4476:(FSN) had merely taken advantage of the chaos to stage a coup. While, ultimately, a great deal did change in Romania, it is still a subject of contention among Romanians and other observers as to whether this was their intent from the outset, or merely pragmatic playing of the cards they were dealt. By December 1989 Ceaușescu's harsh and counterproductive economic and political policies had cost him the support of many government officials and even the most loyal Communist Party cadres, most of whom joined forces with the popular revolution or simply refused to support him. This loss of support from government officials ultimately set the stage for Ceaușescu's demise. The Romanian army also was a factor in the regime's fall as it suffered from severe budget cuts while vast sums were spent on the Securitate, leaving them severely discontented and unwilling to save Ceaușescu.
208:
823:
4745:
4709:
4733:
4721:
4321:
public debate or even inside the party, in the
Political Executive Committee. And then, the recipe of street confrontations with the regime became the only...possible. It became the leitmotif of all the media analysis. It was the beginning of an action against the system that comprises more items. It was a labor protest in a citadel of Ceaușescu, it was an antidictatorial message, it was a clear political context: the pressures of Moscow, Ceaușescu's refusal to accept the demands of Gorbachev, the breaking with the West, who changed the views towards the regime – all these have made us to believe that the beginning of the end was coming".
2354:
4003:) or charcoal stoves, even though they were connected to the gas mains. With full-scale food rationing in place, the Communist Party published official guidelines on how Romanians could eat nutritiously while reducing their calorie intake by 25%. There was a shortage of available goods for the average Romanian. By 1984, despite a high crop yield and increased food production, wide-scale food rationing was introduced. The government promoted it as "rational eating" and "a means to reduce obesity". Most of what was available were export rejects, as most of the quality goods were exported, even underpriced, in order to obtain
192:
3678:
3667:
4659:
4695:
4683:
4671:
2687:
3963:
6844:
5335:, 2016; Pgs. 6–7; "The Romanian Orthodox Church by contrast has shown a much stronger development since the Second World War. After the initial waves of militant atheism were spent, a strong spiritual renewal movement took place in the late 1950s, and there has been a stream of notable spiritual figures both before and after communism. ... There was also a lack of consistent suppression of the Romanian Orthodox church by communist authorities. A large number of churches were left open, and monasteries continued to function."
2905:
2764:) were fully braced to weather de-Stalinization. Gheorghiu-Dej made Pauker, Luca and Georgescu scapegoats for the Romanian communist past excesses and claimed that the Romanian party had purged its Stalinist elements even before Stalin died in 1953. In all likelihood, Gheorghiu-Dej himself ordered the violence and coercion in the collectivization movements, since he did not rebuke those who perpetuated abuses. In fact, Pauker reprimanded any cadre who forced peasants, and once she was purged, the violence reappeared.
2938:
332:
4140:
3975:
4764:
3627:
6788:
3955:
4647:
2730:, and the more liberal Soviet government threatened to undermine his authority. In an effort to reinforce his position, Gheorghiu-Dej pledged cooperation with any state, regardless of political-economic system, as long as it recognized international equality and did not interfere in other nations' domestic affairs. This policy led to a tightening of Romania's bonds with China, which also advocated national self-determination and opposed Soviet hegemonism.
3769:
1575:
4152:
3846:
4778:
3405:
788:
763:
3574:
2838:
2634:
36:
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2538:. The role of religious bodies was strictly limited to their houses of worship, and large public demonstrations were strictly forbidden. In 1948, in order to minimize the role of the clergy in society, the government adopted a decree nationalizing church property, including schools. The regime found wiser to use religion and make it subservient to the regime rather than to eradicate it. The communist government also disbanded the
3902:
4611:, and 63% think that their lives were better under it. The last and longest ruling leader of the Communist regime, Ceaușescu, also enjoys a high amount of approval in polls: In 2010, 41% of Romanians would vote for Ceaușescu, by 2014 this percentage reached 46%. In December 2018, 64% of people had a good opinion of Ceaușescu, making him the president with the highest amount of approval in the country.
3987:
industrialized faster than Spain, Greece, and
Portugal. The infant mortality rate plummeted from 139 per 1,000 during the interwar period to 35 in the 1970s. During the interwar period, half the population was illiterate, but under the communist government illiteracy was eradicated. The population became urbanized, women's rights greatly improved, life expectancy grew, among many other achievements.
3857:. Romania made progress with the economy. From 1951 to 1974, Romania's gross industrial output increased at an average annual rate of 13 percent. Several branches of heavy industry were founded, including the machine-tool, tractor, and automotive industries; large-tonnage shipbuilding; the manufacture of electric diesel locomotives; and the electronics and petrochemical industries.
2776:
radical measures which meant persecutions and jailing of various "suspects", especially people of
Hungarian origin. He also advocated swift Soviet intervention, and the Soviet Union reinforced its military presence in Romania, particularly along the Hungarian border. Although Romania's unrest proved fragmentary and controllable, Hungary's was not, so in November Moscow mounted a
3553:, where 3000 were arrested. In Bucharest and Cluj, organised groups were set up which tried to make common cause with the anti-communist movement in Hungary and coordinate activity. The authorities' reaction was immediate – students were arrested or suspended from their courses, some teachers were dismissed, and new associations were set up to supervise student activities.
4313:. As Emil Hurezeanu tells it: "I remember that Neculai Constantin Munteanu, the moderator of the show, started the broadcast: 'Brașov! So Brașov! Now it started!' This was the tone of the whole broadcast. We had interviews, information, interpretations of some political interpretations, older press articles announcing open street protests against Ceaușescu."
4431:(CC) in Bucharest turned into chaos. The crowd, in a reaction that would have been unthinkable for most of the previous quarter-century, openly booed and jeered Ceaușescu as he spoke. He was forced to hide himself in the CC Building after losing control of his own "supporters". The night of 21 December brought fighting between protesters and the
4408:-era reformist Communism found in Hungary or the Soviet Union. Ceausescu was so bitterly opposed to reform that he went as far as to call for a Warsaw Pact invasion of Poland after its Communists decided to treat with the opposition–a marked turn from his vehement opposition to the invasion of Czechoslovakia two decades earlier.
4349:, accused of propaganda against the socialist society. They were released on 22 December 1989 at 14.00. There were other letters and other attempts to draw attention to the economic, cultural, and spiritual oppression of Romanians, but they served only to intensify the activity of the communist police and the Securitate.
4435:, police and part of the army forces; more than 1100 protesters were killed during the fights over the next few days. On the morning of 22 December, it was announced that the army general Vasile Milea was dead by suicide. Believing that Milea had actually been murdered, the rank-and-file soldiers went over almost
4420:
affairs of
Romania and an aggression through foreign secret services on Romania's sovereignty, and declared National Curfew, convoking a mass meeting in his support in Bucharest for the next day. The uprising of Timișoara became known across the country, and on the morning of 21 December, protests spread to
3994:
Despite all this, living standards in the country remained some of Europe's lowest and as early as 1981, there were clear signs of public discontent, such as riots and an angry mob throwing rocks at Ceaușescu's helicopter while it made a flight to
Transylvania that October. Ceaușescu desired to repay
3928:
Thus, the policy towards the city after the earthquake was not one of reconstruction, but one of demolition and building anew. An analysis by the Union of
Architects, commissioned in 1990, claims that over 2000 buildings were torn down, with over 77 of very high architectural importance, most of them
3836:
During the Ceaușescu era, there was a secret ongoing "trade" between
Romania on one side and Israel and West Germany on the other side, under which Israel and West Germany paid money to Romania to allow Romanian citizens with certified Jewish or German ancestry to emigrate to Israel and West Germany,
3485:
One of the most notorious and infamous brainwashing experiments in
Eastern Europe's history took place in Romania, in the political prison of Pitești, a small city about 120 km (75 mi) northwest of Bucharest. This prison is still infamous in Romania for the so-called 'Pitești experiment' or
2819:
members and deputy premiers, criticized
Gheorghiu-Dej. Constantinescu, who advocated a Khrushchev-style liberalization, posed a particular threat to Gheorghiu-Dej because he enjoyed good connections with the Moscow leadership. The PMR purged Constantinescu and Chișinevschi in 1957, denouncing both as
4403:
Unlike the Soviet Union at the same time, Romania had not developed a large, privileged elite. Ceausescu's family maintained all control of politics and
Communist Party officials were paid poorly and often rotated from job to job, thus preventing any potential political rivals from developing a base
4329:
In March 1989, several leading activists of the PCR protested in a letter that criticized the economic policies of Nicolae Ceaușescu, but shortly thereafter Ceaușescu achieved a significant political victory: Romania paid off its external debt of about US$ 11 billion several months earlier than
3751:
Universities were also founded in small Romanian towns, which served to train qualified professionals, such as engineers, economists, planners or jurists, necessary for the industrialization and development project of the country. Romanian healthcare also achieved improvements and recognition by the
4179:
and keeping tabs and records on a large segment of the population. By 1989, according to CNSAS (the Council for Studies of the Archives of the Former Securitate), one in three Romanians was an informant for the Securitate. Due to this situation, income from tourism dropped substantially, the number
3809:
These pro-natalist measures had some degree of success, as a baby boom resulted in the late 1960s, with the generations born in 1967 and 1968 being the largest in the country's history. The natalist policies temporarily increased birth rates for a few years, but this was followed by a later decline
3747:
of the country which since 1959 had already doubled industrial production and had reduced the peasant population from 78% at the end of the 1940s to 61% in 1966 and 49% by 1971. However, for Romania, like other Eastern People's Republics, industrialization did not mean a total social break with the
4419:
on 17 December and soldiers opened fire on the protesters, killing about 100 people. After cutting short a two-day trip to Iran, Ceaușescu gave a televised speech on 20 December in which he condemned the events of Timișoara, saying he considered them an act of foreign intervention in the internal
3916:
shocked Bucharest; many buildings collapsed, and many others were weakened. This was the backdrop that led to a policy of large-scale demolition which affected monuments of historical significance or architectural masterpieces such as the monumental Văcărești Monastery (1722), the "Sfânta Vineri"
3490:
and the Pitești experiment aimed to 'reeducate' the (real or imagined) opponents of the regime. It involved psychological and physical torture of prisoners, and the submission of them to humiliating, degrading and dehumanizing acts. Tens of people died in this 'experiment', but its aim was not to
3759:
The social and economic transformations resulted in improved living conditions for Romanians. Economic growth allowed for higher salaries which, combined with the benefits offered by the state (free medical care, pensions, free universal education at all levels, etc.) were a leap compared to the
3453:
All strata of society were involved, but particularly targeted were the prewar elites, such as intellectuals, clerics, teachers, former politicians (even if they had left-leaning views), and anybody who could potentially form the nucleus of anti-Communist resistance. According to figures, in the
4439:
to the budding rebellion. A second attempt at a speech the next day quickly failed. Soon, people were besieging the Central Committee Building, coming within a few meters of Ceaușescu himself; the Securitate did nothing to help him. Ceaușescu soon fled by helicopter from the rooftop of the CC
4320:
Hurezeanu continues: "... All these have been turned into an offensive. The reaction of the regime was expected.. Very soon it was seen that the regime wants to hide it, to cancel it, practically not to respond to claims, not to take measures, to change anything, not to turn this protest into a
4203:
sociopolitical system began to look increasingly out-of-place, but all attempts were made to keep the populace isolated from events going on outside the country. Also, while the West had been willing in the past to overlook Ceaușescu's human rights record in lieu of his independent, anti-Soviet
2798:
Romania's government also took measures to reduce public discontent by reducing investments in heavy industry, boosting output of consumer goods, decentralizing economic management, hiking wages and incentives, and instituting elements of worker management. The authorities eliminated compulsory
2465:, the Communist-led Bloc of Democratic Parties (BPD) claimed 84% of the votes. These elections were characterized by widespread irregularities, including intimidation, electoral fraud, and assassinations Archives confirm suspicions at the time that the election results were, in fact, falsified.
