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377:, produced iron tubes. This company was sold by the state in 2003 and its new owners filed for bankruptcy in late 2005. By that point, Sidermet had 200 employees remaining, for the sole purposes of safeguarding and maintenance of the site. In 2010, there were two firms left standing, with under seventy employees. Much of the structure had been stolen for its scrap iron, and what was still functioning was under frequent threat from metal thieves. The scrap iron would be sorted and sold on land that was part of the works.
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145:. Inaugurated in the winter of 1871, it had a capacity of 82 m. The second furnace started being built in 1874 and went operational the following year. Josef Massenez, a Belgian, supervised the construction work. Ore and dolomite used in production came straight from Teliuc. A foundry was begun in 1876, with two
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Effects of the closure on the town included elevated unemployment and pollution, although efforts were underway to clean up part of the site. In the works' heyday, the furnaces would emit dark exhaust that blackened the sky above Călan and the coke odor made the air difficult to breathe. In
September
311:
and methane gas for combustible material. In 1958, building started on a new foundry that was able to turn out 40,000 tons of ingots and parts annually. A new workshop was inaugurated in 1964, which allowed for on-site repair and production of replacement pieces. Its features included fifteen lathes,
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were also involved in the deal. The new concern that emerged from these moves, called the Titan SAR Metallurgical Plants, ended up owning the works at Călan, Oțelu Roșu, Galaţi and Nădrag, as well as the Teliuc mine. Once rolling mills started operating at Oțelu Roșu, the foundry there and the
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the works, and the existing factory was expanded into a steel-manufacturing complex. In 1953, two semi-coking batteries started to be built. These became operational in 1956 and 1957 respectively, but were soon shut down due to lack of productivity. 1957 saw the introduction of the first
225:
Iron Works, which remained the owner until 1924. In 1918, the furnaces stopped for a period of sixteen years, a main reason being a lack of coke and coal. In turn, these fuels were scarce because of difficulties in transporting along the railways from the coal-producing
189:
able to produce 4000 tons of steel annually. In 1896, the original second furnace was replaced by a new structure that was 380 m in volume and could turn out 120 to 140 tons of cast iron daily. In 1897, the Călan Mines and
Metallurgy Anonymous Society was set up as a
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Workers were housed on site in apartment blocks. The first of these, as well as an apprentices' school, appeared in 1949-1952. A new neighborhood of blocks for workers began to be built in 1959 on the sloping right bank of the Strei, in the vicinity of the
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including swamps, came from the wife of a
Hungarian nobleman. In 1868, German engineer Otto Gmelin was hired to draw up plans for the new enterprise. The decision to build at Călan was closely related to the fact that a railway line was being laid between
161:
that ran the machines. Before the furnace was finished, production was centered in the latter unit, with ore, molten iron and fuel brought in using steam pressure. The platform and elevator were made of wood; the latter ran on steam power as well.
278:
power station was completed in
November 1934; the plant was modernized and the furnaces were brought back into action. There were forty engineers and foremen and 671 workers in 1927; by 1938, the total number of employees stood at 1117.
152:
At first, employees lived in houses on partly swampy ground surrounding the works. Ten houses were built in 1870; the total had risen to 78 by 1918. An administrative building and laboratory were also erected in 1870, while the
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1982, the waters of the Strei changed color, with hundreds or perhaps thousands of dead fish floating in them. This was caused by excessive dumping of toxins from the works, and somewhat unusually given the
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A railway from Teliuc to Călan was built in 1875 because horses were unable to deliver enough raw materials to meet the factory's needs. The railway, a 16.5-km section of narrow gauge track, was used by
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by fluidization. Both of the old furnaces were rebuilt: the second, with a capacity of 250 m, entered production in 1952. The first, with a similar capacity, was ready in 1959. The furnaces relied on
710:
Remus Crețan, Liliana Guran-Nica, Dan Platon and David
Turnock, "Foreign Direct Investment and Social Risk in Romania: Progress in Less-Favoured Areas", in Francis Carter, David Turnock (eds.),
217:. A unit for casting pieces for heavy machinery was built in 1908; this was extended in 1914 by adding a room for manufacturing commercial products. In 1911, the factory was bought by the
336:, including stoves and radiators. By the 1980s, the complex employed some 8000 individuals from the town and its surroundings. Rapid development under communism gave way after the
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took place in 1998, when the works, by that time employing 1500, were broken up into twelve companies that began to go bankrupt one by one. The core business among these, called
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for carrying ore from Teliuc on horse-drawn carts began to be laid down. During the early years, a casting room was finished, as well as a mechanical shop featuring a
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was declared a town. In 1930, the population numbered 6801; this had risen to 14,738 by 1992. A prominent player in the
Romanian steel industry, the works produced
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factory. In 1877, the room for moulding and casting was completed, as were the cleaning unit and warehouse for cast objects, and the cupola furnaces began running.
