Cyrus the Great - Knowledge

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city, that after they had served Nebuchadnezzar and his posterity, and after they had undergone that servitude seventy years, he would restore them again to the land of their fathers, and they should build their temple, and enjoy their ancient prosperity. And these things God did afford them; for he stirred up the mind of Cyrus, and made him write this throughout all Asia: "Thus saith Cyrus the king: Since God Almighty hath appointed me to be king of the habitable earth, I believe that he is that God which the nation of the Israelites worship; for indeed he foretold my name by the prophets, and that I should build him a house at Jerusalem, in the country of Judea." This was known to Cyrus by his reading the book which Isaiah left behind him of his prophecies; for this prophet said that God had spoken thus to him in a secret vision: "My will is, that Cyrus, whom I have appointed to be king over many and great nations, send back my people to their own land, and build my temple." This was foretold by Isaiah one hundred and forty years before the temple was demolished. Accordingly, when Cyrus read this, and admired the Divine power, an earnest desire and ambition seized upon him to fulfill what was so written; so he called for the most eminent Jews that were in Babylon, and said to them, that he gave them leave to go back to their own country, and to rebuild their city Jerusalem, and the temple of God, for that he would be their assistant, and that he would write to the rulers and governors that were in the neighborhood of their country of Judea, that they should contribute to them gold and silver for the building of the temple, and besides that, beasts for their sacrifices.

2571: 1321: 2931: 8055: 2305: 1175:, who reigned until 559 BC. Cyrus II "the Great" was a son of Cambyses I, who had named his son after his father, Cyrus I. There are several inscriptions of Cyrus the Great and later kings that refer to Cambyses I as the "great king" and "king of Anshan". Among these are some passages in the Cyrus cylinder where Cyrus calls himself "son of Cambyses, great king, king of Anshan". Another inscription (from CM's) mentions Cambyses I as a "mighty king" and "an Achaemenian", which according to the bulk of scholarly opinion was engraved under Darius and considered as a later forgery by Darius. However, Cambyses II's maternal grandfather Pharnaspes is named by historian 1639: 2617: 2743: 1349:

obey Cyrus' commands. As it was unheard of for the son of a shepherd to commit such an act, Astyages had the boy brought to his court, and interviewed him and his adoptive father. Upon the shepherd's confession, Astyages sent Cyrus back to Persia to live with his biological parents. However, Astyages summoned the son of Harpagus, and in retribution, chopped him to pieces, roasted some portions while boiling others, and tricked his adviser into eating his child during a large banquet. Following the meal, Astyages's servants brought Harpagus the head, hands and feet of his son on platters, so he could realize his inadvertent cannibalism.

1906: 2071:, resting on a table with golden supports, inside of which the body of Cyrus the Great was interred. Upon his resting place, was a covering of tapestry and drapes made from the best available Babylonian materials, utilizing fine Median worksmanship; below his bed was a fine red carpet, covering the narrow rectangular area of his tomb. Translated Greek accounts describe the tomb as having been placed in the fertile Pasargadae gardens, surrounded by trees and ornamental shrubs, with a group of Achaemenian protectors called the "Magi", stationed nearby to protect the edifice from theft or damage. 1216: 1890:, which separated them. Sending him a warning to cease his encroachment (a warning which she stated she expected he would disregard anyway), Tomyris challenged him to meet her forces in honorable warfare, inviting him to a location in her country a day's march from the river, where their two armies would formally engage each other. He accepted her offer, but, learning that the Massagetae were unfamiliar with wine and its intoxicating effects, he set up and then left camp with plenty of it behind, taking his best soldiers with him and leaving the least capable ones. 1867: 1396: 2118: 2633:

biblical prophetic idiom." Mary Joan Winn Leith believes that the decree in Ezra might be authentic and along with the Cylinder that Cyrus, like earlier rulers, was through these decrees trying to gain support from those who might be strategically important, particularly those close to Egypt which he wished to conquer. She also wrote that "appeals to Marduk in the cylinder and to Yahweh in the biblical decree demonstrate the Persian tendency to co-opt local religious and political traditions in the interest of imperial control."

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as the fiercest battle of his career and the ancient world. When it was over, Tomyris ordered the body of Cyrus brought to her, then decapitated him and dipped his head in a vessel of blood in a symbolic gesture of revenge for his bloodlust and the death of her son. However, some scholars question this version, mostly because even Herodotus admits this event was one of many versions of Cyrus's death that he heard from a supposedly reliable source who told him no one was there to see the aftermath.

2082:, Cyrus the Great's tomb was broken into and most of its luxuries were looted. When Alexander reached the tomb, he was horrified by the manner in which the tomb was treated, and questioned the Magi and put them to court. On some accounts, Alexander's decision to put the Magi on trial was more about his attempt to undermine their influence and his show of power in his newly conquered empire, than a concern for Cyrus's tomb. However, Alexander admired Cyrus, from an early age reading Xenophon's 1718: 1559: 1105: 1493: 109: 9276: 2908:, Director of the British Museum, has stated that the cylinder was "the first attempt we know about running a society, a state with different nationalities and faiths – a new kind of statecraft." He explained that "It has even been described as the first declaration of human rights, and while this was never the intention of the document – the modern concept of human rights scarcely existed in the ancient world – it has come to embody the hopes and aspirations of many." 12354: 1985: 3895: 1427:

hostilities lasted for at least three years (553–550 BC), and the final battle resulted in the capture of Ecbatana. This was described in the paragraph that preceded the entry for Nabonidus's year 7, which detailed Cyrus's victory and the capture of his grandfather. According to the historians Herodotus and Ctesias, Cyrus spared the life of Astyages and married his daughter, Amytis. This marriage pacified several vassals, including the

3885: 3875: 9848: 3890: 3880: 2814: 2902:". The British Museum describes the cylinder as "an instrument of ancient Mesopotamian propaganda" that "reflects a long tradition in Mesopotamia where, from as early as the third millennium BC, kings began their reigns with declarations of reforms." The cylinder emphasizes Cyrus's continuity with previous Babylonian rulers, asserting his virtue as a traditional Babylonian king while denigrating his predecessor. 2486: 1897:, who was also her son, and a third of the Massagetian troops, killed the group Cyrus had left there and, finding the camp well stocked with food and the wine, unwittingly drank themselves into inebriation, diminishing their capability to defend themselves when they were then overtaken by a surprise attack. They were successfully defeated, and, although he was taken prisoner, Spargapises committed 2088:, which described Cyrus's heroism in battle and governance as a king and legislator. Regardless, Alexander the Great ordered Aristobulus to improve the tomb's condition and restore its interior. Despite his admiration for Cyrus the Great, and his attempts at renovation of his tomb, Alexander had, six years previously (330 BC), sacked 2474:

one layer of timbers. And let the cost be paid from the royal treasury. Also let the gold and silver utensils of the house of God, which Nebuchadnezzar took from the temple in Jerusalem and brought to Babylon, be returned and brought to their places in the temple in Jerusalem; and you shall put them in the house of God." — (

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In the first year of the reign of Cyrus, which was the seventieth from the day that our people were removed out of their own land into Babylon, God commiserated the captivity and calamity of these poor people, according as he had foretold to them by Jeremiah the prophet, before the destruction of the

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Cyrus's date of death can be deduced from the last two references to his own reign (a tablet from Borsippa dated to 12 August and the final from Babylon 12 September 530 BC) and the first reference to the reign of his son Cambyses (a tablet from Babylon dated to 31 August and or 4 September), but an

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Cyrus has been known for his innovations in building projects; he further developed the technologies that he found in the conquered cultures and applied them in building the palaces of Pasargadae. He was also famous for his love of gardens; the recent excavations in his capital city has revealed the

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In the first year of King Cyrus, Cyrus the king issued a decree: "Concerning the house of God at Jerusalem, let the temple, the place where sacrifices are offered, be rebuilt and let its foundations be retained, its height being 60 cubits and its width 60 cubits; with three layers of huge stones and

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in front of his warriors; the Lydian horses, not used to the dromedaries' smell, would be very afraid. The strategy worked; the Lydian cavalry was routed. Cyrus defeated and captured Croesus. Cyrus occupied the capital at Sardis, conquering the Lydian kingdom in 546 BC. According to Herodotus, Cyrus

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And those who were subject to him, he treated with esteem and regard, as if they were his own children, while his subjects themselves respected Cyrus as their "Father" ... What other man but 'Cyrus', after having overturned an empire, ever died with the title of "The Father" from the people whom he

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once he regained sobriety. Upon learning of what had transpired, Tomyris denounced Cyrus's tactics as underhanded and swore vengeance, leading a second wave of troops into battle herself. Cyrus the Great was ultimately killed, and his forces suffered massive casualties in what Herodotus referred to

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temple dedicated to the chief Babylonian god, Marduk. The text of the cylinder denounces Nabonidus as impious and portrays the victorious Cyrus as pleasing the god Marduk. It describes how Cyrus had improved the lives of the citizens of Babylonia, repatriated displaced peoples, and restored temples

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river into a canal so that the water level dropped "to the height of the middle of a man's thigh", which allowed the invading forces to march directly through the river bed to enter at night. Shortly thereafter, Nabonidus returned from Borsippa and surrendered to Cyrus. On 29 October, Cyrus entered

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delegated the task to Mithradates, one of the shepherds of Astyages, who raised the child and passed off his stillborn son to Harpagus as the dead infant Cyrus. Cyrus lived in secrecy, but when he reached the age of 10, during a childhood game, he had the son of a nobleman beaten when he refused to

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gave a mythological account of Cyrus's early life. In this account, Astyages had two prophetic dreams in which a flood, and then a series of fruit-bearing vines, emerged from his daughter Mandane's pelvis, and covered the entire kingdom. These were interpreted by his advisers as a foretelling that

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adopted the Cyrus cylinder as a political symbol, using it "as a central image in his celebration of 2500 years of Iranian monarchy", and asserting that it was "the first human rights charter in history". This view has been disputed by some as "rather anachronistic" and tendentious, as the modern

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The historical nature of this decree has been challenged. Professor Lester L Grabbe argues that there was no decree but that there was a policy that allowed exiles to return to their homelands and rebuild their temples. He also argues that the archaeology suggests that the return was a "trickle",

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on the Tigris, north of Babylon. The Babylonian army was routed, and on 10 October, Sippar was seized without a battle, with little to no resistance from the populace. It is probable that Cyrus engaged in negotiations with the Babylonian generals to obtain a compromise on their part and therefore

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in command of the Median army to conquer Cyrus. However, Harpagus contacted Cyrus and encouraged his revolt against Media, before eventually defecting along with several of the nobility and a portion of the army. This mutiny is confirmed by the Nabonidus Chronicle. The Chronicle suggests that the

2796:"Cyrus the elder, brought up in Woods and Mountains, when time and power enabled, pursued the dictate of his education, and brought the treasures of the field into rule and circum-scription. So nobly beautifying the hanging Gardens of Babylon, that he was also thought to be the authour thereof." 2632:

called the authenticity of the decree "dubious", citing Grabbe and adding that arguing against "the authenticity of Ezra 1.1–4 is J. Briend, in a paper given at the Institut Catholique de Paris on 15 December 1993, who denies that it resembles the form of an official document but reflects rather

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for the Israelites", with a story that "follows in many details the stories of hero and conquerors from elsewhere in the ancient world." Frye writes, "He became the epitome of the great qualities expected of a ruler in antiquity, and he assumed heroic features as a conqueror who was tolerant and

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The translated ancient Roman and Greek accounts give a vivid description of the tomb both geometrically and aesthetically; the tomb's geometric shape has changed little over the years, still maintaining a large stone of quadrangular form at the base, followed by a pyramidal succession of smaller

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and other provinces in the east. In 533 BC, Cyrus the Great crossed the Hindu Kush mountains and collected tribute from the Indus cities. Thus, Cyrus probably had established vassal states in western India. Cyrus then returned with his army to Babylon due to the unrest taking place in and around

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The policies of Cyrus with respect to treatment of minority religions are documented in many historical accounts, particularly Babylonian texts and Jewish sources. Cyrus had a general policy of religious tolerance throughout his vast empire. Whether this was a new policy or the continuation of

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The achievements of Cyrus the Great throughout antiquity are reflected in the way he is remembered today. His own nation, the Iranians, have regarded him as "The Father", the very title that had been used during the time of Cyrus himself, by the many nations that he conquered, as according to

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were different names for the same land. These also agree with other non-Iranian accounts, except on one point from Herodotus which states that Cambyses was not a king but a "Persian of good family". However, in some other passages, Herodotus' account is wrong also on the name of the son of

757:). Cyrus was particularly renowned among contemporary scholars because of his habitual policy of respecting peoples' customs and religions in the lands that he conquered. He was influential in developing the system of a central administration at Pasargadae to govern the Achaemenid Empire's 1512:

The exact dates of the Lydian conquest are unknown, but it must have taken place between Cyrus's overthrow of the Median kingdom (550 BC) and his conquest of Babylon (539 BC). It was common in the past to give 547 BC as the year of the conquest due to some interpretations of the

1454:, therefore would have had to give up his throne. However, this transfer of power within the family seems to have been smooth, and it is likely that Arsames was still the nominal governor of Parsa under Cyrus's authority—more a Prince or a Grand Duke than a King. His son, 2327:

or whether Zoroastrianism only becomes involved with the imperial religion of the Achaemenid empire after him. The evidence in favor of it comes from some of the names of members of Cyrus' family, and similarities between the description of Cyrus in Isaiah 40–48 and the

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While in Sardis, Croesus sent out requests for his allies to send aid to Lydia. However, near the end of the winter, before the allies could unite, Cyrus the Great pushed the war into Lydian territory and besieged Croesus in his capital, Sardis. Shortly before the final

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Many of the Iranian dynasties following the Achaemenid Empire and their kings saw themselves as the heirs to Cyrus the Great and have claimed to continue the line begun by Cyrus. However, there are different opinions among scholars whether this is also the case for the

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Cyrus's date of death can be deduced from the last reference to his own reign (a tablet from Borsippa dated to 12 Augustus 530) and the first reference to the reign of his son Cambyses (a tablet from Babylon dated to 31 August); see R.A. Parker and W.H. Dubberstein,

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and cult sanctuaries. Although some have asserted that the cylinder represents a form of human rights charter, historians generally portray it in the context of a long-standing Mesopotamian tradition of new rulers beginning their reigns with declarations of reforms.

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During his reign, Cyrus maintained control over a vast region of conquered kingdoms, achieved through retaining and expanding the satrapies. Further organization of newly conquered territories into provinces ruled by satraps was continued by Cyrus's successor,

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suggests that "In scope and extent his achievements ranked far above that of the Macedonian king, Alexander, who was to demolish the empire in the 320s but fail to provide any stable alternative." Cyrus has been a personal hero to many people, including

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policies followed by the Babylonians and Assyrians (as Lester Grabbe maintains) is disputed. He brought peace to the Babylonians and is said to have kept his army away from the temples and restored the statues of the Babylonian gods to their sanctuaries.

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king, who administered the region, a 'general' supervised military recruitment and ensured order, and a 'state secretary' kept the official records. The general and the state secretary reported directly to the satrap as well as the central government.

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Herodotus therefore, as I surmise, may have known of the close connection between this type of winged figure and the image of Iranian majesty, which he associated with a dream prognosticating the king's death before his last, fatal campaign across the

2332:. Against the thesis is how Cyrus treated local polytheistic cults, acknowledging their gods and providing funding for the establishment of their temples and other holy sites, as well as a possible late-date for the activity of the Iranian prophet 2174:

narrates a story of the first return of exiles in the first year of Cyrus, in which Cyrus proclaims: "All the kingdoms of the earth hath the LORD, the God of heaven, given me; and He hath charged me to build Him a house in Jerusalem, which is in

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of 2,500 years of monarchy. Just as Alexander the Great before him, the Shah of Iran wanted to appeal to Cyrus's legacy to legitimize his own rule by extension. The United Nations recognizes the tomb of Cyrus the Great and Pasargadae as a UNESCO

2370:. It is Marduk who is praised in the outset of the text, whose direct intervention is thought to be responsible for what happened in recent history, and it is Marduk who summons Cyrus for the purpose of righting the wrongs of his predecessor, 2064:

rectangular stones, until after a few slabs, the structure is curtailed by an edifice, with an arched roof composed of a pyramidal shaped stone, and a small opening or window on the side, where the slenderest man could barely squeeze through.

1282:, and Roxane. Cyrus and Cassandane were known to love each other very much – Cassandane said that she found it more bitter to leave Cyrus than to depart her life. After her death, Cyrus insisted on public mourning throughout the kingdom. The 2031:

visited the tomb twice. Though the city itself is now in ruins, the burial place of Cyrus the Great has remained largely intact, and the tomb has been partially restored to counter its natural deterioration over the centuries. According to

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says that unlike Nabonidus, Cyrus provided proper and even increased the sacrifices for the gods. Additional reliable information may come from the funerary customs around the tomb of Cyrus which indicates a privileged cult honoring

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magnanimous as well as brave and daring. His personality as seen by the Greeks influenced them and Alexander the Great, and, as the tradition was transmitted by the Romans, may be considered to influence our thinking even now."

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The Persian domination and kingdom in the Iranian plateau started as an extension of the Achaemenid dynasty, who expanded their earlier dominion possibly from the 9th century BC onward. The eponymous founder of the dynasty was

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who were part of the Lydian kingdom to revolt against their ruler. The offer was rebuffed, and thus Cyrus levied an army and marched against the Lydians, increasing his numbers while passing through nations in his way. The

6919: 691:. He also led an expedition into Central Asia, which resulted in major military campaigns that were described as having brought "into subjection every nation without exception"; Cyrus allegedly died in battle with the 2727:, comprising many dozens of countries, races, religions, and languages, were ruled under a single administration headed by a central government. This system lasted for centuries, and was retained both by the invading 3055:

notes the change in his title from "King of Anshan" to "King of Persia". Assyriologist François Vallat wrote that "When Astyages marched against Cyrus, Cyrus is called 'King of Anshan", but when Cyrus crosses the

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design, but with a reduced weight (8.06 grams, instead of the standard 10.7 grams of the original version issued by King Croesus) due to the need for larger amounts of these coins, for a much larger population.

2527:, God is described as saying, "I will raise up Cyrus in my righteousness: I will make all his ways straight. He will rebuild my city and set my exiles free, but not for a price or reward, says God Almighty." ( 1705:, had ordered cult statues from outlying Babylonian cities to be brought into the capital, suggesting that the conflict had begun possibly in the winter of 540 BC. Just before October 539 BC, Cyrus fought the 7487: 7435: 2095:

The edifice has survived the test of time, through invasions, internal divisions, successive empires, regime changes, and revolutions. The last prominent Persian figure to bring attention to the tomb was

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British Museum explanatory notes, "Cyrus Cylinder": In Iran, the cylinder has appeared on coins, banknotes and stamps. Despite being a Babylonian document it has become part of Iran's cultural identity."