1490:
paid to the Soviet Union. However, during the 1950s, Romania's communist government began to assert more independence, leading to, for example, the withdrawal of all Soviet troops from Romania by 1958. Overall, from the 1950s to the 1970s, the country exhibited high rates of economic growth and
2775:
and Hungary's popular uprising inspired Romanian students to organize meetings in București, Cluj and Timișoara calling for liberty, better living conditions, and an end to Soviet domination. Under the pretext that the Hungarian uprising might incite his nation's own revolt, Gheorghiu-Dej took
1533:
Many people were executed or died in custody during communist Romania's existence, most during the Stalinist era of the 1950s. While judicial executions between 1945 and 1964 numbered 137, deaths in custody are estimated in the tens or hundreds of thousands. Others were arrested for political,
4041:
per family (everything over this limit was heavily taxed). Only one in five streetlights was kept on, and television was reduced to a single channel broadcasting just 2 hours each day. All these policies combined led Romanians to have the lowest standard of living in Europe, with the possible
4010:
Measures in the mechanization and chemicalization of farming helped to increase the output of agricultural products. In 1950, more than 300 kg of cereals was gathered per head of the population; by 1982 this amount had increased to 1 ton per person. Meat production increased from 29.5 to
2432:
The King was not happy with the direction of this government, but when he attempted to force Groza's resignation by refusing to sign any legislation (a move known as "the royal strike"), Groza simply chose to enact laws without bothering to obtain Michael's signature. On 8 November 1945, King
3986:
Before austerity, Romania had made considerable progress in many areas. Between 1950 and 1973, Romania joined Yugoslavia and Bulgaria in achieving average annual growth rates that were above both the Central European and the West European average. During the first 3 post-war decades, Romania
3990:
Romania continued to make progress. High rates of growth in production created conditions for raising living standards of the people. From 1950 to the mid-1980s, average net wages increased more than eightfold. The consumption fund increased 22-fold, and a broad program of building cultural
2823:
The cadres – anyone who was not a rank-and-file member of the Communist Party – were deemed the Party's vanguard, as they were entrusted with the power to construct a new social order and the forms of power that would sustain it. They still underwent extensive surveillance, which created an
2527:. While it guaranteed all manner of freedoms on paper, any association which had a "fascist or anti-democratic nature" was forbidden. This provision was broadly interpreted to ban any party not willing to do the Communists' bidding, and gave a legal façade to political repression.
280:
260:
2405:, as the Romanian army had fought hard against the Soviets for the better part of the war, changing sides only when the tides started to turn. The Communists, as all political parties, played only a minor role in King Michael's first wartime government, headed by General
3648:
of the Soviet Union. Ceaușescu, supported by colleagues of Gheorghiu-Dej such as Maurer, continued this popular line. Relations with Western countries and many other states began to be strengthened in what seemed to be the national interest of Romania. Under a policy of
301:
2445:
escalated into street fights between opposition supporters and soldiers, police and pro-government workers, resulting in dozens of killed and wounded; Soviet officers restrained Romanian soldiers and police from firing on civilians, and Soviet troops restored order.
2741:) in 1955, which entailed subordinating and integrating a portion of its military into the Soviet military machine. Romania later refused to allow Warsaw Pact maneuvers on its soil and limited its participation in military maneuvers elsewhere within the alliance.
4204:
stance, this was becoming less relevant with the Cold War winding down. As such, Romania started coming under fire from the United States and its allies, but such complaints were merely brushed off as "unwelcome interference in our nation's internal affairs".
4337:
and Bucharest demonstrated with placards that read "We want Reforms against the Ceaușescu government." The students–Mihnea Paraschivescu, Grațian Vulpe, the economist Dan Căprariu from Cluj and others–were arrested and investigated by the Securitate at the
4599:; mostly due to the fast and stunning economic growth that was followed by the decline, many Romanians still view the Socialist era of their country positively, looking back nostalgically at an era of perceived stability and safety as opposed to the recent
2503:
summoned him back to Bucharest. They presented him with a pretyped instrument of abdication and demanded that he sign it. With pro-Communist troops surrounding his palace and his telephone lines cut, Michael was forced to sign the document. Hours later,
4411:
Similarly, unlike in Poland, Ceaușescu reacted to strikes entirely through a strategy of further oppression. Romania was nearly the last of the Eastern European communist governments to fall; its fall was also the most violent up to that time.
2799:
deliveries for private farmers but reaccelerated the collectivization program in the mid-1950s, albeit less brutally than earlier. The government declared collectivization complete in 1962, when collective and state farms controlled 77% of the
2560:
3523:
Anti-communist resistance also had an organized form, and many people opposing the government took up arms and formed partisan groups, comprising 10–40 people. There were attacks on police posts and sabotage. Some of the famous partisans were
300:
4112:, to accompany it. The mass demolitions that occurred in the 1980s under which an overall area of eight square kilometres of the historic center of Bucharest were leveled, including monasteries, churches, synagogues, a hospital, and a noted
3897:
system was started. After two years, 10 km of network were already complete and after another 2 years, 9 km of tunnels were ready for use. By 17 August 1989, 49.01 km of the subway system and 34 stations were already in use.
3703:
In his early years in power, Ceaușescu was genuinely popular, both at home and abroad. Agricultural goods were abundant, consumer goods began to reappear, there was a cultural thaw, and, what was important abroad, he spoke out against the
3549:. In reaction to the anti-communist revolt in Hungary, echoes were felt all over the Eastern bloc. Protests took place in some university centers resulting in numerous arrests and expulsions. The most-organised student movement was in
4092:
Beginning in 1974, systematization consisted largely of the demolition and reconstruction of existing hamlets, villages, towns, and cities, in whole or in part, with the stated goal of turning Romania into a "multilaterally developed
3936:, the country continued to have a notably good system of schools. Also, not every industrialization project was a failure: Ceaușescu left Romania with a reasonably effective system of power generation and transmission, gave Bucharest
3860:
Prior to the mid-1970s, Bucharest, as most other cities, was developed by expanding the city, especially towards the south, east and west. High density residential neighbourhoods were built on the outskirts of the city, some (such as
2389:
and Austria. However, the Soviets treated Romania as a conquered territory, and Soviet troops continued to occupy the country on the basis of the Romanians having been active Nazi allies with a fascist government until very recently.
4330:
even the Romanian dictator had expected. Ceaușescu was formally reelected secretary general of the Romanian Communist Party—-the only political party of the Romanian Socialist Republic—-on 14 November at the party's XIVth Congress.
2806:
Despite Gheorghiu-Dej's claim that he had purged the Romanian party of Stalinists, he remained susceptible to attack for his obvious complicity in the party's activities from 1944 to 1953. At a plenary PMR meeting in March 1956,
3166:
2461:, the former gave the party widespread popularity among peasants from the South and East while the latter gained it the support of educated women. However, it also brought the beginnings of Soviet domination of Romania. In the
4399:
Riots and protests resumed the following day, 17 December. The rioters broke into the District Committee building. The army failed to establish order and chaos ensued, with gunfire, fighting, burning of cars, and casualties.
4316:
The reprisals against the strikers were rapid. The workers were arrested and imprisoned and their families were terrorized, but this act of courage on the part of the workers of Brașov set the stage for future mass revolts.
3756:(WHO). In May 1969, Marcolino Candau, Director General of this organization, visited Romania and declared that the visits of WHO staff to various Romanian hospital establishments had made an extraordinarily good impression.
2567:
The early years of communist rule in Romania were marked by repeated changes of course and by numerous arrests and imprisonments as factions contended for dominance. The country's resources were also drained by the Soviet's
4379:
forces showed up at the scene. By 7:30 pm, the protest had spread, and the original cause became largely irrelevant. Some of the protesters attempted to burn down the building that housed the District Committee of the
3925:– was scheduled for demolition in early 1990, according to the systematisation papers. Yet another tactic was abandoning and neglecting buildings and bringing them into such a state that they would require being torn down.
1467:
was installed. Gradually, more members of the Workers' Party and communist-aligned parties gained control of the administration and pre-war political leaders were steadily eliminated from political life. In December 1947,
5374:
4297:
December 1989 was the last act of a finale that had started in 1987, in Brașov. The anti-communist riot in Brașov on 15 November 1987 was the main political event that announced the imminent fall of communism in Romania.
4025:
In the late 1980s, the United Nations Human Development report classified Romania as having had high human development. The life expectancy was 71 years, the literacy rate was 96%, and the Real GDP per capita was $ 3000.
4607:, and also the post-communist corruption that were resilient after 1989, being considered a major problem in the country. More than 53% of Romanians responded in polls that they would prefer to live once again under the
3491:
kill the people, but to 'reeducate' them. Some of those who were thus 'reeducated' later became torturers themselves. Of those who survived Pitești, many either took their own lives or ended up in mental institutions.
4428:
3457:
The existing prisons were filled with political prisoners, and a new system of forced labor camps and prisons was created, modeled after the Soviet Gulag. A decision to put into practice the century-old project for a
4614:
On the other hand, after the fall of the communist regime, Romania began shifting its political and economic policies from support (albeit tepid) for Moscow to aligning itself with Brussels and Washington by joining
4301:
The revolt started at the enterprise of Trucks Brașov, as a strike that began on the night of 14 November, on the night-shift, and it continued the next morning with a march downtown, in front of the Council of the
3748:
countryside. The peasants returned periodically to the villages or resided in them, commuting daily to the city in a practice called naveta. This allowed Romanians to act as peasants and workers at the same time.
278:
258:
2586:, differentiated more by their respective personal histories than by any deep political or philosophical differences. Later historiography claimed to identify the following factions: the "Muscovites", notably
4806:
279:
259:
2601:
Pauker and her allies were accused of deviating to the left and right. For instance, they were initially allied on not liquidating the rural bourgeoise, but later shifted their position. Ultimately, with
3982:
poster on the streets of Bucharest, 1986. The caption reads "65 years since the creation of the Romanian Communist Party", while the background states "Ceaușescu Era" and "The Party. Ceaușescu. Romania."
3520:, but was also used as an intimidation tactic to force the remaining peasants to join collective farms. Most deportees lived in the Bărăgan for 5 years (until 1956), but some remained there permanently.
298:
5136:
3450:', was established in 1948 with the stated aim "to defend the democratic conquest and to ensure the security of the Romanian People’s Republic against the plotting of internal and external enemies".
4180:
of foreign tourists visiting Romania falling by 75%, with the three main tour operators that organized trips in Romania leaving the country by 1987. Ceaușescu also started becoming the subject of
3877:) of architectural and urban planning value. Conservation plans were made, especially during the 1960s and early 1970s, but all were halted after Ceaușescu embarked on what is known as "The Small
2115:
4375:. His parishioners gathered around his home to protect him from harassment and eviction. Many passers-by, including Romanian students, spontaneously joined the protest. Subsequently, police and
321:
7965:
1813:
299:
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Stalinists and charging them with complicity with Pauker. Afterwards, Gheorghiu-Dej faced no serious challenge to his leadership. Ceaușescu replaced Constantinescu as head of PMR cadres.
3502:(south-west from Transylvania, at the border with Yugoslavia), started on 18 June 1951. About 45,000 people were forcibly "resettled" in lesser populated regions on the eastern plains (
3929:
in good condition. Even Gara de Nord (the city's main railway station), listed on the Romanian Architectural Heritage List, was scheduled to be torn down and replaced in early 1992.
2480:
of their leadership was then arranged, and they were put in jail. Other parties were forced to "merge" with the Communists. In 1946 and 1947, several high-ranking members in the pro-
2737:, controlled the party for a year before Gheorghiu-Dej again took up the reins. Despite its new policy of international cooperation, Romania joined the Warsaw Treaty Organization (
2421:, a party closely associated with the Communists, became prime minister. His government was broad-based on paper, including members of most major prewar parties except the fascist
5914:
5382:
3542:) and army troops massed against them, armed resistance in the mountains continued until the early 1960s, and one of the best known partisan leaders was not captured until 1974.
319:
4791:
6766:
3653:
the forced Soviet (mostly Russian) cultural influence in the country which characterized the 1950s was stopped and Western media were allowed to circulate in Romania instead.
4029:
By 1985, despite Romania's huge refining capacity, petroleum products were strictly rationed with supplies drastically cut, a Sunday curfew was instated, and many buses used
6863:
3708:
While his reputation at home soon soured, he continued to have uncommonly good relations with Western governments and with international capitalist institutions such as the
4623:
in 2007. Today, the "apologetic presentation" of Nazi and communists governments and denigrating their victims in the audio-visual media is forbidden by decision of the
1878:
2105:
320:
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2767:
In October 1956, Poland's communist leaders refused to succumb to Soviet military threats to intervene in domestic political affairs and install a more obedient
2723:
project, halted rationing and hiked workers' wages. These factors combined to put Romania under Gheorghiu-Dej on a relatively independent and nationalist route.
1323:
857:
570:
207:
8266:
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1929:
2516:. However, most independent-minded Socialists were soon pushed out. Meanwhile, many non-Communist politicians had either been imprisoned or fled into exile.
