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sledders can simply be falling down the course at high speed with their helmet grinding along the surface or bouncing off the interior of the sled. One sledder described his experience during crashes as being equivalent to his head being inside a jet engine. Even ignoring crashes, repetitive shaking from small imperfections in the course is hypothesized to cause small tears in the brain, especially if performed repeatedly. The culture of competitive bobsledders (especially before this danger was recognized) also made injured participants hesitant to speak up and request breaks, fearful of being dropped from the team. Bobsledders who train frequently have reported issues such as chronic headaches, a heightened sensitivity to bright lights and loud noises, forgetfulness, a "mental fog", and psychological problems. Repeated mild brain trauma has caused issues for boxers, rugby players, and football players with
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the front. The ability to steer meant the sleds could make longer runs through the town. Longer runs also meant higher speeds on curves. Local sentiment about these informal competitions varied, but eventually complaints grew so vociferous that
Badrutt had to do something. His solution, in the late 1870s, was to build a basic natural-ice run for his guests outside the town near the small hamlet named Cresta. He took action because he did not want to make enemies in the town, and he had worked hard and invested a lot of time and money in popularizing wintering in St. Moritz, so he was not going to let boredom induce customers not to visit the area.
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501:). As one of the few natural weather tracks in the world, it does not use artificial refrigeration. It is not known how much the original track evolved in the early years as the three sports matured and stabilized. The first club was formed in 1897, and the first purpose-built track solely for bobsleds opened in 1902 outside St. Moritz. Over the years, bobsleigh tracks evolved from straight runs to twisting and turning tracks. The original wooden sleds gave way to streamlined fiberglass and metal ones.
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465:, Switzerland. He had been frustrated that his hotel was only busy during the summer months. By keeping his guests entertained with food, alcohol and activities, he quickly established the concept of "winter resorting". Within a few years, wintering at Badrutt's St. Moritz hotel became very fashionable in
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minimum of 162 kg (357 lb) without the athlete (but including timing equipment and any ballast weights) and a maximum of 247 kg (545 lb) including the athlete; runners are the same as for two-person bobsleighs. This implies a maximum athlete weight limit of 85 kg (187 lb).
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died of an overdose. Since 2013, three North
American former bobsledders have taken their lives, another attempted it, and two others died of overdoses; this is far over expectation of the group from chance, as only a few hundred athletes participate seriously in bobsled and other sliding sports such
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Individual runs down the course, or "heats", begin from a standing start, with the crew pushing the sled for up to 50 metres (160 ft) before boarding; though the pilot does not steer, grooves in the ice make steering unnecessary until the sled leaves the starting area. While poor form during the
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In modern bobsleighs, the steering system consists of two metal rings that actuate a pulley system located in the forward cowling that turns the front runners. For example, to turn left, the pilot would pull the left ring. Only subtle steering adjustments are necessary to guide the sled; at speeds up
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Germany and
Switzerland have proven the most successful bobsleighing nations, measured by overall success in European, World, World Cup, and Olympic championships. Since the 1990s Germans have dominated in international competition, having won more medals than any other nation. Italy, Austria, Canada
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However, when they began colliding with pedestrians in the icy lanes, alleyways and roads of St. Moritz, this led to the invention of "steering means" for the sleds. The basic bobsleigh (bobsled) consisted of two crestas (skeleton sleds) attached together with a board that had a steering mechanism at
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Prior to the 2020–21 competitive season, monobobs were traditionally constructed on one-piece chassis. Starting with the 2020–21 season, competitors in IBSF-sanctioned races must use articulated (two-section) monobobs manufactured by the IBSF's sole source sled builder, iXent. The sled must weigh a
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Women compete in women's bobsleigh (which is always two-woman) and men in both two- and four-man competitions. Women were confirmed as being able to compete in any four-"man" bobsleigh event, as from 25 September 2014, either as part of a mixed-sex team or an all-female team. However, because women
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Although bobsleighs once were ridden by five or six, crews were reduced in the 1930s to either two or four people. The four-person crew consists of a pilot, a brakeman, and two pushers. Athletes are selected for their speed and strength, which are necessary to push the sleigh to a competitive speed
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A single-person bobsleigh is called a "monobob". Single-person sleds were introduced into international competition for both adaptive bobsleigh (for athletes who are able to drive a sled but not push) and as a youth sport (for younger athletes who have not yet developed the ability to push a heavy
512:, bobsleigh has featured in every Winter Olympics since. Women's bobsleigh competition began in the US in 1983 with two demonstration races in Lake Placid, New York, one held in February and the second held during the World Cup races in March 1983. Two-woman bobsleigh made its Olympic debut at the
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Sledding at a competitive level involves sledders repeatedly subjecting themselves to high-G forces and multiple small collisions of their head into their helmet as sharp turns are taken. Additionally, when mistakes happen and the sled crashes, there are no "seatbelts" or other protections; the
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Modern-day sleighs combine light metals, steel runners, and an aerodynamic composite body. Competition sleighs must be a maximum of 3.80 metres (12.5 ft) long (4-crew) or 2.70 metres (8.9 ft) long (2-crew). The runners on both are set at 0.67 metres (2.2 ft)
324:; however, as collisions increased, growing opposition from St. Moritz residents led to bobsledding being eventually banned from public highways. In the winter of 1884, Badrutt had a purpose-built run constructed near the hamlet of Cresta. The
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initial push can lose a team the heat, it is otherwise rarely, if ever, decisive. Over the rest of the course, a sleigh's speed depends on its weight, aerodynamics, runners, the condition of the ice, and the skill of the pilot.