2262:, Cyrus—whose abilities as conqueror and administrator Frye says are attested by the longevity and vigor of the Achaemenid Empire—held an almost mythic role among the Persian people "similar to that of 1650:, however he was decisively defeated and departed Gedrosia. Gedrosia was most likely conquered during the reign of Darius I. After the failed attempt to conquer Gedrosia, Cyrus attacked the regions of 1582:

was entrusted by Cyrus the Great to send Croesus's treasury to Persia. However, soon after Cyrus's departure, Pactyas hired mercenaries and caused an uprising in Sardis, revolting against the Persian

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the Great spared Croesus's life and kept him as an advisor, but this account conflicts with some translations of the contemporary Nabonidus Chronicle which interpret that the king of Lydia was slain.

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Visual representation of the divine and the numinous in early Achaemenid Iran: old problems, new directions; Mark A. Garrison, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas; last revision: 3 March 2009,

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concept of human rights would have been quite alien to Cyrus's contemporaries and is not mentioned by the cylinder. The cylinder has, nonetheless, become seen as part of Iran's cultural identity.

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wrote that given the poor information we have, "it seems quite reckless to try to reconstruct what the religion of Cyrus might have been." It is also debated whether he was a practitioner of

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O man, whoever you are and wherever you come from, for I know you will come, I am Cyrus who won the Persians their empire. Do not therefore begrudge me this bit of earth that covers my bones.

836:, Cyrus is also recognized for his achievements in human rights, politics, and military strategy. The Achaemenid Empire's prestige in the ancient world would eventually extend as far west as 942:

root "to humiliate", and accordingly, the name "Cyrus" means "humiliator of the enemy in verbal contest". Another possible Iranian derivation would mean "the young one, child", similar to

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and by Herodotus holds that Cyrus the Great was an Achaemenid. However, M. Waters has suggested that Cyrus is unrelated to the Achaemenids or Darius the Great, and that his family was of

1624:, using the technique of building earthworks to breach the walls of besieged cities, a method unknown to the Greeks. He ended his conquest of the area in 542 BC and returned to Persia. 6244: 2534:) As the text suggests, Cyrus did ultimately release the nation of Israel from its exile without compensation or tribute. These particular passages (Isaiah 40–55, often referred to as 466: 7568: 5411:, Paris. "Il est probable que des négociations s'engagèrent alors entre Cyrus et les chefs de l'armée babylonienne pour obtenir une reddition sans recourir à l'affrontement armé." 1294:

has said that Cyrus was originally named Agradates by his step-parents. It is possible that, when reuniting with his original family, following the naming customs, Cyrus's father,

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continued the conquest of Asia Minor but died of unknown causes during his campaign in Ionia. Cyrus sent Harpagus to complete Mazares's conquest of Asia Minor. Harpagus captured

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By his own account, generally believed now to be accurate, Cyrus was preceded as king by his father Cambyses I, grandfather Cyrus I, and great-grandfather Teispes. Cyrus married

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Cyrus the Great succeeded to the throne in 559 BC following his father's death; however, Cyrus was not yet an independent ruler. Like his predecessors, Cyrus had to recognize

4255: 2251:, one with parallel Greek and Latin translations on facing pages showing substantial Jefferson markings that signify the amount of influence the book has had on drafting the 1183:'s account in his Cyropædia names Cambyses's wife as Mandane and mentions Cambyses as king of Iran (ancient Persia). These agree with Cyrus's own inscriptions, as Anshan and 4989: 3839: 494: 7036: 5823: 4004: 1859:

in their dress and mode of living; they fought on horseback and on foot. In order to acquire her realm, Cyrus first sent an offer of marriage to their ruler, the empress

6958: 4927: 518: 7296: 6026: 1123:." Scholars doubting that it depicts Cyrus note the inscription was inscribed in a later period and that the same inscription is found on other palaces in the complex. 2092:, the opulent city that Cyrus may have chosen the site for, and either ordered its burning as an act of pro-Greek propaganda or set it on fire during drunken revels. 6168: 2766:. Pasargadae was a place for two magnificent palaces surrounded by a majestic royal park and vast formal gardens; among them was the four-quartered wall gardens of " 1831:

provides the second-longest detail, in which Cyrus met his fate in a fierce battle with the Massagetae, a Scythian tribal confederation from the southern deserts of

2971: 7426: 2453:, the God of heaven given me; and He hath charged me to build Him a house in Jerusalem, which is in Judah. Whosoever there is among you of all His people – the L 1882:

He then commenced his attempt to take Massagetae territory by force (c. 529 BC), beginning by building bridges and towered war boats along his side of the river

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Cyrus the Great's dominions composed the largest empire the world had ever seen to that point. At the end of Cyrus's rule, the Achaemenid Empire stretched from

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origin, in honour of the Indo-Aryan Kuru and Kamboja mercenaries from eastern Afghanistan and Northwest India that helped in the conquest of the Middle East.

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was composed in the name of Cyrus with him as the first-person speaker. The Cylinder is highly religious and is framed around the interventions of the god

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E. Yarshater, for example, rejects that Sassanids remembered Cyrus, whereas R.N. Frye do propose remembrance and line of continuity: See A. Sh. Shahbazi,

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states that Babylonia mourned Cassandane for six days (identified as 21–26 March 538 BC). After his father's death, Cyrus inherited the Persian throne at

5343: 5157: 844:, Cyrus played a crucial role in defining the national identity of the Iranian nation; the Achaemenid Empire was instrumental in spreading the ideals of 5204: 4810: 648:

to create what would soon become the largest polity in human history at the time. The Achaemenid Empire's largest territorial extent was achieved under

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The encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information, Volume 21 edited by Hugh Chrisholm, b1911, pp. 206–07

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The administration of the empire through satrap, and much more belonging to the form or spirit of the government, was the work of Cyrus ...

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The United Nations has declared the relic to be an "ancient declaration of human rights" since 1971, approved by then Secretary General Sithu

6332:, Namey-e Iran-e Bastan, Vol. 1, No. 1 pp. 61–73; M. Boyce, "The Religion of Cyrus the Great" in A. Kuhrt and H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg, eds., 7552: 3047:

His regal titles in full were The Great King, King of Persia, King of Anshan, King of Media, King of Babylon, King of Sumer and Akkad, and

2403:, further indicating the reverence of Cyrus for this deity. Additional evidence further indicates the connection between Cyrus and Mithra. 2101: 7483: 9697: 8218: 6798: 4294: 3094: 1590:, one of his commanders, to subdue the insurrection but demanded that Pactyas be returned alive. Upon Mazares's arrival, Pactyas fled to 8674: 8518: 7954: 7282:"The Ancient Near East, Volume I: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures". Vol. 1. Ed. James B. Pritchard. Princeton University Press, 1973. 5686: 4411: 4372: 1932:

explains this statement by Herodotus and its connection with the four winged bas-relief figure of Cyrus the Great in the following way:

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had conquered many kingdoms. In addition to Babylonia, Cyrus probably incorporated its sub-national entities into his Empire, including

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displaced peoples and restored temples and cult sanctuaries. Although not mentioned specifically in the text, the repatriation of the

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The Babylonians regarded him as "The Liberator", as they were offended by their previous ruler, Nabonidus, for committing sacrilege.

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A compendium of classical literature:comprising choice extracts translated from Greek and Roman writers, with biographical sketches

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which should really be "Kurush", an Indo-aryan name (cf. "Kuru" of the Mahabharata legend). Thus Cambyses was really "Kambujiya"

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had brought under his power? For it is plain fact that this is a name for one that bestows, rather than for one that takes away!

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From old Revelation to new: a tradition-historical and redaction-critical study of temporal transitions in prophetic prediction

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his grandson would one day rebel and supplant him as king. Astyages summoned Mandane, at the time pregnant with Cyrus, back to

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and as a soldier. Due in part to the political infrastructure he created, the Achaemenid Empire endured long after his death.

1951:(AD 1166–1199) Cyrus was killed by his wife Tomyris, queen of the Massagetae (Maksata), in the 60th year of Jewish captivity. 1823:

and their war-elephants. According to him, this event took place northeast of the headwaters of the Syr Darya. The account of

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Cyrus's standard, described as a golden eagle mounted upon a "lofty shaft", remained the official banner of the Achaemenids.

8449: 8416: 8251: 6020: 5215: 4502: 2981:), circa 545–520 BC. It only weighs 8.06 grams, compared to the standard 10.7 grams of the original Croeseid minted by King 9447: 1446:

With Astyages out of power, all of his vassals (including many of Cyrus's relatives) were now under his command. His uncle

12756: 6455: 6402: 6152: 2427:. Cyrus is represented positively and as an agent of Yahweh, even though he is said to "not know" Yahweh (Isaiah 45:4–5). 1962:

contradicts the others, claiming that Cyrus died peacefully at his capital. The final version of Cyrus's death comes from

1606:. The fate of Pactyas is unknown, but after capture, he was probably sent to Cyrus and put to death after being tortured. 1422:

launched an attack against Cyrus, "king of Ansan". According to the historian Herodotus, it is known that Astyages placed

840:, where upper-class Greeks adopted aspects of the culture of the ruling Persian class as their own. As the founder of the 12777: 12832: 7240: 4663: 2243:

era, and the forefathers of the United States of America sought inspiration from Cyrus the Great through works such as

2644:

is a representation of Cyrus the Great, but the scholarly consensus is that he is a development of legends concerning

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A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud: A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1

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avoid an armed confrontation. Nabonidus, who had retreated to Sippar following his defeat at Opis, fled to Borsippa.

12746: 5098: 12679: 12408: 9902: 8493: 7729: 6768: 5644:"Ancient History Sourcebook: Herodotus: Queen Tomyris of the Massagetai and the Defeat of the Persians under Cyrus" 12731: 2825:

One of the few surviving sources of information that can be dated directly to Cyrus's time is the Cyrus Cylinder (

2192:

The rise of Persia under Cyrus's rule had a profound impact on the course of world history, including in forms of

12571: 9690: 6619:

Oded Lipschitz; Manfred Oeming, eds. (2006). "The "Persian Documents" in the Book of Ezra: Are They Authentic?".

6018: 5960:, translated by Ian Scott-Kilvert (Penguin Classics, 1973), p. 326.; similar inscriptions give Arrian and Strabo. 5911: 3087: 2374:. Furthermore, Cyrus offers respect not only to the cult of Marduk but also to local cults. One inscription from 1948: 1928:) with wings upon his shoulders, shadowing with the one wing Asia, and with the other wing Europe. Archaeologist 1470:

of Persia, after the deaths of both of Cyrus's sons. Cyrus's conquest of Media was merely the start of his wars.

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After the conquest of Lydia, Cyrus campaigned in the east between around 545 BC to 540 BC. Cyrus first tried to

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or an impostor posing as Bardiya, who became the sole ruler of Persia for seven months, until he was killed by

1455: 8926: 8903: 8006: 5846: 5336: 5141: 2930: 1320: 12802: 9166: 8829:

Lawrence, John M. (1982). "Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Attitudes Towards Foreigners and Their Religion".

5201: 4807: 1736:'s troops entered Babylon, again without any resistance from the Babylonian armies, and detained Nabonidus. 12381: 10717: 10239: 9380: 9368: 9300: 5412: 4689: 2299: 2295: 2052:

for the Empire, but soon died after only seven years of rule. He was succeeded either by Cyrus's other son

1538:

was effectively a stalemate, with both sides suffering heavy casualties by nightfall. Croesus retreated to

1517:, but this position is currently not much held. The Lydians first attacked the Achaemenid Empire's city of 939: 513: 6503: 2793:

ruled Britain. However, despite being featured in the title, Cyrus was not a main focus of Browne's work.

2591: 1529:

besieged and captured the city enslaving its inhabitants. Meanwhile, the Persians invited the citizens of

1164:, who also succeeded his father as "king of Anshan". Cyrus I had a full brother whose name is recorded as 12822: 12628: 11495: 10721: 10606: 10291: 10131: 6377:

Nadon, Christopher (2001), Xenophon's Prince: Republic and Empire in the Cyropaedia, Berkeley: UC Press,

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says that Persians may have taken Cyrus's body back from the Massagetae, unlike what Herodotus claimed.

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explains that to accomplish this feat, the Persians, using a basin dug earlier by the Babylonian queen

1701:. The Nabonidus Chronicle records that, prior to the battle(s), the king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, 51: 7971: 3060:

on his way to Lydia, he is 'King of Persia.' The coup therefore took place between these two events."

1638: 902:. The name and its meaning have been recorded within ancient inscriptions in different languages. The 12633: 12608: 12357: 12300: 12147: 11924: 11246: 10739: 10494: 10224: 10202: 3034:

in 547 BC. Cyrus (Kūruš) made the Croeseid the standard gold coin of his vast empire, using the same

2616: 1404: 7108: 5562: 5478: 5388: 2742: 12782: 12546: 12494: 12293: 12279: 12093: 11625: 11218: 10772: 9892: 9428: 9320: 9159: 9141: 8997:

Full Babylonian text of the Cyrus Cylinder as it was known in 2001; translation; brief introduction

7830: 3911:

dates the last official reign of Cyrus to 4 December 530 BC; see R.A. Parker and W.H. Dubberstein,

3863:

In more recent years, historians have moved away from identifying this figure with Cyrus the Great.

2575: 1599: 1487: 935: 540: 269: 91: 81: 17: 6069: 2995:

as a currency denomination for coinage goes back to the 6th century BC, dating to the time of the

887: 12792: 12664: 12623: 12374: 12328: 12237: 11984: 11917: 11388: 10777: 10009: 9999: 9817: 9103: 9084: 9057: 7717: 7233: 7006: 6826: 6573:"The Achaemenid Kings and the Worship of Ahura Mazda: Proto-Zoroastrianism in the Persian Empire" 2558: 1815:, has the longest account, which says Cyrus met his death while putting down resistance from the 857: 170: 86: 11603: 7602: 6344:, Published by I. B. Tauris in association with the British Institute of Persian Studies, 1998, 6093: 4665:

Masters of Warfare Fifty Underrated Military Commanders from Classical Antiquity to the Cold War

2774:, designed to fill small basins at every 16 meters and water various types of wild and domestic 2044:

Cuneiform evidence from Babylon proves that Cyrus died around December 530 BC, and that his son

1905: 12807: 12787: 12265: 12140: 12005: 11998: 11970: 11342: 11301: 11233: 10680: 10304: 10096: 9989: 9716: 9484: 9275: 9203: 9122: 7901:

The Cambridge Ancient History IV: Persia, Greece, and the Western Mediterranean, C. 525–479 B.C

3069: 2610: 2359:, and inscriptions, though these were written in later periods and so must be used carefully. 1095: 971: 236: 61: 8202: 8183: 6793: 6124: 5279: 4616: 4278: 2218:

was himself infatuated with and admired Cyrus the Great, from an early age reading Xenophon's

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following the Persian conquest in 539 BC. It was discovered in 1879 and is kept today in the

2352: 2143: 2097: 1753: 1363: 879: 688: 657: 584: 5715: 5709: 4317: 2680:

system. A satrapy was an administrative unit, usually organized on a geographical basis. A '

1215: 12054: 11413: 11393: 11337: 11241: 11194: 10567: 10299: 10229: 10038: 9402: 9305: 8987: 8303: 7783: 3810: 3012: 2965: 2946: 2880: 2343:

Information about religion and ritual during the reign of Cyrus is also available from the

2240: 2122: 1408: 1200: 1079: 778: 595: 96: 66: 8342:

The World of Achaemenid Persia: History, Art and Society in Iran and the Ancient Near East

6019:((grk.) Lucius Flavius Arrianus), (en.) Arrian (trans.), Charles Dexter Cleveland (1861). 2587: 8: 12592: 12481: 12166: 12019: 11903: 11512: 11477: 11418: 11251: 11159: 10489: 10136: 9807: 9397: 8731:

Fried, Lisbeth S. (2002). "Cyrus the Messiah? The Historical Background to Isaiah 45:1".

7775: 7634: 6541: 6342:

The Art and Archaeology of Ancient Persia: New Light on the Parthian and Sasanian Empires

5369:

The Cambridge Ancient History: Vol IV – Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean

4104:

Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present

3052: 2786: 2645: 2275: 2259: 2232: 2215: 2075: 2028: 1941: 1741: 1514: 1415: 1283: 802: 8544: 6267: 6063: 4224: 2628:

taking place over perhaps decades, resulting in a maximum population of perhaps 30,000.

2117: 1866: 1395: 1062:. Elamite scribes, on the other hand, would not have had a reason to change an original 12710: 12643: 12499: 11963: 11944: 11879: 11774: 11745: 11365: 11347: 11271: 11199: 11174: 11149: 10437: 10101: 9020: 8859: 8804: 8748: 8719: 8607: 8571: 8482: 8397: 8106: 7810: 7793: 6192: 6042: 5940: 5292:

The life and travels of Herodotus, Volume 2, by James Talboys Wheeler, 1855, pp. 271–74

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Herodotus, Herodotus, trans. A.D. Godley, vol. 4, book 8, verse 98, pp. 96–97 (1924).

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The traditional view based on archaeological research and the genealogy given in the

950: 841: 837: 661: 637: 621: 580: 535: 376: 135: 118: 8692:

Nabonidus and Belshazzar: A Study of the Closing Events of the Neo-Babylonian Empire

7405:

The Cambridge Ancient History: Vol IV – Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean

6424: 5893:

A political history of the Achaemenid empire, By M.A. Dandamaev, Brill, 1989, p. 67.

2613:

who was convinced to stop the construction of the temple in Jerusalem. (Ezra 4:7–24)

11935: 11662: 11438: 11408: 11398: 11276: 11261: 11256: 11119: 10212: 9787: 9604: 9310: 9220: 8851: 8796: 8740: 8711: 8599: 8563: 8474: 8376: 8372: 8237:

King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BC - 651 CE)

7837: 7712: 7706: 7652: 7539: 6822: 5237: 4137: 2837: 2826: 2818: 2790: 2676:. He allowed a certain amount of regional autonomy in each state, in the form of a 2629: 2541: 2283: 2209: 2201: 2147: 2139: 2048:

had become king. Cambyses continued his father's policy of expansion, and captured

1771:

After taking Babylon, Cyrus the Great proclaimed himself "king of Babylon, king of

1535: 1479: 1235:

languages. It is known as the "CMa inscription", carved in a column of Palace P in

1137: 1039: 1014: 984: 961: 943: 883: 849: 774: 673: 649: 530: 437: 9675: 8567: 8234:

Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2017). "The Achaemenid Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.).

8071: 6830: 5212: 2023:

give nearly identical descriptions of the tomb, based on the eyewitness report of

12648: 12613: 12551: 12084: 12069: 12047: 11851: 11575: 11506: 11458: 11433: 11423: 11357: 11291: 11204: 11184: 11144: 11086: 11017: 10968: 10856: 10664: 10433: 10019: 9859: 9827: 9644: 9295: 9230: 8994: 8872: 8433: 8410: 8235: 7854: 7741: 7590: 7244: 7117: 6836: 6802: 6480: 5877: 5745: 5569: 5485: 5419: 5395: 5265: 5244: 5219: 5208: 5202:

The Median "Empire", the End of Urartu and Cyrus the Great's Campaign in 547 B.C.

