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462:
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79:
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1915:
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921:. As of 2009, roughly 60% of Encyclopædia Britannica's revenue came from online operations, of which around 15% came from subscriptions to the consumer version of the websites. As of 2006, subscriptions were available on a yearly, monthly or weekly basis. Special subscription plans are offered to schools, colleges and libraries; such institutional subscribers constitute an important part of Britannica's business. Beginning in early 2007, the
7999:
8633:
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1431:, believes in the "transformative power of education" and set steering the company toward solidifying its place among leaders in educational technology and supplemental curriculum. Krishnan aimed at providing more useful and relevant solutions to customer needs, extending and renewing Britannica's historical emphasis on "utility", which had been the watchword of its first edition in 1768.
8390:
2658:
2494:
2799:) provoked a "firestorm of criticism" of the initial 15th edition. In response, the 15th edition was completely reorganized and indexed for a re-release in 1985. This second version of the 15th edition continued to be published and revised through the release of the 2010 print version. The official title of the 15th edition is the
765:
had dropped to 40,000 per annum by 1996. There were 12,000 sets of the 2010 edition printed, of which 8,000 had been sold by March 2012. By late April 2012, the remaining copies of the 2010 edition had sold out at
Britannica's online store. As of 2016, a replica of Britannica's 1768 first edition is available via the online store.
2709:; in 1936, he began the policy of continuous revision. This was a departure from earlier practice, in which the articles were not changed until a new edition was produced, at roughly 25-year intervals, some articles unchanged from earlier editions. Powell developed new educational products that built upon the
3759:
Vol. I has (viii), 697, (i) pages, but 10 unpaginated pages are added between pages 586 and 587. Vol. II has (iii), 1009, (ii) pages, but page numbers 175–176 as well as page numbers 425–426 were used twice; additionally page numbers 311–410 were not used. Vol. III has (iii), 953, (i) pages, but page
2842:
was bought by Jacqui Safra at well below its estimated value, owing to the company's financial difficulties. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Incorporated split in 1999. One part retained the company name and developed the print version, and the other, Britannica.com Incorporated, developed digital versions.
2381:
With regard to errors in general, whether falling under the denomination of mental, typographical or accidental, we are conscious of being able to point out a greater number than any critic whatever. Men who are acquainted with the innumerable difficulties attending the execution of a work of such an
1419:
The product was quickly followed by
Britannica School Insights, which provided similar content for subscribers to Britannica's online classroom solutions, and a partnership with YouTube in which verified Britannica content appeared on the site as an antidote to user-generated video content that could
2868:
was also printed in 2010, containing 30 volumes and 18,251 pages, with 8,500 photographs, maps, flags, and illustrations in smaller "compact" volumes, as well as over 40,000 articles written by scholars from across the world, including Nobel Prize winners. Unlike the 15th edition, it did not contain
1415:
First was
Britannica Insights, a free, downloadable software extension to the Google Chrome browser that served up edited, fact-checked Britannica information with queries on search engines such as Google, Yahoo, and Bing. Its purpose, the company said, was to "provide trusted, verified information"
1407:
was appointed global chief executive officer of the
Encyclopædia Britannica Group. Krishnan brought a varied perspective to the role based on several high-level positions in digital media, including RELX (formerly known as Reed Elsevier, and one of the constituents of the FTSE 100 Index) and Rodale,
2473:
below). The 5th and 6th editions were reprints of the 4th, and the 10th edition was only a supplement to the 9th, just as the 12th and 13th editions were supplements to the 11th. The 15th underwent massive reorganization in 1985, but the updated, current version is still known as the 15th. The 14th
1788:
contributors are experts in their field—some are Nobel laureates. By contrast, the articles of
Knowledge are written by people of unknown degrees of expertise: most do not claim any particular expertise, and of those who do, many are anonymous and have no verifiable credentials. It is for this lack
961:
website will have to register under their real name and address prior to editing or submitting their content. All edits submitted will be reviewed and checked and will have to be approved by the encyclopaedia's professional staff. Contributions from non-academic users will sit in a separate section
764:
In March 2012, the company announced that the 2010 edition would be the last printed version. This was part of a move by the company to adapt to the times and focus on its future using digital distribution. The peak year for the printed encyclopaedia was 1990, when 120,000 sets were sold, but sales
334:
since 1768, although the company has changed ownership seven times. The encyclopaedia is maintained by about 100 full-time editors and more than 4,000 contributors. The 2010 version of the 15th edition, which spans 32 volumes and 32,640 pages, was the last printed edition. Since
4424:
edition. A new edition typically begins with strong sales that decay as the encyclopaedia becomes outdated. When work on a new edition is begun, sales of the old edition stop, just when fiscal needs are greatest: a new editorial staff must be assembled, articles commissioned. Elkan
Harrison Powell
2201:
has been criticized for its editorial choices. Given its roughly constant size, the encyclopaedia has needed to reduce or eliminate some topics to accommodate others, resulting in controversial decisions. The initial 15th edition (1974–1985) was faulted for having reduced or eliminated coverage of
1109:
With a temerity almost appalling, ranges over nearly the whole field of
European history, political, social, ecclesiastical... The grievance is that lacks authority. This, too—this reliance on editorial energy instead of on ripe special learning—may, alas, be also counted an "Americanizing": for
724:
has been revised on a regular schedule, with at least 10% of the articles considered for revision each year. According to one
Britannica website, 46% of the articles in the 2007 edition were revised over the preceding three years; however, according to another Britannica website, only 35% of the
2693:
sales. The
American owners gradually simplified articles, making them less scholarly for a mass market. The 10th edition was an eleven-volume supplement (including one each of maps and an index) to the 9th, numbered as volumes 25–35, but the 11th edition was a completely new work, and is still
1804:
chose articles from both websites in a wide range of science topics and sent them to what it called "relevant" field experts for peer review. The experts then compared the competing articles—one from each site on a given topic—side by side, but were not told which article came from which site.
2964:, President of the United States of America." The order of the dedications has changed with the relative power of the United States and Britain, and with relative sales; the 1954 version of the 14th edition is "Dedicated by Permission to the Heads of the Two English-Speaking Peoples,
760:
as the ruler of Great Britain and Ireland. (That is, they are alphabetized as if their titles were "Charles, France, 3" and "Charles, Great Britain and Ireland, 1".) Similarly, places that share names are organized alphabetically by country, then by ever-smaller political divisions.
1367:; Yannias assumed the role of CEO in the new company, while his former position at the parent company remained vacant for two years. Yannias' tenure at Britannica.com Incorporated was marked by missteps, considerable lay-offs, and financial losses. In 2001, Yannias was replaced by
748:" are alphabetized as if the number had been written out ("Eighteen-twelve, War of"). Articles with identical names are ordered first by persons, then by places, then by things. Rulers with identical names are organized first alphabetically by country and then by chronology; thus,
562:
articles are meant as authoritative, well-written commentaries on their subjects, as well as storehouses of information not covered elsewhere. The longest article (310 pages) is on the subject of the United States, and it resulted from merging separate articles on the individual
1196:
Paul T. Armstrong remains the longest working employee of Encyclopædia Britannica. He began his career there in 1934, eventually earning the positions of treasurer, vice president, and chief financial officer in his 58 years with the company, before retiring in 1992.
384:
In March 2012, it announced it would no longer publish printed editions and would focus instead on the online version. Britannica has been assessed as being more politically centrist compared to Knowledge, which is considered to have a more left-leaning orientation.
3646:
The first CD-ROM edition was issued in 1994. At that time also an online version was offered for paid subscription. In 1999 this was offered free, and no revised print versions appeared. The experiment was ended in 2001 and a new printed set was issued in 2001.
350:, in three volumes. The encyclopaedia grew in size; the second edition was 10 volumes, and by its fourth edition (1801–1810), it had expanded to 20 volumes. Its rising stature as a scholarly work helped recruit eminent contributors, and the 9th (1875–1889) and
1063:. Most (approximately 98%) contribute to only a single article; however, 64 contributed to three articles, 23 contributed to four articles, 10 contributed to five articles, and 8 contributed to more than five articles. An exceptionally prolific contributor is
2814:
entered an opinion and order enjoining Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. from using: a) deceptive advertising practices in recruiting sales agents and obtaining sales leads, and b) deceptive sales practices in the door-to-door presentations of its sales agents.
3305:
Some carry-over from 8th edition, but mostly a new work; high point of scholarship; 10,000 sets sold by Britannica and 45,000 authorized sets made in the US by Little, Brown in Boston and Schribners' Sons in NY, but pirated widely (500,000 sets) in the US.
3046:
Largely the work of one editor, Smellie; An estimated 3,000 sets were eventually sold, priced at £12 apiece; 30 articles longer than three pages. The pages were bound in three equally sized volumes covering Aa–Bzo, Caaba–Lythrum, and Macao–Zyglophyllum.
2733:, then a vice president of the university, provided the working capital for its operation. The stock was divided between Benton and the university, with the university holding an option on the stock. Benton became chairman of the board and managed the
2625:
reputation. The contributors often came from other countries and included the world's most respected authorities in their fields. A general index of all articles was included for the first time in the 7th edition, a practice maintained until 1974.
1733:
has been criticized for being biased towards United States audiences; the United Kingdom-related articles are updated less often, maps of the United States are more detailed than those of other countries, and it lacks a UK dictionary. Like the
946:), with editorial oversight from Britannica staff, was announced. Approved contributions would be credited, though contributing automatically grants Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated perpetual, irrevocable license to those contributions.
2368:
sales department had previously made a well-known claim in 1962 regarding the 14th edition that "t is truth. It is unquestionable fact." The sentiment of the 2006 statement was also reflected in the introduction to the first edition of the
3624:
articles were further consolidated into fewer, larger ones (for example, the previously separate articles about the 50 US states were all included into the "United States of America" article), with some medium-length articles moved to the
1541:
The Internet tends to provide more current coverage than print media, due to the ease with which material on the Internet can be updated. In rapidly changing fields such as science, technology, politics, culture and modern history, the
4831:
1411:
Taking the reins of the company as it was preparing to mark its 250th anniversary and define the next phase of its digital strategy for consumers and K–12 schools, Krishnan launched a series of new initiatives in his first year.
6831:
The sheer volume of content is partly responsible for the site's dominance as an online reference. When compared to the top 3,200 educational reference sites in the US, Knowledge is No. 1, attracting 24.3% of all visits to the
3787:
10,000 sets sold by Britannica plus 45,000 genuine American reprints by Scribner's Sons, and "several hundred thousand sets of mutilated and fraudulent 9th editions were sold..." Most sources estimate there were 500,000 pirated
8155:
6207:
2916:, and Compton's by Britannica. Written by international experts and scholars, the articles in this collection reflect the standards that have been the hallmark of the leading English-language encyclopedia for over 240 years.
1812:
The journal found just eight serious errors, such as general misunderstandings of vital concepts: four from each site. It also discovered many factual errors, omissions or misleading statements: 162 in Knowledge and 123 in
7752:
1768:; their respective style sheets and editorial policies; relative ages; the number of subjects treated; the number of languages in which articles are written and made available; and their underlying economic models: unlike
2064:
3575:
the new volumes, constituting, in combination with the existing volumes of the 9th ed., the 10th ed. ... and also supplying a new, distinctive, and independent library of reference dealing with recent events and
4044:
4742:
3596:
Annual revisions were published every year between 1974 and 2007 with the exceptions of 1996, 1999, 2000, 2004 and 2006. The 15th edition (introduced as "Britannica 3") was published in three parts: a 10-volume
639:
articles for the student wishing to learn a topic in depth. However, libraries have found that it is scarcely used for this purpose, and reviewers have recommended that it be dropped from the encyclopaedia. The
2286:, and its editors delay for as long as fiscally sensible (usually about 25 years). For example, despite continuous revision, the 14th edition became outdated after 35 years (1929–1964). When American physicist
8008:
1228:
had an editorial board of advisors, which included a number of distinguished figures, primarily scholars from a variety of disciplines. Past and present members of the board have included: non-fiction author
5696:
2855:, announced that it would not produce any new print editions of the encyclopaedia, with the 2010 15th edition being the last. The company will focus only on the online edition and other educational tools.