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The men's and women's standings for normal races are calculated over the aggregate of two runs or heats. At the
Olympic Winter Games and World Championships, all competitions (for both men and women) consist of four heats.
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Modern bobsleigh teams compete to complete a downhill route in the fastest times. An aggregate time from several runs is used to determine the winners. The four-man event has been featured since the first Winter Games in
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Race times are recorded in hundredths of seconds, so even seemingly minor errors – especially those at the beginning, which affect the remainder of the heat – can have a measurable impact on the final race standings.
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are on average lighter than men (and thus at a competitive disadvantage in a gravity sport), and because most sliding nations have fewer women able to compete than men, this option has not proved popular with teams.
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to 80 miles per hour (130 km/h), anything larger would result in a crash. The pilot does most of the steering, and the brakeman stops the sled after crossing the finish line by pulling the sled's brake lever.
469:. However, with increased numbers this led some guests to search for new diversions. In the early 1870s some adventurous Englishmen began adapting boys' delivery sleds for recreational purposes.
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508:(IBSF) was founded in 1923. Men's four-man bobsleigh appeared in the first ever Winter Olympics in 1924, and the men's two-man bobsleigh event was added in 1932. Though not included in the
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in 1884, which was built in an annual partnership between guests and local people. The run, which was still in operation as of 2014, has served as a host track for
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Bobsleighs can attain speeds of 150 km/h (93 mph), with the reported world record being 157.06 km/h (97.59 mph) set on March 3, 2019 at the
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at the start of the race. Pilots must have the skill, timing, and finesse to steer the sleigh along the path, or "line", that will produce the greatest speed.
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650:. Until the weight-limit rule was added in 1952, bobsleigh crews tended to be very heavy to ensure the greatest possible speed. Nowadays the maximum
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360:), California, United States, when the organizing committee decided not to build a track to reduce costs. The two-man event was introduced at the
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bobsledding track. Bakken, the driver, and
Flowers, the brakeman, won the first gold medal presented in Olympic women's bobsledding (2002).
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on snow or ice had long been popular in many northern countries, the origins of bobsleighing as a modern sport are relatively recent.
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The name is derived from the action some early competitors adopted of bobbing back and forth inside their sleds to increase speed.
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in which teams of 2 to 4 athletes make timed runs down narrow, twisting, banked, iced tracks in a gravity-powered
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BMW IBSF World
Championships Bob & Skeleton 2019 Whistler (CAN). Official results
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power up in the push zone for their 80-mile-per-hour (130 km/h) ride down the
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USA-1 in heat 3 of 4-man bobsleigh at 2010 Winter
Olympics, 27 February 2010
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was created from a revision of this article dated 4 February 2006
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Some tracks offer tourists rides in bobsleighs, including those at
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International
Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (October 2020).
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The 1913 Saint-Moritz
Bobsleigh Derby Cup; photo by Albert Ewald
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1910:"FIBT the international home of Bobsleigh and Skeleton Sports"
1859:"Team USA's bobsled, luge and skeleton get high-tech tune-up"
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and the United States also have strong bobsleigh traditions.