5102: 4971: 4814: 4529: 4506: 4499: 2759: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2712:

unit, consisting of 10,000 highly trained soldiers. He also formed an innovative

2657: 1840: 1776: 1688: 1518: 1153: 993: 762: 711:, which served as the Achaemenid ceremonial capital. He was succeeded by his son 557: 508: 316: 46: 8787:

Irannejad, A. Mani (2022). "The Ancient Iranian Perception of Cyrus the Great".

7167:

Persepolis Recreated, Publisher: NEJ International Pictures; 1st edition (2005)

4948: 707:

claimed that Cyrus did not die fighting and had instead returned to the city of

12397: 11894: 11844: 11690: 11570: 11428: 11189: 11164: 11139: 11076: 11068: 11048: 10499: 10402: 10348: 10004: 9822: 9639: 9492: 9470: 9373: 9351: 9325: 9290: 7694: 7688: 7659: 6394: 4795:

Naming the grandson after the grandfather was a common practice among Iranians.

2905: 2899: 2857: 2808: 2641: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2513: 2458: 2442: 2363: 2324: 2106: 1780: 1706: 1684: 903: 845: 818: 814: 798: 794: 790: 766: 743: 735: 552: 501: 444: 203: 56: 9439: 8744: 2871:. It describes how Cyrus had improved the lives of the citizens of Babylonia, 2723:

Cyrus's conquests began a new era in the age of empire building, where a vast

2531: 2478: 2179: 569: 12771: 11837: 11798: 11632: 11519: 11314: 11309: 11035: 10983: 10973: 10937: 10670: 10591: 10554: 10394: 10371: 10314: 10056: 9994: 9942: 9634: 9363: 7934: 7333:, pp. 383–84, ed. Barbara T. Hoffman. Cambridge University Press, 2006. 7002: 6239: 4635:, ed. Curtis & Stewart, I.B.Tauris-British Museum, London, ç2005, p.13-22 4573: 4151: 3894: 2782: 2717: 2713: 2599: 2516: 2320: 2279: 2049: 1988: 1979: 1875: 1820: 1377: 1266:

who was an Achaemenian and the daughter of Pharnaspes who bore him two sons,

1157: 1156:" after seizing the city Anshan and enlarging his kingdom further to include 833: 829: 720: 325: 131: 71: 8774:

Harmatta, J. (1971). "The Rise of the Old Persian Empire: Cyrus the Great".

7554:

The Palace of Darius at Susa: The Great Royal Residence of Achaemenid Persia

7237: 7032: 3021: 2976: 2955: 2544:

to have been added by another author toward the end of the Babylonian exile

1783:, an inscription on a cylinder that was deposited in the foundations of the 1558: 1492: 1192:, which he mentions as Cambyses but according to modern scholars, should be 1104: 604: 12321: 12307: 12185: 11809: 11803: 11670: 11611: 11595: 11443: 11375: 11329: 11286: 11134: 11124: 11063: 11053: 10945: 10914: 10884: 10650: 10407: 10389: 10356: 10270: 10116: 10014: 9947: 9922: 9912: 9797: 9614: 9385: 8699: 7876: 7700: 7391: 7368: 6992: 6365: 5809:

The Cambridge History of Iran: The Median and Achaemenian periods, Volume 2

5761: 4167: 3908: 3884: 3874: 2872: 2789:

in 1658 in which Cyrus is depicted as an archetypal wise ruler – while the

2702: 2475: 2466: 2176: 2171: 2015:

tomb (built around 540–530 BC) still exists, which many believe to be his.

1929: 1717: 1594:, where he had hired more mercenaries. Mazares marched his troops into the 1031: 782: 716: 645: 122: 5630:

A history of Greece, Volume 2, By Connop Thirlwall, Longmans, 1836, p. 174

5456:

The date depends on when exactly the lunar month was deemed to have begun.

4280:

Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity

4142: 4125: 2731:

during their control of Persia, and later Iranian dynasties including the

2708:

Through his military savvy, Cyrus created an organized army including the

2449:

Thus saith Cyrus, king of Persia: All the kingdoms of the earth hath the L

1855:

to attack them in their own territory. The Massagetae were related to the

12700: 12314: 12251: 12209: 12133: 12121: 12100: 11761: 11685: 11680: 11581: 11538: 11154: 11129: 11109: 11081: 11043: 10932: 10909: 10904: 10894: 10484: 10417: 10280: 10121: 10111: 9927: 9897: 9777: 9589: 9246: 9067: 8584:

The Greeks and The Persians: From the Sixth Century to the Fourth Century

8143:

The Cambridge History of Iran: Vol. 2; The Median and Achaemenian periods

5934: 5672:

The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions

5095: 3889: 3879: 3729: 2236: 2121:

Cyrus the Great is said in the Bible to have liberated the Jews from the

2045: 1894: 1796: 1306:

that claimed Agradates adopted the name Cyrus after the Cyrus river near

1267: 1224: 1120: 1074:

probably represents the original form. Another scholarly opinion is that

1024: 1010: 895: 810: 761:, which worked for the profit of both rulers and subjects. Following the 712: 683:

After conquering the Median Empire, Cyrus led the Achaemenids to conquer

677: 384: 163: 9005: 8800: 8401: 8385: 4206:, 2nd edition, published by The University Press, 1927. p. 15. Excerpt: 2007:

Cyrus the Great's remains may have been interred in his capital city of

12705: 12638: 12536: 12272: 12258: 12244: 12216: 12154: 11864: 11588: 11453: 11099: 10869: 10460: 10455: 10376: 10366: 10333: 10250: 10234: 10197: 10072: 9984: 9969: 9907: 9832: 9767: 9744: 9737: 9649: 9579: 9556: 9549: 9392: 9357: 9346: 9225: 9215: 9077: 8863: 8621:

Rituals of royalty : power and ceremonial in traditional societies

8611: 8590:

Bickermann, Elias J. (September 1946). "The Edict of Cyrus in Ezra 1".

8486: 7753: 7724: 7459:

Imaginary kings: royal images in the ancient Near East, Greece and Rome

7069: 6879:

From text to tradition: a history of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism

6481:"Cyrus II Encyclopædia Britannica 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online" 3834: 3468: 3348: 3121: 2724: 2661: 2497: 2396: 2395:. Some have also identified the figure depicted in the bas-relief from 2344: 2274:

His rule was studied and admired by many of the great leaders, such as

2220: 2186: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2008: 1992: 1984: 1924:

also recounts that Cyrus saw in his sleep the oldest son of Hystaspes (

1914: 1848: 1844: 1816: 1522: 1467: 1307: 1295: 1287: 1263: 1252: 1236: 1220: 1184: 1172: 1165: 1129: 1116: 1112: 1091: 1038:

in origin and that the name meant "he who bestows care" in the extinct

860:

serving as a spot of reverence for millions of the country's citizens.

708: 692: 427: 369: 358: 343: 188: 114: 108: 76: 8504:

Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BC

6085: 5907: 4245: 4159: 1966:, who only reports that Cyrus met his death while warring against the 1550:

between the two rulers, Harpagus advised Cyrus the Great to place his

12684: 12556: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12230: 12202: 12033: 11857: 11830: 11823: 11816: 11695: 11618: 11531: 10978: 10960: 10955: 10899: 10889: 10864: 10640: 10626: 10622: 10596: 10572: 10450: 10445: 10381: 10338: 10275: 10192: 10106: 10086: 10081: 9979: 9974: 9932: 9812: 9802: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9510: 9415: 9261: 9134: 8816:

Lawrence, John M. (1985). "Cyrus: Messiah, Politician, and General".

8179: 7849: 7800: 7664: 7461:. Vol. Oriens et occidens 11. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 33. 6944:

Words Remembered, Texts Renewed: Essays in Honour of John F.A. Sawyer

6853: 4612: 4090: 3759: 2864: 2771: 2490: 2420: 2371: 2356: 2333: 2126: 2012: 1921: 1887: 1871: 1856: 1836: 1824: 1745: 1737: 1702: 1667: 1655: 1575: 1551: 1336: 1279: 1176: 1030:

Some scholars, however, believe that neither Cyrus nor Cambyses were

1019: 752: 728: 700: 641: 394: 287: 8855: 8603: 8478: 1239:. These inscriptions on behalf of Cyrus were probably made later by 1054:, so it would make sense for Persian speakers to change an original 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12286: 11792: 11780: 11555: 11091: 11002: 10988: 10950: 10879: 10731: 10690: 10644: 10562: 10538: 10479: 10255: 10158: 10126: 10091: 10051: 9937: 9877: 9792: 9609: 9525: 9520: 9191: 9096: 8913: 8894: 8715: 8360: 7825: 7770: 7748: 6340:, by Frye p. 371; and the debates in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, et al. 5739:

Tomyris, Queen of the Massagetae, Defeats Cyrus the Great in Battle

5371:, pp. 112–38. Ed. John Boardman. Cambridge University Press, 1982. 4491: 3715: 2996: 2961: 2938: 2917: 2767: 2673: 2595: 2554: 2382:

mentons that he "returned the gods to their shrines". Another from

2348: 2313: 2309: 2155: 2033: 1963: 1955: 1925: 1832: 1792: 1768:, although there is no direct evidence to support this assumption. 1671: 1633: 1423: 1419: 1373: 1345: 1341: 1329: 1325: 1256: 1240: 1180: 1099: 922:), a concept which has been interpreted as meaning "like the Sun" ( 911: 825:; he is the only non-Jewish figure to be revered in this capacity. 704: 417: 221: 9847: 9151: 8204:

The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period

6061: 5143:

Sparda by the bitter sea: imperial interaction in western Anatolia

4358:

The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period

4315: 2991: 2925: 12587: 12566: 12515: 12366: 11768: 11058: 11025: 10704: 10700: 10694: 10674: 10660: 10630: 10601: 10583: 10533: 10520: 10509: 10504: 10328: 10265: 10244: 10184: 10174: 10163: 10046: 10024: 9887: 9882: 9872: 9867: 9782: 9762: 9757: 9751: 9599: 9594: 9574: 9569: 9563: 9505: 9251: 9115: 9004:, translated by Henry Graham Dakyns and revised by F.M. Stawell, 7882: 7676: 6769:"Bible Gateway passage: 2 Chronicles 36 - New Living Translation" 5669:

Hartley, Charles W.; Yazicioğlu, G. Bike; Smith, Adam T. (2012).

4975:

The Earthly republic: Italian humanists on government and society

4516: 3990:

The Cambridge History of Iran: The Median and Achaemenian periods

3749: 3740: 3458: 3358: 3229: 3000: 2982: 2895: 2849: 2841: 2813: 2751: 2747: 2698: 2665: 2594:), there was Jewish criticism of him after he was lied to by the 2520: 2509: 2434: 2383: 2228: 2053: 1910: 1898: 1860: 1852: 1808: 1784: 1725: 1651: 1609: 1587: 1579: 1567: 1526: 1501: 1463: 1447: 1432: 1428: 1389: 1380:

and Cyrus's grandfather, may have ruled over the majority of the

1299: 1271: 1228: 1204: 1193: 1189: 1161: 1149: 907: 786: 653: 412: 389: 254: 11717: 8702:(October 1974). "Sargon, Cyrus, and Mesopotamian Folk History". 7024: 1160:

proper. Ancient documents mention that Teispes had a son called

11030: 10874: 10684: 10543: 10412: 10361: 10179: 9837: 9668:

indicate kings not directly attested and so possibly legendary.

9654: 9515: 9256: 7861: 7788: 7456: 7407:, p. 124. Ed. John Boardman. Cambridge University Press, 1982. 6998: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 3769: 3057: 2868: 2863:

The text of the cylinder denounces the deposed Babylonian king

2845: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2621: 2583: 2505: 2501: 2400: 2392: 2387: 2367: 2329: 2100:(Shah of Iran) the last official monarch of Persia, during his 2068: 2020: 2016: 1659: 1617: 1603: 1595: 1583: 1563: 1539: 1459: 1440: 1303: 1291: 1275: 1141: 758: 665: 625: 399: 347: 320: 8640:

The ancient Near East : historical sources in translation

8554:

Beckman, Daniel (2018). "The Many Deaths of Cyrus the Great".

7266:, ed. Geoffrey W. Bromiley. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1995. 7076:. The Trustees of the British Museum by British Museum Press. 4972:

Benjamin G. Kohl; Ronald G. Witt; Elizabeth B. Welles (1978).

2716:

throughout the empire, based on several relay stations called

2485: 1578:

was incorporated into Persia in 546 BC. Later, a Lydian named

12405: 12107: 10634: 10471: 10216: 10147: 9341: 8361:"Astyages, Cyrus and Zoroaster: Solving a Historical Dilemma" 7871: 7736: 7511:"A 2,600-year-old icon of freedom comes to the United States" 6318:

Cyrus Kadivar (25 January 2002). "We are Awake". The Iranian.

4426: 3840:

List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources

3004: 2942: 2775: 2763: 2637: 2424: 2378:

states "(Cyrus) loves Esangil and Ezida", while another from

2267: 1967: 1772: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1642:

Painting from Charles Texier for Cyrus The Great, Paris, 1852

1621: 1613: 1591: 1530: 1497: 1451: 1450:, who had been the king of the city-state of Parsa under the 1443:

into the empire during his military campaigns of 546–539 BC.

1385: 1369: 989: 869: 747: 724: 684: 633: 8623:(1. publ. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8432:

Toorawa, Shawkat M. (2011). "Islam". In Allen, Roger (ed.).

7403:

See also Amélie Kuhrt, "Babylonia from Cyrus to Xerxes", in

6618: 5905: 5541:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 231. 5436:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 230. 4019: 3958: 3956: 3927:

is also attested as an Elamite name before Cyrus's lifetime.

2445:

from Babylon along with a commission to rebuild the temple.

1819:

infantry, aided by other Scythian archers and cavalry, plus

12520: 10654: 7595: 6642: 6640: 5409:

Quelques éléments concernant la prise de Babylone par Cyrus

5325:

Chronology of the Ancient World, by H. E. L. Mellersh, 1994

4789:

Schmitt, R. "Iranian Personal Names i.-Pre-Islamic Names".

3011:

and spread in a wide geographical area by Cyrus the Great (

2876: 2867:

as impious and portrays Cyrus as pleasing to the chief god

2669: 2441:

with the decree of Cyrus, which returned the exiles to the

2375: 1996: 1883: 1710: 1698: 1694: 1663: 1439:. Herodotus notes that Cyrus also subdued and incorporated 1436: 1145: 1035: 965: 853: 828:

In addition to his influence on the traditions of both the

770: 329: 8108:

The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World

7927:

Proceedings of the London 1985 Achaemenid History Workshop

7484:"Cyrus Cylinder a Reminder of Persian Legacy of Tolerance" 6745:

Monotheism, power, justice: collected Old Testament essays

6712: 6425:"Cyrus Cylinder: How a Persian monarch inspired Jefferson" 5306:(in French). Bibliothèque de la Pléiade. pp. 111–124. 4089:

Chapter 3c. p. 170. The quote is from the Greek historian

2833:), a document in the form of a clay cylinder inscribed in 769:, in which he authorized and encouraged the return of the 636:

and embracing all of the previous civilized states of the

10716:

In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by

8240:. UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. pp. 1–236. 6947:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 219. 6724: 6364:: "Cyrus the Great in Icelandic epic: A literary study". 5122:, Canberra: Australian National University Press, p. 12, 5040: 4474: 4472: 4276: 4246:

The Biblical Archaeology Society (BAS) (24 August 2015).

4179: 4177: 3953: 3030:, who defeated King Croesus and conquered Lydia with the 2999:, the world's first gold coin, originally minted by King 2412: 2231:

and colonial America. Many of the thinkers and rulers of

915: 8097:

The Cyrus Cylinder: The Great Persian Edict from Babylon

7940:

From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire

7110:

From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire

6664: 6637: 6395:"Cyrus and Jefferson: Did they speak the same language?" 6150: 5848:

Chronicle of Michael the Great, Patriarch of the Syrians

4645: 4643: 4641: 4186:

Cyrus (iii. Cyrus the Great) Cyrus's religious policies.

3993:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 404. 1744:

to protect Babylon against Median attacks, diverted the

5575: 5076: 4824: 4822: 4593: 2883:" has been interpreted as part of this general policy. 2770:" with over 1000 meters of channels made out of carved 2379: 1779:, king of the four corners of the world" in the famous 1050:. Meanwhile, Old Persian did not allow names to end in 938:

has suggested a translation based on the meaning of an

8842:

Mallowan, Max (1972). "Cyrus the Great (558–529 BC)".

6700: 6688: 6676: 6652: 5668: 5016: 4469: 4221:"Messiah – Roots of the concept: From Josiah to Cyrus" 4174: 2500:

honored him as a dignified and righteous king. In one

1970:

archers northwest of the headwaters of the Syr Darya.

1290:, which was a vassal of Astyages. The Greek historian 926:) by noting its relation to the Persian noun for Sun, 793:, a migratory event in which the Jews returned to the 12490:

Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children

8618: 7138: 7051: 6521: 5028: 4638: 2247:. Thomas Jefferson, for example, owned two copies of 1042:. One reason is that, while Elamite names may end in 977: 640:, expanding vastly and eventually conquering most of 574: 8944:

King of the world : the life of Cyrus the Great

8546:

Light from the East: Or the witness of the monuments

7331:

Art and Cultural Heritage: Law, Policy, and Practice

7070:

John Curtis; Julian Reade; Dominique Collon (1995).

5612: 5459: 5367:

Kuhrt, Amélie. "Babylonia from Cyrus to Xerxes", in

5064: 5004: 4900: 4834: 4819: 4713: 4106:. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. 3968: 1458:, who was also Cyrus's second cousin, was then made 9705: 7816:

Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus

7380:John Curtis, Nigel Tallis, Beatrice Andre-Salvini. 7329:Neil MacGregor, "The whole world in our hands", in 6850:

History of the Jewish People: The Second Temple Era

6302: 5539:

The Reign of Nabonidus, King of Babylon 536–539 B.C

5501:

Mesopotamian civilization: the material foundations

5434:

The Reign of Nabonidus, King of Babylon 536–539 B.C

5316:

Ancient India, by Vidya Dhar Mahajan, 2019, pp. 203

4661: 4555:

Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.)