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In the wake of the
Revolution, there were over 6000 employees at the works, which covered more than 200 ha at the time. Starting in 1995, several million
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213:, a 2450-m long concrete canal and a collecting pool. The two steam pumps provided water flow of up two 240 m per hour at a pressure of two
398:: the original works themselves, their archive, their guesthouse and the workers' club. Furthermore, the 1890s waterworks are also listed.
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in the late 1990s proved unsuccessful, and the works were largely abandoned within a decade, leading to economic hardship for Călan.
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With the fuel shortage at hand, production was slow and inefficient between 1919 and 1921. In 1924, several years after the
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Foreign Direct
Investment and Regional Development in East Central Europe and the Former Soviet Union
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Four 1870s structures associated with the works are classified as historic monuments by
Romania's
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a machine repair unit, four lathes for straightening rolling mill cylinders, a carousel lathe, a
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782:, p.1336-37, 1354, at the Institute of National Patrimony site; accessed February 12, 2014
530:"De la cuptorul de la Valea Caselor (Ghelari) la primele furnale de la Călan şi Hunedoara"
242:, the works were involved in a restructuring that gave them a new owner in the process. A
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By 1881, the works were converting cast iron into steel in a division that included a
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598:"Cum a dispărut 'Victoria' Călan, una dintre marile uzine ale Transilvaniei"
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La răscruce: gânduri spuse la Radio Europa Liberă și în
Jurnalul literar
170:. The foundry was begun in 1876 and incorporated parts brought from the
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The water supply mechanism introduced in 1899 included a dam on the
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639:— Historia (Cluj: Babeș-Bolyai University), vol.18-19, 1973, p.122
274:(1929-1933), several investments became feasible. The Strei River
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534:
Județul Hunedoara, Monografie, Volumul 2 (Economie și Societate)
532:, in Ioan Sebastian Bara, Denisa Toma, Ioachim Lazăr (eds.), in
128:, purchased land for a steel works. The land, covering some 104
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Workers surrounding a furnace soon after its inauguration
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tubes in the second furnace, an achievement mentioned by
99:, making a vital contribution to the growth of the town.
659:"Cum a ajuns să cultive canabis industria lui Ceauşescu"
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at the Călan Town Hall site; accessed February 12, 2014
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at the Călan Town Hall site; accessed February 12, 2014
692:"Republica Călan își alungă unicul investitor străin"
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The town's newer area, with housing built for workers
91:, the works underwent a powerful expansion following
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Lista Monumentelor Istorice 2010: Judeţul Hunedoara
267:workers who ran it were sent to Călan in mid-1926.
367:. However, the unit lay idle within a few years.
324:. In 1961, due to its economic importance, Călan
283:, the works suffered a certain amount of damage.
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122:Kronstädter Bergbau- und Hüttenvereins-Komplexes
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87:. Begun around 1870, when the area was part of
844:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2005
665:, November 1, 2010; accessed February 12, 2014
343:
740:, January 4, 2006; accessed February 12, 2014
819:Buildings and structures in Hunedoara County
604:, April 27, 2013; accessed February 12, 2014
839:Manufacturing companies established in 1869
753:, p.146. Editura "Jurnalul Literar", 1996,
698:, July 12, 2002; accessed February 12, 2014
63:, formerly the Victoria Steel Works Călan (
615:Două secole de metalurgie pe Valea Bistrei
714:, p.324. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2005,
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734:"Fabrica-unicat in filament forţat"
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16:Former steel mill in Călan, Romania
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824:Companies of Hunedoara County
749:Nicolae Stroescu-Stînișoară,
316:and two all-purpose cutters.
112:Beginnings in Austria-Hungary
363:during the following year's
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340:to a slow disintegration.
303:oven, used to manufacture
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205:, two sluice gates, two
95:in 1948 by the nascent
55:Călan steel works, 2009
678:Historical census data
332:, coke, coal, tar and
322:Streisângeorgiu Church
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37:45.74167°N 22.995333°E
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809:Iron and steel mills
365:re-election campaign
155:narrow gauge railway
281:During World War II
258:took on Călan; the
211:infiltration basins
192:joint-stock company
42:45.74167; 22.995333
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778:2014-02-22 at the
260:Chrissoveloni Bank
221:-based Rimamurány–
57:
759:978-973-9773-21-8
738:Evenimentul Zilei
696:Evenimentul Zilei
623:978-973-9249-16-4
573:Town Presentation
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410:The works in 2012
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143:Teliuc mine
40: /
798:Categories
720:0754632482
228:Jiu Valley
196:Oțelu Roșu
73:steel mill
71:), were a
25:45°44′30″N
358:President
330:gray iron
305:semi-coke
244:Bucharest
139:Petroșani
776:Archived
602:Adevărul
375:Sidermet
334:castings
219:Budapest
181:oven, a
179:puddling
172:Rușchița
79:town of
65:Romanian
388:Flacăra
350:dollars
326:commune
254:and at
135:Simeria
107:History
85:Romania
75:in the
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314:planer
256:Nădrag
252:Galaţi
209:, two
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755:ISBN
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309:coke
262:and
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185:and
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59:The
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