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308:. The early sleds were adapted from boys' delivery sleds and
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1806:"Rounding The Zigzag Turn Of A Bobsleigh Run", April 1932,
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285:. International bobsleigh competitions are governed by the
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The first bobsleds were built in the late 19th century in
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remains the oldest in the world and is the home of the
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A significant number of athletes have either died by
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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364:and a two-woman event was first contested at the
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2363:International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation
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1951:
506:International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation
481:Formal competitions began down the natural-ice
287:International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation
172:International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation
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1962:"A Brain-Shaking Slide and Its Long-Term Toll"
1890:. British Bobsleigh & Skeleton Association
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2018:
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1811:photo of wooden bobsleigh used in early 1930s
781:. Examples include medal-winning bobsledders
2368:List of bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton tracks
2057:"Yvonne Cernota crashes during training run"
1948:
542:List of bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton tracks
312:. These eventually evolved into bobsleighs,
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1995:"Team Canada Trained Hard. Maybe Too Hard"
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1932:"International Women's Monobob Rules 2020"
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220:Yes, but usually in separate competitions
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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728:List of Olympic medalists in bobsleigh
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675:two- or four-person sled). After the
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2075:"Cernota killed in training accident"
1993:Futterman, Matthew (August 1, 2020).
1944:from the original on 22 January 2021.
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1732:List of Bobsleigh World Cup champions
2250:European natural track championships
2021:"Die Heidegger-Tragödie von Triesen"
1960:Futterman, Matthew (July 27, 2020).
1857:Elliot, Danielle (7 February 2014).
1785:. Reaktion Books. pp. 128–131.
809:
616:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1847:ibsf.org Retrieved 19 November 2023
581:, Latvia; Innsbruck-Igls, Austria;
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1782:Grand Hotels: Reality and Illusion
1137:World University Winter Games 1951
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419:An East German bobsleigh in 1951,
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3269:Sports originating in Switzerland
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336:and as of 2022 was still in use.
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1822:"HOW FAST DOES A BOBSLEIGH GO?"
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1756:Britannica Online Encyclopedia
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1131:penultimate turn of the track
401:The Swiss bobsleigh team from
356:in Squaw Valley (now known as
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2358:International Luge Federation
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352:. The only exception was the
2584:Extreme and adventure sports
2019:Herbert Oehri (2013-04-22).
525:Whistler World Championships
453:It developed after hotelier
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372:event was introduced in the
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2373:List of natural luge tracks
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330:St. Moritz Tobogganing Club
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1433:World Championships 1971
1308:World Championships 1966
1182:World Championships 1953
1093:World Championships 1949
1048:World Championships 1939
300:who were staying at the
236:High-tech sleigh, helmet
228:Winter sport, time trial
1392:Italy Bob Championship
789:, who died by suicide;
3239:Human-powered vehicles
2345:European championships
2300:European championships
2240:European championships
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2097:Listen to this article
1884:"Bobsleigh: Technique"
1779:Denby, Elaine (2002).
1171:Garmisch-Partenkirchen
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633:(brakes) during their
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477:Competitive discipline
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2937:Parachuting/Skydiving
2542:Summer Olympic sports
2420:Winter Olympic sports
2198:Winter sliding sports
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1752:"bobsledding (sport)"
735:
726:Further information:
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540:Further information:
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289:(formerly the FIBT).
3051:Freestyle scootering
2877:Traditional climbing
2164:at Wikimedia Commons
2148:More spoken articles
2042:Hamburger Abendblatt
1112:Alexandru Budișteanu
681:2022 Winter Olympics
677:2018 Winter Olympics
625:Team USA on a wall,
514:2002 Winter Olympics
510:1960 Winter Olympics
491:Winter Olympic Games
366:2002 Winter Olympics
334:Olympic Winter Games
332:. It has hosted two
150:2010 Winter Olympics
54:improve this article
2978:Powered paragliding
2805:Whitewater kayaking
2800:Whitewater canoeing
2335:World championships
2290:World championships
2255:Asian championships
2230:World championships
1326:Josef Schnellneger
1216:St. Moritz-Celerina
716:Olympic medal table
167:governing body
134:
3109:Ski mountaineering
2872:Free solo climbing
2810:Whitewater rafting
2522:Ski mountaineering
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1999:The New York Times
1967:The New York Times
825:. You can help by
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1808:Popular Mechanics
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1685:Training session
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1558:Training session
1538:Imants Karlsons
1509:Cortina d'Ampezzo
1298:Cortina d'Ampezzo
1038:Cortina d'Ampezzo
883:Jules van Bylandt
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617:Sleighs and crews
467:Victorian Britain
298:Victorian Britain
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16:(Redirected from
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3264:Sliding vehicles
3158:Adventure racing
3132:Extreme sledding
3099:Freestyle skiing
2910:Ski-BASE jumping
2783:Technical diving
2630:Mountainboarding
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3188:Obstacle racing
3173:Extreme ironing
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2855:Alpine climbing
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2505:Nordic combined
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2318:Winter Olympics
2304:
2273:Winter Olympics
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2213:Winter Olympics
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2129:This audio file
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823:needs expansion
808:
806:Fatal incidents
787:Pavle Jovanovic
768:Christina Smith
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737:Vonetta Flowers
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631:Valerie Fleming
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2091:External links
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745:Winter Olympic
720:Main article:
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637:silver run on
627:Shauna Rohbock
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368:. The women's
358:Olympic Valley
306:Caspar Badrutt
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2081:. 2004-03-12.