4393: 3941: 1136:). Achaemenids are "descendants of Achaemenes", as 8912: 8893: 8465:Waters, Matt (2004). "Cyrus and the Achaemenids". 8169: 8105: 7425: 7262:H.F. Vos, "Archaeology of Mesopotamia", p. 267 in 6598:. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. p. 80. 6552: 6479: 6191: 6189: 6116: 5139: 4200:The foundation and extension of the Persian empire 1259:, King of Media, during the period of 600–599 BC. 1046:, no Elamite texts spell the name this way — only 8765:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 6086:Ralph Griffiths; George Edward Griffiths (1816). 5301: 2227:Cyrus's legacy has been felt even as far away as 1298:, named him Cyrus after his grandfather, who was 1009:). Some pieces of evidence suggest that Cyrus is 12769: 7925:. In Kuhrt, A.; Sancisi-Weerdenburg, H. (eds.). 7384:, p. 59. University of California Press, 2005. ( 6940: 5805: 3986: 2985:of Lydia, which was the world's first gold coin. 474: 27:Founder of the Achaemenid Empire (c. 600–530 BC) 9469: 8902:. London: University of Sydney. pp. 1–27. 8657:Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (2010). 8233: 7550: 7141:Rome's Enemies: Parthians And Sassanid Persians 5812:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 392–98. 4978:. Manchester University Press ND. p. 198. 4621:. Translated by Sachau, C. Edward. p. 152. 4432: 4198:p. 42. See also: G. Buchaman Gray and D. Litt, 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4050:I. IX; see also M. A. Dandamaev "Cyrus II", in 2840:. It had been placed in the foundations of the 2821:proclaiming Cyrus as legitimate king of Babylon 1473: 1119:. An inscription says "I am Cyrus the King, an 1070:, since both forms were acceptable. Therefore, 8507:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–272. 8386:"Solomon at Pasargadae: Some New Perspectives" 7481: 6982:"Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period" 6941:Philip R. Davies (1995). John D Davies (ed.). 6330:Early Sassanians' Claim to Achaemenid Heritage 6114: 5963: 5844: 4756: 4218: 2457:, his God, be with him – let him go there. — ( 2078:'s invasion of Persia and after the defeat of 1807:The details of Cyrus's death vary by account. 1352: 12798:6th-century BC Kings of the Achaemenid Empire 12382: 10747: 9691: 9455: 9167: 8965:. Azizeh Azodi, trans. London: I. B. Tauris. 8656: 8412:The Presbyterian review and religious journal 7423: 7264:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia 6317: 5767:The historian's craft in the age of Herodotus 5269:: Fifth and last king of the Mermnad dynasty. 5230: 5228: 4734:"HERZFELD, ERNST ii. HERZFELD AND PASARGADAE" 4316:Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis; Sarah Stewart (2005). 3088: 2620:Statue of Cyrus the Great at Olympic Park in 2415:by Cyrus during their exile in Babylon after 2312:behind him, as he receives the submission of 1171:In 600 BC, Cyrus I was succeeded by his son, 969: 460: 11719:Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC – AD 224) 8037:A political history of the Achaemenid empire 7551:François Vallat (2013). Perrot, Jean (ed.). 7316: 7314: 6747:. Wipf & Stock Publishers. p. 158. 6047:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6014: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6006: 5760: 5598:"British Museum Website, The Cyrus Cylinder" 5504:. Cornell University Press. pp. 22–23. 5118:Kirill Nourzhanov, Christian Bleuer (2013), 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4354: 4077:Achaemenid dynasty (i. The clan and dynasty) 4057: 2636:Some modern Muslims have suggested that the 1870:Achaemenid soldiers (left) fighting against 1207:and Anshanite origin instead of Achaemenid. 1001: 8963:Ancient Persia : from 550 BC to 650 AD 8895:"Cyrus the Great and the Kingdom of Anshan" 7353:, p. 39. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000. 6621:Judah and the Judeans in the Persian period 6210:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the Cyrus legacy. 6062:Abraham Valentine Williams Jackson (1906). 5884:, on the reliability of Xenophon's account. 5869:, p. 250. See also H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg " 5770:. Oxford University Press US. p. 155. 4701: 4400:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 38–40. 4283:. Cambridge University Press. p. 243. 2465:This edict is also fully reproduced in the 1709:in or near the strategic riverside city of 1255:, King of Anshan, and Mandane, daughter of 12389: 12375: 10754: 10740: 9698: 9684: 9462: 9448: 9174: 9160: 8960: 8589: 8298:. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. 8069: 7457:Hekster, Olivier; Fowler, Richard (2005). 7323: 7276: 6979: 6110: 6108: 6106: 5675:. Cambridge University Press. p. 83. 5225: 5120:Tajikistan: a Political and Social History 4034: 3095: 3081: 2781:The English physician and philosopher Sir 2651: 2308:Cyrus the Great (center) with his General 2289: 2129:, earning him an honored place in Judaism. 1752:Prior to Cyrus's invasion of Babylon, the 1243:in order to affirm his lineage, using the 467: 453: 8946:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 8831:Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin 8818:Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin 8786: 8689: 8340:. In Curtis, John; Simpson, John (eds.). 8145:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8034: 8017:Persia and the Persian Question, Volume 2 8010:. London: Seeley, Jackson & Halliday. 7903:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7508: 7311: 6876: 6334:Achaemenid History III. Method and Theory 6003: 5337:"Some Thoughts in Neo-Elamite Chronology" 5248:, 440 BC. Translated by George Rawlinson. 4894: 4611: 4587: 4551: 4534: 4484: 4141: 3805: 3803: 3801: 2598:, who wanted to halt the building of the 2253:United States Declaration of Independence 1388:frontier in the west to the lands of the 1058:into the more grammatically correct form 8874:Cyrus the Great: A Biography of Kingship 8870: 8841: 8828: 8815: 8773: 8637: 8383: 8358: 8284:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 8063:Cyrus the Great: An Ancient Iranian King 6987:The Oxford History of the Biblical World 6847: 6718: 6593: 6474: 6472: 6265: 6154:Alexander the Great: the invisible enemy 5972:Babylonian Chronology 626 B.C. – A.D. 75 5707: 5592: 5590: 4852: 4731: 4189: 3974: 3913:Babylonian Chronology 626 B.C. – A.D. 75 2929: 2911: 2812: 2746:17th-century bust of Cyrus the Great in 2741: 2660:empire governed by four capital states; 2615: 2569: 2484: 2303: 2116: 1983: 1904: 1865: 1716: 1678: 1637: 1557: 1491: 1394: 1319: 1214: 1103: 568: 8619:Cannadine, David; Price, Simon (1987). 8553: 8431: 8335: 8326: 8301: 8159: 8076:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7 8053: 7139:Wilcox, Peter; MacBride, Angus (1986). 7057: 6973: 6730: 6706: 6694: 6658: 6570: 6103: 5865:VII. 7; M.A. Dandamaev, "Cyrus II", in 5801: 5799: 5638: 5636: 5536: 5431: 5251: 5022: 4763: 4478: 4123: 4074: 3962: 1724:circa 540 BC, prior to the invasion of 14: 12770: 10800: 8941: 8910: 8500: 8473:. Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 91–102. 8464: 8294:Palou, Christine; Palou, Jean (1962). 8270:, VI. New York: Peter Bedrick Books . 8094: 8013: 7933: 7521:from the original on 25 September 2013 7490:from the original on 22 September 2013 6901: 6682: 6670: 6646: 6527: 6235:"The Cyrus cylinder: Diplomatic whirl" 5581: 5465: 5082: 5070: 4906: 4840: 4828: 4779:e. g. Cyrus Cylinder Fragment A. ¶ 21. 4649: 3947: 3798: 1344:to have the child killed. His general 12370: 11716: 10735: 9679: 9443: 9155: 8891: 8730: 8698: 8435:Islam; A Short Guide for the Faithful 8200: 8176:The Ancient Near East: c. 3000–330 BC 8167: 8082:from the original on 17 November 2018 7992:from the original on 17 November 2011 7917: 6558: 6539: 6469: 6157:. Psychology Press. pp. 100–01. 6123:. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 5906:UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2006). 5901: 5899: 5689:from the original on 22 November 2020 5618: 5587: 5497: 5334: 5046: 5034: 5010: 4955:, Routledge Publishers, 1995, p.661, 4953:The Ancient Near East: c. 3000–330 BC 4875:from the original on 17 November 2017 4719: 4668:. Pen and Sword Military. p. 3. 4397:Defining Iran: Politics of Resistance 4204:The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. IV 4196:The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. IV 3907:undocumented tablet from the city of 3780: 3778: 3776: 3768: 3766: 3758: 3756: 3739: 3737: 3727: 3725: 3713: 3711: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3625: 3623: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3577: 3575: 3567: 3565: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3511: 3509: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3467: 3465: 3457: 3455: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3401: 3399: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3357: 3355: 3347: 3345: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3277: 3275: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3049:King of the Four Corners of the World 2945:, under the rule of Cyrus the Great ( 2185:Cyrus was distinguished equally as a 2074:Years later, in the chaos created by 983: 914:stated that Cyrus was named from the 894:), which itself was derived from the 448: 92:King of the Four Corners of the World 10761: 8542: 8521:from the original on 15 October 2021 8452:from the original on 15 October 2021 8408: 8314:from the original on 3 December 2015 8065:. Afshar Publishing. pp. 25–42. 7571:from the original on 15 October 2021 7509:MacGregor, Neil (24 February 2013). 7438:from the original on 11 January 2022 7299:from the original on 4 December 2009 7090:from the original on 15 October 2021 6881:. KTAV Publishing. pp. 35, 36. 6742: 6405:from the original on 26 October 2015 6171:from the original on 15 October 2021 6098:Cyrus influence on persian identity. 6029:from the original on 15 October 2021 5826:from the original on 11 October 2021 5796: 5714:. Rutgers University Press. p. 5701: 5633: 5518:from the original on 15 October 2021 4992:from the original on 15 October 2021 4930:from the original on 1 November 2020 4861:. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. 4738:Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition 4694:. the University of Michigan. 1951. 4599: 4336:from the original on 12 January 2022 4258:from the original on 26 January 2015 4183: 4007:from the original on 11 October 2021 2656:Cyrus founded the empire as a multi- 2609:According to the Bible, it was King 1627: 1111:that may depict Cyrus, known from a 789:due to his role in facilitating the 697:Eastern Iranian tribal confederation 9181: 8694:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 8338:"Changes in Achaemenid Royal Dress" 8130:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 6805:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing 1995, 6194:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran 5160:from the original on 17 August 2021 4788: 4633:Birth of the Persian Empire, Vol. I 4558:. Leuven: Peeters. pp. 528–9. 4444: 4414:from the original on 8 January 2016 4375:from the original on 8 January 2016 2898:, after he "was given a replica by 2830: 2817:The Cyrus cylinder, a contemporary 1839:in the southernmost portion of the 1732:Around 12 October, Persian general 1693:By the year 540 BC, Cyrus captured 1085: 1002: 125:, traditionally identified as Cyrus 24: 12396: 12083: 11016: 9846: 9002:Cyropaedia: the education of Cyrus 8906:from the original on 31 July 2022. 8871:Mitchell, Lynette (30 June 2023). 8690:Dougherty, Raymond Philip (1929). 8586:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1969. 8535: 8310:. Vol. 3. London: Routledge. 8162:Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles 8007:Stories of the East From Herodotus 7978:. Vol. 3. London: Routledge. 7969: 7626: 7039:from the original on 27 April 2021 6961:from the original on 27 April 2021 6922:from the original on 27 April 2021 6286: 5896: 5059:Stories of the East From Herodotus 4277:Margaret Christina Miller (2004). 2705:from the many parts of his realm. 1598:country and subdued the cities of 1013:, a legendary Persian king of the 805:, which had been destroyed by the 797:following Cyrus' establishment of 25: 12849: 11744: 11491: 8981: 8929:from the original on 22 June 2021 8677:from the original on 10 June 2021 8419:from the original on 10 June 2021 8344:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 255–272. 8254:from the original on 14 June 2022 8221:from the original on 10 June 2021 8014:Curzon, George Nathaniel (2018). 7920:"The religion of Cyrus the Great" 7891: 7591:"Family Tree of Darius the Great" 7253:, Vol. VII, Fasc. 3, pp. 312–315. 6984:. 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Cyrus II The Great" 7621: 7482:Barbara Slavin (6 March 2013). 6980:Winn Leith, Mary Joan (2001) . 5977: 5947: 5926: 5887: 5855: 5838: 5754: 5732: 5662: 5624: 5555: 5530: 5491: 5471: 5450: 5425: 5401: 5381: 5361: 5328: 5319: 5310: 5295: 5286: 5272: 5194: 5185: 5172: 5146:. Scholars Press. p. 137. 5133: 5112: 5088: 5052: 4965: 4942: 4920:"Pasargadae, Palace P - Livius" 4912: 4887: 4846: 4800: 4782: 4773: 4725: 4682: 4655: 4625: 4605: 4580: 4438: 4387: 4348: 4309: 4270: 4239: 4212: 4117: 4102:Beckwith, Christopher. (2009). 4096: 4080: 3918: 3900: 3809:Unconfirmed rulers, due to the 2406: 1949:Chronicle of Michael the Syrian 1893:The general of Tomyris's army, 1109:The four-winged guardian figure 8747:(inactive 25 September 2024). 8663:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–160. 8592:Journal of Biblical Literature 8390:Bulletin of the Asia Institute 8377:10.1080/05786967.2012.11834712 8282:History of the Persian Empire 8039:. Leiden: Brill. p. 373. 8020:. Cambridge University Press. 7898: 7644:The Verse account of Nabonidus 7424:The telegraph (16 July 2008). 6139:Alexander admiration of cyrus. 5958:Plutarch: The Age of Alexander 5806:Ilya Gershevitch, ed. (1985). 4195: 4086: 4040: 3987:Ilya Gershevitch, ed. (1985). 3980: 3866: 3857: 3063: 2900:the sister of the Shah of Iran 2697:. Cyrus's empire was based on 2582:While Cyrus is praised in the 2540:) are believed by most modern 2336:, who founded Zoroastrianism. 1586:of Lydia, Tabalus. Cyrus sent 1302:. There is also an account by 1152:, who took the title "King of 852:. He remains a cult figure in 13: 1: 9029: 8568:10.1080/00210862.2017.1337503 8331:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. 8056:"Religion of Cyrus the Great" 6504:"Cyrus the Great Biography |" 6151:John Maxwell O'Brien (1994). 5851:– via Internet Archive. 5178:A. Sh. Sahbazi, "Arsama", in 5109:. Retrieved 1 September 2016. 4124:Bassett, Sherylee R. (1999). 3934: 2578:and Cyrus before the Idol Bel 1210: 807:Babylonian siege of Jerusalem 801:and subsequently rebuilt the 785:and left a lasting legacy on 703:in December 530 BC. However, 610: 583:, featuring the Shahbaz (see 573:Standard of Cyrus the Great ( 309: 8543:Ball, Charles James (1899). 8140: 8103: 7899:Boardman, John, ed. (1994). 6877:Schiffman, Lawrence (1991). 6623:. Eisenbrauns. p. 542. 6303:Richard Nelson Frye (1963). 6221: 6198:. Chelsea House Publishers. 5537:Bealieu, Paul-Alain (1989). 5432:Bealieu, Paul-Alain (1989). 5107:Ancient History Encyclopedia 4707: 4662:Eric G. L. Pinzelli (2022). 4394:Shabnam J. Holliday (2011). 4223:. livius.org. Archived from 4087:Cambridge Ancient History IV 3022: 2977: 2956: 2785:penned a discourse entitled 2762:and a network of irrigation 2758:existence of the Pasargadae 2300:Cyrus the Great in the Quran 2296:Cyrus the Great in the Bible 1954:An alternative account from 1474:Lydian Empire and Asia Minor 1313: 1274:along with three daughters, 968:, Cyrus' name is spelled as 863: 753: 605: 7: 12675:Historicist interpretations 9610:Xerxes the Great (Xerxes I) 9605:Darius the Great (Darius I) 8942:Waters, Matthew W. (2022). 8900:Birth of the Persian Empire 8660:Birth of the Persian Empire 7972:"Babylon under Achaemenids" 6338:The History of Ancient Iran 6336:, Leiden, 1988, p. 30; and 6190:James D. Cockcroft (1989). 5140:Jack Martin Balcer (1984). 4691:The Modern Review Volume 89 4319:Birth of the Persian Empire 3830:2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt 3823: 2512:(lit. "His anointed one") ( 1917:receiving the head of Cyrus 1863:, a proposal she rejected. 1353:Rise and military campaigns 1034:, proposing that Cyrus was 992:, he is referred to in the 978: 858:Tomb of Cyrus at Pasargadae 763:Persian conquest of Babylon 575: 490:Battles against the Satraps 341:4 December 530 BC (aged 70) 10: 12854: 12778:Battles of Cyrus the Great 9844: 9585:Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) 9052:Not previously established 8961:Wiesehöfer, Josef (1996). 8733:Harvard Theological Review 8359:Soudavar, Abolala (2012). 8141:Gershevitch, Ilya (1985). 8004:Church, Alfred J. (1881). 7557:. I.B.Tauris. p. 39. 7540:Classical Numismatic Group 6902:Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). 5990:World History Encyclopedia 4322:. I.B. Tauris. p. 7. 3067: 3016: 2969: 2950: 2915: 2806: 2293: 2025:Aristobulus of Cassandreia 2001:UNESCO World Heritage Site 1977: 1851:, following the advice of 1682: 1631: 1477: 1392:and Persians in the east. 1361: 1089: 867: 748: 632:to power by defeating the 599: 113:"Winged Genius" statue at 12833:Monarchs killed in action 12752:American Standard Version 12719: 12693: 12658:Christian interpretations 12657: 12634:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks 12609:Abomination of desolation 12601: 12580: 12529: 12508: 12480: 12404: 12350: 12068: 11934: 11925:Antigonus I Monophthalmus 11893: 11878: 11729: 11725: 11712: 11646: 11476: 11374: 11356: 11328: 11300: 11232: 11217: 11001: 10923: 10855: 10840: 10791: 10787: 10767: 10714: 10615: 10581: 10552: 10518: 10469: 10432: 10367:Queen Amoashtart (regent) 10347: 10313: 10289: 10211: 10145: 10070: 10033: 9956: 9857: 9724: 9714: 9663: 9534: 9491: 9482: 9424: 9334: 9283: 9272: 9239: 9211: 9202: 9189: 9139: 9131: 9120: 9112: 9101: 9093: 9082: 9074: 9064: 9055: 9046: 9014: 8892:Potts, Daniel T. (2005). 