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and water jets, while the police attacked rioters and arrested many of them. Around 9:00 pm, the rioters withdrew. They regrouped eventually around the
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2623:
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because of his independent political line. Romania under Ceaușescu maintained and sometimes improved diplomatic and other relations with, among others,
822:
6759:
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into custody. He was jailed at Snagov, north of Bucharest. After a series of interrogations by Soviets and Romanian authorities, Nagy was returned to
437:
5012:
Zwass, A. From Failed Communism to Underdeveloped Capitalism: Transformation of Eastern Europe, the Post-Soviet Union, and China. M.E. Sharpe, 1995
2425:. However, the Communists held the key ministries, and most of the ministers nominally representing non-Communist parties were, like Groza himself,
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from his church flat. Tőkés had recently made critical comments against the regime to the Hungarian media, and the government alleged that he was
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Horga, Ioan; Stoica, Alina (2012). "Totalitarianism in Europe. Case Study: Romania between Left-Wing and Right-Wing Dictatorships (1938-1989)".
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led to a positive image both at home and in the West. However, rapid economic growth fueled in part by foreign credits gradually gave way to an
7791:
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Although the 1948 Constitution and its two successors provided a simulacrum of religious freedom, the regime in fact had a policy of promoting
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53:
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Gheorghiu-Dej resigned as the party's general secretary in 1954 but retained the premiership; a four-member collective secretariat, including
1486:," new tax-exempt Soviet-Romanian companies that allowed the Soviet Union to control Romania's major sources of income. Another drain was the
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significant improvements in infant mortality, life expectancy, literacy, urbanization, and women's rights, but then stagnated in the 1980s.
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Once the Communist government became more entrenched, the number of arrests increased. The General Directorate of People's Security, or '
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The contradictions between domestic and foreign policies in the Cold War Romania (1956-1975), Ferrero, M.D, 2006, Historia Actual Online
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Valentino, Benjamin A (2005). Final solutions: mass killing and genocide in the twentieth century. Cornell University Press. pp. 91–151.
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a nationwide canal system and irrigation network, some of which was completed, but most of which is still a project, or was abandoned;
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pre-WWII situation of the Romanian population. Certain extra retributions were allowed for the peasants, who started to produce more.
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6797:
5889:
3462:
served as a pretext for the erection of several labor camps, where numerous people died. Some of the most notorious prisons included
1696:
1121:
847:
79:
3991:
facilities and housing was carried out. Over 80 percent of the country's population had moved to new apartments during this period.
3692:
On 21 August 1965, following the example of Czechoslovakia, the name of the country was changed to "Socialist Republic of Romania" (
1459:. On 6 March 1945, after mass demonstrations by communist sympathizers and political pressure from the Soviet representative of the
331:
191:
8221:
8123:
8088:
8037:
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7103:
7007:
6832:
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4248:
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3517:
1819:
1421:
5975:
8261:
7470:
6693:
2559:
1546:
2476:
was accused of espionage after it became clear in 1947 that their leaders were meeting secretly with United States officials. A
1498:
became General Secretary of the Communist Party (1965), Chairman of the State Council (1967), and the newly established role of
8206:
8111:
7745:
7638:
7475:
7207:
6959:
6897:
5578:
Kligman, Gail. "Political Demography: The Banning of Abortion in Ceausescu's Romania". In Ginsburg, Faye D.; Rapp, Rayna, eds.
4274:
4128:
3705:
2030:
1611:
1503:
1309:
1067:
902:
897:
523:
86:
3788:, and legal discrimination against childless people. This period has later been depicted in movies and documentaries (such as
1541:
remained in effect after its dissolution and was amended to reflect Romania's transition to democracy. It was replaced by the
8231:
8083:
7286:
7173:
6167:
5800:
5769:
5440:"Henry Shapiro, "Red Cultural Influence Vanishing in Romania", United Press International published in the Wilmington (N.C.)
5313:
5290:
5165:
4168:
3814:. Ceaușescu's policy resulted in the deaths of over 9,000 women due to illegal abortions, large numbers of children put into
2539:
634:
4631:(approx. 9,000 United States dollars) for praising Ceaușescu and displaying his pictures on his private television channel (
7960:
7935:
7482:
7145:
6400:
6344:
5722:
2047:
1864:
1748:
1641:
1606:
1202:
4333:
On 11 November 1989, before the party congress, on Bucharest's Brezoianu Street and Kogălniceanu Boulevard, students from
68:
8226:
8216:
6902:
6332:
6280:
6189:
4744:
4732:
4720:
2753:
1666:
1646:
1413:
1409:
872:
7740:
7034:
6744:
2149:
8128:
7817:
7755:
7266:
7022:
6359:
5865:
5001:
4919:
Thompson, M.R. (2010). "Totalitarian and Post-Totalitarian Regimes in Transitions and Non-Transitions from Communism".
4473:
3546:
3313:
3208:
2322:
2067:
1938:
1773:
1691:
1621:
1616:
1601:
1192:
781:
5839:
Manuela, Marin (11 July 2016). "Assessing communist nostalgia in Romania: chronological framework and opinion polls".
8103:
7930:
7910:
7835:
7750:
7715:
7673:
7271:
6465:
6440:
5713:
5196:
5128:
4868:
4708:
4596:
3949:
3613:
2877:
2673:
2438:
1758:
1723:
1661:
1636:
1631:
1285:
1149:
1073:
481:
119:
17:
8281:
7990:
7801:
7397:
7256:
7137:
7073:
6802:
6430:
6249:
6117:
3739:. The evolution of his regime followed the path begun by Gheorghiu-Dej. He continued with the program of intensive
3426:
3218:
3198:
3025:
2091:
1859:
1712:
1626:
1429:
1295:
4229:
4037:. Electricity was rationed to divert supplies to heavy industry, with a maximum monthly allowed consumption of 20
2771:. A few weeks later, the Communist Party in Hungary virtually disintegrated during a popular revolution. Poland's
7995:
7344:
7227:
7078:
7017:
6807:
5962:
4310:
4176:
3721:
2286:
1993:
1947:
1733:
1671:
1656:
1139:
4393:
1448:
8017:
7915:
7867:
7700:
7628:
7088:
6843:
6817:
6425:
6204:
5742:
4694:
4682:
4670:
4105:
3921:"Republic's Stadium" (ANEF Stadium, 1926). Even the Palace of Justice – built by Romania's foremost architect,
3595:
3323:
3203:
2955:
2859:
2787:, who was installed by the Soviet Union. Romania took Hungary's former premier (leader of the 1956 revolution)
2698:
2655:
2462:
2211:
1768:
1753:
1702:
1417:
1397:
57:
7710:
2606:'s backing, Gheorghiu-Dej won out. Pauker was purged from the party (along with 192,000 other party members);
8211:
7925:
7705:
7349:
6485:
6219:
4796:
4590:
3886:
3802:
decided that the Romanian population should be increased from 23 to 30 million inhabitants. In October 1966,
3337:
3274:
3151:
2607:
2315:
2301:
2035:
1707:
1585:
1008:
5225:(2006). "The 1945 Ethridge Mission to Bulgaria and Romania and the Origins of the Cold War in the Balkans".
3644:. During his last two years, Gheorghiu-Dej had exploited the Soviet–Chinese dispute and begun to oppose the
8276:
8071:
7770:
7760:
7529:
7334:
7198:
7188:
7027:
6295:
6234:
6090:
6041:
4658:
4624:
4518:
4015:
3790:
3303:
3250:
3171:
3146:
2777:
2531:
2520:
2348:
2296:
2251:
2206:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1538:
1425:
1247:
652:
620:
606:
593:
230:
93:
4985:"Upheaval in the East: Overview; Ceausescu Flees a Revolt in Rumania but Divided Security Forces Fight on"
4022:
in Los Angeles. At that time, it was the only Soviet-aligned country to participate in the Olympic Games.
2937:
8116:
8022:
7796:
7390:
7319:
7093:
6822:
6593:
6509:
6415:
6095:
5582:
Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995 :234–255. Unique Identifier : AIDSLINE KIE/49442.
4801:
4570:
4562:
3709:
3557:
3508:
3419:
3318:
3308:
3293:
2917:
2473:
1783:
1507:
1280:
1275:
1053:
1033:
8168:
5439:
3054:
882:
7882:
7765:
7564:
6952:
6561:
6435:
6395:
6322:
6239:
6224:
6122:
5171:. During debates over the overall number of victims of the Communist government between 1947 and 1964,
4212:
3459:
3021:
2970:
2757:
2720:
2715:'s goal of turning Romania into the "breadbasket" of the East Bloc, pursuing an economic plan based on
2513:
2377:
side, Michael could do nothing to erase the memory of his country's recent active participation in the
2266:
2077:
1794:
1550:
1464:
1144:
1048:
1043:
1038:
867:
555:
4958:
8246:
8133:
8005:
6598:
6354:
6244:
4828:
4453:
4222:
4064:
4051:
4007:, either to pay the debt, or to push forward in the ever-growing pursuit of heavy industrialization.
3753:
3744:
3495:
2895:
2406:
2179:
1154:
1063:
288:
5375:"The Media vs. Historical Accuracy. How Romania's Current Communist Trials Are Being Misrepresented"
4396:
and started a protest march around the city, but again they were confronted by the security forces.
8076:
8000:
7633:
7534:
6586:
6480:
6460:
6455:
6405:
6229:
5329:
Ageing, Ritual and Social Change: Comparing the Secular and Religious in Eastern and Western Europe
5092:
Balázs Szalontai, The Dynamics of Repression: The Global Impact of the Stalinist Model, 1944–1953.
4822:
4502:
4457:
4381:
4303:
3917:(1645) and "Enei" (1611) Churches, the Cotroceni (1679) and Pantelimon (1750) Monasteries, and the
3799:
3039:
2543:
2524:
1393:
862:
852:
837:
5283:
Provocările diversității: politici publice privind minoritățile naționale și religioase în România
5131:. "In addition to well over a million in detainees in prison, labor camps, and slave labor on the
8251:
7940:
7445:
7314:
7240:
7044:
6556:
6526:
6305:
6285:
6152:
6034:
4811:
4586:
4344:
4196:
3913:
3584:
3385:
3228:
3116:
3049:
3034:
3007:
2997:
2848:
2644:
2261:
1542:
703:
688:
268:
213:
46:
7193:
3784:
policy, which included outlawing abortion and contraception, routine pregnancy tests for women,
3365:
2572:
agreements, which facilitated shipping of Romanian goods to the Soviet Union at nominal prices.
2353:
1988:
8158:
8153:
8093:
7544:
7487:
7433:
7428:
7281:
6541:
6385:
6310:
6142:
5132:
4449:
4372:
4368:
3999:
of food, gas, heating and electricity. People in cities had to turn to natural gas containers (
3193:
3044:
2704:
2690:
2595:
2454:
2374:
2120:
2020:
1456:
1096:
945:
457:
7183:
5792:
5786:
4902:
3822:
in the 1990s (when many orphanages were closed and the children ended up on the streets), and
2686:
2000:
1159:
8236:
7668:
7539:
7364:
7276:
7235:
7049:
6945:
6673:
6626:
6551:
6536:
6339:
6327:
6300:
6254:
5303:
4546:, Romania also maintained relations with China and North Korea as well as the Chinese-backed
3161:
3059:
2965:
2947:
2582:
In the communist leadership, there appear to have been three important factions, all of them
2505:
2291:
2276:
2154:
1909:
1890:
925:
500:
6787:
2812:
8187:
7920:
7830:
7653:
7581:
7549:
7499:
7494:
7212:
6546:
6531:
6495:
6475:
6349:
6317:
6290:
6177:
6127:
5680:
5157:
4646:
4551:
4536:
4532:
4121:
4019:
3829:
Other restrictions of human rights included invasion of privacy by the secret police (the "
3785:
3677:
3666:
3141:
3136:
3083:
3064:
2984:
2808:
2509:
2418:
2398:
2378:
2221:
2216:
2196:
1962:
1511:
1499:
1472:
1353:
877:
414:
248:
8163:
5022:
4097:". The policy largely consisted in the mass construction of high-density blocks of flats (
3641:
3630:
2734:
2719:
and energy production. The government closed Romania's largest labor camps, abandoned the
1495:
960:
512:
470:
8:
7950:
7658:
7509:
7462:
7450:
7329:
7308:
7302:
6774:
6683:
6668:
6658:
6576:
6571:
6470:
6420:
6410:
6268:
6199:
6162:
6102:
4604:
4595:
Despite the prolonged economic and social crisis between 1982 and 1989 and the following
4485:
4358:
3878:
3815:
3736:
3298:
3255:
2450:
2256:
1527:
1519:
1367:
1222:
940:
665:
4292:
2784:
2057:
1212:
1101:
7945:
7524:
7514:
7339:
7222:
6719:
6712:
6613:
6603:
6490:
6373:
6194:
6137:
6082:
6072:
6061:
5983:
5242:
5075:
5048:"Sovereign Debt, Austerity, and Regime Change: The Case of Nicolae Ceausescu's Romania"
4936:
4600:
4240:
3962:
3866:
3533:
3503:
3185:
3101:
2926:
2362:
2246:
1952:
1899:
1440:
768:
417:
3780:
Concerned about the country's low birthrates, Nicolae Ceaușescu enacted an aggressive
2783:
After the Revolution of 1956, Gheorghiu-Dej worked closely with Hungary's new leader,
2410:
975:
8241:
7852:
7618:
7519:
7324:
6636:
6566:
6390:
5861:
5817:
5796:
5765:
5755:
5738:
5709:
5561:
5520:
5309:
5286:
5246:
5192:
5161:
5124:
5079:
5067:
4940:
4898:
4864:
4543:
4405:
4068:
3854:
3740:
2745:
2708:
2174:
2100:
1957:
1460:
1341:
1217:
1111:
384:
369:
8098:
5788:
The Year That Changed the World: The Untold Story Behind the Fall of the Berlin Wall
3487:
3471:
2899:
2827:
1164:
7643:
7002:
6728:
6688:
6678:
6641:
6621:
6521:
6214:
6209:
5644:
5551:
5510:
5348:
5234:
5199:. The author gives an estimate of 200,000 dead at the Danube-Black Sea Canal alone.