8664:
MDZ-Reader | Band | Encyclopaedia Britannica; or, a dictionary of arts, sciences, and miscellaneous literature | Encyclopaedia Britannica; or, a dictionary of arts, sciences, and miscellaneous literature
2787:
sought not only to be a good reference work and educational tool, but to systematize all human knowledge. The absence of a separate index and the grouping of articles into parallel encyclopaedias (the
2210:; editorial mistakes were also alleged, such as inconsistent sorting of Japanese biographies. Its elimination of the index was condemned, as was the apparently arbitrary division of articles into the
1622:—and letter grades of A–D or F were awarded in four categories: coverage, accuracy, clarity, and recency. In all four categories and for all three encyclopaedias, the four average grades fell between
5469:
4689:
2948:
from 1788 to 1901 and then, upon its sale to an American partnership, to the British monarch and the President of the United States. Thus, the 11th edition is "dedicated by Permission to His Majesty
4715:
5501:
6268:
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According to Smellie, it was 10,000, as quoted by Robert Kerr in his "Memoirs of William Smellie." Archibald Constable was quoted as saying the production started at 5,000 and concluded at 13,000.
2134:
found that geography accounted for 25% of articles, science 18%, social sciences 17%, biography 17%, and all other humanities 25%. Writing in 1992, one reviewer judged that the "range, depth, and
5200:
6158:"Ilan Yeshua Named Britannica CEO. Veteran Executive to Consolidate Operations of Encyclopædia Britannica and Britannica.com" (Press release). Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated. 16 May 2001.
2779:. Under Mortimer J. Adler (member of the Board of Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica since its inception in 1949, and its chair from 1974; director of editorial planning for the 15th edition of
8677:
MDZ-Reader | Band | The Encyclopaedia Britannica, or Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature | The Encyclopaedia Britannica, or Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature
8239:
2481:
has had two aims: to be an excellent reference book, and to provide educational material. In 1974, the 15th edition adopted a third goal: to systematize all human knowledge. The history of the
2902:. Developed specifically to provide comprehensive and global coverage of the world around us, this unique product contains thousands of timely, relevant, and essential articles drawn from the
2356:
chief editor George Gleig observed that "perfection seems to be incompatible with the nature of works constructed on such a plan, and embracing such a variety of subjects." In March 2006, the
6891:
Online encyclopedia Knowledge has added about 20 million unique monthly visitors in the past year, making it the top online news and information destination, according to Nielsen//NetRatings.
872:
is named in terms of the year of its publication, though the edition actually covers the events of the previous year. The company also publishes several specialized reference works, such as
6721:
8495:
6238:
1875:. My job is to create more awareness of our very different approaches to publishing in the public mind. They're a chisel, we're a drill, and you need to have the correct tool for the job.
1503:
was widely considered to have the greatest authority of any general English-language encyclopaedia, especially because of its broad coverage and eminent authors. The print version of the
6328:
4835:
4601:
3822:
2629:
Production of the 9th edition was overseen by Thomas Spencer Baynes, the first English-born editor-in-chief. Dubbed the "Scholar's Edition", the 9th edition is the most scholarly of all
2128:), biography (14%), biology and medicine (11%), literature (7%), physics and astronomy (6%), religion (5%), art (4%), Western philosophy (4%), and law (3%). A complementary study of the
903:
The package includes a range of supplementary content including maps, videos, sound clips, animations and web links. It also offers study tools and dictionary and thesaurus entries from
8217:
365:
became the first encyclopaedia to adopt "continuous revision", in which the encyclopaedia is continually reprinted, with every article updated on a schedule. In the 21st century, the
8148:
7469:
6199:
5033:
1668:
In 2013, the President of Encyclopædia Britannica announced that after 244 years, the encyclopaedia would cease print production and all future editions would be entirely digital.
7762:
1352:, who serves as its current chair of the board. In 1997, Don Yannias, a long-time associate and investment advisor of Safra, became CEO of Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated.
1518:, has grown into a common source of information for many people, and provides easy access to reliable original sources and expert opinions, thanks in part to initiatives such as
7809:
970:
scholars. Articles written by users, if vetted and approved, will also only be available in a special section of the website, separate from the professional articles. Official
6595:
5355:
3366:
Another high point of scholarship and writing; more articles than the 9th, but shorter and simpler; financial difficulties for owner, Horace Everett Hooper; EB rights sold to
2550:
4030:
2222:. Summing up, one critic called the initial 15th edition a "qualified failure... cares more for juggling its format than for preserving." More recently, reviewers from the
1772:, Knowledge is a not-for-profit, does not carry advertising on its site, and is not connected with traditional profit- and contract-based publishing distribution networks.
5532:
4746:
8269:
8113:
5562:
942:
On 3 June 2008, an initiative to facilitate collaboration between online expert and amateur scholarly contributors for Britannica's online content (in the spirit of a
7635:, for 'little knowledge', and little knowledge is what it provides. It has proved to be grotesquely inadequate as an index, radically constricting the utility of the
7729:
6992:
5134:
4808:
3972:
2975:
Consistent with this tradition, the 2007 version of the current 15th edition was "dedicated by permission to the current President of the United States of America,
7568:
makes it necessary to consult another volume in the majority of cases; indeed, it was our experience that even simple searches might involve eight or nine volumes.
5680:
5437:
4570:
1725:
contained 66,000 articles, a user-friendly Visual Browser, interactive maps, math, language and homework tools, a US and UK dictionary, and a youth edition. Like
6961:
6845:
2614:
was managed by the Edinburgh publishing firm A & C Black. Although some contributors were again recruited through friendships of the chief editors, notably
4857:
1702:
was the top-selling multimedia encyclopaedia, based on total US retail sales from January 2000 to February 2006. Both occupied the same price range, with the
8013:
6696:
5064:
4943:
2924:, an encyclopaedia aimed primarily at younger readers, covering major topics. The encyclopedia was widely praised for bringing back the print format. It was
1204:
included five Senior Editors and nine Associate Editors, supervised by Dale Hoiberg and four others. The editorial staff helped to write the articles of the
354:(1911) are landmark encyclopaedias for scholarship and literary style. Starting with the 11th edition and following its acquisition by an American firm, the
7112:
5459:
2342:, which incorrectly described it as having been fought between the north and south of Ireland, was discussed in the Irish press following a decision by the
5492:
5291:
6757:
5721:
The Cult of the Amateur: How Blogs, MySpace, YouTube, and the Rest of Today's User-generated Media are Destroying Our Economy, Our Culture, and Our Values
4623:
1937:
has enjoyed a popular and critical reputation for general excellence. The 3rd and 9th editions were pirated for sale in the United States, beginning with
6260:
5191:
4067:
4001:
989:
market. On 20 July 2011, Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated announced that Concentric Sky had ported the Britannica Kids product line to Intel's
2445:
and Knowledge have reduced the demand for print encyclopaedias. To remain competitive, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. has stressed the reputation of the
2090:
1704:
8185:
3593:
began almost annual revisions. New revisions of the 14th edition appeared every year between 1929 and 1973 with the exceptions of 1931, 1934 and 1935.
939:
28,000-article concise encyclopaedia to return an answer to the query. Daily topical features sent directly to users' mobile phones were also planned.
8231:
646:
contains color transparencies of human anatomy and several appendices listing the staff members, advisors, and contributors to all three parts of the
4879:
3556:"Supplement to the fourth, fifth, and sixth editions of the Encyclopædia Britannica. With preliminary dissertations on the history of the sciences."
2175:
accords non-Western cultural, social, and scientific developments more notice than any general English-language encyclopedia currently on the market.
1278:
445:
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4693:
6659:
5403:
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4132:
2076:, an American businessman who read the 11th and 14th editions, devoting roughly three hours per night for four and a half years to read the 11th.
7277:
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6878:
6230:
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4593:
544:
has roughly 65,000 articles, the vast majority (about 97%) of which contain fewer than 750 words, no references, and no named contributors. The
346:
was the longest-running in-print encyclopaedia in the English language. It was first published between 1768 and 1771 in the Scottish capital of
6808:
6320:
3814:
1781:
s articles either have known authorship or a set of possible authors (the editorial staff). With the exception of the editorial staff, most of
616:
is its "Outline of Knowledge", which aims to provide a logical framework for all human knowledge. Accordingly, the Outline is consulted by the
6128:
5857:
3580:"Vols. 30–32 ... the New volumes constituting, in combination with the twenty-nine volumes of the eleventh edition, the twelfth edition"
2746:
2441:
Recent advances in information technology and the rise of electronic encyclopaedias such as Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite,
1991:
594:; these are sparse, however, averaging one cross-reference per page. Readers are instead recommended to consult the alphabetical index or the
8208:
7091:
7024:
6779:
2298:
current: one 1994 critic writes, "it is not difficult to find articles that are out-of-date or in need of revision", noting that the longer
1007:
In March 2012, it was announced that the company would cease printing the encyclopaedia set, and that it would focus on its online version.
913:
Online is a website with more than 120,000 articles and is updated regularly. It has daily features, updates and links to news reports from
7696:
7049:
6911:"Internet encyclopaedias go head to head: Jimmy Wales' Knowledge comes close to Britannica in terms of the accuracy of its science entries"
3716:
2294:, the encyclopaedia was provoked to produce the 15th edition, which required 10 years of work. Editors have struggled at times to keep the
1428:
6101:
5654:
2575:—to a 20-volume set written by numerous authorities. Several other encyclopaedias competed throughout this period, among them editions of
2418:, Scotland-based printers Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell, Scottish bookseller Archibald Constable, Scottish publisher A & C Black,
2104:
was awarded a spot as one of "Top Ten Superbrands in the UK" by a panel of more than 2,000 independent reviewers, as reported by the BBC.
665:
comprise roughly 40 million words and 24,000 images. The two-volume index has 2,350 pages, listing the 228,274 topics covered in the
5041:
2474:
and 15th editions were edited every year throughout their runs, so that later printings of each were entirely different from early ones.
957:
website from the public. The published edition of the encyclopaedia will not be affected by the changes. Individuals wishing to edit the
7882:
5735:
3349:
538:
has 699 in-depth articles, ranging in length from two pages to 310 pages, with references and named contributors. In contrast, the 2007
351:
8682:
3217:
Reprint of the 4th and 5th editions with modern font. Constable went bankrupt on 19 January 1826; EB rights eventually secured by
440:
has remained steady, with about 40 million words on half a million topics. Though published in the United States since 1901, the
8741:
5765:
5351:
4469:
1832:
s study flawed and misleading and called for a "prompt" retraction. It noted that two of the articles in the study were taken from a
6621:
6587:
6298:
5592:
3543:
Unlike the 15th edition, it did not contain Macro- and Micropedia sections, but ran A through Z as all editions up to the 14th had.
3052:
2992:
2392:
1927:
8721:
6488:
6079:
4104:
3102:
3076:
3071:
Largely the work of one editor, Tytler; 150 long articles; pagination errors; all maps under "Geography" article; 1,500 sets sold
3029:
2270:'s articles on religion in the 9th edition, particularly his article stating that the Bible was not historically accurate (1875).
2004:
has a reputation for summarizing knowledge. To further their education, some people have devoted themselves to reading the entire
925:
made articles freely available if they are hyperlinked from an external site. Non-subscribers are served pop-ups and advertising.
8731:
7926:
7138:
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in conjunction with search results that were thought to be increasingly unreliable in the era of misinformation and "fake news."
5887:
5524:
4917:
3874:
3844:
8756:
5377:
5329:
842:
78:
5103:
3524:
articles merged; slightly longer overall; new versions were issued every few years. This edition is the last printed edition.
2159:
covers 50,479 biographies, 5,999 of them about women, with 11.87% being British citizens and 25.51% US citizens. However, the
8761:
8552:
8528:
8485:
7936:
7672:
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7362:
7261:
6370:
5226:
5164:
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4369:
4270:
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4195:
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has received criticism, particularly as editions become outdated. It is expensive to produce a completely new edition of the
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biased of general Encyclopaedias marketed to Western readers and praised for its biographies of important women of all eras.
2095:
1564:
has been compared with other print encyclopaedias, both qualitatively and quantitatively. A well-known comparison is that of
1523:
248:
8261:
8103:
7897:
5554:
2705:
for 18 years (1920–1923, 1928–1943). In 1932, the vice-president of Sears, Elkan Harrison Powell, assumed presidency of the
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extensive nature will make proper allowances. To these we appeal, and shall rest satisfied with the judgment they pronounce.
2023:
3rd edition; after reading the complete set, he extended his royal title to include "Most Formidable Lord and Master of the
1546:
has struggled to stay up to date, a problem first analysed systematically by its former editor Walter Yust. Eventually, the
7831:
7719:
7551:
Cole, Dorothy Ethlyn (June 1974). "Britannica 3 as a Reference Tool: A Review". Wilson Library Bulletin. pp. 821–825.