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946:
944:Karl Gerloff
941:
936:
934:
933:
929:
927:
925:Practice run
924:
922:
920:
917:
914:
912:
911:
907:
905:
902:
900:
898:
893:
888:
885:
880:
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873:
872:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
846:
837:
834:December 2010
828:
824:
821:This section
819:
816:
812:
811:
803:
801:
797:
792:
788:
784:
783:Eugenio Monti
780:
776:
771:
769:
765:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
723:
713:
709:
705:
697:
688:
684:
682:
678:
667:
663:
659:
655:
653:
649:
640:
639:Cesana Pariol
636:
632:
628:
623:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:Cesana Pariol
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
568:
566:
565:
560:
552:
548:
543:
528:
526:
521:
517:
515:
511:
507:
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488:
484:
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468:
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460:
456:
447:
443:
441:
432:
426:
422:
421:Oberhof track
417:
404:
399:
385:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
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351:
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337:
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197:
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176:
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168:
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159:
155:
151:
147:
146:United States
141:
136:
124:
121:
113:
110:November 2023
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3198:Powerbocking
3193:Orienteering
3183:Fell running
3178:Extreme Pogo
3126:
3104:Speed skiing
3066:Vert skating
2990:Speed flying
2968:Hang gliding
2922:Cliff-diving
2900:BASE jumping
2838:Ice climbing
2795:Water skiing
2773:Scuba diving
2745:Water sports
2687:Wakeboarding
2660:Snowboarding
2650:Skimboarding
2640:Sandboarding
2625:Longboarding
2620:Kiteboarding
2605:Bodyboarding
2534:
2515:snowboarding
2435:
2264:
2078:
2069:
2061:
2051:
2041:
2023:(in German).
2014:
2002:. Retrieved
1998:
1971:. Retrieved
1965:
1925:
1913:. Retrieved
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1887:
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1852:
1840:
1829:. Retrieved
1826:bobsleigh.uk
1825:
1816:
1807:
1801:
1781:
1759:. Retrieved
1755:
1746:
1724:
1494:James Morgan
1349:Austria-Cup
1175:Bayernkurve
903:Practice run
831:
827:adding to it
822:
772:
760:
757:Brain trauma
710:
706:
702:
685:
673:
664:
660:
656:
644:
629:(pilot) and
576:
569:
563:
556:
522:
518:
503:
480:
471:
452:
437:
425:East Germany
383:
338:
302:Palace Hotel
291:
279:winter sport
274:
270:
269:
207:Team members
186:First played
144:The two-man
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3203:Slacklining
2985:Parasailing
2973:Paragliding
2932:Tombstoning
2778:Cave diving
2763:High diving
2753:Coasteering
2702:Motorsports
2692:Windsurfing
2665:Snowskating
2610:Dirtsurfing
2592:Boardsports
2510:ski jumping
2473:short-track
1761:21 February
1647:2-man sled
1605:4-man sled
1564:2-man sled
1524:4-man sled
1479:4-man sled
1437:2-man sled
1409:Luis López
1395:4-man sled
1352:2-man sled
1312:4-man sled
1268:4-man sled
1256:Lake Placid
1226:2-man sled
1186:4-man sled
1141:4-man sled
1097:2-man sled
1082:Lake Placid
1052:4-man sled
1008:4-man sled
969:4-man sled
930:5-man sled
851:Competitor
777:or died of
741:Jill Bakken
739:(left) and
599:Lake Placid
591:Lillehammer
459:mineral spa
410: 1910
69:"Bobsleigh"
3228:Categories
3213:Zip-lining
3094:Freeriding
3016:BMX racing
2958:Air racing
2953:Aerobatics
2884:Skyrunning
2790:Snorkeling
2768:Jet Skiing
2758:Freediving
2730:Rally raid
2720:Rallycross
2655:Skysurfing
2478:long-track
2453:Ice hockey
2144:Audio help
2135:2006-02-04
1915:3 February
1894:5 February
1868:5 February
1831:2023-09-11
1738:References
1067:Max Houben
915:Oberüberl
897:Cresta Run
613:, France.