5149:
5059:
4928:
4769:
4236:
3870:
3811:
3650:
2960:
2904:
2394:
1967:
1106:
950:
3640:
died in 1965 and, after a power struggle, was succeeded by the previously obscure
965:
7685:
7217:
7178:
7039:
6663:
6653:
6147:
5979:
5855:
5479:
5332:
5172:
4833:
4608:
4523:
Romania's foreign policy was aligned with all nations that were aligned with the
4498:
4495:
4441:
4094:
3937:
3894:
3819:
3525:
3513:
3213:
3091:
2576:
2426:
2402:
2159:
2062:
1487:
1469:
1359:
1356:
423:
410:
197:
5331:; Ashgate AHRC/ESRC Religion and Society Series; Daniela Koleva; Peter Coleman;
5285:, p. 111. Bucharest: Centrul de Resurse pentru Diversitate Etnoculturală, 2005,
4468:
For several months after the events of December 1989, it was widely argued that
4139:
4033:
propulsion (they were mockingly named "bombs"); taxis were converted to burning
2694:
2512:. In February 1948, the Communists merged with the Social Democrats to form the
2496:
2488:
and for attacking the Soviet Union. Antonescu himself was executed 1 June 1946.
8058:
7623:
7359:
7354:
6733:
5761:
5556:
5539:
5222:
5184:
5115:
4783:
4620:
4574:
4569:
in 1972. In July 1980, Romania signed a comprehensive trade agreement with the
4076:
3932:
Despite all of this, and despite the much-questioned treatment of HIV-infected
3862:
3409:
3156:
3069:
2772:
2716:
2386:
2271:
2082:
1549:
abolished the socialist system of government completely and replaced it with a
1463:, a new pro-Soviet government that included members of the previously outlawed
5238:
5210:
Du passé faisons table rase ! Histoire et mémoire du communisme en Europe
4807:
Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania
3974:
2484:
government were executed as war criminals, primarily for their involvement in
2468:
After forming a government, the Communists moved to eliminate the role of the
970:
8200:
8138:
7892:
7648:
7559:
7438:
7369:
7203:
6646:
6009:
6008:, a memorial site dedicated to the victims of Communism in Romania, based at
5857:
Peasants under siege: the collectivization of Romanian agriculture, 1949–1962
5540:"The remarkable story of Romanian women's struggle to manage their fertility"
5120:
5071:
5063:
4117:
4109:
4038:
4004:
3906:
3637:
3467:
3463:
2749:
2603:
2500:
2485:
2366:
2281:
2144:
2072:
2025:
1809:
1169:
1003:
407:
379:
5515:
5498:
4108:
of unprecedented proportions, along with an equally grandiose neighborhood,
3772:
Demographics graphs. A huge surge of the birth rate in 1967, as a result of
8143:
8032:
8012:
7554:
7083:
6980:
6968:
6916:
6859:
6812:
6631:
6447:
5565:
5524:
5270:
Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture, Volume 1
5047:
4882:
28 December 1989: The name of the country was changed by decree to Romania.
4628:
4528:
4524:
4164:
4089:
ideology of that country, and began a massive campaign shortly afterwards.
3823:
3717:
3479:
3106:
2492:
2382:
1738:
1564:
1523:
1452:
1436:
1405:
1385:
955:
726:
638:
426:
6021:
Romanian Communism between Commemoration, Nostalgia, and Scientific Debate
4456:
moments after the verdict and sentence were announced on 25 December. The
4416:
4367:
in response to an attempt by the government to evict the dissident pastor
4364:
4261:
3940:, and left many cities with an increase in habitable apartment buildings.
3833:"), censorship and relocation, but not on the same scale as in the 1950s.
3550:
3545:
Another form of anti-communist resistance, non-violent this time, was the
7872:
7857:
7504:
7132:
6921:
6112:
4547:
4469:
4334:
4188:
4120:(Civic center) and the House of the Republic, now officially renamed the
4080:
3890:
3882:
3626:
3475:
3111:
3002:
2800:
2738:
2591:
2481:
2414:
2370:
2201:
2191:
1841:
1800:
1778:
1444:
1389:
998:
930:
542:
345:
309:
4817:
4267:
a good industrial basis for the chemical and heavy machinery industries;
3529:
2381:. Romanian forces fought under Soviet command, driving through Northern
892:
7382:
5135:, of whom tens of thousands died and whose numbers don't include those
4566:
4432:
4172:
3979:
3874:
3830:
3803:
3773:
3713:
3598: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3538:
3447:
2862: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2658: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2611:
2594:, who had spent the war in Moscow and the "Prison Communists", notably
2587:
2477:
2422:
2164:
2042:
1058:
935:
842:
6015:
4932:
4427:
Matters came to a head on 21 December, when Ceausescu's speech at the
4159:, a communist youth organization created in 1976 for children aged 4–7
4151:
3350:
7413:
7122:
6985:
6776:
6581:
5592:
5110:
4506:
4200:
4184:, his portrait on every street and hanging in every public building.
4124:, were the most extreme manifestation of the systematization policy.
3996:
3922:
3845:
3768:
3686:
Administrative division of Romania 1950–52 (top) and 1960–68 (bottom)
3390:
2816:
2788:
2768:
2727:
2583:
2442:
2052:
1854:
1401:
993:
907:
397:
359:
5580:
Conceiving the New World Order: The Global Politics of Reproduction.
5139:, Romania was remarkable for the severity of its prison conditions."
4104:
During the 1980s, Ceaușescu became obsessed with building himself a
3995:
Western loans, and thus enacted a harsh austerity policy, including
3954:
3573:
2837:
2633:
2397:
had granted the Soviet Union a predominant interest in Romania. The
35:
7574:
6026:
6005:
5735:
Nationalist politics and everyday ethnicity in a Transylvanian town
4389:
4192:
4113:
4056:
4034:
3918:
3781:
3725:
3645:
3375:
3370:
3355:
2792:
2469:
2458:
2434:
2226:
1924:
1534:
economical, or other reasons and suffered imprisonment or torture.
1482:
At first, Romania's scarce post-war resources were drained by the "
1476:
580:
5154:
Pe umerii lui Marx. O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc
4983:
Binder, David; Times, Special to The New York (23 December 1989).
3901:
3853:
Ceaușescu's Romania continued to pursue Gheorghiu-Dej's policy of
3556:
Tens of thousands of people were killed as part of repression and
7887:
7168:
7127:
6926:
6057:
5705:
4045:
4030:
3380:
3360:
2828:
Persecution, the labour camp system and anti-communist resistance
2712:
1904:
1848:
1805:
1363:
392:
2711:'s Soviet Union after Stalin's death in 1953. He also balked at
7663:
7455:
6937:
4463:
4244:
3967:
3933:
3486:
Pitești phenomenon, conducted there between 1949 and 1952. The
2569:
2342:
1483:
1252:
1091:
4535:, and it was the only Eastern Bloc country not to boycott the
3478:, and forced labor camps were set up at lead mines and in the
7877:
7847:
6107:
5976:
Official communique of the National Board of the Audio-Visual
5663:
5661:
4421:
4085:
3499:
3345:
2992:
1717:
1207:
5999:
5645:"Romania: 30 years removed from socialism – Liberation News"
4792:
Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of Romania
4195:
policies in effect in the Soviet Union and China undergoing
7862:
7786:
7728:
5301:
4959:
The End of the Ceaușescu Regime – A Theoretical Convergence
4616:
4557:
Romania joined the United Nations on 14 December 1955 (see
4163:
Control over society became stricter and stricter, with an
3506:). The government decision was directed towards creating a
1763:
1728:
1591:
5860:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 209.
5658:
5619:"ROMANIA'S LOST CHILDREN: A Photo Essay by James Nachtwey"
5496:
4527:. Under Ceaușescu it enjoyed strategic relations with the
3454:
years between 1945 and 1964, 73,334 people were arrested.
4324:
3732:, all for various reasons not on good terms with Moscow.
2707:, a committed Stalinist, was unhappy with the reforms in
5941:"Noul Partid Comunist Român, condus de un șofer de taxi"
5915:"In Romania, Opinion Polls Show Nostalgia for Communism"
5718:
This is documented by the book's revision, available at
4145:
personality cult of Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife Elena
5544:
Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care
5175:
spoke of 282,000 arrests and 190,000 deaths in custody.
4134:
4116:
sports stadium, in order to make way for the grandiose
4079:
carried out under Ceaușescu's regime. After a visit to
3798:). To counter the sharp decline of the population, the
336:
The Socialist Republic of Romania in 1989 in dark green
5538:
Horga, Mihai; Gerdts, Caitlin; Potts, Malcolm (2013).
5405:
Trei mii de studenți timișoreni, arestați și torturați
4452:, convicted after an hour and a half, and executed by
6775:
Countries of Eastern and Central Europe during their
5373:
Dragomir, Elena; Stănescu, Mircea (11 January 2015).
4460:
dissolved soon afterward and has never been revived.
3224:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
2624:
De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania
2575:
On 11 June 1948, all banks and large businesses were
2365:, supported by the main political parties, overthrew
2186:
De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania
4759:
3560:
in Communist Romania primarily under Gheorghiu-Dej.
2409:, though their presence increased in the one led by
5986:
but now removed, accessible through web.archive.org
5963:"Ceaușescu still most beloved President of Romania"
5818:"Quality of life in Romania 1918-2018: An overview"
5704:"Ziua care nu se uită. 15 noiembrie 1987, Brașov",
2491:By 1947, Romania remained the only monarchy in the
1479:and the People's Republic of Romania was declared.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2563:1949 stamp celebrating Romanian-Soviet friendship.
5302:Lavinia Stan; Lucian Turcescu (25 October 2007).
4225:with electrification and a modern control system;
4207:There was also a revival of the effort to build:
1370:). From 1947 to 1965, the state was known as the
8198:
5982: (archived 20 December 2007), originally at
5917:. Balkanalysis. 27 December 2011. Archived from
5907:
5610:
5537:
5499:"Europe the continent with the lowest fertility"
5372:
5308:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 46–49.
5295:
4505:. All of its legislative meetings took place in
3818:by parents who couldn't cope with raising them,
3776:, is the most prominent feature of these graphs.
2756:(CPSU). Gheorghiu-Dej and the leadership of the
2508:abolished the monarchy and proclaimed Romania a
5700:Emil Hurezeanu, as quoted (see note below) by:
5349:"Communist Dictatorship in Romania (1947-1989)"
5305:Religion and Politics in Post-Communist Romania
3881:" ("Mica revoluție culturală"), after visiting
2495:. On 30 December that year, Michael was at his
2437:, a pro-monarchy demonstration in front of the
2369:in August 1944, breaking Romania away from the
5853:
5757:Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire
5747:
5737:. Princeton University Press, 2006, page 119.
5429:Rummel, Rudolph, Statistics of Democide, 1997.
4921:Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions
4559:United Nations Security Council Resolution 109
4309:The population heard about this event through
4046:Systematization: demolition and reconstruction
2523:. The new constitution was a near-copy of the
1502:in 1974. Ceaușescu's denunciation of the 1968
1375:
307:
286:
266:
246:
228:
171:
154:
147:
8267:States and territories disestablished in 1989
7398:
6953:
6760:
6042:
5572:
3893:. In the late 1970s, the construction of the
3494:The Communist government also decided on the
3427:
2549:
2519:The communist regime was formalized with the
2323:
1317:
6002:, an extensive website on Communist Romania.