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5126:
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4797:
1385:
was appointed President of Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated. Cauz is the senior executive and reports directly to the
6539:
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identified this fluctuation of income as a danger to any encyclopaedia, one he hoped to overcome with continuous revision.
3769:
Archibald Constable estimated in 1812 that there had been 3,500 copies printed, but revised his estimate to 3,000 in 1821.
3585:
The three new supplementary volumes constituting, with the volumes of the latest standard edition, the thirteenth edition.
2979:, and Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth II", while the 2010 version of the current 15th edition is "dedicated by permission to
928:
On 20 February 2007, Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated announced that it was working with mobile phone search company
635:. The Outline can also be used as a study guide, as it puts subjects in their proper perspective and suggests a series of
2523:
was managed and published by its founders, Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell, by Archibald Constable, and by others. The
886:
487:, respectively. The last three volumes are the 2002 Book of the Year (black spine) and the two-volume index (cyan spine).
8711:
5429:
4562:
1626:, chiefly because none of the encyclopaedias had an article on sexual harassment in 1994. In the accuracy category, the
1371:, who reunited the leadership of the two companies. Yannias later returned to investment management, but remains on the
7358:
3319:
11 volumes, plus the 24 volumes of the 9th. Volume 34 containing 124 detailed country maps with index of 250,000 names
3143:
Authors first allowed to retain copyright. Material in the supplement to 3rd not incorporated due to copyright issues.
1897:
responded by calling Knowledge "an impressive achievement" but argued that critics should avoid "false comparisons" to
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6855:
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magazine, read the entire 2002 version of the 15th edition, describing his experiences in the well-received 2004 book
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were special advisors on science. However, by the close of the 19th century, the 9th edition was outdated, and the
1869:
Knowledge is a fun site to use and has a lot of interesting entries on there, but their approach wouldn't work for
1258:
932:
to launch a mobile encyclopaedia. Users will be able to send a question via text message, and AskMeNow will search
8034:
7329:
5072:
5011:
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3704:
977:
On 14 September 2010, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. announced a partnership with mobile phone development company
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1014:, "Britannica Insights", which shows snippets of information from Britannica Online whenever the user performs a
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5299:
4745:[Naming by authority: the cases of Google and the Vietnamese Britannica] (in Vietnamese). Archived from
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1850:
defended its story and declined to retract, stating that, as it was comparing Knowledge with the web version of
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article, whereas 14 articles are devoted to Christianity, comprising nearly half of all religion articles. The
7322:
Banquet at Guildhall in the City of London, Tuesday 15 October 1968: Celebrating the 200th Anniversary of the
8736:
8181:
7470:"Nor da nor Lur Hiztegi Entziklopedikoan? Euskarazko lehenengo entziklopediaren demografia digital alderatua"
4035:
3906:
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outline to understand a subject's context and to find more detailed articles. Over 70 years, the size of the
4105:
reviews by the Editorial Board of Reference Books Bulletin; revised introduction by Sandy Whiteley. (1996).
3573:
The 10th edition included a maps volume and a cumulative index volume for the 9th and 10th edition volumes:
2588:
1477:
283:
8644:
8499:
7753:"Are they taking the Mick? It's the encyclopedia that thinks the Civil War was between the north and south"
5790:(1911). "The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information".
4357:
3731:
2223:
1535:
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has faced new challenges from digital information sources. The Internet, facilitated by the development of
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532:, which encompass 12 and 17 volumes, respectively, each volume having roughly one thousand pages. The 2007
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can be divided into five eras, punctuated by changes in management, or reorganization of the dictionary.
63:
42:
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1939:
1764:. The key differences between the two lie in accessibility; the model of participation they bring to an
1408:
in which he was responsible for "driving business and cultural transformation and accelerating growth".
3367:
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of this period was primarily a Scottish enterprise, and it is one of the most enduring legacies of the
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1282:
17:
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material would carry a "Britannica Checked" stamp, to distinguish it from the user-generated content.
550:
articles are intended for quick fact-checking and to help in finding more thorough information in the
7285:
7253:
Dobson's Encyclopaedia: The Publisher, Text, and Publication of America's First Britannica, 1789–1803
7172:
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1483:
1304:. Roughly half of these advisors have since died, including some of the Outline's chief architects –
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38:
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6457:
2598:
1684:, now discontinued, a modern multimedia encyclopaedia that incorporated three print encyclopaedias:
1443:
is a general encyclopaedia, it does not seek to compete with specialized encyclopaedias such as the
1193:
as Executive Editor. Prior Executive Editors include John V. Dodge (1950–1964) and Philip W. Goetz.
6231:"Google results aren't always accurate. Encyclopaedia Britannica's new Chrome extension could help"
6136:
5865:
3326:
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has been issued in 15 editions, with multi-volume supplements to the 3rd and 4th editions (see the
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editor-in-chief Robert McHenry noted his belief in 2004 that Knowledge could not hope to rival the
1127:
7088:
7017:
3162:
Reprint of the 4th edition. Financial losses by Millar and Andrew Bell's heirs; EB rights sold to
3093:£42,000 profit on 10,000 copies sold; first dedication to monarch; pirated by Moore in Dublin and
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6362:
4082:
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brand to new educational and reference products, continuing the strategy pioneered by former CEO
1011:
8676:
8663:
7688:
7060:
7018:"Fatally Flawed – Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal Nature"
6443:
Lawrence, S.; Giles, C. (1999). "Searching the Web: general and scientific information access".
4834:[Stories from contributors to the Vietnamese Britannica] (in Vietnamese). Archived from
3750:
According to Kister, the initial 15th edition (1974) required over $ 32 million to produce.
2322:
article(s), mainly because of the failure to update one or the other. The bibliographies of the
1468:
6563:
Kister's best encyclopedias : a comparative guide to general and specialized encyclopedias
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6105:
5646:
5464:
2564:
1968:
1923:
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1489:
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798:
139:
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praised for excellence; its owner, Horace Hooper, lavished enormous effort on its perfection.
786:
was first published in 1934 as 12 volumes. It was expanded to 15 volumes in 1947, and renamed
7876:
7598:
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history and early spin-off products, this article also describes the life-cycle of a typical
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3273:
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1979:
1603:
1397:
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1126:, editor of the 9th edition. This portrait, painted in 1888, hangs in the Senate Room of the
1123:
8662:
3rd edition, (1797, first volume, use search facility for others) at Bavarian State Library
7780:
6200:"Encyclopaedia Britannica Group Appoints Karthik Krishnan as Global Chief Executive Officer"
2258:, the chief editor of the 3rd edition (1788–1797), who wrote that gravity was caused by the
1392:
Board of Directors. Cauz has been pursuing alliances with other companies and extending the
8675:
8th edition (1860, index volume, use search facility for others) at Bavarian State Library
8638:
8316:
8033:
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Supplement to the Encyclopædia or Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and Miscellaneous Literature
7757:
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7542:
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6399:
6321:"Exclusive Interview: Encyclopædia Britannica CEO Karthik Krishnan | Asia Outlook Magazine"
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1983:
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was revealed as the more accurate encyclopaedia, with fewer errors, in its rebuttal called
1623:
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Senior Vice President and editor-in-chief. Among his predecessors as editors-in-chief were
1068:
1001:
753:
5757:
4481:
3282:; authorized American sets printed by Little, Brown in Boston; 8,000 sets sold altogether
8:
8698:
A handbook containing sixty-six courses of systematic study or occasional reading. (1913)
8544:
Kister's Best Encyclopedias: A Comparative Guide to General and Specialized Encyclopedias
8520:
8004:
6290:
6102:"Encyclopædia Britannica Announces Appointment of Don Yannias As Chief Executive Officer"
6075:
5787:
5584:
5555:"Encyclopædia Britannica's new Chrome extension is a simple fix to Google misinformation"
4187:
Kister's Best Encyclopedias: A Comparative Guide to General and Specialized Encyclopedias
3563:
3163:
2961:
2663:
2638:
2203:
2037:
2033:
2009:
1881:
1424:
1356:
1102:
1018:, in a box to the right of Google's results. Britannica Insights was also available as a
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6403:
6184:
6061:
6032:
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5843:
5632:
5378:"Encyclopædia Britannica to supply world-leading educational apps to Intel AppUp center"
4518:
4436:"Encyclopædia Britannica: School & Library Site, promotional materials for the 2007
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2881:
sections, but ran A through Z as all editions up through the 14th had. The following is
2533:
Encyclopædia Britannica, or, A Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, compiled upon a New Plan
2226:
were surprised to find that most educational articles had been eliminated from the 1992
1708:
CD or DVD costing US$ 40–50 and the Microsoft Encarta Premium 2007 DVD costing US$ 45.
461:
8108:
7661:
7487:
6470:
6425:
6355:
5807:
5585:"Britannica Insights Firefox extension missing · Issue #6081 · mozilla/addons-frontend"
4126:
3977:
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3300:
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articles have been criticized for being more out-of-date than the articles themselves.
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1987:
1964:
1686:
1527:
1382:
1360:
1313:
1274:
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has 4,411 contributors, many eminent in their fields, such as Nobel laureate economist
749:
358:
shortened and simplified articles to broaden its appeal to the North American market.
7077:
3344:
American partnership bought EB rights on 9 May 1901; high-pressure sales methods
2831:
In the fifth era (1994–present), digital versions have been developed and released on
1765:
8656:
8574:
8548:
8542:
8524:
8481:
7957:
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7860:. Vol. 18 (15th ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2007. pp. 257–286.
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Began continuous revision in 1936: every article revised at least twice every decade
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has also staunchly defended a scientific approach to cultural topics, as it did with
2251:
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1919:
1611:
1301:
370:
323:
243:
163:
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8608:
8209:"The new Children's Britannica: a fantastic voyage through the history of the world"
7221:
6474:
6104:(Press release). Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated. 4 March 1997. Archived from
5381:
5380:(Press release). Encyclopædia_Britannica, Incorporated. 20 July 2011. Archived from
5095:
1742:
was available online by subscription, although some content could be accessed free.
8618:
8473:
7922:
7656:
7610:
Waite, Dennis V. (21 June 1976). "Encyclopædia Britannica: EB 3, Two Years Later".
7477:
7388:
7326:
and the 25th Anniversary of the Honorable William Benton as its Chair and publisher
6932:
6915:
6462:
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6407:
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21 volumes, 17,957 pages, 402 plates; plus a 239-page index volume, published 1861
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3190:
2957:
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until 1996, and whose sole beneficiary was the University of Chicago. In 1968, the
2686:
2287:
2073:
1463:
1455:, which can devote much more space to their chosen topics. In its first years, the
1404:
1262:
1254:
1230:
1174:
1072:
1064:
678:
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8516:
The Know-It-All: One Man's Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World
5234:
4265:. New Providence, New Jersey: R. R. Bowker (A Reed Reference Publishing Company).
4222:
2983:, President of the United States of America, and Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II."
2135:
2065:
The Know-It-All: One Man's Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World
1110:
certainly nothing has so cheapened the scholarship of our American encyclopaedias.
953:, announced that the company would be accepting edits and additions to the online
713:. Common alternative spellings are provided with cross-references such as "Color:
8467:
8056:
7823:
7095:
7084:
6813:
4364:. Revised introduction by Sandra Whiteley (4th ed.). Chicago, IL: Booklist.
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1975:
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Many long articles were copied from the 7th edition; 344 contributors including
2737:
until his death in 1973. Benton set up the Benton Foundation, which managed the
2537:
2036:
claimed to have read the complete 9th edition, except for the science articles;
1055:. Roughly a quarter of the contributors are deceased, some as long ago as 1947 (
8538:
7973:
1st edition is described as "deplorably inaccurate and unscientific" in places.
7482:
7468:
Gonzalez Larrañaga, Galder; Perez de Viñaspre Garralda, Olatz (16 March 2023).
7284:. Vol. XIV, no. 13. 23 September 1929. pp. 66–69. Archived from
6531:
5460:"Britannica ImageQuest: One image database to rule them all | Reference Online"
4773:
4532:
4389:. Vol. 3 (15th ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2007. p. 957.
