Cato the Elder - Knowledge

4140: 1065:, who was Consul in 194 BC and is said to have desired the command of the province in which Cato was harvesting notoriety. There is some disagreement between Nepos (or the pseudo-Nepos), and Plutarch, in their accounts of this topic. Nepos claims that Scipio failed to obtain the province, and, offended by the rejection, remained after his consulship in a private capacity at Rome. Plutarch claims that Scipio, who was disgusted by Cato's severity, was appointed to succeed him but could not convince the senate to censure Cato's administration, and passed his consulship in inactivity. Plutarch was probably mistaken, judging by the statement in Livy, that in 194 BC, Sextus Digitius was appointed to the province of Hispania Citerior. The notion that Scipio was appointed successor to Cato in Hispania may have arisen from a double confusion of name and place, since 626: 987:, Cato behaved in keeping with his reputation of untiring hard work and alertness. He lived soberly, sharing the food and the labours of the common soldier. Wherever it was possible, he personally superintended the execution of his orders. His movements were reported as bold and rapid, and he always pushed for victory. His operations appear to have been carefully designed, and were coordinated with the plans of other generals in other parts of Hispania. His manoeuvres were considered original and successful. He managed to benefit by setting tribe against tribe, and took native mercenaries into his pay. 765: 1466: 991: 878:, and obtained Sardinia as his province, with the command of 3,000 infantry and 200 cavalry. Here he took the earliest opportunity to demonstrate his main beliefs by practicing his strict public morality. He reduced official operating costs, walked his trips with a single assistant, and placed his own frugality in contrast with the opulence of provincial magistrates. The rites of religion were celebrated with thrift, justice was administered with strict 3821: 36: 4159: 146: 1374:, the historian, and his fellow prisoners, contemptuously asking whether the Senate had nothing more important to do than discuss whether a few Greeks should die at Rome or in their own land. It was not until his eightieth year that he made his first acquaintance with Greek literature, though some think after examining his writings that he may have had a knowledge of Greek works for much of his life. 507: 728:, a young nobleman of significant influence and high patrician family. Flaccus could not help remarking on Cato's energy, his military talent, his eloquence, his frugal and simple life, and his traditional principles. Flaccus himself was a member of that purist patrician faction which displayed its adherence to the stricter virtues of the Roman character. 947:), intended to restrict the luxury and extravagance of women in order to save money for the public treasury, was passed. The law specified that no woman could own more than half an ounce of gold, nor wear a garment of several colours, nor drive a carriage with horses closer than a mile to the city, except to attend public celebrations of religious rites. 716:, the judges for causes of great public interest. Consequently, he was enabled to strengthen by practice his oratorical abilities, to gain self-confidence, to observe the manners of men, to analyze the diversity of human nature, to apply the rules of law, and to practically investigate the principles of justice. 535:(new man), and the feeling of his unsatisfactory position, working along with the belief of his inherent superiority, aggravated and drove his ambition. Early in life, he so far exceeded the previous deeds of his predecessors that he is frequently spoken of not only as the leader, but as the founder of the 1397:. The mission was unsuccessful and the commissioners returned home, but Cato was so struck by Carthage's growing prosperity that he was convinced that the security of Rome depended on its annihilation. From then on, he began concluding his speeches in the Senate —on any topic whatsoever— with the cry, " 1496:

or "On Agriculture") (c. 160) is his only work that survives complete. It is a miscellaneous collection of rules of husbandry and management, including sidelights on country life in the 2nd century BC. Cato undoubtedly used the earlier Carthaginian 28 volume work of one known only as Mago titled

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for the right to collect taxes and, at the same time, reduced the contract prices for the construction of public works. Which was seen as most beneficial for the State and least for contractors, creating controversies around him. According to Plutarch, the Senate "strongly opposed the erection of the

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of the state had become almost hereditary for a few wealthy and upper-class families. They were popular by acts of generosity and charming manners, and they collected material wealth from their clients and followers, as well as intellectual prowess provided by their education, taste in the fine arts,

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In due course, my son Marcus, I shall explain what I found out in Athens about these Greeks, and demonstrate what advantage there may be in looking into their writings (while not taking them too seriously). They are a worthless and unruly tribe. Take this as a prophecy: when those folk give us their

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Senators were supposed to be independently wealthy, their income to be based on land ownership rather than commerce, and there was also a financial "means test." A Senator was expected to have what we would call a "net worth" of over a million sestertii, the standard Roman silver coin. Equivalencies

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During the controversy Cato maintained a firm opposition to the repeal, so he suffered politically and personally when it was finally repealed. Not only had the former consul been rejected by the senate by unanimous decision, but Flaccus failed to stand with him. However, perhaps because of Flaccus'

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They even begged the praetors, consuls and other magistrates. Even Flaccus hesitated, but his colleague Cato was inflexible, and made a characteristically impolite speech, which was later retold by Livy. The dissenting tribunes withdrew their opposition and the Oppian law was repealed by vote of all