8745:10.1017/S0017816002000251 8642:. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 8327:Schmitt, Rüdiger (2010). 8302:Schmitt, Rüdiger (1983). 8126:Frye, Richard N. (1962). 8104:Freeman, Charles (1999). 8035:Dandamaev, M. A. (1989). 6484:. Original.britannica.com 6287:Babylon under Achaemenids 5711:The Empire of the Steppes 4361:. Routledge. p. 47. 3705: 3703: 3701: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3665: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3627: 3525: 3523: 3515: 3513: 3415: 3413: 3405: 3403: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3177: 3175: 3042: 3007:. The Croeseid was later 2112: 1973: 1405:Claude Audran the Younger 1219:"I am Cyrus the King, an 1115:on a doorway pillar from 1003: 970: 934:as a suffix of likeness. 781:. He is mentioned in the 620:, was the founder of the 487: 433: 423: 411: 375: 365: 353: 337: 305: 301: 293: 283: 275: 268: 260: 250: 242: 235: 227: 217: 209: 202: 194: 184: 176: 169: 159: 149: 141: 130: 106: 41: 34: 12818:Kings of Anshan (Persia) 11219:Middle Babylonian period 10773:List of kings of Babylon 8919:Ancient History Bulletin 8877:. Taylor & Francis. 8409:Tait, Wakefield (1846). 8384:Stronach, David (2010). 8280:Olmstead, A. T. (1948). 8054:Daryaee, Touraj (2013). 7831:The Histories (Polybius) 7765:Library of World History 6848:Goldwurm, Hersh (1982). 6835:20 December 2011 at the 6074:tomb of cyrus the great. 5876:17 November 2011 at the 5744:29 December 2014 at the 5568:26 December 2018 at the 5484:26 December 2018 at the 5394:26 December 2018 at the 5280:"Syria - Urartu 612-501" 5218:6 September 2013 at the 4853:Dandamev, M. A. (1990). 4740:. Encyclopædia Iranica. 4732:Stronach, David (2003). 4528:23 November 2016 at the 3850: 2791:Protectorate of Cromwell 2125:to resettle and rebuild 2027:, who at the request of 1802: 1488:Siege of Sardis (547 BC) 817:, Cyrus was anointed by 777:, officially ending the 719:led to the conquests of 11389:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 8438:. Eerdmans. p. 8. 8266:Moorey, P.R.S. (1991). 8095:Finkel, Irving (2013). 7718:Antiquities of the Jews 7649:The Prayer of Nabonidus 7234:Alireza Shapur Shahbazi 7007:Oxford University Press 6827:Antiquities of the Jews 6571:Shannon, Avram (2007). 6115:Ulrich Wilcken (1967). 6065:Persia past and present 6025:. Biddle. p. 313. 5708:Grousset, Rene (1970). 5302:Herodotus, A. Barguet. 5207:4 February 2012 at the 4768:i. The clan and dynasty 4552:Tavernier, Jan (2007). 4219:Jona Lendering (2012). 4130:The Classical Quarterly 2652:Politics and management 2559:Antiquities of the Jews 2519:), making him the only 2316:(18th century tapestry) 2290:Religion and philosophy 2258:According to Professor 1542:the following morning. 1401:Cyrus Hunting Wild Boar 949:("son, little boy") or 731:during his short rule. 715:, whose campaigns into 87:King of Sumer and Akkad 12495:Susanna and the Elders 12006:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 11999:Seleucus IV Philopator 11971:Seleucus II Callinicus 11343:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I 10305:Alexander I of Macedon 9851: 8336:Sekunda, N.V. (2010). 8201:Kuhrt, Amélie (2013). 8168:Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). 8128:The Heritage of Persia 7686:The biblical books of 7387:restricted online copy 7364:restricted online copy 6801:8 January 2016 at the 6743:Lind, Millard (1990). 6305:The Heritage of Persia 5986:"Behistun Inscription" 5498:Potts, Daniel (1996). 5213:The End of Lydia: 547? 3070:Achaemenid family tree 3026:), the founder of the 3009:continued to be minted 2986: 2822: 2754: 2624: 2579: 2568: 2561:, book 11, chapter 1: 2493: 2483: 2463: 2317: 2165: 2130: 2042: 2004: 1939: 1918: 1879: 1843:regions of modern-day 1729: 1643: 1571: 1509: 1496:Victory of Cyrus over 1411: 1333: 1248: 1124: 1096:Achaemenid family tree 588: 12828:Kings of the Universe 12757:World English Version 12115:Antiochus VII Sidetes 11978:Seleucus III Ceraunus 11911:Philip III Arrhidaeus 11648:Neo-Babylonian Empire 11550:Marduk-apla-iddina II 11545:Marduk-zakir-shumi II 11526:Marduk-apla-iddina II 10842:Old Babylonian Empire 9962:Hellespontine Phrygia 9850: 9833:Darius III Codomannus 9650:Darius III Codomannus 8911:Waters, Matt (1996). 8501:Waters, Matt (2014). 8494:registration required 8415:. Oxford University. 8308:Encyclopaedia Iranica 7976:Encyclopaedia Iranica 7970:Cardascia, G (1988). 7843:Bibliotheca historica 7761:Quintus Curtius Rufus 7639:Babylonian Chronicles 7250:Encyclopaedia Iranica 7214:penelope.uchicago.edu 7189:penelope.uchicago.edu 6829:, Book 11, Chapter 1 6792:Simon John De Vries: 6542:"Achaemenid Religion" 5882:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5867:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5561:Nabonidus Chronicle, 5477:Nabonidus Chronicle, 5387:Nabonidus Chronicle, 5211:"; Lendering, Jona, " 5180:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5101:21 April 2021 at the 4859:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4813:26 March 2010 at the 4791:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4052:Encyclopaedia Iranica 3068:Further information: 2933: 2912:Currency denomination 2816: 2745: 2684:' (governor) was the 2619: 2573: 2563: 2488: 2471: 2447: 2411:The treatment of the 2307: 2160: 2144:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2120: 2098:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2038: 1987: 1934: 1908: 1878:impression (drawing). 1869: 1754:Neo-Babylonian Empire 1749:the city of Babylon. 1720: 1683:Further information: 1679:Neo-Babylonian Empire 1641: 1632:Further information: 1562:Croesus on the pyre. 1561: 1495: 1478:Further information: 1398: 1364:Medo-Persian conflict 1323: 1218: 1179:as "an Achaemenian". 1148:and was succeeded by 1107: 960:(young bull). In the 868:Further information: 773:to what had been the 689:Neo-Babylonian Empire 616:), commonly known as 585:List of Iranian flags 572: 547:Invasion of Babylonia 12803:Babylonian captivity 12055:Demetrius II Nicator 11414:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 11394:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 11338:Eulmash-shakin-shumi 11242:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu 11195:Marduk-apla-iddina I 10568:Hydarnes the Younger 10300:Amyntas I of Macedon 9823:Artaxerxes III Ochus 9818:Artaxerxes II Mnemon 9719:- Achaemenid Kingdom 9640:Artaxerxes III Ochus 9635:Artaxerxes II Mnemon 8993:22 July 2017 at the 8304:"Achaemenid dynasty" 8112:. New York: Viking. 8078:. pp. 516–521. 7918:Boyce, Mary (1988). 7784:Nicolaus of Damascus 7603:Encyclopædia Iranica 7243:26 July 2020 at the 7236:(15 December 1994), 7116:22 July 2011 at the 6546:Encyclopedia Iranica 6540:Boyce, Mary (2014). 6291:Encyclopedia Iranica 5845:Michael the Syrian. 5264:30 July 2013 at the 5243:29 June 2011 at the 5200:Rollinger, Robert, " 4505:29 June 2011 at the 4451:Encyclopædia Iranica 4433:Llewellyn-Jones 2017 3811:Behistun Inscription 2989:The use of the name 2881:Babylonian captivity 2123:Babylonian captivity 2036:, his epitaph read: 1525:. The king of Lydia 1409:Palace of Versailles 1201:Behistun Inscription 1144:in the southwest of 842:first Persian empire 779:Babylonian captivity 767:Edict of Restoration 754:Kŷros ho Presbýteros 525:Invasion of Anatolia 97:King of the Universe 12020:Antiochus V Eupator 11985:Antiochus III Megas 11513:Tiglath-Pileser III 11478:Neo-Assyrian period 11419:Marduk-balassu-iqbi 11252:Ninurta-nadin-shumi 11160:Shagarakti-Shuriash 10718:Hellenistic satraps 10616:Other known satraps 10071:Greek Governors of 9838:Artaxerxes V Bessus 9828:Artaxerxes IV Arses 9655:Artaxerxes V Bessus 9645:Artaxerxes IV Arses 9398:Cyrus the Great Day 8801:10.1017/irn.2022.54 8582:Bengtson, Hermann. 7635:Nabonidus Chronicle 7432:The Daily Telegraph 7351:The History of Iran 6856:. pp. 26, 29. 6119:Alexander the Great 5600:. Britishmuseum.org 5418:8 July 2018 at the 5049:, p. 1.107-21. 4248:"Cyrus the Messiah" 4227:on 31 December 2011 4143:10.1093/cq/49.2.473 4037:, pp. 516–521. 3053:Nabonidus Chronicle 2787:The Garden of Cyrus 2646:Alexander the Great 2423:is reported in the 2276:Alexander the Great 2260:Richard Nelson Frye 2233:Classical Antiquity 2216:Alexander the Great 2076:Alexander the Great 2029:Alexander the Great 1942:Muhammad Dandamayev 1795:in the west to the 1515:Nabonidus Chronicle 1416:Nabonidus Chronicle 1376:, last king of the 1332:to kill young Cyrus 1284:Nabonidus Chronicle 1017:and a character in 956:("to be born") and 821:for this task as a 803:Temple in Jerusalem 765:, Cyrus issued the 749:Κῦρος ὁ Πρεσβύτερος 687:and eventually the 676:in the west to the 12823:Kings of the Lands 12747:King James Version 12711:Codex Chisianus 45 12644:Territorial spirit 12619:Belshazzar's feast 12500:Bel and the Dragon 11964:Antiochus II Theos 11945:Seleucus I Nicator 11880:Hellenistic period 11775:Nebuchadnezzar III 11366:Mar-biti-apla-usur 11348:Shirikti-shuqamuna 11272:Marduk-shapik-zeri 11247:Itti-Marduk-balatu 11200:Zababa-shuma-iddin 11175:Kadashman-Harbe II 11150:Kadashman-Enlil II 10724:from around 330 BC 10722:Hellenistic rulers 9852: 9381:Cyrus in the Quran 9369:Cyrus in the Bible 9021:Achaemenid dynasty 8268:The Biblical Lands 7794:Anabasis Alexandri 7295:. British Museum. 6089:The Monthly review 5941:Anabasis Alexandri 5407:Tolini, Gauthier, 4710:p. 392. and p. 417 4602:, p. 342-343. 4445:Schmitt, Rüdiger. 3965:, p. 268–271. 2987: 2935:Achaemenid version 2922:Achaemenid coinage 2886:In the 1970s, the 2854:foundation deposit 2823: 2755: 2625: 2580: 2494: 2489:The Cyrus Street, 2459:2 Chronicles 36:23 2318: 2194:Iranian philosophy 2133:British historian 2131: 2005: 1919: 1880: 1874:, 5th century BC. 1730: 1728:by Cyrus the Great 1644: 1572: 1510: 1412: 1334: 1251:Cyrus was born to 1249: 1245:Old Persian script 1132:(from Old Persian 1125: 964:and especially in 738:, he was known as 705:Xenophon of Athens 672:) and the rest of 630:Achaemenid dynasty 592:Cyrus II of Persia 589: 579:), founder of the 154:Empire established 12813:Founding monarchs 12765: 12764: 12562:Nebuchadnezzar II 12364: 12363: 12346: 12345: 12342: 12341: 12338: 12337: 12075:(141 BC – AD 224) 12064: 12063: 12041:Demetrius I Soter 12027:Demetrius I Soter 11952:Antiochus I Soter 11874: 11873: 11787:Nebuchadnezzar IV 11720: 11708: 11707: 11704: 11703: 11676:Nebuchadnezzar II 11642: 11641: 11472: 11471: 11464:Nabu-suma-ukin II 11449:Nabu-shuma-ishkun 11404:Nabu-shuma-ukin I 11320:Kashshu-nadin-ahi 11282:Marduk-ahhe-eriba 11267:Marduk-nadin-ahhe 11213: 11212: 11180:Adad-shuma-iddina 11170:Enlil-nadin-shumi 11115:Kadashman-Enlil I 11105:Kadashman-Harbe I 10997: 10996: 10836: 10835: 10729: 10728: 9918:Cyrus the Younger 9729:Achaemenid Empire 9708:Achaemenid Empire 9673: 9672: 9437: 9436: 9411:Ciro riconosciuto 9270: 9269: 9196:Achaemenid Empire 9150: 9149: 9065:Succeeded by 9006:Project Gutenberg 8925:. London: 11–18. 8884:978-1-000-87439-6 8670:978-0-85771-092-5 8649:978-0-631-23580-4 8514:978-1-107-65272-9 8445:978-0-8028-6600-4 8351:978-0-85771-801-3 8329:CYRUS i. The Name 8247:978-0-692-86440-1 8214:978-1-136-01694-3 8027:978-1-108-08085-9 7950:978-1-57506-120-7 7929:. pp. 15–31. 7805:Stratagems in War 7564:978-1-84885-621-9 7468:978-3-515-08765-0 7349:Elton L. Daniel, 7173:978-964-06-4525-3 7145:Osprey Publishing 7083:978-0-7141-1140-7 6954:978-1-85075-542-5 6915:978-0-567-08998-4 6888:978-0-88125-372-6 6823:Josephus, Flavius 6811:978-0-8028-0683-3 6754:978-0-936273-16-7 6630:978-1-57506-104-7 6605:978-0-7910-9636-9 6431:. 11 March 2013. 6352:, pp. 1–8, 38–51. 6266:Xenophon (1855). 6243:. 23 March 2013. 6205:978-1-55546-847-7 6164:978-0-415-10617-7 6134:978-0-393-00381-9 5954:Life of Alexander 5819:978-0-521-20091-2 5777:978-0-19-924050-0 5682:978-1-107-01652-1 5584:, pp. 44–49. 5511:978-0-8014-3339-9 5153:978-0-89130-657-3 5128:978-1-925021-15-8 5085:, pp. 31–33. 4985:978-0-7190-0734-7 4407:978-1-4094-0524-5 4368:978-1-134-07634-5 4329:978-1-84511-062-8 4290:978-0-521-60758-2 4112:978-0-691-13589-2 4000:978-0-521-20091-2 3821: 3820: 3786: 3785: 3753:ruled as Smerdis) 3103:Cyrus family tree 3032:Battle of Thymbra 3028:Achaemenid Empire 2974: 2542:critical scholars 2508:refers to him as 2439:Second Chronicles 2417:Nebuchadnezzar II 2264:Romulus and Remus 1947:According to the 1722:Ancient Near East 1697:and its capital, 1628:Eastern Campaigns 1548:Battle of Thymbra 1506:Battle of Thymbra 1484:Battle of Thymbra 1414:According to the 1382:Ancient Near East 1324:Painting of king 985:[kuːˈɾoʃ] 882:derived from the 638:ancient Near East 628:, he brought the 622:Achaemenid Empire 614: 600–530 BC 581:Achaemenid Empire 566: 565: 443: 442: 136:Achaemenid Empire 67:King of the World 16:(Redirected from 12845: 12742:Wycliffe Version 12391: 12384: 12377: 12368: 12367: 12356: 12355: 12081: 12080: 12077: 12076: 11891: 11890: 11887: 11886: 11742: 11741: 11738: 11737: 11727: 11726: 11718: 11714: 11713: 11659: 11658: 11655: 11654: 11564:Aššur-nādin-šumi 11489: 11488: 11485: 11484: 11439:Marduk-apla-usur 11409:Nabu-apla-iddina 11399:Shamash-mudammiq 11277:Adad-apla-iddina 11262:Enlil-nadin-apli 11257:Nebuchadnezzar I 11230: 11229: 11226: 11225: 11120:Burna-Buriash II 11014: 11013: 11010: 11009: 10942:Unknown king (?) 10853: 10852: 10849: 10848: 10828: 10823: 10816: 10798: 10797: 10789: 10788: 10762:Kings of Babylon 10756: 10749: 10742: 10733: 10732: 9788:Darius the Great 9700: 9693: 9686: 9677: 9676: 9630:Darius II Nothus 9542: 9541: 9499: 9498: 9464: 9457: 9450: 9441: 9440: 9278: 9221:Mandane of Media 9209: 9208: 9176: 9169: 9162: 9153: 9152: 9132:Preceded by 9113:Preceded by 9094:Preceded by 9075:Preceded by 9042: 9035: 9034: 9031: 9016:Cyrus the Great 9012: 9011: 8976: 8957: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8916: 8907: 8897: 8888: 8867: 8838: 8825: 8812: 8783: 8770: 8764: 8756: 8727: 8695: 8686: 8684: 8682: 8653: 8634: 8615: 8579: 8550: 8530: 8528: 8526: 8497: 8490: 8461: 8459: 8457: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8405: 8380: 8355: 8332: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8296:La Perse Antique 8263: 8261: 8259: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8197: 8173: 8164: 8160:Grayson (1975), 8156: 8123: 8111: 8100: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8066: 8060: 8050: 8031: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7966: 7964: 7962: 7930: 7924: 7914: 7838:Diodorus Siculus 7822: 7776:Plutarch's Lives 7713:Flavius Josephus 7653:Dead Sea scrolls 7615: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7599: 7587: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7548: 7542: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7506: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7495: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7454: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7429: 7427:"Cyrus Cylinder" 7421: 7415: 7401: 7395: 7382:Forgotten Empire 7378: 7372: 7347: 7341: 7327: 7321: 7318: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7289: 7283: 7280: 7274: 7260: 7254: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7206: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7181: 7175: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7136: 7130: 7127: 7121: 7120:by Pierre Briant 7106: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7044: 6996: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6899: 6893: 6892: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6845: 6839: 6820: 6814: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6765: 6759: 6758: 6740: 6734: 6733:, p. 33–36. 6728: 6722: 6721:, p. 49–52. 6716: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6673:, p. 23–24. 6668: 6662: 6656: 6650: 6649:, p. 93–96. 6644: 6635: 6634: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6508:Biography Online 6500: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6483: 6476: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6454:Boyd, Julian P. 6451: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6391: 6385: 6375: 6369: 6359: 6353: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6307:. World Pub. Co. 6300: 6294: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6231: 6225: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6197: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6122: 6112: 6101: 6100: 6092:. 1816. p. 6083: 6077: 6076: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6046: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6016: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5984:Mark, Joshua J. 5981: 5975: 5967: 5961: 5951: 5945: 5938:15.3.7; Arrian, 5930: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5903: 5894: 5891: 5885: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5803: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5758: 5752: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5640: 5631: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5594: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5495: 5489: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5429: 5423: 5405: 5399: 5385: 5379: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5348: 5341: 5335:Tavernier, Jan. 5332: 5326: 5323: 5317: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5299: 5293: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5276: 5270: 5255: 5249: 5232: 5223: 5198: 5192: 5189: 5183: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5137: 5131: 5116: 5110: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4969: 4963: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4817: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4771: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4636: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4549: 4532: 4500:classics.mit.edu 4488: 4482: 4476: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4216: 4210: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4172: 4171: 4145: 4121: 4115: 4100: 4094: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4055: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3951: 3945: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3813: 3807: 3716:Darius the Great 3111: 3110: 3097: 3090: 3083: 3074: 3073: 3025: 3020: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2959: 2954: 2832: 2819:cuneiform script 2729:Seleucid dynasty 2695:Darius the Great 2630:Philip R. Davies 2551: 2456: 2452: 2284:Thomas Jefferson 2210:Sassanid Dynasty 2148:David Ben-Gurion 2140:Thomas Jefferson 2058:Darius the Great 2011:, where today a 1930:Sir Max Mallowan 1648:conquer Gedrosia 1536:Battle of Pteria 1480:Battle of Pteria 1247:he had designed. 