4181:
3682:
3510:
3415:
Replaced 12th edition volumes; improved perspective of the events of 1910–1926
3245:
2976:
2593:
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moved from being a three-volume set (1st edition) compiled by one young editor—
2454:
2449:, reduced its price and production costs, and developed electronic versions on
2180:
2069:
1565:
1531:
1317:
1246:
1186:
978:
861:, is aimed at 10- to 17-year-olds and consists of 26 volumes and 11,000 pages.
319:
230:
32 volumes, hardbound (15th edition, 2010); print editions discontinued in 2012
210:
153:
8514:
5227:"Britannica looking to give Knowledge a run for its money with online editing"
4031:"Encyclopaedia Britannica: After 244 years in print, only digital copies sold"
2338:
entries on Poland and wildlife in Eastern Europe. In 2010, an entry about the
2331:
In 2005, a 12-year-old schoolboy in Britain found several inaccuracies in the
2068:. Only two people are known to have read two independent editions: the author
8705:
8445:
7871:
7418:(5th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: American Library Association. p. 34.
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3330:
2702:
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2013:
1952:
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1234:
1178:
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421:
327:
216:
159:
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3618:
In 1985, the system was modified by adding a separate two-volume index; the
3479:
2457:. Since the early 1930s, the company has promoted spin-off reference works.
2171:
It can be stated without fear of contradiction that the 15th edition of the
1914:
1004:. In 2010, Britannica released Britannica ImageQuest, a database of images.
841:; there are authorized translations in languages such as Chinese created by
744:
marks and non-English letters are ignored, while numerical entries such as "
397:
8562:
8510:
6946:
6588:"Encyclopædia Britannica's President on Killing Off a 244-Year-Old Product"
6421:
5354:(Press release). Encyclopædia_Britannica, Incorporated. 14 September 2010.
4447:
4007:
3696:
3186:
3119:
3066:
2980:
2969:
2847:, who has continued Powell's strategy of introducing new products with the
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2431:
2255:
2053:
1595:
1583:
1519:
1349:
1266:
1139:
1098:
1094:
411:
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2922:
Britannica All New Children's Encyclopedia: What We Know and What We Don't
2661:
An advertisement for the 11th edition, published in the May 1913 issue of
1959:
was "beyond comparison because there is no competitor". References to the
801:
was issued in London in 1960. Its contents were determined largely by the
773:
369:
suffered first from competition with the digital multimedia encyclopaedia
8694:
3567:
2844:
2761:
introduced its 15th edition, which was reorganized into three parts: the
1607:
1368:
1330:
also lists just under 4,000 advisors who were consulted for the unsigned
1166:
1101:, some have been criticized for lack of expertise. In 1911 the historian
1090:
1023:
997:
and on 26 October 2011 that it had launched its encyclopaedia as an
802:
745:
8262:"Britannica All New Children's Encyclopedia edited by Christopher Lloyd"
5034:"Encyclopædia Britannica Selects AskMeNow to Launch Mobile Encyclopedia"
4470:"Australian Encyclopædia Britannica, promotional materials for the 2007
1348:
was purchased from the Benton Foundation by billionaire Swiss financier
1189:(1992–1997). As of 2007 Anita Wolff was listed as the Deputy Editor and
1119:
405:
8018:
7886:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 377.
7604:
This arrangement has nothing to recommend it except commercial novelty.
6672:
Sales figures for January 2000 – February 2006 as provided by the
5947:. Vol. 14. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2007. pp. 1007–1030.
5811:
5404:"About | Mobile, Web and Enterprise | Design and Development"
4999:
3690:
3218:
2852:
2233:
2045:
1951:
the "Patriarch of the Library". In a related advertisement, naturalist
1619:
1305:
1048:
990:
950:
288:
158:
10th through 14th editions (1901–1973): American businesses, including
6466:
4944:"Q&A: Ian Grant of Encyclopædia Britannica UK [interview]"
3434:
Publication just before Great Depression was financially catastrophic
1582:. For the quantitative analysis, ten articles were selected at random—
8232:"Why printed encyclopedias for children are more important than ever"
7956:. Vol. 9. New York: Macmillan Educational Company. p. 135.
6673:
6655:
4111:(5th ed.). Booklist Publications, American Library Association.
3603:(which contained short articles and served as an index), a 19-volume
3431:
James Louis Garvin in London, Franklin Henry Hooper in New York City
2528:
2415:
1817:, an average of 3.86 mistakes per article for Knowledge and 2.92 for
1761:
1751:
1300:
were produced by dozens of editorial advisors under the direction of
741:
394:
of short articles (generally fewer than 750 words), a 17-volume
388:
The 15th edition (1974–2010) has a three-part structure: a 12-volume
378:
347:
8688:
7875:
7596:
McCracken, Samuel (February 1976). "The Scandal of 'Britannica 3'".
6937:
6910:
5803:
3391:
Summarized state of the world before, during, and after World War I
2243:-appointed contributors are mistaken. A notorious instance from the
8627:
8623:
5493:"Encyclopaedia Britannica stops printing after more than 200 years"
5037:
3231:
21 volumes, 17,101 pages, 506 plates, plus a 187-page index volume
2146:
1143:
1060:
994:
986:
929:
918:
864:
Since 1938, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. has published annually a
564:
8432:(15th ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. interior flap.
7998:
7102:. As of 20 November 2021, the PDF creation date is 2 August 2019))
6412:
6387:
3562:
The 9th edition featured articles by notables of the day, such as
2138:
of coverage are unsurpassed by any other general Encyclopaedia."
874:
Shakespeare: The Essential Guide to the Life and Works of the Bard
8450:
Everything Explained That Is Explainable: On the Creation of the
7574:
Davis, Robert Gorham (1 December 1974). "Subject: The Universe".
6850:
6010:
5525:"Encyclopædia Britannica halts print publication after 244 years"
4040:
3194:
2823:
2145:
does not cover topics in equal detail; for example, the whole of
1568:, who gave a qualitative and quantitative comparison of the 1993
1019:
138:
1st through 6th editions (1768–1826): private publishers such as
8659:, currently including the 1st–13th editions in multiple formats.
8578:
8401:. Vol. 8 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
8044:. Vol. 1 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
7961:
7256:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
7236:
6357:
A Position to Command Respect: Women and the Eleventh Britannica
3388:
Hugh Chisholm in London, Franklin Henry Hooper in New York City
3363:
Hugh Chisholm in London, Franklin Henry Hooper in New York City
2657:
2493:
1861:
website. Interviewed in February 2009, the managing director of
2450:
982:
805:
standardized tests given in Britain. Britannica introduced the
7621:
Wolff, Geoffrey (November 1976). "Britannica 3, Failures of".
7529:
Baker, John F. (14 January 1974). "A New Britannica Is Born".
7508:
Prescott, Peter S. (8 July 1974). "The Fifteenth Britannica".
7307:. Vol. XIV, no. 12. 16 September 1929. pp. 2–3.
2968:, President of the United States of America, and Her Majesty,
2364:
is error-free; we have never made such a claim". However, the
1836:
yearbook and not the encyclopaedia, and another two were from
790:
in 1963. It was taken off the market after the 1984 printing.
8602:
8355:
8343:
7556:
is difficult to use ... the division of content between
7113:"Knowledge: an old-fashioned corner of truth on the internet"
4594:"After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses"
4002:"Encyclopaedia Britannica Goes Out of Print, Won't Be Missed"
3973:"After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses"
2423:
2094:, received the 2004 Distinguished Achievement Award from the
1721:(US only), and offers Primary and Secondary School editions.
8305:
Goetz, Philip W. (1991). "The New Encyclopædia Britannica".
7439:
Goetz, Philip W. (2007). "The New Encyclopædia Britannica".
6291:"NYU Stern – Karthik Krishnan – Adjunct Assistant Professor"
6169:
Goetz, Philip W. (2007). "The New Encyclopædia Britannica".
6046:
Goetz, Philip W. (2007). "The New Encyclopædia Britannica".
6017:
Goetz, Philip W. (2007). "The New Encyclopædia Britannica".
5958:
Goetz, Philip W. (2007). "The New Encyclopædia Britannica".
5828:
Goetz, Philip W. (2007). "The New Encyclopædia Britannica".
5617:
Goetz, Philip W. (2007). "The New Encyclopædia Britannica".
5096:"Encyclopædia Britannica To Follow Modified Knowledge Model"
4503:
Goetz, Philip W. (2007). "The New Encyclopædia Britannica".
4356:
4325:
Goetz, Philip W. (2007). "The New Encyclopædia Britannica".
4289:
Goetz, Philip W. (2007). "The New Encyclopædia Britannica".
4068:"Knowledge Or Encyclopædia Britannica: Which Has More Bias?"
3815:"After 244 Years, Encyclopædia Britannica Stops the Presses"
1893:
had gone bankrupt in 1996. In a January 2016 press release,
879:
8136:
A Guidebook to Learning: for the lifelong pursuit of wisdom
7898:"Encyclopaedia Britannica | History, Editions, & Facts"
7359:"2004 Distinguished Achievement Awards Winners: Technology"
6901:
6899:
6261:"YouTube now displays facts below conspiracy theory videos"
5951:
5612:
5610:
4352:
4350:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4092:
3559:
The 7th to 14th editions included a separate index volume.
3476:
Introduced three-part structure; division of articles into
3293:
24 volumes, plus a 499-page index volume labeled Volume 25
998:
943:
669:, together with 474,675 subentries under those topics. The
623:
editors to decide which articles should be included in the
8338:
Propædia: Outline of Knowledge and Guide to the Britannica
6197:
5888:"History of Encyclopædia Britannica and Britannica Online"
4798:"Britannica Concise Encyclopedia rendered into Vietnamese"
3845:"History of Encyclopædia Britannica and Britannica Online"
3404:
3 volumes with own index, plus the 29 volumes of the 11th
3383:
3 volumes with own index, plus the 29 volumes of the 11th
2898:, the world standard in reference since 1768, present the
1671:
837:
has 28,000 short articles condensing the larger 32-volume
268:
7540:
Wolff, Geoffrey (June 1974). "Britannica 3, History of".
4743:"Tên theo chủ: Qua vụ Google và vụ Britannica tiếng Việt"
4664:. 1960. Encyclopædia Britannica Limited. London, England.
2610:
During the second era (7th–9th editions, 1827–1901), the
2304:
articles are more likely to be outdated than the shorter
1885:
published two opinion pieces which compared Knowledge to
1097:, as well as notable independent encyclopaedists such as
826:
is for children aged three to six (issued 1974 to 1991).
6896:
6162:
6129:"Look Under "M" for Mess—Company Business and Marketing"
5607:
5192:"Encyclopaedia Britannica fights back against Knowledge"
4937:
4935:
4347:
4089:
2556:(first edition 1728). It went on sale 10 December.
2507:
article on Egypt, which included the translation of the
2008:, taking anywhere from three to 22 years to do so. When
1789:
of institutional vetting, or certification, that former
868:
covering the past year's events. A given edition of the
299:
6489:"Electronic publishing takes journals into a new realm"
6039:
5157:"Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated, Corporate Site"
4832:"Chuyện kể từ người tham gia làm Britannica tiếng Việt"
4209:
4207:
3875:"History of Encyclopædia Britannica and Britannica.com"
2414:
Past owners have included, in chronological order, the
1507:
was significantly more expensive than its competitors.
1481:. In the 20th century, successful competitors included
402:
of long articles (two to 310 pages), and a single
8567:
The Great EB: The Story of the Encyclopædia Britannica
8149:"In the Matter of Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. et al"
8138:. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1986, p. 88.
7416:
Reference Sources for Small and Medium-Sized Libraries
7223:
The Great EB: The Story of the Encyclopædia Britannica
6750:"Amazon.com: Microsoft Encarta Premium 2007: Software"
4718:. Encyclopædia Britannica (UK) Limited. Archived from
4692:. Encyclopædia Britannica (UK) Limited. Archived from
2681:
In the third era (10th–14th editions, 1901–1973), the
2535:. In part, it was conceived in reaction to the French
2527:
was first published between December 1768 and 1771 in
1854:, it used whatever relevant material was available on
891:
contains over 100,000 articles. This includes regular
8647:, first ten editions (and supplements) in PDF format.
8014:
A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature
7023:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated. March 2006.
5430:"Encyclopaedia Britannica App Now Available for iPad"
4932:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4396:
3244:
Widening network of famous contributors, such as Sir
809:
to the US market in 1988, aimed at ages seven to 14.