5095:
4490:Economy of the Socialist Republic of Romania
4464:Controversy over the events of December 1989
4440:Building, only to find himself abandoned in
2343:Soviet occupation and rise of the Communists
5465:
5463:
5461:
4982:
4896:
4404:of support. This prevented the rise of the
4270:a rather well-developed foreign policy; and
3735:Ceaușescu refused to implement measures of
2892:Romanian anti-communist resistance movement
2598:, who had been imprisoned during the war.
8257:States and territories established in 1947
7405:
7391:
6960:
6946:
6767:
6753:
6049:
6035:
5890:"Struggling Romanians yearn for communism"
5854:Kligman, Gail; Verdery, Katherine (2011).
4914:
4912:
4863:. Europa Publications. 2001. p. 198.
3958:A queue for cooking oil in Bucharest, 1986
3943:
3889:and then delivering a speech known as the
3434:
3420:
2330:
2316:
1400:. Geographically, RSR was bordered by the
1324:
1310:
821:
330:
5753:
5555:
5514:
5480:"Decretul 770/1966 – Legislatie gratuita"
5212:, Robert Laffont, Paris, 2002, p. 376–377
5178:
5148:
5142:
4952:
4950:
4257:a fairly developed oceanic fishing fleet;
3614:Learn how and when to remove this message
2878:Learn how and when to remove this message
2674:Learn how and when to remove this message
2357:The Socialist Republic of Romania in 1966
236:("Proletarians of all countries, unite!")
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:1947–1989 republic in Southeastern Europe
7412:
7104:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
5887:
5815:
5458:
4918:
4591:Bans on communist symbols § Romania
4150:
4138:
4083:in 1971, Ceaușescu was impressed by the
4055:
3973:
3961:
3953:
3900:
3844:
3767:
3625:
2903:
2824:environment of competition and rivalry.
2685:
2558:
2352:
5838:
5670:, No. 3, Vol.31, 1985, page(s): 141–152
5116:Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945
5101:Vol. 29, Issue 2–4 (2003), pp. 415–442.
4956:
4909:
4892:
4890:
4363:On 16 December, a protest broke out in
4129:massive rural resetlement program began
3706:1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia.
3563:
2908:Armed resistance against the government
2413:. This changed in March 1945, when Dr.
1508:brief relaxation in internal repression
14:
8199:
7208:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
5343:
5341:
5041:
5039:
4947:
4325:Protests in 1989 before the Revolution
4275:Romanian rural systematization program
4143:The Communist government fostered the
3763:
3536:. Despite the numerous secret police (
903:Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy
7386:
7174:1949 East German State Railway strike
7146:World Federation of Democratic Youth
6941:
6748:
6030:
5784:
5778:
5221:
5215:
5002:Human Development Report 1990, p. 111
4577:in 1993 when Romania joined in 2007.
3633:, Leader of Romania from 1965 to 1989
2752:before the Twentieth Congress of the
2540:Romanian Greek-Catholic Uniate Church
1228:Trial and execution of the Ceaușescus
231:Proletari din toate țările, uniți-vă!
7045:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan
6056:
5616:
5104:
5052:East European Politics and Societies
5006:
4887:
4512:
4135:Last years: increased social control
3840:
3596:adding citations to reliable sources
3567:
2860:adding citations to reliable sources
2831:
2656:adding citations to reliable sources
2627:
2617:
2449:Despite the King's disapproval, the
1865:World Federation of Democratic Youth
1449:overthrown their pro-Axis government
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
5497:ESHRE Capri Workshop Group (2010).
5338:
5259:Rădulescu-Motru, in Cioroianu, p.65
5045:
5036:
4444:, where he and his wife Elena were
3696:) and PMR's old name was restored (
2754:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2379:German invasion of the Soviet Union
24:
7267:Sovietization of the Baltic states
4976:
4587:Communist nostalgia § Romania
4175:recruiting more agents, extending
2401:did not acknowledge Romania as an
1939:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
1455:as the sole representative of the
1193:Bucharest student movement of 1956
782:National Salvation Front (Romania)
25:
8293:
8272:1989 disestablishments in Romania
7138:World Federation of Trade Unions
5993:
5888:Odobescu, Vlad (30 August 2012).
5642:
3950:1980s austerity policy in Romania
3694:Republica Socialistă România, RSR
2385:into Hungary proper, and on into
1504:Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia
1203:Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977
677:• Name changed to "Romania"
7355:January 1991 events in Lithuania
7013:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
6967:
6842:
6786:
5843:(11). Gale Academic OneFile: 10.
5791:. Simon & Schuster. p.
5593:"Romania : a country study"
4957:Dîrdală, Lucian-Dumitru (2011).
4860:A Political Chronology of Europe
4776:
4762:
4743:
4731:
4719:
4707:
4693:
4681:
4669:
4657:
4645:
4627:. Dinel Staicu was fined 25,000
4494:RSR's political framework was a
4415:Protests and riots broke out in
3676:
3665:
3572:
3403:
2936:
2836:
2693:speaking at a workers' rally in
2632:
2542:, declaring its merger with the
1860:World Federation of Trade Unions
1573:
786:
761:
317:
296:
276:
256:
206:
190:
34:
8222:Former countries in the Balkans
7079:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
5969:
5955:
5933:
5881:
5847:
5832:
5809:
5727:
5694:
5673:
5636:
5617:Hunt, Kathleen (24 June 1990).
5585:
5531:
5490:
5472:
5432:
5423:
5414:
5397:
5366:
5322:
5275:
5262:
5253:
5202:
5086:
5046:Ban, Cornel (1 November 2012).
3700:; "Romanian Communist Party").
3583:needs additional citations for
2847:needs additional citations for
2762:Partidul Muncitoresc Român, PMR
2643:needs additional citations for
1198:Dissent under Nicolae Ceaușescu
1016:Ceaușescu's cult of personality
69:"Socialist Republic of Romania"
45:needs additional citations for
8262:1947 establishments in Romania
7911:Azerbaijan People's Government
5816:Stanescu, Iulian (July 2019).
5015:
4995:
4851:
4286:
4018:, Romania participated in the
3656:
2726:Gheorghiu-Dej identified with
2554:
594:Forced abdication of Michael I
13:
1:
8207:Socialist Republic of Romania
7360:January 1991 events in Latvia
7350:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
7099:Socialist Republic of Romania
7074:People's Republic of Bulgaria
7066:People's Republic of Albania
7035:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
5681:"- Human Development Reports"
4844:
4797:History of Romania since 1989
4352:
4230:Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant
3806:was authorized by Ceaușescu.
3558:agricultural collectivization
3243:Socialist Republic of Romania
2744:In 1956, the Soviet premier,
2521:constitution of 13 April 1948
2463:elections of 19 November 1946
2302:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
1392:with a dominant role for the
1338:Socialist Republic of Romania
1248:Soviet occupation (1944–1958)
173:Republica Socialistă România
163:Socialist Republic of Romania
8232:History of Romania by period
7345:Collapse of the Soviet Union
7335:Fall of communism in Albania
5137:deported to the Soviet Union
4625:National Audiovisual Council
4519:Foreign relations of Romania
4254:a network of oil refineries;
4239:power system, including the
3791:4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days
3698:Partidul Comunist Român, PCR
3097:Principality of Transylvania
2373:and bringing it over to the
2349:Soviet occupation of Romania
2297:Fall of communism in Albania
2252:Polish Round Table Agreement
2207:Cuban intervention in Angola
1545:on 8 December 1991, after a
1346:Republica Socialistă România
7:
7951:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad
7320:End of communism in Hungary
7089:Hungarian People's Republic
5943:. Adevarul. 7 November 2010
5841:Twentieth Century Communism
4802:List of Romanian communists
4755:
4573:; which in turn became the
4571:European Economic Community
4563:International Monetary Fund
4479:
4424:, Bucharest and elsewhere.
4394:Romanian Orthodox Cathedral
4281:
4075:) refers to the program of
3810:due to an increased use of
3710:International Monetary Fund
1685:Allied and satellite states
1362:that existed officially in
1270:Relations with other states
10:
8298:
8227:Former socialist republics
8217:Former countries in Europe
7084:German Democratic Republic
6333:Chief of the General Staff
5754:Sebetsyen, Victor (2009).
5557:10.1136/jfprhc-2012-100498
5272:, p. 759. ABC-CLIO (2005).
5227:Diplomacy & Statecraft
5191:, Doubleday, April, 2003.
4638:
4584:
4516:
4483:
4429:Central Committee Building
4356:
4290:
4049:
3947:
3887:People's Republic of China
3152:1848 Wallachian Revolution
2971:Prehistory of Transylvania
2956:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
2889:
2621:
2550:Romanian People's Republic
2346:
1556:
1388:state and a member of the
1372:Romanian People's Republic
1242:Relationship with the USSR
139:Romanian People's Republic
8185:
8046:
7978:
7903:
7810:
7779:
7693:
7682:
7611:
7590:
7421:
7295:
7272:Information dissemination
7249:
7199:1956 Hungarian Revolution
7189:1953 East German uprising
7157:
7115:
7058:
6995:
6975:
6912:
6893:
6851:
6840:
6793:
6784:
6706:
6612:
6517:
6508:
6381:
6372:
6276:
6267:
6185:
6176:
6081:
6068:
5503:Human Reproduction Update
5239:10.1080/09592290500533775
5208:Romulus Rusan (dir.), in
4829:Systematization (Romania)
4580:
4221:an effort to improve the
4052:Systematization (Romania)
3754:World Health Organization
3745:economic self-sufficiency
3147:1848 Moldavian Revolution
2795:for trial and execution.
2222:1984 Los Angeles Olympics
1461:Allied Control Commission
1416:) to the north and east,
1377:Republica Populară Romînă
898:People's Democratic Front
873:National Council of Women
740:
732:
722:
702:
698:
685:
675:
662:
649:
631:
616:
603:
590:
586:
576:
566:
562:
548:
538:• 1947–1952 (first)
536:
532:
522:
518:
506:
496:• 1947–1952 (first)
494:
490:
480:
476:
464:
450:
446:
436:
403:
391:
375:
365:
352:
341:
329:
289:E scris pe tricolor Unire
240:
224:
186:
181:
156:Republica Populară Romînă
149:Republica Populară Română
136:
7257:Emigration and defection
7094:Polish People's Republic
6360:Unification with Moldova
6281:Administrative divisions
5064:10.1177/0888325412465513
4839:
4823:Romanian Communist Party
4503:Romanian Communist Party
4474:National Salvation Front
4382:Romanian Communist Party
4304:Romanian Communist Party
4171:installed, and with the
3547:student movement of 1956
3055:Voivodeship of Maramureș
3040:Banat in the Middle Ages
2748:, denounced Stalin in a
2695:Nation Square, Bucharest
2544:Romanian Orthodox Church
2532:Marxist–Leninist atheism
2525:1936 Soviet Constitution
2474:National Peasants' Party
2043:Czechoslovakia 1976–1990
1551:semi-presidential system
1494:In the 1960s and 1970s,
1394:Romanian Communist Party
888:Romanian Orthodox Church
883:Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy
853:Union of Communist Youth
550:• 1982–1989 (last)
508:• 1967–1989 (last)
8282:Soviet satellite states
7961:North Korea (1947–1948)
7956:North Korea (1946–1947)
7315:Fall of the Berlin Wall
7241:1981 protests in Kosovo
7179:Rebellion of Cazin 1950
5785:Meyer, Michael (2009).
4812:Romania in World War II
4182:a vast personality cult
4060:Civic Center, Bucharest
3944:1980s: severe rationing
3849:23 August demonstration
3496:deportation of peasants
3209:Union with Transylvania
3117:Danubian Principalities
3050:Second Bulgarian Empire
3035:History of Transylvania
3008:Origin of the Romanians
2758:Romanian Workers' Party
2514:Romanian Workers' Party
2287:End of the Soviet Union
2262:Fall of the Berlin Wall
1822: (until 1948)
1797: (until 1977)
1786: (until 1989)
1720: (until 1961)
1699: (until 1961)
1465:Romanian Workers' Party
1366:from 1947 to 1989 (see
1182:Protests and resistance
858:Great National Assembly
807:Part of a series on the
571:Great National Assembly
366:Official languages
7683:Current and historical
6466:Science and technology
5133:Danube-Black Sea Canal
5096:
4450:drumhead court-martial
4373:inciting ethnic hatred
4215:, which was completed;
4213:Danube–Black Sea Canal
4160:
4148:
4072:
4061:
4042:exception of Albania.
3983:
3971:
3959:
3909:
3850:
3826:in homes and schools.