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Flaccus was a perceptive politician, who looked for young and emergent men to support him. He had observed Cato's martial spirit and heard his eloquent tongue. He knew how much courage and persuasiveness were valued at Rome. He also knew that distinction achieved on the battlefield opened the way to

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Nonetheless, the less fortunate nobles, envious of this exclusive oligarchy and critical of the decadence and luxury, formed a party with a more conservative and ascetic ideology. In their eyes, rusticity and austerity were the marks of Sabine character, and of the old Roman inflexible integrity and

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In the pauses between campaigns Cato returned to his Sabine farm, where he dressed simply, working and behaving like his laborers. Young as he was, the neighboring farmers liked his tough mode of living, enjoyed his old-fashioned and concise proverbs, and had a high regard for his abilities. His own

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Cato was also opposed to the spread of Hellenic culture, which he believed threatened to destroy the rugged simplicity of the conventional Roman type. It was during this censorship that his determination to oppose Hellenism was most strongly exhibited, and hence, the behavior from which was derived

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stated he had received instruction in Greek from Ennius while praetor in Sardinia. Nevertheless, because his speech was an affair of state, it is probable that he complied with the Roman norms of the day in using the Latin language while practicing diplomacy, which was considered as a mark of Roman

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dependents practice a similar dedication, and proved himself a hard husband, a strict father, and a severe and cruel master. There was little difference, apparently, in the esteem in which he held his wife and his slaves, although perhaps his pride caused him to take a warmer interest in his sons,

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Then, coming to the aid of forces under Flaccus's command, he began a sudden descent from the hills above the royal camp, and the panic caused by this unexpected movement promptly turned the day in favor of the Romans, and signaled the end of the Seleucid invasion of Greece. After the action, the

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wealth, tribunes Marcus Fundanius and Lucius Valerius proposed to abolish the Oppian law, but tribunes Marcus Junius Brutus and Titus Junius Brutus opposed doing so. This conflict spawned far more interest than the most important state affairs. Middle-aged married Roman women crowded the streets,

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For that reason, he suggested to Cato that he shift his ambition to the field of Roman politics. The advice was followed. Invited to the townhouse of Flaccus, and ratified by his support, Cato began to distinguish himself in the forum, and became a candidate for assuming a post in the magistracy.

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Under the Roman Empire a collection of about 150 political speeches by Cato existed. In these he pursued his political policies, fought verbal vendettas, and opposed what he saw as Rome's moral decline. Not even the titles of all of these speeches are now known, but fragments of some of them are

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BC) -- of which several fragments still survive—related the history of the Italian towns with special attention to Rome, from their legendary or historical foundation to his own day. Written to teach Romans what it means to be Roman and used to teach his own son how to read, Cato the Elder wrote

1014:—the war feeds itself— was coined by Cato during this period. His conduct in Hispania were not contradictory with the traditional ideals of a Roman soldier, or with his own firm and over-assertive temper. He claimed to have destroyed more towns in Hispania than he had spent days in that country. 825:

Cato left his place of duty after the dispute with Scipio about the latter's alleged extravagance, and returning to Rome, condemned the uneconomical activities of his general to the senate. Plutarch went on to say that at the joint request of Cato and Fabius, a commission of tribunes was sent to

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Fabius had opposed the permission given to Scipio to carry the attack to the enemy's home, and Cato, whose appointment was intended to monitor Scipio's behavior, adopted the views of his friend. Plutarch reports that the lenient discipline of the troops under Scipio's command and the exaggerated

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To Cato the individual life was a continual discipline, and public life was the discipline of the many. He regarded the individual householder as the germ of the family, the family as the germ of the state. By strict economy of time he accomplished an immense amount of work; he demanded his

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was widely read and much quoted (sometimes inaccurately) by later Latin authors. Cato the Elder ranked the vineyard as the most important aspect when judging a farm. This was because of the profitability of the wine trade during that time. Grain pastures were ranked sixth due to the grain

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However true this account, Cato used his eloquence and produced detailed financial accounts to successfully defend against criticism of his consulship. The known fragments of the speeches (or one speech under different names) made after his return attest to the strength of his arguments.

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the title (censor) by which he is most generally distinguished. He revised with unsparing severity the lists of senators and knights, ejecting from either order the men whom he judged unworthy of membership, either on moral grounds or on the basis of their lack of the prescribed means.