7689:"Schoolboy spots errors in Encyclopaedia Britannica"
7169:
Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated Corporate Site
4914:
Encyclopædia Britannica Incorporated, Corporate Site
4823:
4204:
3658:
3450:
Franklin Henry Hooper until 1938; then Walter Yust,
2920:
In 2020, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. released the
2674:
A wooden shipping crate for the 14th edition of the
2519:
In the first era (1st–6th editions, 1768–1826), the
2052:
read it during a sailing expedition. More recently,
855:, first published in 2007, incorporating the former
8695:
The reader's guide to the Encyclopaedia Britannica.
8587:
Techdirt Interviews Britannica President Jorge Cauz
7976:
7844:
Sales plummeted from 100,000 a year to just 20,000.
7316:
7314:
6716:
6714:
6078:. University of Chicago Chronicle. 4 January 1996.
5682:
The Renaissance of Jewish Culture in Weimar Germany
4320:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4312:
2685:was managed by American businessmen who introduced
2192:
2044:as reading material for his five-month stay at the
1904:
705:). There are some exceptions to this rule, such as
8494:Greenstein, Shane, and Michelle Devereux (2006). "
8207:
8067:(9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
7660:
7585:Hazo, Robert G. (9 March 1975). "The Guest Word".
7521:
7519:
7220:
7100:Encyclopaedia Britannica and Nature a response.pdf
7012:
7010:
6354:
5880:
5491:
5190:
5127:"Encyclopaedia Britannica dips toe in Wiki waters"
4734:
4496:
4393:
4000:
3942:"Knowledge Is the Last Best Place on the Internet"
3905:
3583:This supplement replaced the previous supplement:
3412:in London, Franklin Henry Hooper in New York City
2864:final print edition was in 2010, a 32-volume set.
2697:When Hooper fell into financial difficulties, the
2637:. No biographies of living persons were included.
2549:(published 1751–1772), which had been inspired by
1499:. Nevertheless, from the 9th edition onwards, the
475:; the red-spined and black-spined volumes are the
7812:to the 1st edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica
7503:
7501:
7432:
7050:"Encyclopaedia Britannica and Nature: a response"
5823:
5821:
4690:"Britannica Discovery Library (issued 1974–1991)"
4362:Purchasing an Encyclopedia: 12 Points to Consider
4108:Purchasing an Encyclopedia: 12 Points to Consider
2843:Since 2001, the two companies have shared a CEO,
2316:is sometimes inconsistent with the corresponding
1642:received an average score of 92% for accuracy to
1462:main competitor was the general encyclopaedia of
1279:Stewart Sutherland, Baron Sutherland of Houndwood
469:; the initial volume with the green spine is the
62:"Britannica" redirects here. For other uses, see
8703:
8182:"Encyclopedia Britannica to stop printing books"
7849:
7311:
6744:
6742:
6711:
6687:"Digital encyclopedia has wealth of information"
6679:
5040:, Incorporated. 21 February 2007. Archived from
4768:Jiangshan, Wang; Yi, Tian, eds. (October 2020).
4563:"Encyclopaedia Britannica to end print editions"
4309:
4284:
4282:
3992:
3727:List of encyclopedias by language § English
3496:Outline of Knowledge; separate index eliminated
2928:'s first encyclopaedia for children since 1984.
2503:included influential, original research such as
2149:and most other religions is covered in a single
2091:Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite
7516:
7214:
7212:
7210:
7007:
6615:
6613:
5936:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
3907:"Knowledge Didn't Kill Britannica. Windows Did"
1324:(d. 1982) and Mortimer J. Adler (d. 2001). The
816:was issued for children just learning to read.
8547:(2nd ed.). Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press.
8425:
8423:
8361:
8349:
7982:
7796:A History of Information Storage and Retrieval
7498:
7330:Encyclopædia Britannica International, Limited
7208:
7206:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7059:(Press release). 23 March 2006. Archived from
6871:"Knowledge remains go-to site for online news"
6622:"Encyclopedia face-off: Encarta vs Britannica"
6348:
6346:
5890:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from
5818:
5292:"Britannica 2.0 shows Knowledge how it's done"
4254:
4252:
4190:(2nd ed.). Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press.
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
3966:
3964:
2956:and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas,
2112:Topics are chosen in part by reference to the
335:2016, it has been published exclusively as an
8327:
7824:"Encyclopaedia Britannica changes to survive"
7474:Uztaro. Giza Eta Gizarte-zientzien Aldizkaria
6739:
6442:
6385:
4770:Imperial China: The Definitive Visual History
4279:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4232:
2851:name. In March 2012, Britannica's president,
822:is aimed at children ages six to 12, and the
8017:. London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via
7983:Kafker, Frank; Loveland, Jeff, eds. (2009).
6985:"Study: Knowledge as accurate as Britannica"
6610:
5352:"New Britannica Kids Apps Make Learning Fun"
5258:"Encyclopædia Britannica takes on Knowledge"
5184:
5182:
4131:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3717:List of encyclopedias by branch of knowledge
3296:55,000 authorized plus 500,000 pirated sets
3011:
1680:among CD/DVD-ROM digital encyclopaedias was
1550:turned to focus more on its online edition.
949:On 22 January 2009, Britannica's president,
725:articles were revised over the same period.
8420:
8416:. Vol. 8 (14th ed.). p. 376.
8395:Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878). "Encyclopedia".
8378:. Vol. 8 (14th ed.). p. 374.
8310:
8298:
8054:
7636:
7630:
7563:
7557:
7444:
7187:
6491:. American Chemical Society. Archived from
6343:
6174:
6051:
6022:
5963:
5833:
5622:
5093:
4790:
4767:
4624:"1768 Encyclopaedia Britannica Replica Set"
4508:
4330:
4139:
3961:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3619:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3548:
3491:
3485:
3477:
3185:Famous contributors recruited, such as Sir
2903:
2893:
2876:
2870:
2794:
2788:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2720:
2498:
2405:
2404:The title page of the first edition of the
2349:Writing about the 3rd edition (1788–1797),
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2227:
2217:
2211:
2150:
2129:
2123:
2113:
2099:
2024:
1901:in terms of differing models and purposes.
1879:For the 15th anniversary of Knowledge, the
1870:
1559:
1331:
1325:
1211:
1205:
1029:
1022:extension but this was taken down due to a
895:articles, as well as others drawn from the
829:There have been, and are, several abridged
768:
735:
729:
660:
654:
641:
630:
624:
611:
595:
589:
583:
557:
551:
545:
539:
533:
527:
521:
508:
502:
496:
482:
476:
470:
431:
425:
415:
403:
395:
389:
311:
168:15th edition (2010): Benton Foundation and
23:
8607:
8104:"Deal Is Set for Encyclopaedia Britannica"
7952:Krapp, Philip; Balou, Patricia K. (1992).
7951:
7717:
6652:"Microsoft Encarta—Premium 2007: Overview"
6512:
6510:
5988:"Encyclopædia Britannica Board of Editors"
4970:"Britannica Online Store—BT Click&Buy"
4258:
4229:
2914:Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions
1718:Merriam-Webster's Dictionary and Thesaurus
966:content, as will content submitted by non-
322:for 'British Encyclopaedia') is a
109:Several; initial engravings by Andrew Bell
77:
59:General knowledge encyclopaedia since 1768
24:
8615:Works by or about Encyclopædia Britannica
8472:
8173:
7655:
7595:
7481:
6936:
6456:
6411:
6388:"Accessibility of information on the web"
5780:
5179:
5065:"Collaboration and the Voices of Experts"
4672:
4670:
3933:
3808:
3806:
3804:
2827:An 1898 advertisement for the 9th edition
880:Optical disc, online, and mobile versions
571:contained approximately 40,000 articles.
8284:
8179:
7870:
7507:
7347:. Vol. 9. 3 March 1934. p. 17.
6862:
6126:
6056: ed.). Chicago, Illinois: 675–744.
6027: ed.). Chicago, Illinois: 524–530.
5627: ed.). Chicago, Illinois: 531–674.
5522:
5285:
5283:
4941:
4880:"Britannica 2012 Ultimate Reference DVD"
4262:Encyclopedias, Atlases, and Dictionaries
3008:
2822:
2803:, although it has also been promoted as
2669:
2656:
2492:
2399:
2360:wrote, "we in no way mean to imply that
2290:detailed its failings in his 1964 book,
2118:"Outline of Knowledge". The bulk of the
1913:
1118:
1059:), while another quarter are retired or
772:
460:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
7928:How the Scots Invented the Modern World
7718:Cunningham, Grainne (3 February 2010).
6959:
6868:
6846:"Knowledge, Search and School Homework"
6619:
6507:
5943:"Biochemical Components of Organisms".
5678:
5289:
5225:Hunt, Samantha Rose (23 January 2009).
4028:
3998:
3903:
3473:Warren E. Preece, then Philip W. Goetz
3020:
1672:Digital encyclopaedias on optical media
1638:received one "D" and seven "A"s; thus,
1553:
728:The alphabetization of articles in the
14:
8704:
8537:
8509:
8457:Celebrated Eleventh Edition, 1910–1911
8394:
8102:Feder, Barnaby J. (19 December 1995).
8031:
8003:
7921:
7750:
6843:
6806:
6800:
6560:
6542:from the original on 28 September 2018
6352:
6076:"Britannica sold by Benton Foundation"
5685:. Yale University Press. p. 117.
5440:from the original on 12 September 2016
5358:from the original on 17 September 2010
5255:
5124:
4860:. Encyclopædia Britannica (UK) Limited
4716:"2003 Britannica Concise Encyclopedia"
4667:
4591:
4573:from the original on 24 September 2015
4513:preface ed.). Chicago, Illinois.
4413:Aside from providing a summary of the
4297:preface ed.). Chicago, Illinois.
4180:
3970:
3812:
3801:
3299:Thomas Spencer Baynes (1875–80); then
1943:. On the release of the 14th edition,
1381:In 2003, former management consultant
1339:
1085:authors have included writers such as
1010:On 7 June 2018, Britannica released a
843:Encyclopedia of China Publishing House
152:7th through 9th editions (1827–1901):
8561:
8496:The Crisis at Encyclopædia Britannica
8307:Encyclopaedia Britannica Incorporated
8304:
8272:from the original on 14 December 2021
8220:from the original on 11 January 2022.
8101:
7793:
7620:
7609:
7573:
7539:
7528:
7441:Encyclopaedia Britannica Incorporated
7438:
7395:from the original on 17 February 2022
7363:Association of Educational Publishers
7249:
7218:
6905:
6881:from the original on 21 November 2007
6781:Encarta's Encyclopedia Article Center
6565:(2nd ed.). Phoenix: Oryx Press.
6171:Encyclopaedia Britannica Incorporated
6168:
6082:from the original on 29 December 2021
6048:Encyclopaedia Britannica Incorporated
6045:
6019:Encyclopaedia Britannica Incorporated
6016:
5960:Encyclopaedia Britannica Incorporated
5957:
5830:Encyclopaedia Britannica Incorporated
5827:
5699:from the original on 17 February 2022
5674:
5672:
5619:Encyclopaedia Britannica Incorporated
5616:
5595:from the original on 17 December 2020
5565:from the original on 22 November 2018
5280:
5220:
5218:
5188:
4942:Charlton, Graham (10 February 2009).
4772:(First American ed.). New York:
4652:Britannica Junior Encyclopædia, 1984.
4505:Encyclopaedia Britannica Incorporated
4502:
4327:Encyclopaedia Britannica Incorporated
4324:
4291:Encyclopaedia Britannica Incorporated
4288:
3939:
3170:supplement to 4th, 5th, and 6th
3154:20 volumes, 16,017 pages, 582 plates
3132:20 volumes, 16,033 pages, 581 plates
3084:18 volumes, 14,579 pages, 542 plates
2633:. After 1880, Baynes was assisted by
2107:
2096:Association of Educational Publishers
1705:2007 Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate
1219:
8242:from the original on 10 January 2021
8180:Pepitone, Julianne (13 March 2012).
8161:from the original on 25 October 2015
7815:
7720:"Britannica errors spark unholy row"
7584:
7550:
7413:
7030:from the original on 2 December 2018
6982:
6960:McHenry, Robert (15 November 2004).
6953:
6760:from the original on 8 February 2007
6699:from the original on 1 February 2016
6598:from the original on 24 January 2021
6585:
6331:from the original on 3 December 2018
6271:from the original on 3 December 2018
6241:from the original on 3 December 2018
6210:from the original on 3 December 2018
5838: ed.). Chicago, Illinois: 745.