3796:Children of the Decree
3786:taxes on childlessness
3777:
3634:
3460:Danube–Black Sea Canal
3045:First Bulgarian Empire
2909:
2721:Danube–Black Sea Canal
2701:
2691:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
2596:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
2564:
2472:parties; notably, the
2451:first Groza government
2358:
1976:Protests and uprisings
1451:, was occupied by the
1384:). The country was an
1376:
1345:
1188:1940s–1950s resistance
1145:Danube–Black Sea Canal
946:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
458:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
308:
287:
267:
247:
229:
172:
155:
148:
7365:Breakup of Yugoslavia
6250:Territorial evolution
6133:United Principalities
5668:International Affairs
5516:10.1093/humupd/dmq023
4605:political instability
4499:run by a single party
4243:power station on the
4154:
4142:
4059:
3977:
3965:
3957:
3904:
3848:
3771:
3629:
3199:Union with Bessarabia
3162:United Principalities
3060:Founding of Wallachia
2966:Bronze Age in Romania
2907:
2699:1946 general election
2689:
2610:was executed after a
2562:
2536:religious persecution
2403:allied co-belligerent
2356:
2292:Post-Soviet conflicts
2277:Breakup of Yugoslavia
2180:Albanian–Soviet split
1891:Anti-Soviet partisans
1834:Related organizations
1547:nationwide referendum
926:Constantin Ion Parhon
813:Socialist Republic of
635:Complete independence
556:Constantin Dăscălescu
501:Constantin Ion Parhon
8212:Communism in Romania
8188:History of socialism
7213:1970 Polish protests
7194:1956 Poznań protests
7059:Soviet-allied states
6694:World Heritage Sites
5894:The Washington Times
5385:on 12 September 2017
5158:Editura Curtea Veche
4552:Democratic Kampuchea
4537:1984 Summer Olympics
4533:Non-Aligned Movement
4247:in cooperation with
4169:phone bugging system
4122:Palace of Parliament
4020:1984 Summer Olympics
3938:a functioning subway
3592:improve this article
3564:Ceaușescu government
3338:By historical region
3137:Transylvanian School
3065:Founding of Moldavia
2896:Bărăgan deportations
2856:improve this article
2809:Miron Constantinescu
2652:improve this article
2407:Constantin Sănătescu
2399:Paris Peace Treaties
2272:Barricades in Latvia
2217:1980 Moscow Olympics
2197:Cuban Missile Crisis
1543:current constitution
1516:political repression
1155:Bărăgan deportations
54:improve this article
8277:Totalitarian states
8124:Estonia (1918–1919)
8018:Hungary (1949–1989)
7330:Romanian revolution
7303:Revolutions of 1989
7184:1953 Plzeň uprising
6103:Prehistoric Romania
5965:. 27 December 2018.
5597:Library of Congress
4486:Politics of Romania
4359:Romanian Revolution
4340:Rahova Penitentiary
4260:naval shipyards at
3879:Cultural Revolution
3816:Romanian orphanages
3764:Human rights issues
3737:economic liberalism
3304:Historical timeline
3204:Union with Bukovina
3172:War of Independence
2257:Revolutions of 1989
1428:) to the west, and
1368:Revolutions of 1989
1223:Romanian Revolution
941:Ion Gheorghe Maurer
621:Second constitution
8089:Byelorussia (1919)
7340:Singing Revolution
7223:June 1976 protests
7008:Soviet occupations
6486:Telecommunications
6401:Foreign investment
6220:Historical regions
5921:on 11 January 2012
5733:Brubaker, Rogers:
5623:The New York Times
5411:, 25 October 2007.
4989:The New York Times
4750:Emblem (1965–1989)
4738:Emblem (1952–1965)
4726:Emblem (1948–1952)
4597:austerity measures
4496:socialist republic
4273:new towns via the
4161:
4149:
4062:
4016:Soviet-led boycott
3984:
3972:
3960:
3914:earthquake of 1977
3910:
3851:
3778:
3635:
3534:Gheorghe Arsenescu
3410:Romania portal
3275:Romania since 1989
3186:Kingdom of Romania
3130:National Awakening
3102:Eyalet of Temesvar
3084:Early Modern Times
2910:
2813:Iosif Chișinevschi
2702:
2565:
2359:
2247:Singing Revolution
2021:Novocherkassk 1962
1044:Literacy campaigns
1009:National communism
769:Kingdom of Romania
689:Formally abolished
607:First constitution
524:Head of government
418:socialist republic
269:Te slăvim, Românie
8194:
8193:
8181:
8180:
8177:
8176:
7974:
7973:
7716:Congo-Brazzaville
7612:Regional variants
7380:
7379:
7325:Velvet Revolution
7287:Telephone tapping
7261:list of defectors
7050:Tito–Stalin split
6935:
6934:
6742:
6741:
6702:
6701:
6504:
6503:
6368:
6367:
6345:Political parties
6296:Foreign relations
6263:
6262:
6158:Communist Romania
6118:Early Middle Ages
6006:memorialsighet.ro
5802:978-1-4165-5845-3
5771:978-0-375-42532-5
5760:. New York City:
5643:Gorky, Patricia.
5315:978-0-19-530853-2
5291:978-9738-623-97-2
5167:978-973-669-175-1
5150:Cioroianu, Adrian
5030:www.ucis.pitt.edu
4933:10.1080/714005469
4561:) as well as the
4544:Sino-Soviet split
4513:Foreign relations
4311:Radio Free Europe
4095:socialist society
3855:industrialization
3841:Industrialization
3741:industrialization
3720:, Israel, China,
3642:Nicolae Ceaușescu
3631:Nicolae Ceaușescu
3624:
3623:
3616:
3488:prison in Pitești
3444:
3443:
3299:Romanian language
3251:Soviet occupation
2888:
2887:
2880:
2746:Nikita Khrushchev
2735:Nicolae Ceaușescu
2709:Nikita Khrushchev
2684:
2683:
2676:
2618:Gheorghiu-Dej era
2510:People's Republic
2419:Ploughmen's Front
2340:
2339:
2175:Sino-Soviet split
2155:Tito–Stalin split
2150:Czechoslovak coup
2128:
2127:
2068:Ukraine 1989–1991
2006:East Germany 1953
1948:Soviet occupation
1539:1965 Constitution
1496:Nicolae Ceaușescu
1447:member which had
1404:to the east, the
1398:its constitutions
1334:
1333:
1218:Letter of the Six
1112:Socialist realism
1097:Cîntarea României
961:Nicolae Ceaușescu
802:
801:
798:
797:
794:
793:
774:
773:
666:Fall of Ceaușescu
653:Last constitution
627:24 September 1952
513:Nicolae Ceaușescu
471:Nicolae Ceaușescu
466:• 1965–1989
452:• 1947–1965
438:General Secretary
385:Romanian Orthodox
322:
302:
281:
261:
167:(1965–1989)
143:(1947–1965)
130:
129:
122:
104:
18:Communist Romania
16:(Redirected from
8289:
8247:Communist states
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7901:
7900:
7691:
7690:
7686:socialist states
7565:African-American
7407:
7400:
7393:
7384:
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7169:Goryani Movement
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7141:
7107:
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7003:Yalta Conference
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6594:Social structure
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6416:Great Depression
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6128:Early Modern Era
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5444:, July 16, 1965"
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5381:. Archived from
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5353:Communist Crimes
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5281:Marian Chiriac,
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5189:Gulag: A History
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5094:Russian History/
5090:
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4770:Communism portal
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4700:Flag (1965–1989)
4697:
4688:Flag (1952–1965)
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4676:Flag (1948–1952)
4673:
4661:
4652:Flag (1947–1948)
4649:
4619:in 2004 and the
4609:Communist regime
4539:in Los Angeles.
4348:
4293:Brașov Rebellion
4197:economic reforms
4014:In spite of the
3812:illegal abortion
3680:
3669:
3651:de-Russification
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3509:cordon sanitaire
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3309:Military history
3294:Economic history
2961:Hamangia culture
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2497:palace in Sinaia
2427:fellow travelers
2395:Yalta Conference
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1984:Poland 1944–1989
1968:Operation Jungle
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1520:the violent fall
1379:
1354:Marxist–Leninist
1326:
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1258:De-satellization
1213:Brașov Rebellion
1107:Obsessive decade
1102:Cenaclul Flacăra
1054:De-Stalinization
1034:Collectivization
951:Gheorghe Apostol
868:Patriotic Guards
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6323:Law enforcement
6259:
6240:Protected areas
6172:
6148:Greater Romania
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5980:Wayback Machine
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5223:Stone, David R.
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5173:Corneliu Coposu
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4388:responded with
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4241:Porțile de Fier
4137:
4065:Systematization
4054:
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3895:Bucharest Metro
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3820:street children
3800:Communist Party
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3214:Greater Romania
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2890:Main articles:
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2778:bloody invasion
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2534:, coupled with
2499:when Groza and
2411:Nicolae Rădescu
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2053:Kazakhstan 1986
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1074:1980s austerity
1064:Systematization
1049:Five-Year Plans
1039:Nationalization
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976:Elena Ceaușescu
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838:Communist Party
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8252:Atheist states
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8134:Hungary (1919)
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8001:Czech Republic
7996:Czechoslovakia
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7598:United Kingdom
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6599:Urban planning
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6481:Stock Exchange
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6355:Prime Minister
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5994:External links
5992:
5989:
5988:
5968:
5954:
5932:
5906:
5880:
5867:978-1400840434
5866:
5846:
5831:
5828:(29): 107–144.
5808:
5801:
5777:
5770:
5762:Pantheon Books
5746:
5726:
5693:
5672:
5657:
5635:
5609:
5584:
5571:
5530:
5509:(6): 590–602.
5489:
5471:
5457:
5446:. 17 July 1965
5431:
5422:
5413:
5409:România liberă
5396:
5365:
5337:
5321:
5314:
5294:
5274:
5261:
5252:
5214:
5201:
5185:Anne Applebaum
5177:
5166:
5141:
5103:
5097:Histoire Russe
5085:
5058:(4): 743–776.
5035:
5023:"Final report"
5014:
5005:
4994:
4975:
4946:
4908:
4886:
4869:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4784:Romania portal
4773:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4621:European Union
4582:
4579:
4575:European Union
4542:Following the
4517:Main article:
4514:
4511:
4481:
4478:
4465:
4462:
4357:Main article:
4354:
4351:
4326:
4323:
4291:Main article:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4233:
4226:
4223:railway system
4219:
4216:
4187:By 1988, with
4157:Șoimii Patriei
4136:
4133:
4077:urban planning
4073:Sistematizarea
4050:Main article:
4047:
4044:
3948:Main article:
3945:
3942:
3863:Drumul Taberei
3842:
3839:
3837:respectively.
3765:
3762:
3685:
3684:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3622:
3621:
3580:
3578:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3157:Danube Vilayet
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3070:Rumelia Eyalet
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2933:
2932:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2900:Pitești Prison
2886:
2885:
2844:
2842:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2717:heavy industry
2682:
2681:
2640:
2638:
2631:
2619:
2616:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2387:Czechoslovakia
2347:Main article:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2267:January Events
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2078:Lithuania 1991
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1734:Czechoslovakia
1731:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1558:
1555:
1526:government in
1475:was forced to
1432:to the south.