1138:Darius the Great 1086:Dynastic history 1040:Elamite language 1015:Kayanian dynasty 1008: 1007: 1005: 987: 981: 975: 974: 962:Persian language 823:biblical messiah 775:Kingdom of Judah 756: 751: 750: 674:Southeast Europe 658:Eastern Bulgaria 650:Darius the Great 615: 612: 608: 603: 578: 482: 480: 469: 462: 455: 446: 445: 438:Mandane of Media 333: 314: 311: 111: 32: 31: 21: 12853: 12852: 12848: 12847: 12846: 12844: 12843: 12842: 12783:Cyrus the Great 12768: 12767: 12766: 12761: 12715: 12689: 12653: 12649:Watcher (angel) 12614:Ancient of Days 12597: 12576: 12552:Darius the Mede 12542:Cyrus the Great 12525: 12504: 12476: 12400: 12395: 12365: 12360: 12334: 12074: 12073: 12072: 12070:Parthian period 12060: 12048:Alexander Balas 11930: 11884: 11883: 11882: 11870: 11735: 11734: 11733: 11721: 11700: 11652: 11651: 11650: 11638: 11604:Šamaš-šuma-ukin 11576:Mushezib-Marduk 11507:Nabu-mukin-zeri 11500: 11482: 11481: 11480: 11468: 11459:Nabu-nadin-zeri 11434:Marduk-bel-zeri 11424:Baba-aha-iddina 11384:Nabû-mukin-apli 11370: 11352: 11324: 11296: 11292:Nabu-shum-libur 11223: 11222: 11221: 11209: 11205:Enlil-nadin-ahi 11185:Adad-shuma-usur 11145:Kadashman-Turgu 11087:Kashtiliash III 11007: 11006: 11005: 10993: 10969:Peshgaldaramesh 10919: 10846: 10845: 10844: 10832: 10831: 10826: 10819: 10811: 10803: 10794: 10783: 10782: 10763: 10760: 10730: 10725: 10710: 10665:Greater Phrygia 10611: 10577: 10548: 10514: 10465: 10428: 10343: 10309: 10285: 10207: 10141: 10066: 10029: 10020:Pharnabazus III 9952: 9853: 9842: 9773:Cyrus the Great 9726: 9720: 9710: 9704: 9674: 9669: 9659: 9539: 9538: 9530: 9496: 9495: 9487: 9478: 9468: 9438: 9433: 9420: 9404:Cyrus the Great 9330: 9279: 9266: 9235: 9198: 9185: 9183:Cyrus the Great 9180: 9145: 9142:King of Babylon 9137: 9126: 9118: 9107: 9099: 9088: 9080: 9070: 9061: 9053: 9050: 9036: 9032: 9025: 9024: 9017: 8995:Wayback Machine 8984: 8979: 8973: 8954: 8932: 8930: 8885: 8856:10.2307/4300460 8789:Iranian Studies 8758: 8757: 8680: 8678: 8671: 8650: 8631: 8604:10.2307/3262665 8556:Iranian Studies 8538: 8536:Further reading 8533: 8524: 8522: 8515: 8491: 8479:10.2307/4300665 8455: 8453: 8446: 8422: 8420: 8352: 8317: 8315: 8257: 8255: 8248: 8224: 8222: 8215: 8194: 8153: 8120: 8085: 8083: 8058: 8047: 8028: 7995: 7993: 7986: 7960: 7958: 7951: 7922: 7911: 7894: 7889: 7855:Deipnosophistae 7820: 7742:Laws (dialogue) 7629: 7627:Ancient sources 7624: 7619: 7618: 7608: 7606: 7593: 7589: 7588: 7584: 7574: 7572: 7565: 7549: 7545: 7538: 7534: 7524: 7522: 7507: 7503: 7493: 7491: 7480: 7476: 7469: 7455: 7451: 7441: 7439: 7422: 7418: 7402: 7398: 7379: 7375: 7348: 7344: 7328: 7324: 7319: 7312: 7302: 7300: 7291: 7290: 7286: 7281: 7277: 7261: 7257: 7245:Wayback Machine 7232: 7228: 7218: 7216: 7208: 7207: 7203: 7193: 7191: 7183: 7182: 7178: 7166: 7162: 7155: 7137: 7133: 7128: 7124: 7118:Wayback Machine 7107: 7103: 7093: 7091: 7084: 7068: 7064: 7056: 7052: 7042: 7040: 7017: 7009:. p. 285. 6990: 6978: 6974: 6964: 6962: 6955: 6939: 6935: 6925: 6923: 6916: 6900: 6896: 6889: 6875: 6871: 6864: 6846: 6842: 6837:Wayback Machine 6821: 6817: 6803:Wayback Machine 6791: 6787: 6777: 6775: 6767: 6766: 6762: 6755: 6741: 6737: 6729: 6725: 6717: 6713: 6705: 6701: 6693: 6689: 6681: 6677: 6669: 6665: 6657: 6653: 6645: 6638: 6631: 6617: 6613: 6606: 6596:Cyrus the Great 6592: 6588: 6569: 6565: 6557: 6553: 6538: 6534: 6526: 6522: 6512: 6510: 6502: 6501: 6497: 6487: 6485: 6478: 6477: 6470: 6460: 6458: 6452: 6448: 6438: 6436: 6423: 6422: 6418: 6408: 6406: 6399:www.payvand.com 6393: 6392: 6388: 6376: 6372: 6360: 6356: 6327: 6323: 6316: 6312: 6301: 6297: 6285:Cardascia, G., 6284: 6280: 6264: 6260: 6250: 6248: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6206: 6188: 6184: 6174: 6172: 6165: 6149: 6145: 6135: 6113: 6104: 6084: 6080: 6060: 6056: 6040: 6039: 6032: 6030: 6017: 6004: 5994: 5992: 5982: 5978: 5968: 5964: 5952: 5948: 5931: 5927: 5917: 5915: 5904: 5897: 5892: 5888: 5878:Wayback Machine 5860: 5856: 5843: 5839: 5829: 5827: 5820: 5804: 5797: 5787: 5785: 5778: 5759: 5755: 5746:Wayback Machine 5737: 5733: 5726: 5706: 5702: 5692: 5690: 5683: 5667: 5663: 5653: 5651: 5646:. 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Vol. 4. 4787: 4783: 4778: 4774: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4745: 4730: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4676: 4660: 4656: 4648: 4639: 4630: 4626: 4610: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4585: 4581: 4566: 4550: 4535: 4530:Wayback Machine 4507:Wayback Machine 4489: 4485: 4477: 4470: 4460: 4458: 4443: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4417: 4415: 4408: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4376: 4369: 4353: 4349: 4339: 4337: 4330: 4314: 4310: 4300: 4298: 4291: 4275: 4271: 4261: 4259: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4228: 4217: 4213: 4202:, Chapter I in 4194: 4190: 4182: 4175: 4122: 4118: 4101: 4097: 4085: 4081: 4073: 4058: 4045: 4041: 4035:Dandamayev 1993 4033: 4020: 4010: 4008: 4001: 3985: 3981: 3973: 3969: 3961: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3905: 3901: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3826: 3817: 3816: 3808: 3799: 3787: 3774: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3748:(imposter 3747: 3744: 3735: 3723: 3717: 3587: 3582: 3580:Cyrus the Great 3573: 3473: 3472:Ruler of Anshan 3463: 3462:Ruler of Persia 3363: 3362:Ruler of Anshan 3353: 3352:Ruler of Persia 3235: 3127: 3104: 3101: 3072: 3066: 3045: 2928: 2914: 2844:(the temple of 2811: 2805: 2654: 2545: 2454: 2450: 2409: 2302: 2294:Main articles: 2292: 2235:as well as the 2135:Charles Freeman 2115: 1982: 1976: 1841:Eurasian Steppe 1805: 1691: 1689:Fall of Babylon 1681: 1636: 1630: 1490: 1476: 1462:of Parthia and 1366: 1360: 1355: 1316: 1213: 1102: 1088: 994:Hebrew language 872: 866: 848:as far east as 809:. According to 740:Cyrus the Elder 624:. Hailing from 618:Cyrus the Great 613: 576:Derafsh Shahbaz 567: 562: 519:Pasargadae Hill 483: 479:Cyrus the Great 478: 475: 473: 407: 361: 342: 323: 315: 312: 270:King of Babylon 126: 101: 82:King of Babylon 36: 35:Cyrus the Great 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12851: 12841: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12793:600s BC births 12790: 12785: 12780: 12763: 12762: 12760: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12723: 12721: 12717: 12716: 12714: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12697: 12695: 12691: 12690: 12688: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12661: 12659: 12655: 12654: 12652: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12605: 12603: 12599: 12598: 12596: 12595: 12590: 12584: 12582: 12578: 12577: 12575: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12533: 12531: 12527: 12526: 12524: 12523: 12518: 12512: 12510: 12506: 12505: 12503: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12486: 12484: 12478: 12477: 12475: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12413: 12411: 12402: 12401: 12398:Book of Daniel 12394: 12393: 12386: 12379: 12371: 12362: 12361: 12351: 12348: 12347: 12344: 12343: 12340: 12339: 12336: 12335: 12333: 12332: 12325: 12318: 12311: 12304: 12301:Parthamaspates 12297: 12290: 12283: 12276: 12269: 12262: 12255: 12248: 12241: 12234: 12227: 12220: 12213: 12206: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12182: 12175: 12170: 12163: 12158: 12151: 12148:Mithridates II 12144: 12137: 12130: 12125: 12118: 12111: 12104: 12097: 12089: 12087: 12078: 12066: 12065: 12062: 12061: 12059: 12058: 12051: 12044: 12037: 12030: 12023: 12016: 12009: 12002: 11995: 11988: 11981: 11974: 11967: 11960: 11955: 11948: 11940: 11938: 11932: 11931: 11929: 11928: 11921: 11914: 11907: 11899: 11897: 11888: 11876: 11875: 11872: 11871: 11869: 11868: 11861: 11855: 11848: 11845:Artaxerxes III 11841: 11834: 11827: 11820: 11813: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11789: 11784: 11777: 11772: 11765: 11758: 11750: 11748: 11739: 11731:Persian period 11723: 11722: 11710: 11709: 11706: 11705: 11702: 11701: 11699: 11698: 11693: 11691:Labashi-Marduk 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11667: 11665: 11656: 11644: 11643: 11640: 11639: 11637: 11636: 11629: 11626:Sîn-šumu-līšir 11622: 11615: 11608: 11599: 11592: 11585: 11578: 11573: 11571:Nergal-ushezib 11568: 11559: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11535: 11528: 11523: 11516: 11509: 11503: 11501: 11499: 11498: 11492: 11486: 11474: 11473: 11470: 11469: 11467: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11429:Ninurta-apla-X 11426: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11380: 11378: 11372: 11371: 11369: 11368: 11362: 11360: 11354: 11353: 11351: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11334: 11332: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11306: 11304: 11298: 11297: 11295: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11238: 11236: 11227: 11215: 11214: 11211: 11210: 11208: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11165:Kashtiliash IV 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11140:Nazi-Maruttash 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11077:Burnaburiash I 11074: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11049:Kashtiliash II 11046: 11041: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11022: 11020: 11011: 11008:(1729–1157 BC) 11003:Kassite period 10999: 10998: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10940: 10935: 10929: 10927: 10921: 10920: 10918: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10861: 10859: 10850: 10847:(1894–1595 BC) 10838: 10837: 10834: 10833: 10830: 10829: 10824: 10817: 10807: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10795: 10792: 10785: 10784: 10781: 10780: 10775: 10769: 10768: 10765: 10764: 10759: 10758: 10751: 10744: 10736: 10727: 10726: 10715: 10712: 10711: 10709: 10708: 10698: 10688: 10678: 10668: 10658: 10648: 10638: 10619: 10617: 10613: 10612: 10610: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10588: 10586: 10579: 10578: 10576: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10559: 10557: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10525: 10523: 10516: 10515: 10513: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10500:Pherendates II 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10476: 10474: 10467: 10466: 10464: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10442: 10440: 10430: 10429: 10427: 10426: 10425:Abdashtart III 10423: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10403:Baalshillem II 10400: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10353: 10351: 10349:Kings of Sidon 10345: 10344: 10342: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10323: 10319: 10317: 10311: 10310: 10308: 10307: 10302: 10296: 10294: 10287: 10286: 10284: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10221: 10219: 10209: 10208: 10206: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10169: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10152: 10150: 10143: 10142: 10140: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10078: 10076: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10043: 10041: 10031: 10030: 10028: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10005:Pharnabazus II 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9966: 9964: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9903:Artaphernes II 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9864: 9862: 9855: 9854: 9845: 9843: 9841: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9748: 9741: 9733: 9731: 9725:Kings of Kings 9722: 9721: 9715: 9712: 9711: 9706:Rulers in the 9703: 9702: 9695: 9688: 9680: 9671: 9670: 9664: 9661: 9660: 9658: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9560: 9553: 9545: 9543: 9532: 9531: 9529: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9502: 9500: 9489: 9488: 9483: 9480: 9479: 9467: 9466: 9459: 9452: 9444: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9431: 9425: 9422: 9421: 9419: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9389: 9388: 9378: 9377: 9376: 9374:Edict of Cyrus 9366: 9361: 9354: 9352:Cyrus Cylinder 9349: 9344: 9342:"Cyrus" (name) 9338: 9336: 9332: 9331: 9329: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9301:Persian Border 9298: 9293: 9291:Persian Revolt 9287: 9285: 9281: 9280: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9267: 9265: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9243: 9241: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9212: 9206: 9200: 9199: 9190: 9187: 9186: 9179: 9178: 9171: 9164: 9156: 9148: 9147: 9138: 9133: 9129: 9128: 9119: 9114: 9110: 9109: 9100: 9095: 9091: 9090: 9085:King of Persia 9081: 9076: 9072: 9071: 9066: 9063: 9054: 9051: 9044: 9043: 9018: 9015: 9010: 9009: 8998: 8988:Cyrus Cylinder 8983: 8982:External links 8980: 8978: 8977: 8971: 8958: 8952: 8939: 8908: 8889: 8883: 8868: 8839: 8826: 8813: 8795:(2): 231–253. 8784: 8771: 8728: 8716:10.1086/372377 8696: 8687: 8669: 8654: 8648: 8635: 8629: 8616: 8587: 8580: 8551: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8513: 8498: 8462: 8444: 8429: 8406: 8381: 8356: 8350: 8333: 8324: 8299: 8292: 8278: 8264: 8246: 8231: 8213: 8198: 8192: 8165: 8157: 8151: 8138: 8124: 8118: 8101: 8099:. I.B. Tauris. 8092: 8067: 8051: 8045: 8032: 8026: 8011: 8002: 7984: 7967: 7949: 7935:Briant, Pierre 7931: 7915: 7909: 7895: 7893: 7892:Modern sources 7890: 7888: 7887: 7869: 7859: 7847: 7835: 7823: 7808: 7798: 7786: 7780: 7768: 7758: 7746: 7734: 7722: 7710: 7684: 7674: 7662: 7660:Cyrus Cylinder 7656: 7646: 7641: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7582: 7563: 7543: 7532: 7501: 7486:. Al-Monitor. 7474: 7467: 7449: 7416: 7396: 7373: 7342: 7322: 7310: 7284: 7275: 7255: 7226: 7201: 7176: 7160: 7153: 7147:. p. 14. 7131: 7122: 7101: 7082: 7073:Art and empire 7062: 7050: 7015: 6972: 6953: 6933: 6914: 6894: 6887: 6869: 6862: 6840: 6815: 6785: 6760: 6753: 6735: 6723: 6711: 6699: 6687: 6685:, p. 120. 6675: 6663: 6651: 6636: 6629: 6611: 6604: 6586: 6577:Studia Antiqua 6563: 6551: 6532: 6520: 6495: 6468: 6446: 6416: 6386: 6370: 6354: 6321: 6310: 6295: 6278: 6269:The Cyropaedia 6258: 6226: 6214: 6204: 6182: 6163: 6143: 6133: 6102: 6078: 6054: 6002: 5976: 5962: 5946: 5925: 5895: 5886: 5854: 5837: 5818: 5795: 5776: 5753: 5731: 5724: 5700: 5681: 5661: 5632: 5623: 5621:, p. 647. 5611: 5586: 5574: 5554: 5547: 5529: 5510: 5490: 5470: 5458: 5449: 5442: 5424: 5400: 5380: 5360: 5342:. p. 27. 5327: 5318: 5309: 5294: 5285: 5271: 5250: 5224: 5193: 5184: 5171: 5152: 5132: 5111: 5087: 5075: 5063: 5051: 5039: 5027: 5025:, p. 111. 5015: 5013:, p. 106. 5003: 4984: 4964: 4941: 4924:www.livius.org 4911: 4899: 4895:Dandamaev 1989 4886: 4867: 4845: 4833: 4818: 4799: 4781: 4772: 4755: 4724: 4722:, p. 177. 4712: 4700: 4681: 4674: 4654: 4652:, p. 171. 4637: 4624: 4604: 4592: 4588:Dandamaev 1989 4579: 4564: 4533: 4483: 4481:, p. 515. 4468: 4447:"Cyrus (name)" 4437: 4425: 4406: 4386: 4367: 4347: 4328: 4308: 4289: 4269: 4238: 4211: 4188: 4173: 4136:(2): 473–483. 4116: 4095: 4079: 4075:Schmitt (1983) 4056: 4039: 4018: 3999: 3979: 3967: 3952: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3917: 3899: 3865: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3796: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3745: 3738: 3736: 3734:King of Persia 3733: 3726: 3724: 3722:King of Persia 3721: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586:King of Persia 3585: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234:King of Persia 3233: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126:King of Persia 3125: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3099: 3092: 3085: 3077: 3065: 3062: 3044: 3041: 2972:𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 2913: 2910: 2906:Neil MacGregor 2858:British Museum 2809:Cyrus Cylinder 2807:Main article: 2804: 2803:Cyrus Cylinder 2801: 2760:Persian Garden 2653: 2650: 2642:Dhu al-Qarnayn 2537:Deutero-Isaiah 2432:Jewish Bible's 2408: 2405: 2364:Cyrus Cylinder 2325:Zoroastrianism 2291: 2288: 2114: 2111: 2107:World Heritage 1978:Main article: 1975: 1972: 1804: 1801: 1781:Cyrus Cylinder 1766:Arabia Petraea 1707:Battle of Opis 1685:Battle of Opis 1680: 1677: 1629: 1626: 1475: 1472: 1372:overlordship. 