5786:
5717:
5657:from the original on 8 February 2022
5535:from the original on 3 December 2017
5504:from the original on 11 January 2022
5224:
5203:from the original on 11 January 2022
5062:
4829:
4740:
4604:from the original on 24 January 2022
4335: ed.). Chicago, Illinois: 5–8.
4065:
4029:Kearney, Christine (14 March 2012).
3060:10 volumes, 8,595 pages, 340 plates
2470:
2122:is devoted to geography (26% of the
1572:with two comparable encyclopaedias,
1528:release of its educational materials
101:As of 2008, 4,411 named contributors
7821:
7751:Sheehy, Clodagh (4 February 2010).
7699:from the original on 15 August 2021
7076:(nature.com's own archive is under
6620:Seymour, Ursula (9 November 2006).
6532:"Britannica ends its print edition"
6301:from the original on 6 October 2021
6228:
5406:. Concentricsky.com. Archived from
5322:"Britannica reaches out to the web"
5290:Sweeney, Claire (22 January 2009).
4920:from the original on 3 October 2019
4569:. Associated Press. 14 March 2012.
3940:Cooke, Richard (17 February 2020).
3176:6 volumes, 4,933 pages, 125 plates
3090:Colin Macfarquhar and George Gleig
3037:3 volumes, 2,391 pages, 160 plates
2757:In the fourth era (1974–1994), the
2497:The early 19th-century editions of
2344:Department of Education and Science
2273:
2016:in 1797, he was given a set of the
1982:". The tale was highlighted by the
1715:disc contains 100,000 articles and
1676:The most notable competitor of the
1363:to develop digital versions of the
901:Britannica Elementary Encyclopædia.
887:Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite
430:; readers are advised to study the
56:
8438:
8315: ed.). Chicago, Illinois: 3.
8188:from the original on 14 March 2012
7856:"Encyclopedias and Dictionaries".
7834:from the original on 12 April 2006
7732:from the original on 13 April 2010
7089:Press release archives (zip): 2006
6995:from the original on 9 August 2012
6662:from the original on 31 March 2007
6179: ed.). Chicago, Illinois: 2.
5968: ed.). Chicago, Illinois: 5.
5669:
5547:
5215:
5189:Moore, Matthew (23 January 2009).
5106:from the original on 12 April 2009
5094:Van Buskirk, Eliot (9 June 2008).
5014:from the original on 15 March 2007
4259:Sader, Marian; Lewis, Amy (1995).
3825:from the original on 14 March 2012
3570:(who became Lord Kelvin) on heat.
3566:on electricity and magnetism, and
3454:, Warren E. Preece, William Haley
3110:2 volumes, 1,624 pages, 50 plates
2986:
1134:As of 2007 in the 15th edition of
833:encyclopaedias. The single-volume
57:
8773:
8594:
8294:(11th ed.). 1910. p. 3.
7299:"A Completely New Encyclopaedia (
7171:. 20 January 2016. Archived from
7139:"How Knowledge changed the world"
6520:(14th ed.). 1954. p. 3.
5920:. 20 January 2001. Archived from
5332:from the original on 31 July 2020
5268:from the original on 28 July 2011
5256:Akhtar, Naved (25 January 2009).
5137:from the original on 20 June 2015
5000:"Instructions for linking to the
4830:Long, Nguyễn Việt (9 July 2015).
4741:Quân, Phạm Hoàng (25 July 2015).
4478:Encyclopædia Britannica Australia
3357:28 volumes, plus volume 29 index
2954:King of Great Britain and Ireland
2373:, written by its original editor
1653:92%. In the timeliness category,
1630:received one "D" and seven "A"s,
1071:, who contributed 24 articles on
451:
444:has for the most part maintained
172:(as a separate entity, alongside
8742:Publications established in 1768
8631:
8624:Works by Encyclopædia Britannica
8405:
8388:
8382:
8367:
8254:
8224:
8200:
8141:
8128:
8116:from the original on 21 May 2020
8095:
8083:
8071:
8055:Baynes, T. S., ed. (1875–1889).
8048:
8025:
7997:
7991:
7945:
7915:
7890:
7864:
7802:
7787:
7769:
7744:
7711:
7681:
7649:
7461:
7407:
7381:
7351:
7336:
7292:
7270:
7243:
7157:
7131:
7105:
7042:
6976:
6837:
6386:Lawrence, S.; Giles, C. (1999).
6198:Encyclopaedia Britannica Group.
6127:Abramson, Ronna (9 April 2001).
5945:Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed
5864:. 26 August 1940. Archived from
5768:from the original on 21 May 2020
5738:from the original on 21 May 2020
5472:from the original on 15 May 2021
5167:from the original on 8 July 2011
4811:from the original on 5 July 2015
4047:from the original on 31 May 2019
3999:McArdle, Megan (15 March 2012).
3781:
3772:
3763:
3753:
3744:
3711:Great Books of the Western World
3689:
3675:
3661:
3516:Restored two-volume index; some
2250:early years is the rejection of
2193:Criticism of editorial decisions
1905:Critical and popular assessments
1696:New Merit Scholar's Encyclopedia
1259:Carnegie Corporation of New York
1200:The 2007 editorial staff of the
574:Information can be found in the
456:
342:Printed for 244 years, the
8722:1768 establishments in Scotland
8334:The New Encyclopædia Britannica
7822:Day, Peter (17 December 1997).
7449: ed.). Chicago, Illinois.
7389:"Top Ten Superbrands 2009–2010"
7365:. 1 August 2003. Archived from
6772:
6644:
6579:
6554:
6524:
6481:
6436:
6379:
6313:
6283:
6253:
6222:
6191:
6151:
6120:
6094:
6068:
5980:
5906:
5850:
5750:
5711:
5639:
5577:
5523:McCarthy, Tom (13 March 2012).
5516:
5484:
5452:
5422:
5396:
5370:
5344:
5314:
5249:
5149:
5118:
5087:
5056:
5026:
4992:
4962:
4902:
4872:
4850:
4761:
4708:
4682:
4655:
4646:
4616:
4592:Bosman, Julie (13 March 2012).
4585:
4555:
4543:from the original on 7 May 2021
4525:
4462:
4428:
4378:
3971:Bosman, Julie (13 March 2012).
3813:Bosman, Julie (13 March 2012).
2910:Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
2818:
2618:, others were attracted by the
1842:Britannica Student Encyclopedia
1756:The main online alternative to
1034:
897:Britannica Student Encyclopædia
835:Britannica Concise Encyclopædia
8732:English-language encyclopedias
8681:Scribner's 9th Edition (1878)
8035:"Editor's Advertisement"
7588:The New York Times Book Review
7577:The New York Times Book Review
6962:"The Faith-Based Encyclopedia"
5125:Turton, Stuart (9 June 2008).
4946:. Econsultancy. Archived from
4858:"2007 Compton's by Britannica"
4444:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
4059:
4022:
3904:Carmody, Tim (14 March 2012).
3897:
3867:
3837:
3760:numbers 679–878 were not used.
2931:
2649:faced financial difficulties.
2084:The CD/DVD-ROM version of the
1955:was quoted as saying that the
1434:
1285:, and cultural anthropologist
814:Young Children's Encyclopaedia
788:Britannica Junior Encyclopædia
520:articles are contained in the
513:, and a two-volume index. The
13:
1:
8757:American online encyclopedias
8687:9th and 10th (1902) editions
7165:"Our Letter to the Telegraph"
6869:Woodson, Alex (8 July 2007).
6844:Tancer, Bill (1 March 2007).
4910:"Webmaster and Blogger Tools"
4628:Encyclopædia Britannica Store
4219:Encyclopædia Britannica Store
4036:The Christian Science Monitor
3879:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
3849:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
3795:
3722:List of encyclopedias by date
3705:Encyclopædia Britannica Films
2310:articles. Information in the
1909:
1452:Dictionary of the Middle Ages
567:. A 2013 "Global Edition" of
495:consisted of four parts: the
332:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
188:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
170:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
8762:British online encyclopedias
8645:National Library of Scotland
8500:Kellogg School of Management
8362:Kafker & Loveland (2009)
8350:Kafker & Loveland (2009)
6809:"Look Who's Using Knowledge"
6586:Cauz, Jorge (1 March 2013).
6445:IEEE Communications Magazine
4358:American Library Association
3732:List of online encyclopedias
2908:itself, as well as from the
2752:
2652:
2605:
2488:
2232:, along with the article on
2224:American Library Association
1809:got back 42 usable reviews.
1745:
1536:National Library of Medicine
1446:Encyclopaedia of Mathematics
1243:Council on Foreign Relations
1177:(1964–1968, 1969–1975), Sir
824:Britannica Discovery Library
373:, and later with the online
7:
8630:(public domain audiobooks)
8589:, Techdirt.com, 2 June 2008
8571:University of Chicago Press
8032:Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878).
7229:University of Chicago Press
6807:Tancer, Bill (1 May 2007).
6561:Kister, Kenneth F. (1994).
5858:"Milestones, Aug. 26, 1940"
5063:Cauz, Jorge (3 June 2008).
4215:"Britannica Global Edition"
3654:
3237:Macvey Napier, assisted by
2801:New Encyclopædia Britannica
2719:In 1943, Sears donated the
2460:
2185:Kister's Best Encyclopedias
1933:Since the 3rd edition, the
1844:on the company's website).
1510:Since the early 1990s, the
1357:Britannica.com Incorporated
330:. It has been published by
238:32,640 (15th edition, 2010)
199:1768–2010 (printed version)
64:Britannica (disambiguation)
10:
8778:
8511:Jacobs, Arnold Stephen Jr.
8478:The Myth of the Britannica
7987:. Oxford University Press.
7663:The Myth of the Britannica
7483:10.26876/uztaro.124.2023.2
5792:American Historical Review
4533:"Change: It's OK. Really."
2990:
2970:Queen Elizabeth the Second
2589:Encyclopædia Metropolitana
2390:
2386:
2346:to pay for online access.
2292:The Myth of the Britannica
1749:
1478:Encyclopædia Metropolitana
1283:Royal Society of Edinburgh
962:from the expert-generated
414:outline of knowledge. The
61:
8480:. New York: Grove Press.
7250:Arner, Robert D. (1991).
7227:. Chicago, Illinois: The
5724:. Doubleday. p. 44.
5679:Brenner, Michael (1998).
3513:, currently Dale Hoiberg
3461:
3023:
3017:
3014:
2900:Britannica Global Edition
2888:description of the work:
2866:Britannica Global Edition
2434:, a Swiss billionaire of
2260:classical element of fire
2079:
1967:, most notably in one of
1889:and falsely claimed that
1634:received eight "A"s, and
1423:Krishnan, an educator at
1253:, Physics Nobel laureate
1210:and some sections of the
1039:The print version of the
294:
278:
266:
254:
242:
234:
226:
203:
193:
183:
131:
123:
113:
105:
97:
76:
8652:Encyclopaedia Britannica
8640:Encyclopaedia Britannica
8058:"Prefatory Notice"
7761:. Dublin. Archived from
7083:19 November 2021 at the
6353:Thomas, Gillian (1992).
3737:
3398:supplement to 11th
3377:supplement to 11th
3327:Donald Mackenzie Wallace
3001:Overview of editions of
2812:Federal Trade Commission
2477:Throughout history, the
2098:. On 15 July 2009,
1963:can be found throughout
1429:Stern School of Business
1420:be false or misleading.