1414:Moldavian SSRs
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1165:Pitești prison
1162:
1160:Tămădău Affair
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1006:
996:
990:
987:
986:
983:
982:
979:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
922:
919:
918:
915:
914:
911:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
834:
831:
830:
827:
826:
818:
817:
809:
808:
800:
799:
796:
795:
792:
791:
784:
775:
772:
771:
766:
754:
753:
748:
738:
737:
734:
730:
729:
724:
720:
719:
710:
708:(1990 formula)
700:
699:
696:
695:
692:
686:
683:
682:
679:
676:
673:
672:
669:
663:
660:
659:
658:21 August 1965
656:
650:
647:
646:
643:
632:
629:
628:
625:
617:
614:
613:
610:
604:
601:
600:
597:
591:
588:
587:
584:
583:
578:
577:Historical era
574:
573:
568:
564:
563:
560:
559:
552:
549:
546:
545:
540:
537:
534:
533:
530:
529:
526:
520:
519:
516:
515:
510:
507:
504:
503:
498:
495:
492:
491:
488:
487:
484:
478:
477:
474:
473:
468:
465:
462:
461:
454:
451:
448:
447:
444:
443:
440:
434:
433:
432:
431:
405:
401:
400:
395:
389:
388:
377:
373:
372:
367:
363:
362:
357:
354:
350:
349:
343:
339:
338:
335:
327:
326:
316:
295:
275:
255:
238:
237:
222:
221:
212:
205:
204:
196:
189:
188:
187:
184:
183:
179:
178:
146:
137:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8294:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8204:
8202:
8189:
8184:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8109:
8107:
8105:
8104:Crimea (1919)
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8069:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8051:
8049:
8045:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7998:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7981:
7977:
7967:
7966:South Vietnam
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7902:
7894:
7893:North Vietnam
7891:
7890:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7809:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7784:
7782:
7778:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7681:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7614:
7610:
7604:
7603:United States
7601:
7599:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7589:
7583:
7580:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7566:
7563:
7562:
7561:
7560:United States
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7477:
7474:
7473:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7457:
7454:
7453:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7440:
7439:New Australia
7437:
7436:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7426:
7424:
7420:
7415:
7408:
7403:
7401:
7396:
7394:
7389:
7388:
7385:
7371:
7370:Yugoslav Wars
7368:
7367:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7310:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7300:
7298:
7294:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7262:
7258:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7248:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7205:
7204:Prague Spring
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7156:
7150:
7144:
7142:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7116:Organizations
7114:
7108:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7057:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7018:Baltic states
7016:
7014:
7011:
7010:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6994:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6963:
6958:
6956:
6951:
6949:
6944:
6943:
6940:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6911:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6892:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6856:Soviet Russia
6854:
6853:
6850:
6845:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6789:
6783:
6778:
6770:
6765:
6763:
6758:
6756:
6751:
6750:
6747:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6726:
6721:
6717:
6714:
6710:
6709:
6705:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6615:
6611:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6507:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6456:National Bank
6454:
6452:
6446:
6442:
6441:petrochemical
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6406:Foreign trade
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6266:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6175:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6052:
6047:
6045:
6040:
6038:
6033:
6032:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6010:Sighet prison
6007:
6004:
6001:
6000:ceausescu.org
5998:
5997:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5972:
5964:
5958:
5942:
5936:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5895:
5891:
5884:
5869:
5863:
5859:
5858:
5850:
5842:
5835:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5812:
5804:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5789:
5781:
5773:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5758:
5750:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5730:
5724:
5720:(in Romanian)
5715:
5714:973-681-136-0
5711:
5707:
5702:(in Romanian)
5697:
5689:
5682:
5676:
5669:
5664:
5662:
5646:
5639:
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5598:
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5508:
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5481:
5475:
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5462:
5445:
5443:
5435:
5426:
5417:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5369:
5354:
5350:
5344:
5342:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5317:
5311:
5307:
5306:
5298:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5278:
5271:
5265:
5256:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5218:
5211:
5205:
5198:
5197:0-7679-0056-1
5194:
5190:
5186:
5181:
5174:
5169:
5163:
5159:
5156:, Bucharest:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5129:1-59420-065-3
5126:
5122:
5121:Penguin Press
5118:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5100:
5098:
5089:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5040:
5031:
5024:
5018:
5009:
5003:
4998:
4990:
4986:
4979:
4960:
4953:
4951:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4915:
4913:
4904:
4900:
4893:
4891:
4883:
4872:
4870:0-203-40340-1
4866:
4862:
4861:
4854:
4850:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:'s newspaper.
4824:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4774:
4771:
4760:
4746:
4741:
4734:
4729:
4722:
4717:
4714:Emblem (1948)
4710:
4705:
4704:
4696:
4691:
4684:
4679:
4672:
4667:
4660:
4655:
4648:
4643:
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4606:
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4598:
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4568:
4564:
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4555:
4553:
4549:
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4526:
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4508:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4491:
4487:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4446:finally tried
4443:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4425:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4407:
4401:
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4387:
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4370:
4366:
4360:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4312:
4307:
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4299:
4294:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4237:hydroelectric
4234:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4198:
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4183:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4158:
4153:
4146:
4141:
4132:
4130:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4118:Centrul Civic
4115:
4111:
4110:Centrul Civic
4107:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4058:
4053:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4011:100 kg.
4008:
4006:
4005:hard currency
4002:
3998:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3976:
3969:
3964:
3956:
3951:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3908:
3907:postage stamp
3903:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3847:
3838:
3834:
3832:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3783:
3775:
3770:
3761:
3757:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3743:aimed at the
3742:
3738:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3679:
3668:
3654:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3638:Gheorghiu-Dej
3632:
3628:
3618:
3615:
3607:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3581:This section
3579:
3575:
3570:
3569:
3561:
3559:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3437:
3432:
3430:
3425:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3401:
3400:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3333:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3126:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2882:
2879:
2871:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2845:This section
2843:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2750:secret speech
2747:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2705:Gheorghiu-Dej
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2675:
2667:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2641:This section
2639:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2604:Joseph Stalin
2599:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2561:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2501:Gheorghiu-Dej
2498:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2486:the Holocaust
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2367:Ion Antonescu
2364:
2355:
2350:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2282:Yugoslav Wars
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:Secret Speech
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2145:Marshall Plan
2143:
2142:
2134:
2133:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1810:North Vietnam
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1528:December 1989
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1396:enshrined in
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1170:Sighet prison
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1004:Neo-Stalinism
1002:
1001:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
985:
984:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
966:Manea Mănescu
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
917:
916:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
863:State Council
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
832:Organizations
829:
828:
824:
820:
819:
816:
811:
810:
806:
805:
785:
783:
780:
779:
776:
770:
767:
760:
759:
756:
755:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
739:
735:
731:
728:
725:
721:
711:
705:
701:
697:
693:
690:
684:
680:
674:
670:
667:
661:
657:
654:
648:
645:22 April 1964
644:
640:
636:
630:
626:
622:
615:
612:13 April 1948
611:
608:
602:
598:
595:
589:
585:
582:
579:
575:
572:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
547:
544:
541:
535:
531:
527:
525:
521:
517:
514:
511:
505:
502:
499:
493:
489:
485:
483:
482:Head of state
479:
475:
472:
469:
463:
459:
455:
449:
445:
441:
439:
435:
428:
425:
421:
420:
419:
416:
412:
409:
406:
402:
399:
396:
394:
390:
386:
381:
380:State atheism
378:
374:
371:
368:
364:
361:
358:
351:
347:
344:
340:
333:
328:
312:
311:
291:
290:
271:
270:
251:
250:
243:
239:
233:
232:
227:
223:
217:
209:
201:
193:
185:
180:
174:
164:
157:
150:
140:
135:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
8237:Eastern Bloc
8064:Baranya–Baja
8033:Soviet Union
8027:
8013:East Germany
7711:Burkina Faso
7307:
7098:
6981:Soviet Union
6969:Eastern Bloc
6917:Eastern Bloc
6860:Soviet Union
6827:
6813:East Germany
6627:Architecture
6557:Prostitution
6527:Demographics
6431:construction
6306:Human rights
6286:Constitution
6157:
6153:World War II
6020:
5971:
5957:
5945:. Retrieved
5935:
5923:. Retrieved
5919:the original
5909:
5897:. Retrieved
5893:
5883:
5871:. Retrieved
5856:
5849:
5840:
5834:
5825:
5821:
5811:
5787:
5780:
5756:
5749:
5734:
5729:
5723:librarie.net
5696:
5688:hdr.undp.org
5687:
5675:
5667:
5648:. Retrieved
5638:
5626:. Retrieved
5622:
5612:
5600:. Retrieved
5596:
5587:
5579:
5574:
5547:
5543:
5533:
5506:
5502:
5492:
5484:www.legex.ro
5483:
5474:
5448:. Retrieved
5441:
5434:
5425:
5416:
5408:
5399:
5387:. Retrieved
5383:the original
5378:
5368:
5356:. Retrieved
5352:
5328:
5324:
5304:
5297:
5282:
5277:
5269:
5264:
5255:
5230:
5226:
5217:
5209:
5204:
5188:
5180:
5153:
5144:
5114:
5106:
5093:
5088:
5055:
5051:
5029:
5017:
5008:
4997:
4988:
4978:
4966:. Retrieved
4924:
4920:
4881:
4874:. Retrieved
4859:
4853:
4816:
4632:
4613:
4594:
4556:
4541:
4529:Western Bloc
4525:Soviet Union
4522:
4493:
4467:
4454:firing squad
4436:
4426:
4414:
4410:
4402:
4398:
4385:
4376:
4369:László Tőkés
4362:
4332:
4328:
4319:
4315:
4308:
4300:
4296:
4206:
4199:, Romania's
4186:
4162:
4156:
4126:
4103:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4063:
4028:
4024:
4013:
4009:
4000:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3931:
3927:
3911:
3859:
3852:
3835:
3828:
3824:overcrowding
3808:
3795:
3789:
3779:
3758:
3750:
3734:
3718:West Germany
3702:
3697:
3693:
3691:
3636:
3610:
3601:
3590:Please help
3585:verification
3582:
3555:
3544:
3537:
3522:
3507:
3493:
3484:
3480:Danube Delta
3456:
3452:
3445:
3386:Transylvania
3314:Christianity
3242:
3229:World War II
3107:Varat Eyalet
2874:
2865:
2854:Please help
2849:verification
2846:
2822:
2805:
2797:
2782:
2780:of Hungary.
2766:
2761:
2743:
2732:
2725:
2703:
2670:
2661:
2650:Please help
2645:verification
2642:
2600:
2581:
2577:nationalized
2574:
2566:
2529:
2518:
2493:Eastern Bloc
2490:
2467:
2457:and women's
2448:
2439:Royal Palace
2431:
2392:
2383:Transylvania
2363:King Michael
2360:
2116:to Hong Kong
2111:East Germany
2063:Tbilisi 1989
2048:Romania 1977
2016:Hungary 1956
2011:Georgia 1956
1847:
1840:
1789:
1739:East Germany
1566:Eastern Bloc
1536:
1532:
1524:totalitarian
1518:that led to
1493:
1481:
1453:Soviet Union
1437:World War II
1434:
1406:Soviet Union
1386:Eastern Bloc
1381:
1371:
1349:
1337:
1335:
1291:Soviet Union
1150:Re-education
956:Chivu Stoica
812:
751:Succeeded by
750:
745:
733:Calling code
429:(1971–1989)
427:dictatorship
424:totalitarian
241:
226:Motto:
225:
214:Coat of arms
162:
138:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
8047:Short-lived
7904:Short-lived
7873:South Yemen
7858:North Korea
7818:Afghanistan
7535:New Zealand
7530:Netherlands
7296:Dissolution
7236:Martial law
7159:Revolts and
7133:Warsaw Pact
6922:Warsaw Pact
6898:Byelorussia
6542:Immigration
6386:Agriculture
6205:Earthquakes
6143:World War I
6123:Middle Ages
6113:Roman Dacia
5947:28 December
5925:28 December
5899:17 December
5873:26 December
5268:Frucht, R.
4664:Flag (1948)
4633:3TV Oltenia
4548:Khmer Rouge
4470:Ion Iliescu
4384:(PCR). The
4343: [
4335:Cluj-Napoca
4287:Brașov Riot
4235:a national
4189:perestroika
4165:East German
4155:Members of
4081:North Korea
3891:July Theses
3883:North Korea
3657:First years
3194:World War I
3112:Phanariotes
3022:Middle Ages
3003:Roman Dacia
2998:Dacian Wars
2927:History of
2801:arable land
2785:János Kádár
2739:Warsaw Pact
2592:Vasile Luca
2555:Early years
2455:land reform
2415:Petru Groza
2202:Vietnam War
2192:Berlin Wall
2121:North Korea
2058:Brașov 1987
2026:Prague 1968
1989:Poznań 1956
1842:Warsaw Pact
1801:South Yemen
1779:North Korea
1692:Afghanistan
1612:Byelorussia
1443:, a former
1390:Warsaw Pact
1286:North Korea
999:July Theses
971:Ilie Verdeț
931:Petru Groza
746:Preceded by
567:Legislature
543:Petru Groza
346:Warsaw Pact
315:(1977–1989)
310:Trei culori
294:(1975–1977)
274:(1953–1975)
254:(1948–1953)
216:(1965–1989)
200:(1965–1989)
159:(1958–1965)
152:(1947–1958)
8201:Categories
8159:Tarnobrzeg
8084:Bessarabia
8038:Yugoslavia
7761:Seychelles
7756:Mozambique
7751:Madagascar
7674:Vietnamese
7669:Venezuelan
7659:Nicaraguan
7654:Melanesian
7571:Venezuela
7483:Kuomintang
7476:since 1978
7446:Bangladesh
7422:By country
7416:by country
7250:Conditions
7228:Solidarity
7161:opposition
6833:Yugoslavia
6684:Philosophy
6669:Literature
6552:Minorities
6537:Healthcare
6450:(currency)
6426:automotive
6340:Parliament
6301:Government
6255:Topography
6168:Since 1989
6163:Revolution
5743:0691128340
5650:14 January
5602:25 January
5550:(1): 2–4.