1362:Main article: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1315: 1312: 1212: 1209: 1087: 1084: 1078:was a name of 930:, while using 884:Greek-language 880:Latinized form 865: 862: 846:Zoroastrianism 815:Book of Isaiah 799:Yehud Medinata 795:Land of Israel 791:return to Zion 701:Syr Darya 564: 563: 561: 560: 555: 544: 543: 538: 533: 522: 521: 516: 514:Persian Border 511: 502:Persian Revolt 498: 497: 488: 485: 484: 472: 471: 464: 457: 449: 441: 440: 435: 431: 430: 425: 421: 420: 415: 409: 408: 406: 405: 402: 397: 392: 387: 381: 379: 373: 372: 367: 363: 362: 357: 355: 351: 350: 339: 335: 334: 307: 303: 302: 299: 298: 295: 291: 290: 285: 281: 280: 277: 273: 272: 266: 265: 262: 258: 257: 252: 248: 247: 244: 240: 239: 233: 232: 229: 225: 224: 219: 215: 214: 211: 207: 206: 200: 199: 196: 192: 191: 186: 182: 181: 178: 174: 173: 171:King of Persia 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 143: 139: 138: 128: 127: 112: 104: 103: 100: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 52:King of Persia 49: 47:King of Anshan 43: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12850: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12808:City founders 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12788:530 BC deaths 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12775: 12773: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12737:Latin Vulgate 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12724: 12722: 12718: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12698: 12696: 12692: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12662: 12660: 12656: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12624:Four kingdoms 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12606: 12604: 12600: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12585: 12583: 12579: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12534: 12532: 12528: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12513: 12511: 12507: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12487: 12485: 12483: 12479: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12414: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12403: 12399: 12392: 12387: 12385: 12380: 12378: 12373: 12372: 12369: 12359: 12349: 12331: 12330: 12326: 12324: 12323: 12319: 12317: 12316: 12312: 12310: 12309: 12305: 12303: 12302: 12298: 12296: 12295: 12294:Vologases III 12291: 12289: 12288: 12284: 12282: 12281: 12280:Artabanus III 12277: 12275: 12274: 12270: 12268: 12267: 12263: 12261: 12260: 12256: 12254: 12253: 12249: 12247: 12246: 12242: 12240: 12239: 12235: 12233: 12232: 12228: 12226: 12225: 12221: 12219: 12218: 12214: 12212: 12211: 12207: 12205: 12204: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12187: 12183: 12181: 12180: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12168: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12156: 12152: 12150: 12149: 12145: 12143: 12142: 12138: 12136: 12135: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12123: 12119: 12117: 12116: 12112: 12110: 12109: 12105: 12103: 12102: 12098: 12096: 12095: 12094:Mithridates I 12091: 12090: 12088: 12086: 12082: 12079: 12071: 12067: 12057: 12056: 12052: 12050: 12049: 12045: 12043: 12042: 12038: 12036: 12035: 12031: 12029: 12028: 12024: 12022: 12021: 12017: 12015: 12014: 12010: 12008: 12007: 12003: 12001: 12000: 11996: 11994: 11993: 11989: 11987: 11986: 11982: 11980: 11979: 11975: 11973: 11972: 11968: 11966: 11965: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11953: 11949: 11947: 11946: 11942: 11941: 11939: 11937: 11933: 11927: 11926: 11922: 11920: 11919: 11915: 11913: 11912: 11908: 11906: 11905: 11904:Alexander III 11901: 11900: 11898: 11896: 11892: 11889: 11881: 11877: 11867: 11866: 11862: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11853: 11852:Artaxerxes IV 11849: 11847: 11846: 11842: 11840: 11839: 11838:Artaxerxes II 11835: 11833: 11832: 11828: 11826: 11825: 11821: 11819: 11818: 11814: 11812: 11811: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11799:Shamash-eriba 11797: 11795: 11794: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11782: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11770: 11766: 11764: 11763: 11759: 11757: 11756: 11752: 11751: 11749: 11747: 11743: 11740: 11732: 11728: 11724: 11715: 11711: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11668: 11666: 11664: 11660: 11657: 11649: 11645: 11635: 11634: 11633:Sinsharishkun 11630: 11628: 11627: 11623: 11621: 11620: 11616: 11614: 11613: 11609: 11607: 11606: 11605: 11600: 11598: 11597: 11593: 11591: 11590: 11586: 11584: 11583: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11566: 11565: 11560: 11558: 11557: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11540: 11536: 11534: 11533: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11521: 11520:Shalmaneser V 11517: 11515: 11514: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11504: 11502: 11497: 11494: 11493: 11490: 11487: 11479: 11475: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11381: 11379: 11377: 11373: 11367: 11364: 11363: 11361: 11359: 11355: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11335: 11333: 11331: 11327: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11315:Ea-mukin-zeri 11313: 11311: 11310:Simbar-shipak 11308: 11307: 11305: 11303: 11299: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11239: 11237: 11235: 11231: 11228: 11224:(1157–732 BC) 11220: 11216: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096:Kadashman-Sah 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11036:Kashtiliash I 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11023: 11021: 11019: 11015: 11012: 11004: 11000: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10984:Melamkurkurra 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10974:Ayadaragalama 10972: 10970: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10938:Itti-ili-nibi 10936: 10934: 10931: 10930: 10928: 10926: 10922: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10862: 10860: 10858: 10854: 10851: 10843: 10839: 10825: 10822: 10818: 10815: 10814:foreign ruler 10809: 10808: 10805: 10799: 10796: 10790: 10786: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10770: 10766: 10757: 10752: 10750: 10745: 10743: 10738: 10737: 10734: 10723: 10719: 10713: 10706: 10702: 10699: 10696: 10692: 10689: 10686: 10682: 10679: 10676: 10672: 10671:Phrataphernes 10669: 10666: 10662: 10659: 10656: 10652: 10649: 10646: 10642: 10639: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10621: 10620: 10618: 10614: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10592:Syennesis III 10590: 10589: 10587: 10585: 10580: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10560: 10558: 10556: 10551: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10526: 10524: 10522: 10517: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10477: 10475: 10473: 10468: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10443: 10441: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10424: 10422:Abdashtart II 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10395:Baalshillem I 10393: 10391: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10372:Eshmunazar II 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10354: 10352: 10350: 10346: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10324: 10321: 10320: 10318: 10316: 10315:Kings of Tyre 10312: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10297: 10295: 10293: 10288: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10154: 10153: 10151: 10149: 10144: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10069: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10057:Mithrobuzanes 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10044: 10042: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9995:Pharnabazus I 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9967: 9965: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9943:Autophradates 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9898:Artaphernes I 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9861: 9856: 9849: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9753: 9749: 9747: 9746: 9742: 9740: 9739: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9730: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9709: 9701: 9696: 9694: 9689: 9687: 9682: 9681: 9678: 9667: 9662: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9565: 9561: 9559: 9558: 9554: 9552: 9551: 9547: 9546: 9544: 9537: 9533: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9503: 9501: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9472: 9465: 9460: 9458: 9453: 9451: 9446: 9445: 9442: 9430: 9427: 9426: 9423: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9405: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9387: 9384: 9383: 9382: 9379: 9375: 9372: 9371: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9359: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9333: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9288: 9286: 9282: 9277: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9238: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9213: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9188: 9184: 9177: 9172: 9170: 9165: 9163: 9158: 9157: 9154: 9144: 9143: 9136: 9130: 9125: 9124: 9123:King of Lydia 9117: 9111: 9106: 9105: 9104:King of Media 9098: 9092: 9087: 9086: 9079: 9073: 9069: 9060: 9059: 9049: 9045: 9040: 9033: 600 BC 9028: 9023: 9022: 9013: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8996: 8992: 8989: 8986: 8985: 8974: 8972:1-85043-999-0 8968: 8964: 8959: 8955: 8953:9780190927172 8949: 8945: 8940: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8915: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8896: 8890: 8886: 8880: 8876: 8875: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8772: 8768: 8762: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8710:(4): 387–93. 8709: 8705: 8701: 8700:Drews, Robert 8697: 8693: 8688: 8676: 8672: 8666: 8662: 8661: 8655: 8651: 8645: 8641: 8636: 8632: 8630:0-521-33513-2 8626: 8622: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8598:(3): 249–75. 8597: 8593: 8588: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8552: 8548: 8547: 8541: 8540: 8520: 8516: 8510: 8506: 8505: 8499: 8495: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8463: 8451: 8447: 8441: 8437: 8436: 8430: 8418: 8414: 8413: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8357: 8353: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8334: 8330: 8325: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8300: 8297: 8293: 8291: 8290:0-226-62777-2 8287: 8283: 8279: 8277: 8276:0-87226-247-2 8273: 8269: 8265: 8253: 8249: 8243: 8239: 8238: 8232: 8220: 8216: 8210: 8207:. Routledge. 8206: 8205: 8199: 8195: 8193:0-415-16763-9 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8172: 8166: 8163: 8158: 8154: 8152:0-521-20091-1 8148: 8144: 8139: 8137: 8136:1-56859-008-3 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8119:0-7139-9224-7 8115: 8110: 8109: 8102: 8098: 8093: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8068: 8064: 8057: 8052: 8048: 8046:90-04-09172-6 8042: 8038: 8033: 8029: 8023: 8019: 8018: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8003: 7991: 7987: 7985:0-939214-78-4 7981: 7977: 7973: 7968: 7956: 7952: 7946: 7942: 7941: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7921: 7916: 7912: 7910:0-521-22804-2 7906: 7902: 7897: 7896: 7885: 7884: 7879: 7878: 7873: 7870: 7867: 7863: 7860: 7857: 7856: 7851: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7839: 7836: 7833: 7832: 7827: 7824: 7818: 7817: 7812: 7809: 7806: 7802: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782:Fragments of 7781: 7778: 7777: 7772: 7769: 7766: 7762: 7759: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7738: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7726: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7702: 7697: 7696: 7691: 7690: 7685: 7682: 7678: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7670:The Histories 7666: 7663: 7661: 7657: 7654: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7631: 7605: 7604: 7597: 7592: 7586: 7570: 7566: 7560: 7556: 7555: 7547: 7541: 7536: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7505: 7489: 7485: 7478: 7470: 7464: 7460: 7453: 7437: 7433: 7428: 7420: 7414: 7413:0-521-22804-2 7410: 7406: 7400: 7393: 7389: 7388: 7383: 7377: 7370: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7359:0-313-30731-8 7356: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7339:0-521-85764-3 7336: 7332: 7326: 7317: 7315: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7279: 7273: 7272:0-8028-3781-6 7269: 7265: 7259: 7252: 7251: 7246: 7242: 7239: 7235: 7230: 7215: 7211: 7205: 7190: 7186: 7180: 7174: 7170: 7164: 7156: 7154:0-85045-688-6 7150: 7146: 7142: 7135: 7126: 7119: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7105: 7089: 7085: 7079: 7075: 7074: 7066: 7059: 7054: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7016:0-19-513937-2 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6994: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6976: 6960: 6956: 6950: 6946: 6945: 6937: 6921: 6917: 6911: 6907: 6906: 6898: 6890: 6884: 6880: 6873: 6865: 6863:0-89906-454-X 6859: 6855: 6851: 6844: 6838: 6834: 6831: 6828: 6824: 6819: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6789: 6774: 6773:Bible Gateway 6770: 6764: 6756: 6750: 6746: 6739: 6732: 6727: 6720: 6719:Soudavar 2012 6715: 6709:, p. 33. 6708: 6703: 6697:, p. 27. 6696: 6691: 6684: 6679: 6672: 6667: 6661:, p. 31. 6660: 6655: 6648: 6643: 6641: 6632: 6626: 6622: 6615: 6607: 6601: 6597: 6590: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6555: 6547: 6543: 6536: 6530:, p. 94. 6529: 6524: 6509: 6505: 6499: 6482: 6475: 6473: 6457: 6450: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6420: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6383:0-520-22404-3 6380: 6374: 6368:. 1974: 49–50 6367: 6363: 6358: 6351: 6350:1-86064-045-1 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6314: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6288: 6282: 6275: 6272:. H.G. Bohn. 6271: 6270: 6262: 6246: 6242: 6241: 6240:The Economist 6236: 6230: 6223: 6218: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6196: 6195: 6186: 6170: 6166: 6160: 6156: 6155: 6147: 6140: 6136: 6130: 6126: 6121: 6120: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6090: 6082: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6066: 6058: 6050: 6044: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6007: 5991: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5955: 5950: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5936: 5929: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5900: 5890: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5850: 5849: 5841: 5825: 5821: 5815: 5811: 5810: 5802: 5800: 5783: 5779: 5773: 5769: 5768: 5763: 5757: 5751: 5750:The Histories 5747: 5743: 5740: 5735: 5727: 5725:0-8135-1304-9 5721: 5717: 5713: 5712: 5704: 5688: 5684: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5665: 5649: 5645: 5639: 5637: 5627: 5620: 5615: 5599: 5593: 5591: 5583: 5578: 5571: 5567: 5564: 5558: 5550: 5548:0-300-04314-7 5544: 5540: 5533: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5494: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5474: 5468:, p. 41. 5467: 5462: 5453: 5445: 5443:0-300-04314-7 5439: 5435: 5428: 5421: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5397: 5393: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5377:0-521-22804-2 5374: 5370: 5364: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5322: 5313: 5305: 5298: 5289: 5281: 5275: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5260: 5254: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5239: 5231: 5229: 5221: 5217: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5197: 5188: 5181: 5175: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5145: 5144: 5136: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5091: 5084: 5079: 5073:, p. 31. 5072: 5067: 5060: 5055: 5048: 5043: 5036: 5031: 5024: 5019: 5012: 5007: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4968: 4962: 4961:0-415-16762-0 4958: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4915: 4909:, p. 97. 4908: 4903: 4896: 4890: 4874: 4870: 4868:0-7100-9132-X 4864: 4860: 4856: 4849: 4843:, p. 92. 4842: 4837: 4831:, p. 63. 4830: 4825: 4823: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4803: 4796: 4792: 4785: 4776: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4716: 4709: 4704: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4685: 4677: 4675:9781399070157 4671: 4667: 4666: 4658: 4651: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4634: 4628: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4608: 4601: 4596: 4590:, p. 71) 4589: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4565:9789042918337 4561: 4557: 4556: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4520: 4518: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4480: 4475: 4473: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4435:, p. 67. 4434: 4429: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4399: 4398: 4390: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4360: 4359: 4351: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4312: 4296: 4292: 4286: 4282: 4281: 4273: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4242: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4185: 4180: 4178: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4099: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4076: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4036: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3983: 3976: 3975:Stronach 2010 3971: 3964: 3959: 3957: 3950:, p. 75. 3949: 3944: 3940: 3926: 3921: 3914: 3910: 3903: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3869: 3860: 3856: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3812: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3783: 3771: 3761: 3751: 3742: 3732: 3731: 3720: 3719: 3710: 3707: 3699: 3697: 3689: 3687: 3679: 3678: 3663: 3639: 3622: 3620: 3584: 3581: 3570: 3564: 3562: 3508: 3506: 3470: 3460: 3454: 3452: 3398: 3396: 3360: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3333: 3331: 3330: 3291: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3279: 3274: 3272: 3232: 3231: 3220: 3218: 3166: 3164: 3124: 3123: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3098: 3093: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3037: 3036:lion and bull 3033: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2993: 2984: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2889: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2831:استوانه کوروش 2828: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2783:Thomas Browne 2779: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2718:Chapar Khaneh 2715: 2714:postal system 2711: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2631: 2623: 2618: 2614: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2604:Darius I 2601: 2600:Second Temple 2597: 2593: 2589: 2588:Isaiah 45:1–6 2585: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2470: 2468: 2462: 2460: 2446: 2444: 2443:Promised Land 2440: 2436: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2321:Pierre Briant 2315: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2280:Julius Caesar 2277: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2241:Enlightenment 2238: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2211: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2110: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2041: 2037: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1989:Tomb of Cyrus 1986: 1981: 1980:Tomb of Cyrus 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1945: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1877: 1876:Cylinder seal 1873: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1800: 1799:in the east. 1798: 1794: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1690: 1686: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1640: 1635: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1378:Median Empire 1375: 1371: 1365: 1358:Median Empire 1350: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1032:Iranian names 1028: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1012: 999: 995: 991: 986: 980: 973: 967: 963: 959: 955: 952: 948: 945: 941: 940:Indo-European 937: 936:Karl Hoffmann 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 904:ancient Greek 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 871: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 834:Western world 831: 830:Eastern world 826: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 771:Jewish people 768: 764: 760: 755: 745: 741: 737: 732: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 681: 680:in the east. 