1355:In 1999, a new company,
1128:University of St Andrews
1114:
1030:Personnel and management
769:Related printed material
465:The 15th edition of the
446:British English spelling
72:Encyclopædia Britannica
39:latest accepted revision
8712:Encyclopædia Britannica
8504:Northwestern University
8452:Encyclopædia Britannica
8430:Encyclopædia Britannica
8398:Encyclopædia Britannica
8292:Encyclopædia Britannica
8266:The School Reading List
8064:Encyclopædia Britannica
8041:Encyclopædia Britannica
7883:Encyclopædia Britannica
7858:Encyclopædia Britannica
7808:William Smellie in the
7324:Encyclopædia Britannica
6989:Staff Writer, CNET News
6726:Encyclopædia Britannica
6592:Harvard Business Review
6518:Encyclopædia Britannica
5992:Encyclopædia Britannica
5762:Encyclopedia Britannica
5434:Encyclopædia Britannica
5161:Encyclopædia Britannica
5008:Encyclopædia Britannica
4974:Encyclopædia Britannica
4884:Encyclopædia Britannica
4677:Encyclopædia Britannica
4537:Encyclopædia Britannica
4409:Encyclopædia Britannica
4387:Encyclopædia Britannica
4083:Harvard Business School
3591:Encyclopædia Britannica
3313:supplement to 9th
3301:W. Robertson Smith
3003:Encyclopædia Britannica
2995:Encyclopædia Britannica
2966:Dwight David Eisenhower
2905:Encyclopædia Britannica
2895:Encyclopædia Britannica
2810:On 9 March 1976 the US
2722:Encyclopædia Britannica
2635:William Robertson Smith
2547:Jean le Rond d'Alembert
2500:Encyclopædia Britannica
2407:Encyclopædia Britannica
2395:Encyclopædia Britannica
2268:William Robertson Smith
2202:children's literature,
2197:On rare occasions, the
2163:has been lauded as the
2101:Encyclopædia Britannica
2026:Encyclopædia Britannica
1872:Encyclopædia Britannica
1561:Encyclopædia Britannica
1496:World Book Encyclopedia
1012:Google Chrome extension
853:Compton's by Britannica
681:; for example, it uses
314:Encyclopædia Britannica
284:Encyclopædia Britannica
8752:Scottish encyclopedias
8747:Scottish Enlightenment
8727:American encyclopedias
8717:1768 non-fiction books
8311:
8009:Baynes, Thomas Spencer
7954:Collier's Encyclopedia
7931:. Three Rivers Press.
7637:
7631:
7564:
7558:
7445:
7219:Kogan, Herman (1958).
7094:27 August 2021 at the
6722:"The Britannica Store"
6175:
6052:
6023:
5964:
5834:
5623:
5465:School Library Journal
4509:
4411:(14th ed.). 1954.
4331:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3620:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3509:Philip W. Goetz, then
3492:
3486:
3478:
3107:1801, revised in 1803
3103:supplement to 3rd
2918:
2904:
2894:
2877:
2871:
2828:
2795:
2789:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2721:
2678:
2667:
2599:Edinburgh Encyclopædia
2565:Scottish Enlightenment
2516:
2499:
2411:
2406:
2384:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2228:
2218:
2212:
2206:, and the French poet
2190:
2151:
2130:
2124:
2114:
2100:
2025:
1969:Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
1930:
1877:
1871:
1838:Compton's Encyclopedia
1632:Encyclopedia Americana
1579:Encyclopedia Americana
1574:Collier's Encyclopedia
1560:
1490:Encyclopedia Americana
1484:Collier's Encyclopedia
1466:and, soon thereafter,
1332:
1326:
1269:, cognitive scientist
1237:, political economist
1212:
1206:
1131:
1112:
1057:Alfred North Whitehead
985:products aimed at the
981:to launch a series of
858:Compton's Encyclopedia
780:
740:follows strict rules.
736:
730:
661:
655:
642:
631:
625:
612:
600:, which organizes the
596:
590:
584:
558:
552:
546:
540:
534:
528:
522:
509:
503:
497:
488:
483:
477:
471:
432:
426:
424:and as a guide to the
416:
404:
396:
390:
312:
8569:. Chicago, Illinois:
8340:, 15th edition, 2010.
7877:"Encyclopaedia"
7391:. BBC. 14 July 2009.
6628:. IDG. Archived from
6325:Asia Outlook Magazine
6133:The Industry Standard
5718:Keen, Andrew (2007).
4662:Children's Britannica
4385:"Defense mechanism".
3637:had 12 vols. and the
3339:Franklin Henry Hooper
3274:Thomas Stewart Traill
3009:Edition / supplement
2890:
2826:
2727:University of Chicago
2673:
2660:
2496:
2420:Horace Everett Hooper
2403:
2379:
2169:
1980:The Red-Headed League
1940:Dobson's Encyclopædia
1917:
1867:
1800:In 2005, the journal
1403:In the fall of 2017,
1398:Elkan Harrison Powell
1344:In January 1996, the
1249:, computer scientist
1163:Franklin Henry Hooper
1124:Thomas Spencer Baynes
1122:
1107:
812:In 1961, a 16-volume
807:Children's Britannica
795:Children's Britannica
778:Children's Britannica
776:
464:
8737:History of Edinburgh
8689:1902Encyclopedia.com
8668:7th edition (1842),
8521:Simon & Schuster
8466:7 March 2017 at the
8238:. 19 November 2020.
8154:. pp. 421–541.
8005:Cousin, John William
7985:The Early Britannica
7765:on 12 November 2020.
7627:. pp. 107–110.
7414:Lang, J. P. (1992).
6692:The Washington Times
6606:– via hbr.org.
6538:. 14 December 2012.
5924:on 20 September 2015
5653:. Britannica Group.
5384:on 30 September 2011
5044:on 27 September 2007
4722:on 28 September 2007
4696:on 28 September 2007
4634:on 21 September 2016
2204:military decorations
1992:bicentennial of the
1984:Lord Mayor of London
1947:magazine dubbed the
1766:encyclopedic project
1554:Print encyclopaedias
1378:Board of Directors.
1322:Peter Ritchie Calder
1298:Outline of Knowledge
1239:Benjamin M. Friedman
1069:University of Oxford
754:Charles I of England
653:Taken together, the
420:was meant for quick
337:online encyclopaedia
8321:1991neb..book.....G
8214:www.telegraph.co.uk
8134:Mortimer J. Adler,
8080:, 22 February 1945.
7794:Stockwell, Foster.
7695:. 26 January 2005.
7667:. New York: Grove.
7455:1991neb..book.....G
7288:on 13 October 2007.
7278:"Patriarch Revised"
6972:on 4 December 2010.
6929:2005Natur.438..900G
6404:1999Natur.400..107L
6185:1991neb..book.....G
6062:1991neb..book.....G
6033:1991neb..book.....G
5974:1991neb..book.....G
5844:1991neb..book.....G
5633:1991neb..book.....G
5436:. 26 October 2011.
5328:. 24 January 2009.
4950:on 13 February 2009
4807:. 13 January 2015.
4519:1991neb..book.....G
4341:1991neb..book.....G
4303:1991neb..book.....G
4066:Blanding, Michael.
3564:James Clerk Maxwell
3535:30 compact volumes
3164:Archibald Constable
3118:Copyright owned by
3005:
2962:William Howard Taft
2664:National Geographic
2639:James Clerk Maxwell
2567:. In this era, the
2410:, published in 1771
2038:Richard Evelyn Byrd
2034:George Bernard Shaw
1687:Funk & Wagnalls
1657:averaged an 86% to
1425:New York University
1340:Corporate structure
1281:, President of the
1245:President Emeritus
1233:, religion scholar
820:My First Britannica
752:of France precedes
607:contents by topic.
174:Britannica.com Inc.
144:Archibald Constable
73:
29:Page version status
8539:Kister, Kenneth F.
8268:. 8 October 2020.
8109:The New York Times
8092:, 28 January 1943.
7602:. pp. 63–68.
7580:. pp. 98–100.
7369:on 17 October 2006
7328:. United Kingdom:
6983:Terdiman, Daniel.
6788:on 28 October 2009
6632:on 13 October 2007
6495:on 17 January 1999
6139:on 13 October 2007
5998:on 4 February 2012
5894:on 20 October 2006
5868:on 14 October 2010
5647:"Christine Sutton"
5302:on 15 October 2009
5237:on 29 January 2009
4890:on 27 October 2013
4598:The New York Times
3978:The New York Times
3855:on 20 October 2006
3819:The New York Times
3410:James Louis Garvin
3256:; 5,000 sets sold
3012:Publication years
3000:
2829:
2679:
2668:
2517:
2412:
2108:Coverage of topics
1988:Gilbert Inglefield
1965:English literature
1931:
1400:in the mid-1930s.
1383:Jorge Aguilar-Cauz
1314:Harold D. Lasswell
1275:Don Michael Randel
1220:Editorial advisors
1159:James Louis Garvin
1132:
915:The New York Times
781:
673:generally prefers
489:
71:
35:
8657:Online Books Page
8554:978-0-89774-744-8
8530:978-0-7432-5062-7
8487:978-0-384-14050-9
8474:Einbinder, Harvey
7938:978-0-609-80999-0
7779:. 1803. pp.
7725:Irish Independent
7674:978-0-384-14050-9
7657:Einbinder, Harvey
7629:It is called the
7616:. pp. 44–45.
7613:Publishers Weekly
7546:. pp. 37–47.
7535:. pp. 64–65.
7532:Publishers Weekly
7512:. pp. 71–72.
7425:978-0-8389-3406-7
7263:978-0-8122-3092-5
7145:. 14 January 2016
7119:. 15 January 2016
6923:(7070): 900–901.
6858:on 25 March 2012.
6695:. 27 March 2007.
6467:10.1109/35.739314
6398:(6740): 107–109.
6372:978-0-8108-2567-3
6295:www.stern.nyu.edu
6267:. 8 August 2018.
6206:(Press release).
5500:. 14 March 2012.
5036:(Press release).
4980:on 14 August 2006
4838:on 23 August 2015
4783:978-0-7440-2047-2
4539:. 13 March 2012.
4484:on 30 August 2007
4407:"Encyclopaedia".
4371:978-0-8389-5754-7
4272:978-0-8352-3669-0
4197:978-0-89774-744-8
4118:978-0-8389-7823-8
3652:
3651:
3547:
3546:
3341:in New York City
3250:Thomas de Quincey
3087:10,000 or 13,000
2252:Newtonian gravity
2208:Joachim du Bellay
1612:sexual harassment
1469:Rees's Cyclopædia
1302:Mortimer J. Adler
1185:(1979–1991), and
784:Britannica Junior
578:by following the
410:volume to give a
371:Microsoft Encarta
326:English-language
324:general knowledge
308:
307:
249:978-1-59339-292-5
204:Publication place
164:Benton Foundation
148:Colin Macfarquhar
47:28 September 2024
26:
16:(Redirected from
8769:
8635:
8634:
8619:Internet Archive
8611:
8606:
8605:
8603:Official website
8582:
8558:
8534:
8498:" case history,
8491:
8456:
8433:
8427:
8418:
8417:
8412:"Encyclopedia".
8409:
8403:
8402:
8392:
8391:
8386:
8380:
8379:
8374:"Encyclopedia".