5233:: 93–112.
4927:: 79–106.
4845:References
4585:See also:
4567:World Bank
4484:See also:
4442:Târgoviște
4433:Securitate
4386:Securitate
4377:Securitate
4353:Revolution
4249:Yugoslavia
4177:censorship
4173:Securitate
3980:propaganda
3970:card, 1989
3875:Giurgiului
3831:Securitate
3804:Decree 770
3774:Decree 770
3714:World Bank
3539:Securitate
3518:Yugoslavia
3448:Securitate
3256:Revolution
2948:Prehistory
2697:after the
2622:See also:
2612:show trial
2608:Pătrășcanu
2588:Ana Pauker
2506:Parliament
2478:show trial
2433:Michael's
2423:Iron Guard
2212:Afghan War
2165:Korean War
2001:Plzeň 1953
1880:Opposition
1820:Yugoslavia
1774:Mozambique
1672:Uzbekistan
1657:Tajikistan
1627:Kazakhstan
1607:Azerbaijan
1422:Yugoslavia
1296:Yugoslavia
1140:Censorship
1134:Repression
1059:Decree 770
936:Ana Pauker
843:Securitate
641:influence
404:Government
393:Demonym(s)
387:(dominant)
382:(de jure)
80:newspapers
8117:1939–1940
8072:1918–1919
7841:1982–1992
7836:1979–1992
7831:1975–1979
7827:Cambodia
7802:Nicaragua
7734:1987–1991
7729:1974–1987
7725:Ethiopia
7664:Tanzanian
7545:Sri Lanka
7488:Hong Kong
7471:Communist
7434:Australia
7429:Argentina
7414:Socialism
7309:Die Wende
7282:Economies
7123:Cominform
7106:(to 1948)
7068:(to 1961)
6996:Formation
6986:Communism
6884:1982–1991
6879:1964–1982
6874:1953–1964
6869:1927–1953
6864:1917–1927
6777:Communist
6582:Romanians
6547:Languages
6532:Education
6496:Transport
6476:Squatting
6350:President
6318:Judiciary
6291:Elections
6235:Mountains
6178:Geography
5442:Star-News
5358:21 August
5247:155033071
5111:Tony Judt
5080:144784730
5072:0888-3254
4941:145789019
4507:Bucharest
4417:Timișoara
4406:Gorbachev
4365:Timișoara
4262:Constanța
4201:Stalinist
4001:"butelii"
3997:rationing
3966:Romanian
3923:Ion Mincu
3604:June 2019
3551:Timișoara
3498:from the
3391:Wallachia
3366:Maramureș
2985:Antiquity
2868:June 2019
2817:Politburo
2789:Imre Nagy
2769:politburo
2728:Stalinism
2664:June 2019
2584:Stalinist
2443:Bucharest
2083:Riga 1991
2073:Baku 1990
1963:Lithuania
1855:Cominform
1759:Kampuchea
1662:Turkmenia
1642:Lithuania
1632:Kirghizia
1587:Republics
1512:austerity
1500:President
1473:Michael I
1426:SR Serbia
1410:Ukrainian
1408:(via the
1402:Black Sea
1357:one-party
994:Dacianism
908:Comturist
716:very high
411:one-party
376:Religion
360:Bucharest
182:1947–1989
110:July 2022
8242:Natalism
8169:Würzburg
8144:Naissaar
8108:Finland
8068:Bavaria
8006:Slovakia
7991:Bulgaria
7921:Far East
7868:Mongolia
7780:Americas
7644:European
7575:Chavismo
7540:Pakistan
7277:Politics
6803:Bulgaria
6729:Category
6659:Folklore
6577:Religion
6572:Refugees
6471:Services
6421:Industry
6411:Forestry
6328:Military
6269:Politics
6200:Counties
6091:Timeline
6062:articles
6018:3/2011:
6016:Euxeinos
5708:, 2002,
5628:30 April
5566:23296845
5525:20603286
5389:16 March
5152:(2005),
5123:, 2005.
4964:(Report)
4818:Scânteia
4756:See also
4601:economic
4565:and the
4531:and the
4480:Politics
4472:and the
4437:en masse
4390:tear gas
4282:Downfall
4193:glasnost
4127:In 1988
4114:Art Deco
4069:Romanian
4035:methanol
3919:art deco
3885:and the
3782:natalist
3726:Pinochet
3646:hegemony
3530:Nucșoara
3512:against
3376:Muntenia
3371:Moldavia
3356:Bukovina
3287:By topic
2918:a series
2916:Part of
2793:Budapest
2773:defiance
2470:centrist
2459:suffrage
2453:brought
2435:name day
2227:Gulf War
2031:Invasion
1905:Bulgaria
1769:Mongolia
1744:Ethiopia
1713:Bulgaria
1647:Moldavia
1477:abdicate
1430:Bulgaria
1352:) was a
1342:Romanian
1028:Policies
988:Ideology
893:Scînteia
878:Pioneers
723:Currency
581:Cold War
422:under a
398:Romanian
370:Romanian
8139:Ireland
8129:Galicia
8028:Romania
7986:Albania
7941:Jiangxi
7888:Vietnam
7792:Grenada
7766:Somalia
7649:Israeli
7639:Chinese
7634:Burmese
7629:British
7619:African
7591:History
7582:Vietnam
7550:Tunisia
7500:Finland
7495:Estonia
7128:COMECON
7028:Romania
7023:Hungary
6927:Comecon
6903:Ukraine
6828:Romania
6818:Hungary
6798:Albania
6713:Outline
6642:Cuisine
6622:Academy
6614:Culture
6604:Welfare
6587:Gypsies
6510:Society
6491:Tourism
6396:Exports
6374:Economy
6225:Islands
6195:Climate
6138:Kingdom
6096:ancient
6083:History
6058:Romania
5984:cna.org
5978:at the
5706:Polirom
4903:2226915
4876:29 June
4639:Gallery
4550:-ruled
4167:-style
4099:blocuri
4031:methane
3934:orphans
3867:Berceni
3722:Albania
3504:Bărăgan
3472:Pitești
3381:Oltenia
3361:Dobruja
3351:Crișana
3324:Judaism
2929:Romania
2815:, both
2713:Comecon
2417:of the
2092:Dissent
1994:1980–89
1953:Estonia
1930:Ukraine
1920:Romania
1910:Croatia
1900:Albania
1849:Comecon
1806:Vietnam
1795:Somalia
1790:Romania
1754:Hungary
1749:Grenada
1697:Albania
1667:Ukraine
1622:Georgia
1617:Estonia
1602:Armenia
1590:of the
1557:History
1522:of his
1484:SovRoms
1441:Romania
1439:ended,
1418:Hungary
1364:Romania
1086:Culture
920:Leaders
815:Romania
687:•
664:•
651:•
633:•
618:•
605:•
592:•
408:Unitary
353:Capital
242:Anthem:
94:scholar
8149:Saxony
8094:Bremen
8023:Poland
7979:Europe
7946:Kuwait
7926:Fujian
7741:Guinea
7701:Angola
7694:Africa
7510:Greece
7505:France
7467:China
7463:Canada
7456:Lulism
7451:Brazil
7148:(WFDY)
7140:(WFTU)
6823:Poland
6779:period
6734:Portal
6664:Humour
6637:Cinema
6567:Racism
6436:mining
6391:Energy
6245:Rivers
6190:Cities
6073:Topics
6060:
5864:
5799:
5768:
5741:
5712:
5564:
5523:
5450:16 May
5312:
5289:
5245:
5195:
5164:
5127:
5078:
5070:
4968:21 May
4939:
4901:
4867:
4821:, the
4589:, and
4581:Legacy
4501:, the
4245:Danube
4106:palace
3968:ration
3724:, and
3474:, and
3468:Gherla
3464:Sighet
2920:on the
2898:, and
2570:SovRom
2375:Allied
2106:Poland
2101:Soviet
2036:Moscow
1958:Latvia
1925:Serbia
1915:Poland
1784:Poland
1703:Angola
1652:Russia
1637:Latvia
1506:and a
1457:Allies
1253:SovRom
1117:Emblem
1092:Daciad
706:
639:Soviet
528:
486:
442:
348:member
342:Status
244:
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
8164:Užice
8099:Bihać
8059:Banat
7931:Gilan
7878:Syria
7848:China
7823:Burma
7797:Chile
7771:Sudan
7746:Libya
7721:Egypt
7706:Benin
7525:Italy
7515:India
6720:Index
6689:Sport
6679:Music
6674:Media
6522:Crime
6230:Lakes
6215:Flora
6210:Fauna
6108:Dacia
5684:(PDF)
5243:S2CID
5076:S2CID
5026:(PDF)
4962:(PDF)
4937:S2CID
4840:Notes
4448:by a
4422:Sibiu
4347:]
4086:Juche
3905:1979
3871:Titan
3730:Chile
3528:from
3500:Banat
3346:Banat
3319:Islam
3167:ASTRA
3026:Early
2993:Dacia
2361:When
1724:Congo
1718:China
1708:Benin
1424:(via
1281:Italy
1276:China
1208:SLOMR
1068:Rural
712:0.863
637:from
101:JSTOR
87:books
8112:1918
8077:1919
7883:Tuva
7863:Laos
7853:Iraq
7811:Asia
7787:Cuba
7624:Arab
7520:Iran
6654:Flag
6647:Wine
6448:Leu
6311:LGBT
5949:2012
5927:2012
5901:2012
5875:2020
5862:ISBN
5797:ISBN
5766:ISBN
5739:ISBN
5710:ISBN
5652:2021
5630:2010
5604:2021
5562:PMID
5521:PMID
5452:2013
5391:2015
5360:2015
5310:ISBN
5287:ISBN
5193:ISBN
5162:ISBN
5125:ISBN
5068:ISSN
4970:2019
4899:SSRN
4878:2023
4865:ISBN
4617:NATO
4603:and
4488:and
4228:the
4211:the
4191:and
3912:The
3712:and
3532:and
3514:Tito
3476:Aiud
2811:and
2590:and
2482:Axis
2393:The
2371:Axis
2240:Fall
1764:Laos
1729:Cuba
1593:USSR
1537:The
1514:and
1470:King
1445:Axis
1420:and
1412:and
1336:The
1122:Flag
848:Army
198:Flag
73:news
6632:Art
5793:196
5552:doi
5511:doi
5407:",
5235:doi
5060:doi
4929:doi
4635:).
4629:lei
4458:PCR
4101:).
4039:kWh
3873:or
3728:'s
3594:by
3516:'s
2858:by
2654:by
2441:in
1814:PRG
1435:As
1382:RPR
1350:RSR
727:Leu
704:HDI
56:by
8203::
7234:/
7230:/
7206:/
6862::
6858:/
5892:.
5826:02
5824:.
5820:.
5795:.
5764:.
5686:.
5660:^
5621:.
5595:.
5560:.
5548:39
5546:.
5542:.
5519:.
5507:16
5505:.
5501:.
5482:.
5460:^
5377:.
5351:.
5340:^
5241:.
5231:17
5229:.
5187:,
5160:,
5119:,
5113:,
5074:.
5066:.
5056:26
5054:.
5050:.
5038:^
5028:.
4987:.
4949:^
4935:.
4923:.
4911:^
4889:^
4880:.
4554:.
4509:.
4345:ro
4306:.
4131:.
4071::
3978:A
3869:,
3865:,
3794:,
3482:.
3470:,
3466:,
2894:,
2803:.
2614:.
2579:.
2546:.
2429:.
1812:,
1553:.
1530:.
1380:,
1348:,
1344::
736:40
7406:e
7399:t
7392:v
7263:)
7259:(
6961:e
6954:t
6947:v
6768:e
6761:t
6754:v
6050:e
6043:t
6036:v
6012:.
5951:.
5929:.
5903:.
5877:.
5805:.
5774:.
5716:.
5690:.
5654:.
5632:.
5606:.
5568:.
5554::
5527:.
5513::
5486:.
5454:.
5403:"
5393:.
5362:.
5318:.
5249:.
5237::
5082:.
5062::
4991:.
4972:.
4943:.
4931::
4925:3
4905:.
4277:.
4264:;
4251:;
4232:;
4147:.
4067:(
3617:)
3611:(
3606:)
3602:(
3588:.
3435:e
3428:t
3421:v
3028:)
3024:(
2881:)
2875:(
2870:)
2866:(
2852:.
2760:(
2677:)
2671:(
2666:)
2662:(
2648:.
2331:e
2324:t
2317:v
1816:)
1808:(
1374:(
1340:(
1325:e
1318:t
1311:v
1070:)
1066:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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