
4463:Woad
4458:Weld
4302:Acid
4292:Dyes
4178:Ikat
3674:Nuts
3518:ISBN
3504:ISBN
3486:ISBN
3406:2009
3374:2014
3348:2016
3318:2016
3299:PMID
2935:OCLC
2925:ISBN
2885:PMID
2875:ISBN
2820:2018
2795:2020
2763:ISBN
2702:2022
2676:link
2662:2022
2655:KCUR
2532:2022
2324:OCLC
2314:ISBN
2279:ISBN
2254:ISBN
2224:link
2204:ISBN
2109:2021
2092:2018
2002:The
1835:and
1770:Wood
1705:are
1694:and
1619:pork
1615:fish
1607:pies
1507:Zinc
1501:2 mg
1447:169%
1416:Iron
1408:156%
985:Uses
916:KCUR
775:oaks
701:and
653:and
649:and
613:and
507:male
491:The
413:buds
411:The
409:Buds
403:pith
401:The
399:Pith
393:bark
391:The
389:Bark
369:Odor
338:nuts
287:tree
5009:WFO
4929:243
4855:NBN
4715:FNA
4666:EoL
4640:CoL
4515:Rit
4327:Vat
3291:doi
2842:FDA
2695:VOX
2651:NPR
2165:hdl
2096:doi
1729:Dye
1642:fat
1512:31%
1486:31%
1473:17%
1460:41%
1434:48%
1421:17%
1381:%DV
1340:14%
1297:34%
1281:33%
1247:10%
1202:%DV
1087:Fat
977:'s
924:VOX
912:NPR
805:),
797:),
773:),
765:),
757:),
749:),
741:),
733:),
647:red
605:or
282:of
5033::
5011::
4978::
4965::
4952::
4939::
4916::
4893::
4870::
4857::
4844::
4831::
4808::
4795::
4782::
4769::
4756::
4743::
4730::
4717::
4694::
4681::
4668::
4655::
4642::
4587::
4572::
3484:.
3422:.
3326:^
3305:.
3297:.
3289:.
3279:.
3267:.
3263:.
3248:^
3171:.
3153:.
3135:.
3030:.
2994:.
2955:.
2933:.
2891:.
2883:.
2844:.
2840:.
2693:.
2672:}}
2668:{{
2653:.
2649:.
2624:.
2599:.
2574:.
2548:.
2521:.
2496:.
2470:.
2442:^
2388::
2380:.
2336:^
2322:.
2293:^
2232:^
2220:}}
2216:{{
2188:^
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