8371:
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8359:
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8314:
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8060:
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7182:
7180:
7175:on 28 April 2021
7161:
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7152:
7150:
7135:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7124:
7109:
7103:
7075:
7073:
7071:
7066:on 25 March 2006
7065:
7054:
7046:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7029:
7022:
7014:
7005:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6980:
6974:
6973:
6968:. Archived from
6957:
6951:
6950:
6940:
6903:
6894:
6893:
6888:
6886:
6866:
6860:
6859:
6854:. Archived from
6841:
6835:
6834:
6828:
6826:
6817:. Archived from
6804:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6784:. Archived from
6776:
6770:
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6767:
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6737:
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6718:
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6135:. Archived from
6124:
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6098:
6092:
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5994:. Archived from
5984:
5978:
5977:
5967:
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5948:
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5540:
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5479:
5477:
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5450:
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5445:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5410:on 8 August 2012
5400:
5394:
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5391:
5389:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5339:
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5318:
5312:
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5309:
5307:
5298:. Archived from
5287:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5233:. Archived from
5222:
5213:
5212:
5210:
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5194:
5186:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5153:
5147:
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5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5071:. Archived from
5060:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4976:. Archived from
4966:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4939:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4886:. Archived from
4876:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4686:
4680:
4674:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4630:. Archived from
4620:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4512:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4480:. Archived from
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4450:on 22 March 2007
4446:. Archived from
4432:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4404:
4391:
4390:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4354:
4345:
4344:
4334:
4322:
4307:
4306:
4286:
4277:
4276:
4256:
4227:
4226:
4221:. Archived from
4211:
4202:
4201:
4178:
4137:
4136:
4130:
4122:
4102:
4087:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4004:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3968:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3909:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3810:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3748:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3685:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3671:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3623:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3549:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3335:Arthur T. Hadley
3213:Charles Maclaren
3191:Sir Walter Scott
3097:in Philadelphia
3043:William Smellie
3021:Chief editor(s)
3006:
2999:
2958:Emperor of India
2950:George the Fifth
2944:to the reigning
2907:
2897:
2887:
2880:
2874:
2863:
2798:
2792:
2783:from 1965), the
2778:
2772:
2766:
2747:its bicentennial
2724:
2715:
2687:direct marketing
2624:
2502:
2409:
2355:
2337:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2288:Harvey Einbinder
2274:Other criticisms
2249:
2231:
2221:
2215:
2188:
2154:
2133:
2127:
2117:
2103:
2074:Amos Urban Shirk
2028:
2022:
1973:
1874:
1860:
1787:
1780:
1648:
1563:
1464:Ephraim Chambers
1461:
1405:Karthik Krishnan
1391:
1377:
1335:
1329:
1263:Vartan Gregorian
1255:Murray Gell-Mann
1215:
1209:
1175:Warren E. Preece
1152:
1146:, was listed as
1084:
1073:particle physics
1065:Christine Sutton
938:
870:Book of the Year
866:Book of the Year
739:
733:
720:Since 1936, the
675:British spelling
664:
658:
645:
634:
628:
622:
615:
610:The core of the
606:
599:
593:
587:
580:cross-references
561:
555:
549:
543:
537:
531:
525:
519:
512:
506:
500:
486:
480:
474:
435:
429:
419:
409:
401:
393:
317:
304:
301:
270:
195:Publication date
88:
81:
74:
70:
21:
8777:
8776:
8772:
8771:
8770:
8768:
8767:
8766:
8702:
8701:
8672:via Hathi Trust
8632:
8601:
8600:
8597:
8592:
8555:
8531:
8488:
8468:Wayback Machine
8454:
8441:
8439:Further reading
8436:
8428:
8421:
8411:
8410:
8406:
8389:
8387:
8383:
8373:
8372:
8368:
8360:
8356:
8348:
8344:
8332:
8328:
8309:(15th edition,
8303:
8299:
8290:
8289:
8285:
8275:
8273:
8260:
8259:
8255:
8245:
8243:
8236:The Independent
8230:
8229:
8225:
8206:
8205:
8201:
8191:
8189:
8178:
8174:
8164:
8162:
8158:
8151:
8147:
8146:
8142:
8133:
8129:
8119:
8117:
8100:
8096:
8090:Chicago Tribune
8088:
8084:
8078:Chicago Tribune
8076:
8072:
8053:
8049:
8030:
8026:
7996:
7992:
7981:
7977:
7970:
7950:
7946:
7939:
7920:
7916:
7906:
7904:
7896:
7895:
7891:
7869:
7865:
7855:
7854:
7850:
7837:
7835:
7820:
7816:
7807:
7803:
7792:
7788:
7775:
7774:
7770:
7749:
7745:
7735:
7733:
7716:
7712:
7702:
7700:
7687:
7686:
7682:
7675:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7524:
7517:
7506:
7499:
7466:
7462:
7443:(15th edition,
7437:
7433:
7426:
7412:
7408:
7398:
7396:
7387:
7386:
7382:
7372:
7370:
7357:
7356:
7352:
7342:
7341:
7337:
7320:
7319:
7312:
7303:) Britannica".
7298:
7297:
7293:
7276:
7275:
7271:
7264:
7248:
7244:
7217:
7188:
7178:
7176:
7163:
7162:
7158:
7148:
7146:
7137:
7136:
7132:
7122:
7120:
7111:
7110:
7106:
7096:Wayback Machine
7085:Wayback Machine
7069:
7067:
7063:
7052:
7048:
7047:
7043:
7033:
7031:
7027:
7020:
7016:
7015:
7008:
6998:
6996:
6981:
6977:
6958:
6954:
6938:10.1038/438900a
6904:
6897:
6884:
6882:
6867:
6863:
6842:
6838:
6824:
6822:
6821:on 3 March 2007
6805:
6801:
6791:
6789:
6778:
6777:
6773:
6763:
6761:
6748:
6747:
6740:
6730:
6728:
6720:
6719:
6712:
6702:
6700:
6685:
6684:
6680:
6665:
6663:
6650:
6649:
6645:
6635:
6633:
6618:
6611:
6601:
6599:
6584:
6580:
6573:
6559:
6555:
6545:
6543:
6530:
6529:
6525:
6516:
6515:
6508:
6498:
6496:
6487:
6486:
6482:
6458:10.1.1.118.3636
6441:
6437:
6384:
6380:
6373:
6363:Scarecrow Press
6351:
6344:
6334:
6332:
6319:
6318:
6314:
6304:
6302:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6274:
6272:
6259:
6258:
6254:
6244:
6242:
6235:Chicago Tribune
6229:Marotti, Ally.
6227:
6223:
6213:
6211:
6196:
6192:
6173:(15th edition,
6167:
6163:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6142:
6140:
6125:
6121:
6111:
6109:
6100:
6099:
6095:
6085:
6083:
6074:
6073:
6069:
6050:(15th edition,
6044:
6040:
6021:(15th edition,
6015:
6011:
6001:
5999:
5986:
5985:
5981:
5962:(15th edition,
5956:
5952:
5942:
5941:
5937:
5927:
5925:
5918:Chicago Tribune
5912:
5911:
5907:
5897:
5895:
5886:
5885:
5881:
5871:
5869:
5856:
5855:
5851:
5832:(15th edition,
5826:
5819:
5804:10.2307/1832843
5788:Burr, George L.
5785:
5781:
5771:
5769:
5756:
5755:
5751:
5741:
5739:
5732:
5716:
5712:
5702:
5700:
5693:
5677:
5670:
5660:
5658:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5621:(15th edition,
5615:
5608:
5598:
5596:
5583:
5582:
5578:
5568:
5566:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5538:
5536:
5521:
5517:
5507:
5505:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5475:
5473:
5458:
5457:
5453:
5443:
5441:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5413:
5411:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5387:
5385:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5361:
5359:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5335:
5333:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5305:
5303:
5288:
5281:
5271:
5269:
5262:Digital Journal
5254:
5250:
5240:
5238:
5223:
5216:
5206:
5204:
5187:
5180:
5170:
5168:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5140:
5138:
5123:
5119:
5109:
5107:
5092:
5088:
5078:
5076:
5069:Britannica Blog
5061:
5057:
5047:
5045:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5017:
5015:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4983:
4981:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4953:
4951:
4940:
4933:
4923:
4921:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4893:
4891:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4863:
4861:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4841:
4839:
4828:
4824:
4814:
4812:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4784:
4766:
4762:
4752:
4750:
4749:on 29 July 2015
4739:
4735:
4725:
4723:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4699:
4697:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4675:
4668:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4647:
4637:
4635:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4607:
4605:
4590:
4586:
4576:
4574:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4546:
4544:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4507:(15th edition,
4501:
4497:
4487:
4485:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4453:
4451:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4417:
4406:
4405:
4394:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4355:
4348:
4329:(15th edition,
4323:
4310:
4293:(15th edition,
4287:
4280:
4273:
4257:
4230:
4225:on 5 July 2014.
4213:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4179:
4140:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4103:
4090:
4076:
4074:
4064:
4060:
4050:
4048:
4027:
4023:
4013:
4011:
3997:
3993:
3983:
3981:
3969:
3962:
3952:
3950:
3938:
3934:
3924:
3922:
3902:
3898:
3888:
3886:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3858:
3856:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3811:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3676:
3674:
3669:Scotland portal
3667:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3568:William Thomson
3397:
3376:
3312:
3280:William Thomson
3254:Antonio Panizzi
2998:
2993:History of the
2989:
2987:Edition summary
2946:British monarch
2934:
2892:The editors of
2885:
2861:
2821:
2755:
2713:
2701:was managed by
2655:
2622:
2608:
2573:William Smellie
2491:
2463:
2453:, DVD, and the
2398:
2393:History of the
2389:
2375:William Smellie
2353:
2340:Irish Civil War
2335:
2276:
2247:
2195:
2189:
2179:
2110:
2082:
2056:, an editor at
2020:
1976:Sherlock Holmes
1971:
1912:
1907:
1858:
1785:
1778:
1754:
1748:
1674:
1646:
1616:Shroud of Turin
1556:
1534:library of the
1459:
1437:
1389:
1375:
1342:
1273:, musicologist
1251:David Gelernter
1222:
1191:Theodore Pappas
1183:Philip W. Goetz
1150:
1117:
1087:Albert Einstein
1082:
1053:Michael DeBakey
1045:Milton Friedman
1037:
1032:
936:
905:Merriam-Webster
882:
876:(Wiley, 2006).
771:
620:
604:
517:
491:From 1985, the
459:
454:
298:
259:
227:Media type
222:
196:
179:
154:A & C Black
118:British English
93:
86:
67:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8775:
8765:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8700:
8699:
8691:
8685:
8679:
8673:
8666:
8660:
8648:
8636:
8621:
8612:
8596:
8595:External links
8593:
8591:
8590:
8585:Lee, Timothy.
8583:
8559:
8553:
8535:
8529:
8507:
8492:
8486:
8470:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8434:
8419:
8404:
8381:
8366:
8354:
8342:
8326:
8297:
8283:
8253:
8223:
8199:
8172:
8140:
8127:
8094:
8082:
8070:
8047:
8024:
7990:
7975:
7944:
7937:
7923:Herman, Arthur
7914:
7889:
7874:, ed. (1911).
7872:Chisholm, Hugh
7863:
7848:
7814:
7801:
7798:. p. 116.
7786:
7768:
7758:Evening Herald
7743:
7710:
7680:
7673:
7648:
7645:
7644:
7618:
7607:
7593:
7582:
7571:
7548:
7537:
7525:
7515:
7497:
7476:(124): 25–49.
7460:
7431:
7424:
7406:
7380:
7350:
7345:The New Yorker
7335:
7310:
7291:
7269:
7262:
7242:
7186:
7156:
7130:
7104:
7041:
7006:
6975:
6952:
6895:
6861:
6836:
6799:
6771:
6738:
6710:
6678:
6643:
6609:
6578:
6571:
6553:
6523:
6506:
6480:
6451:(1): 116–122.
6435:
6378:
6371:
6342:
6312:
6282:
6252:
6221:
6190:
6161:
6150:
6119:
6108:on 9 July 2007
6093:
6067:
6038:
6009:
5979:
5950:
5935:
5905:
5879:
5849:
5817:
5798:(1): 103–109.
5779:
5758:"Isaac Asimov"
5749:
5730:
5710:
5691:
5668:
5638:
5606:
5576:
5546:
5515:
5483:
5451:
5421:
5395:
5369:
5343:
5313:
5279:
5248:
5214:
5178:
5148:
5117:
5086:
5075:on 5 June 2008
5055:
5025:
4991:
4961:
4931:
4901:
4871:
4849:
4822:
4789:
4782:
4760:
4733:
4707:
4681:
4666:
4654:
4645:
4615:
4584:
4554:
4524:
4495:
4461:
4427:
4392:
4377:
4370:
4346:
4308:
4278:
4271:
4228:
4203:
4196:
4138:
4117:
4088:
4058:
4021:
3991:
3960:
3932:
3896:
3885:on 9 June 2001
3881:Archived from
3866:
3851:Archived from
3836:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3780:
3771:
3762:
3752:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3686:
3683:Chicago portal
3672:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3589:At this point
3545:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3514:
3511:Robert McHenry
3507:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3246:David Brewster
3242:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3215:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3183:
3182:Macvey Napier
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
2991:Main article:
2988:
2985:
2977:George W. Bush
2933:
2930:
2820:
2817:
2754:
2751:
2731:William Benton
2654:
2651:
2607:
2604:
2594:David Brewster
2505:Thomas Young's
2490:
2487:
2462:
2459:
2455:World Wide Web
2428:William Benton
2391:Main article:
2388:
2385:
2275:
2272:
2239:Some very few
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2181:Kenneth Kister
2177:
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2081:
2078:
2070:C. S. Forester
2014:Shah of Persia
1911:
1908:
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1750:Main article:
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1729:, the digital
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1566:Kenneth Kister
1555:
1552:
1532:PubMed Central
1516:search engines
1436:
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1318:Mark Van Doren
1265:, philosopher
1247:Leslie H. Gelb
1221:
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1187:Robert McHenry
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1103:George L. Burr
1051:, and surgeon
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979:Concentric Sky
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7591:. p. 31.
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4776:. p. 3.
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2838:In 1996, the
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2051:
2050:Philip Beaver
2048:in 1934; and
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1989:
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1970:
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1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:William Beebe
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1863:Britannica UK
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1839:
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1803:
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1797:in accuracy.
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1600:heart disease
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1530:and the open
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662:Macropædia
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