609:, US; and
593:, Norway;
589:, Canada;
531:Modern era
483:Cresta Run
463:St. Moritz
374:2022 games
362:1932 games
354:1960 games
326:Cresta Run
322:St. Moritz
294:St. Moritz
80:newspapers
3234:Bobsleigh
3127:Bobsleigh
2905:Free BASE
2828:Canyoning
2715:Motocross
2535:See also:
2500:freestyle
2436:Bobsleigh
2340:World Cup
2323:medalists
2295:World Cup
2278:medalists
2265:Bobsleigh
2235:World Cup
2218:medalists
2162:Bobsleigh
2004:August 8,
1973:August 8,
1688:Training
1682:Echowand
1678:Königssee
1644:Training
1634:Altenberg
1602:Training
1592:Altenberg
1561:Training
1516:3rd heat
1389:2nd heat
1340:Königssee
908:skeleton
611:La Plagne
597:, Italy;
553:, Germany
527:in 2019.
438:Although
380:Etymology
318:skeletons
310:toboggans
304:owned by
271:Bobsleigh
233:Equipment
216:Mixed-sex
178:Nicknames
154:Vancouver
133:Bobsleigh
3259:Sledding
3142:Skeleton
3119:Sledding
3033:Downhill
2820:Climbing
2735:Snocross
2725:Rallying
2710:Drifting
2441:skeleton
2431:Biathlon
2310:Skeleton
2146: ·
2083:(German)
2079:CBC News
2064:(German)
2062:Stern.de
1939:Archived
1863:CBS News
1698:See also
1596:Curve 4
1423:Cervinia
1382:Cervinia
869:Vehicle
860:Section
800:skeleton
583:Whistler
559:concrete
487:skeleton
461:town of
440:sledding
346:Chamonix
251:Presence
165:Highest
3044:Rolling
3004:Cycling
2963:Gliding
2893:Falling
2675:Surfing
2463:Skating
2448:Curling
2133: (
2104:minutes
2044:article
1638:Finish
1513:Finish
1471:Finish
1386:Finish
997:Oberhof
958:Oberhof
775:suicide
670:Monobob
641:, Italy
579:Sigulda
489:at two
393:Origins
388:History
370:monobob
275:bobsled
257:Olympic
199:Contact
94:scholar
18:Bobsled
3249:Racing
3163:Caving
3151:Others
3082:Skiing
2946:Flying
2490:alpine
2485:Skiing
2328:venues
2283:venues
2223:venues
1789:
866:Event
857:Track
752:Safety
691:Racing
652:weight
601:, US;
536:Tracks
350:France
283:sleigh
261:since
158:Canada
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1942:(PDF)
1935:(PDF)
1667:2004
1623:1990
1581:1989
1541:1982
1498:1981
1456:1980
1412:1971
1371:1970
1329:1970
1287:1966
1245:1966
1205:1956
1160:1953
1116:1951
1071:1949
1027:1939
986:1933
947:1933
918:1911
863:Race
854:Year
648:gauge
403:Davos
314:luges
277:is a
241:Venue
189:1870s
101:JSTOR
87:books
3137:Luge
2540:and
2458:Luge
2205:Luge
2006:2020
1975:2020
1917:2010
1896:2022
1870:2022
1787:ISBN
1763:2014
1720:Luge
1552:Igls
1467:Igls
886:1907
798:and
796:luge
785:and
635:2006
607:Utah
572:luge
504:The
499:1948
497:and
495:1928
342:1924
316:and
263:1924
225:Type
202:None
73:news
3011:BMX
1652:42
1610:41
848:No
829:.
794:as
344:in
273:or
152:in
56:by
3230::
2077:.
2029:^
1997:.
1983:^
1964:.
1950:^
1937:.
1886:.
1861:.
1824:.
1771:^
1754:.
605:,
585:,
567:.
423:,
407:c.
405:,
376:.
348:,
156:,
2576:e
2569:t
2562:v
2407:e
2400:t
2393:v
2191:e
2184:t
2177:v
2150:)
2142:(
2137:)
2106:)
2102:3
2099:(
2008:.
1977:.
1919:.
1898:.
1872:.
1834:.
1795:.
1765:.
836:)
832:(
564:g
493:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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