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 634:Median Empire 631: 627: 623: 619: 607: 602: 597: 593: 586: 582: 577: 571: 559: 556: 554: 551: 550: 549: 548: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 528: 527: 526: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 506: 505: 504: 503: 496: 495:Assyrian Camp 493: 492: 491: 486: 481: 476:Campaigns of 470: 465: 463: 458: 456: 451: 450: 447: 439: 436: 432: 429: 426: 422: 419: 416: 414: 410: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 382: 380: 378: 374: 371: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 349: 345: 340: 336: 331: 327: 326:Fars Province 324:(present-day 322: 318: 313: 600 BC 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 289: 286: 282: 278: 274: 271: 267: 263: 259: 256: 253: 249: 245: 241: 238: 237:King of Lydia 234: 230: 226: 223: 220: 216: 212: 208: 205: 204:King of Media 201: 197: 193: 190: 187: 183: 179: 175: 172: 168: 165: 162: 158: 155: 152: 148: 144: 140: 137: 133: 132:King of Kings 129: 124: 120: 116: 110: 105: 102: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 72:King of Kings 70: 68: 65: 63: 62:King of Lydia 60: 58: 57:King of Media 55: 53: 50: 48: 45: 44: 40: 33: 30: 19: 12727:Hebrew Bible 12541: 12329:Artabanus IV 12327: 12322:Vologases VI 12320: 12313: 12308:Vologases IV 12306: 12299: 12292: 12285: 12278: 12271: 12264: 12257: 12250: 12243: 12238:Artabanus II 12236: 12229: 12222: 12215: 12208: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186:Phraates III 12184: 12177: 12172: 12165: 12160: 12153: 12146: 12139: 12132: 12127: 12120: 12113: 12106: 12099: 12092: 12053: 12046: 12039: 12032: 12025: 12018: 12011: 12004: 11997: 11990: 11983: 11976: 11969: 11962: 11957: 11950: 11943: 11923: 11918:Alexander IV 11916: 11909: 11902: 11885:(331–141 BC) 11863: 11850: 11843: 11836: 11829: 11822: 11815: 11810:Artaxerxes I 11808: 11804:Bel-shimanni 11791: 11779: 11767: 11760: 11754: 11753: 11736:(539–331 BC) 11671:Nabopolassar 11653:(626–539 BC) 11631: 11624: 11617: 11612:Ashurbanipal 11610: 11602: 11601: 11596:Ashurbanipal 11594: 11587: 11580: 11562: 11561: 11554: 11537: 11530: 11518: 11511: 11483:(732–626 BC) 11444:Eriba-Marduk 11287:Marduk-zer-X 11135:Kurigalzu II 11125:Kara-hardash 11073:Unknown king 11064:Harba-Shipak 11054:Urzigurumash 11040:Unknown king 10946:Damqi-ilishu 10915:Samsu-Ditana 10885:Sin-Muballit 10820: 10813: 10810:Kings 10778:Royal titles 10681:Ariobarzanes 10651:Satibarzanes 10408:Abdashtart I 10390:Tetramnestos 10357:Eshmunazar I 10261:Artemisia II 10171:Teththiweibi 10117:Themistocles 10062:Ariarathes I 10015:Artabazus II 10010:Ariobarzanes 10000:Pharnaces II 9948:Spithridates 9923:Tissaphernes 9913:Tissaphernes 9798:Artaxerxes I 9772: 9750: 9743: 9736: 9665: 9615:Artaxerxes I 9584: 9562: 9555: 9548: 9540:(550–330 BC) 9497:(728–550 BC) 9406:(screenplay) 9403: 9386:Dhul-Qarnayn 9356: 9182: 9140: 9121: 9102: 9083: 9056: 9047: 9038: 9026: 9019: 9001: 8962: 8943: 8931:. Retrieved 8922: 8918: 8899: 8873: 8847: 8843: 8834: 8830: 8821: 8817: 8792: 8788: 8779: 8776:Acta Antiquo 8775: 8761:cite journal 8736: 8732: 8707: 8703: 8691: 8679:. Retrieved 8659: 8639: 8620: 8595: 8591: 8583: 8559: 8555: 8545: 8523:. Retrieved 8503: 8470: 8466: 8454:. Retrieved 8434: 8423:28 September 8421:. Retrieved 8411: 8393: 8389: 8371:(1): 45–78. 8368: 8364: 8341: 8328: 8318:21 September 8316:. Retrieved 8307: 8295: 8281: 8267: 8258:28 September 8256:. Retrieved 8236: 8223:. Retrieved 8203: 8175: 8161: 8142: 8127: 8107: 8096: 8086:28 September 8084:. Retrieved 8075: 8062: 8036: 8016: 8005: 7996:21 September 7994:. Retrieved 7975: 7959:. Retrieved 7939: 7926: 7900: 7881: 7877:Dhul-Qarnayn 7875: 7865: 7853: 7841: 7829: 7821:(in English) 7815: 7804: 7792: 7774: 7764: 7752: 7740: 7728: 7716: 7705: 7699: 7693: 7687: 7680: 7668: 7651:(one of the 7648: 7643: 7622:Bibliography 7607:. Retrieved 7601: 7585: 7573:. Retrieved 7553: 7546: 7535: 7525:21 September 7523:. Retrieved 7514: 7504: 7494:21 September 7492:. Retrieved 7477: 7458: 7452: 7440:. Retrieved 7431: 7419: 7404: 7399: 7392:Google Books 7390:, p. 59, at 7385: 7381: 7376: 7369:Google Books 7367:, p. 39, at 7362: 7350: 7345: 7330: 7325: 7301:. Retrieved 7287: 7278: 7263: 7258: 7248: 7229: 7217:. Retrieved 7213: 7204: 7192:. Retrieved 7188: 7179: 7163: 7140: 7134: 7125: 7109: 7104: 7094:28 September 7092:. Retrieved 7072: 7065: 7060:, p. 8. 7058:Toorawa 2011 7053: 7041:. Retrieved 6993:Google Books 6986: 6975: 6963:. Retrieved 6943: 6936: 6924:. Retrieved 6904: 6897: 6878: 6872: 6849: 6843: 6818: 6794: 6788: 6776:. Retrieved 6772: 6763: 6744: 6738: 6731:Daryaee 2013 6726: 6714: 6707:Daryaee 2013 6702: 6695:Daryaee 2013 6690: 6678: 6666: 6659:Daryaee 2013 6654: 6620: 6614: 6595: 6589: 6580: 6576: 6566: 6554: 6545: 6535: 6523: 6511:. Retrieved 6507: 6498: 6486:. Retrieved 6459:. Retrieved 6449: 6437:. Retrieved 6428: 6419: 6407:. Retrieved 6398: 6389: 6373: 6366:Acta Iranica 6362:Jakob Jonson 6361: 6357: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6324: 6313: 6304: 6298: 6290: 6281: 6273: 6268: 6261: 6249:. Retrieved 6238: 6229: 6222:Freeman 1999 6217: 6209: 6193: 6185: 6173:. Retrieved 6153: 6146: 6138: 6118: 6097: 6088: 6081: 6073: 6064: 6057: 6031:. Retrieved 6021: 5993:. Retrieved 5989: 5979: 5971: 5965: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5939: 5933: 5928: 5916:. Retrieved 5908:"Pasargadae" 5889: 5881: 5866: 5862: 5857: 5847: 5840: 5828:. Retrieved 5808: 5786:. Retrieved 5766: 5762:Nino Luraghi 5756: 5749: 5734: 5710: 5703: 5691:. Retrieved 5671: 5664: 5652:. Retrieved 5626: 5614: 5602:. Retrieved 5577: 5557: 5538: 5532: 5520:. Retrieved 5500: 5493: 5473: 5461: 5452: 5433: 5427: 5408: 5403: 5383: 5368: 5363: 5351:. Retrieved 5330: 5321: 5312: 5303: 5297: 5288: 5274: 5257: 5253: 5235: 5196: 5187: 5179: 5174: 5164:28 September 5162:. Retrieved 5142: 5135: 5119: 5114: 5106: 5090: 5078: 5066: 5058: 5054: 5042: 5030: 5023:Grayson 1975 5018: 5006: 4994:. Retrieved 4974: 4967: 4952: 4949:Amélie Kuhrt 4944: 4932:. Retrieved 4923: 4914: 4902: 4897:, p. 9) 4889: 4879:21 September 4877:. Retrieved 4858: 4848: 4836: 4808:see page: 11 4802: 4794: 4790: 4784: 4775: 4767: 4764:Schmitt 1983 4758: 4746:. Retrieved 4737: 4727: 4715: 4708:Max Mallowan 4703: 4695: 4690: 4684: 4664: 4657: 4632: 4627: 4617: 4607: 4595: 4582: 4554: 4514: 4495: 4486: 4479:Schmitt 2010 4459:. Retrieved 4450: 4440: 4428: 4416:. Retrieved 4396: 4389: 4377:. Retrieved 4357: 4350: 4340:28 September 4338:. Retrieved 4318: 4311: 4301:28 September 4299:. Retrieved 4279: 4272: 4260:. Retrieved 4252:bib-arch.org 4251: 4241: 4229:. Retrieved 4225:the original 4214: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4191: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4103: 4098: 4082: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4009:. Retrieved 3989: 3982: 3977:, p. 9. 3970: 3963:Sekunda 2010 3943: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3902: 3868: 3859: 3792: 3728: 3714: 3579: 3578: 3228: 3120: 3046: 3035: 2990: 2988: 2941:, minted in 2904: 2893: 2888:Shah of Iran 2885: 2879:from their " 2862: 2824: 2798: 2795: 2780: 2756: 2722: 2707: 2691: 2655: 2635: 2626: 2608: 2581: 2574:Painting of 2564: 2553: 2547: 2535: 2495: 2472: 2467:Book of Ezra 2464: 2448: 2429: 2410: 2407:Jewish texts 2361: 2342: 2338: 2319: 2273: 2257: 2248: 2244: 2226: 2219: 2214: 2206: 2191: 2184: 2172:Book of Ezra 2169: 2166: 2161: 2152: 2132: 2102:celebrations 2094: 2083: 2073: 2066: 2062: 2043: 2039: 2006: 1959: 1953: 1946: 1940: 1935: 1920: 1892: 1881: 1828: 1812: 1806: 1790: 1770: 1751: 1731: 1692: 1645: 1608: 1573: 1544: 1511: 1445: 1413: 1400: 1367: 1335: 1317: 1261: 1250: 1198: 1170: 1133: 1126: 1108: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1029: 1023:, a Persian 1018: 997: 957: 953: 946: 931: 927: 923: 919: 899: 891: 875: 873: 827: 811:Chapter 45:1 783:Hebrew Bible 739: 733: 717:North Africa 699:, along the 695:, a nomadic 682: 678:Indus Valley 646:Central Asia 644:and much of 617: 591: 590: 546: 545: 524: 523: 500: 499: 489: 477: 153: 123:Hemhem crown 119:braided hair 42: 29: 12701:Papyrus 967 12694:Manuscripts 12670:Historicism 12315:Vologases V 12266:Vologases I 12252:Gotarzes II 12210:Phraates IV 12141:Artabanus I 12134:Hyspaosines 12122:Phraates II 12101:Phraates II 11762:Cambyses II 11686:Neriglissar 11681:Amel-Marduk 11582:Sennacherib 11539:Sennacherib 11190:Meli-Shipak 11155:Kudur-Enlil 11130:Nazi-Bugash 11110:Kurigalzu I 11082:Ulamburiash 11069:Shipta'ulzi 11044:Abi-Rattash 10933:Ilum-ma-ili 10910:Ammi-Saduqa 10905:Ammi-Ditana 10895:Samsu-iluna 10821:vassal king 10582:Satraps of 10553:Satraps of 10519:Satraps of 10485:Pherendates 10470:Satraps of 10418:Evagoras II 10281:Orontobates 10240:Lygdamis II 10146:Dynasts of 10122:Archeptolis 10112:Aristagoras 10097:Eurysthenes 9990:Artabazus I 9928:Tithraustes 9858:Satraps of 9778:Cambyses II 9717:Family tree 9590:Cambyses II 9485:Family tree 9247:Cambyses II 9146:539–530 BC 9127:547–530 BC 9108:550–530 BC 9089:559–530 BC 9068:Cambyses II 8681:10 November 8562:(1): 1–21. 8525:10 November 8456:14 November 7961:10 November 7442:15 December 7043:14 December 6965:10 November 6926:10 November 6683:Finkel 2013 6671:Finkel 2013 6647:Briant 2002 6583:(2): 79–85. 6528:Briant 2002 6488:30 December 6409:26 December 6274:cyropaedia. 6175:10 November 6033:10 November 5935:Geographica 5918:26 December 5830:10 November 5748:Herodotus, 5693:21 February 5654:30 December 5604:30 December 5582:Briant 2002 5522:10 November 5466:Briant 2002 5234:Herodotus, 5083:Briant 2002 5071:Briant 2002 5061:, pp. 79–80 4907:Waters 2004 4841:Waters 2004 4829:Briant 2002 4650:Waters 2014 4631:D.T.Potts, 4515:Epitome of 4011:10 November 3948:Curzon 2018 3730:Cambyses II 3064:Family tree 3013:Old Persian 2978:Dārayavaʰuš 2966:Old Persian 2947:Old Persian 2873:repatriated 2860:in London. 2592:Ezra 1:1–11 2266:in Rome or 2237:Renaissance 2046:Cambyses II 1895:Spargapises 1797:Indus River 1566:red-figure 1552:dromedaries 1384:, from the 1268:Cambyses II 1225:Old Persian 1221:Achaemenian 1121:Achaemenian 1011:Kay Khosrow 906:historians 896:Old Persian 856:, with the 713:Cambyses II 596:Old Persian 385:Cambyses II 297:Cambyses II 284:Predecessor 264:Cambyses II 251:Predecessor 231:Cambyses II 218:Predecessor 198:Cambyses II 185:Predecessor 164:Cambyses II 150:Predecessor 12772:Categories 12732:Septuagint 12706:Papyrus 62 12639:Son of man 12629:Lion's den 12537:Belshazzar 12273:Pacorus II 12259:Vonones II 12245:Vardanes I 12224:Orodes III 12217:Phraates V 12192:Piriustana 12179:Sinatruces 12161:Asi'abatar 12155:Gotarzes I 11865:Darius III 11589:Esarhaddon 11454:Nabonassar 11100:Karaindash 10870:Sumu-la-El 10490:Achaemenes 10461:Orontes II 10456:Darius III 10377:Bodashtart 10325:Boulomenus 10251:Hecatomnus 10235:Pisindelis 10225:Lygdamis I 10198:Mithrapata 10189:Artembares 10132:Amyntas II 10073:Asia Minor 10052:Ariamnes I 10039:Cappadocia 9985:Oebares II 9970:Mitrobates 9908:Pissuthnes 9768:Cambyses I 9745:Ariaramnes 9738:Achaemenes 9580:Cambyses I 9557:Ariaramnes 9550:Achaemenes 9536:Achaemenid 9475:Achaemenid 9393:Kay Bahman 9358:Cyropaedia 9347:Pasargadae 9306:Pasargadae 9226:Cassandane 9216:Cambyses I 9078:Cambyses I 9000:Xenophon, 8933:9 February 8182:. p. 7754:Cyropaedia 7725:Thucydides 7434:. London. 7303:28 October 6559:Boyce 1988 6513:5 December 5871:Cyropaedia 5863:Cyropaedia 5861:Xenophon, 5619:Kuhrt 1995 5011:Kuhrt 2013 4855:"Cambyses" 4720:Kuhrt 2013 4523:livius.org 4496:Artaxerxes 4461:8 February 4231:26 January 4184:Dandamayev 4046:Xenophon, 3935:References 3835:Kay Bahman 3718:(Darius I) 3583:(Cyrus II) 3469:Cambyses I 3349:Ariaramnes 3122:Achaemenes 3018:𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 2952:𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 2916:See also: 2725:superstate 2703:conscripts 2662:Pasargadae 2640:figure of 2611:Artaxerxes 2419:destroyed 2397:Pasargadae 2345:Cyropaedia 2249:Cyropaedia 2245:Cyropaedia 2221:Cyropaedia 2198:literature 2090:Persepolis 2085:Cyropaedia 2080:Darius III 2009:Pasargadae 1993:Pasargadae 1960:Cyropaedia 1915:Massagetae 1849:Uzbekistan 1845:Kazakhstan 1793:Asia Minor 1523:Cappadocia 1468:Shahanshah 1399:Detail of 1308:Pasargadae 1296:Cambyses I 1288:Pasargadae 1264:Cassandane 1253:Cambyses I 1237:Pasargadae 1211:Early life 1173:Cambyses I 1166:Ariaramnes 1130:Achaemenes 1117:Pasargadae 1113:bas-relief 1092:Achaemenes 1090:See also: 1080:Indo-Aryan 988:). In the 709:Pasargadae 693:Massagetae 601:𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 428:Cambyses I 370:Cassandane 359:Pasargadae 344:Pasargadae 279:539–530 BC 246:547–530 BC 213:549–530 BC 189:Cambyses I 180:559–530 BC 145:550–530 BC 115:Pasargadae 77:Great King 37:𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 12685:Preterism 12557:Jehoiakim 12482:Additions 12231:Vonones I 12203:Orodes II 12197:Teleuniqe 12173:Ispubarza 12034:Timarchus 12013:Antiochus 11992:Antiochus 11858:Nidin-Bel 11831:Darius II 11824:Sogdianus 11817:Xerxes II 11696:Nabonidus 11619:Kandalanu 11532:Sargon II 10979:Akurduana 10961:Gulkishar 10956:Shushushi 10900:Abi-Eshuh 10890:Hammurabi 10865:Sumu-abum 10627:Abrocomas 10623:Megabyzus 10597:Camisares 10573:Atropates 10529:Hystaspes 10451:Orontes I 10446:Artasyrus 10382:Yatonmilk 10339:Azemilcus 10322:Mattan IV 10292:Macedonia 10290:Kings of 10276:Pixodarus 10230:Artemisia 10193:Artumpara 10137:Philiscus 10107:Histiaeus 10087:Demaratus 10082:Miltiades 9980:Megabates 9975:Megabazus 9933:Tiribazus 9813:Darius II 9808:Sogdianus 9803:Xerxes II 9625:Sogdianus 9620:Xerxes II 9511:Phraortes 9416:Cyropolis 9262:Artystone 9135:Nabonidus 9062:?–530 BC 9048:New title 8809:252353659 8753:162589455 8724:162226226 8576:164674586 8180:Routledge 7850:Athenaeus 7801:Polyaenus 7665:Herodotus 6854:ArtScroll 6778:9 October 6461:18 August 6251:26 August 6043:cite book 5956:, 69, in 5304:L'Enquête 5047:Herodotus 5035:Herodotus 4615:(1879) . 4613:Al-Biruni 4600:Tait 1846 4574:167407632 4519:' Persica 4152:0009-8388 4091:Herodotus 3760:Artystone 3743:(Smerdis) 3569:Hystaspes 2865:Nabonidus 2838:cuneiform 2772:limestone 2768:Paradisia 2737:Sasanians 2733:Parthians 2710:Immortals 2504:passage, 2491:Jerusalem 2421:Jerusalem 2372:Nabonidus 2357:Herodotus 2353:Histories 2334:Zoroaster 2187:statesman 2127:Jerusalem 2013:limestone 1922:Herodotus 1888:Amu Darya 1872:Scythians 1857:Scythians 1837:Kyzyl Kum 1829:Histories 1827:from his 1825:Herodotus 1811:, in his 1746:Euphrates 1738:Herodotus 1703:Nabonidus 1675:Babylon. 1668:Chorasmia 1656:Arachosia 1576:Commagene 1456:Hystaspes 1433:Parthians 1429:Bactrians 1390:Parthians 1337:Herodotus 1314:Mythology 1280:Artystone 1190:Chishpish 1177:Herodotus 1142:Parsumash 1134:Haxāmaniš 1020:Shahnameh 874:The name 864:Etymology 729:Cyrenaica 670:Macedonia 642:West Asia 395:Artystone 294:Successor 288:Nabonidus 261:Successor 228:Successor 195:Successor 160:Successor 12838:Teispids 12680:Idealism 12665:Futurism 12417:Daniel 1 12409:chapters 12358:Category 12287:Osroes I 12167:Orodes I 11958:Seleucus 11793:Xerxes I 11781:Darius I 11755:Cyrus II 11556:Bel-ibni 11092:Agum III 10989:Ea-gamil 10965:DIŠ+U-EN 10951:Ishkibal 10880:Apil-Sin 10691:Abulites 10645:Hyrcania 10563:Hydarnes 10539:Masistes 10480:Aryandes 10334:Evagoras 10256:Mausolus 10247:(satrap) 10168:Harpagus 10159:Kybernis 10127:Aridolis 10092:Gongylos 9938:Struthas 9878:Harpagus 9793:Xerxes I 9526:Astyages 9521:Cyaxares 9429:Category 9240:Children 9192:Teispids 9097:Astyages 8991:Archived 8927:Archived 8904:Archived 8850:: 1–17. 8837:: 27–40. 8675:Archived 8519:Archived 8450:Archived 8417:Archived 8402:43896116 8396:: 1–14. 8312:Archived 8252:Archived 8225:16 March 8219:Archived 8080:Archived 7990:Archived 7955:Archived 7937:(2002). 7826:Polybius 7771:Plutarch 7749:Xenophon 7707:Nehemiah 7609:28 March 7575:11 March 7569:Archived 7519:Archived 7488:Archived 7436:Archived 7297:Archived 7241:Archived 7238:"DERAFŠ" 7219:21 April 7194:21 April 7114:Archived 7088:Archived 7037:Archived 7033:44650958 7025:98016042 7003:New York 6959:Archived 6920:Archived 6833:Archived 6813:, p. 126 6799:Archived 6433:Archived 6429:BBC News 6403:Archived 6245:Archived 6224:: p. 188 6169:Archived 6027:Archived 5932:Strabo, 5912:Archived 5874:Archived 5824:Archived 5782:Archived 5764:(2001). 5742:Archived 5687:Archived 5648:Archived 5566:Archived 5516:Archived 5482:Archived 5416:Archived 5392:Archived 5353:13 March 5344:Archived 5262:Archived 5241:Archived 5216:Archived 5205:Archived 5158:Archived 5099:Archived 5096:Sogdiana 4990:Archived 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