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Plutarch's version, which seemed to attribute to Cato the wrongdoing of quitting his post before his time, is barely consistent with Livy's narrative. If Livy is correct, the commission was sent because of the complaints of the inhabitants of Locri, who had been harshly oppressed by

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After an interval spent in the pursuit of Antiochus and the pacification of Greece, Cato was sent to Rome by Glabrio to announce the successful outcome of the campaign, and he performed his journey with such celerity that he had started his report in the senate before the return of

1515:: Cato advises hiring gangs for the olive harvest, and was noted for his chilling advice on keeping slaves continually at work, on reducing rations for slaves when sick, and on selling slaves that are old or sickly. Intended for reading aloud and discussing with farm workers, 1229:

His reputation as a soldier was now established; henceforth he preferred to serve the state at home, scrutinizing the conduct of the candidates for public honours and of generals in the field. If he was not personally engaged in the prosecution of the Scipiones (Africanus and

2712:"...I enjoin upon the Senate what is to be done, and how. Carthage has long been harbouring evil designs, and I accordingly proclaim war against her in good time. I shall never cease to entertain fears about her till I hear of her having been levelled with the ground." 1623:

writings they will corrupt everything. All the more if they send their doctors here. They have sworn to kill all barbarians with medicine—and they charge a fee for doing it, in order to be trusted and to work more easily. They call us barbarians, too, of course, and

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From the date of his censorship (184) to his death in 149, Cato held no public office, but continued to distinguish himself in the Senate as the persistent opponent of the new ideas. He was struck with horror, along with many other Romans, at the licence of the

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to subjection with great speed and little mercy. We read of multitudes who put themselves to death because of the dishonour after they had been stripped of all their arms, of extensive massacres of surrendered troops, and the frequent harsh plunders. The phrase

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The date of Cato's birth has to be deduced from conflicting reports of his age at the time of his death, which is known to have happened in 149 BC. According to the chronology of Cicero, Cato was born in 234 BC, in the year before the first Consulship of

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in Latin. Some have argued that if it were not for the impact of Cato's writing, Latin might have been supplanted by Greek as the literary language of Rome. He was also one of the very few early Latin authors who could claim Latin as a native language.

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active personality made him willing and eager to make himself available in the service of his neighbors. He was selected to act, sometimes as an arbitrator of disputes, and sometimes as a supporter in local causes, which were probably tried in front of

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and by numerous speeches delivered when he was Censor. It is not clear whether Cato allowed others to read and copy his written texts (in other words, whether he "published" the speeches) or whether their circulation in written form began after his

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There is no precise information as to when he first received the title of Cato, which may have been given in childhood as a symbol of distinction. The qualities implied in the word Cato were acknowledged by the plainer and less outdated title of

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Whether this was out of necessity or merely a choice by Cato remains unclear, since the assertion that he might very well have already known Greek at the time can be made from anecdotal evidence. For example, Plutarch said that while at

521:, like some generations of his ancestors. His father had earned a reputation as a brave soldier, and his great-grandfather had received a reward from the state for having had five horses killed under him in battle. However, the Tusculan 834:, Scipio's legate. Livy says nothing of Cato's interference in this matter, but mentions the bitterness with which Fabius blamed Scipio for corrupting military discipline and for having illegally left his province to take the town of 3374: 1510:

was adopted by many as a textbook, at a time when Romans were expanding their agricultural activities into larger-scale and more specialized business ventures geared towards profitability. It assumes a farm run and staffed

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in his own ship from the island to Italy. But because Sardinia is rather out of the line of the trip to Rome, it is more likely that the first contact between Ennius and Cato happened at a later date, when the latter was

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His regulations against luxury were very stringent. He imposed a heavy tax upon dress and personal adornment, especially of women, and upon young slaves purchased as favourites. In 181 BC he supported the

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territory, at a distance from his native town. There, he spent most of his childhood overseeing the operations of the farm, learning business and the rural economy. Near this land was a small hut owned by

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he survived his 86th year, according to Livy and Plutarch he was 90 years old when he died. These exaggerated ages, however, are inconsistent with a statement of Cato himself that is recorded by Plutarch.

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and also deemed trivial by the Senate. After gaining influence, Flamininus repealed the public rentals and contracts of Cato while encouraging tribunes to ferment opprobrium against him and fine him.

1238:—who refused to reply to the charge, saying only, "Romans, this is the day on which I conquered Hannibal" and was absolved by acclamation—found it necessary to retire, self-banished, to his villa at 590:), and Cato the Elder are now his most common, as well as his most characteristic names, since he carried out the office of Censor with extraordinary standing and was the only Cato who ever held it. 2674:

would put Cato's 17th year in 222 BC, several years before Hannibal's invasion of Italy, whereas the birth-date given by Cicero places Cato's 17th year in 218 BC—the year of Hannibal's invasion.

1367:, on account of what he believed was the dangerous nature of their ideas. He also uttered warnings against the influence of Chaldean astrologers who had entered Italy along with Greek culture. 1030:

to a resentful and, as it turned out, temporary obedience, Cato turned his attention to administrative reforms, and increased the revenues of the province by improvements in the working of the

1506:. At Cato's insistence, the original volumes were the only literary works retrieved from the Great Library of Carthage before it was destroyed with all of Carthage to end the 3rd Punic War. 1318:, 19). It served as a political and commercial activity center where courts were held and merchants accumulated. Some accounts state that the basilica was burned by the conflagration of 1180:

During the campaign in Greece under Glabrio, Plutarch's account (albeit rejected by historian Wilhelm Drumann) suggests that before the Battle of Thermopylae, Cato was chosen to prevent

1145:, which led to the downfall of Antiochus, Cato behaved with his usual valor, and enjoyed good fortune. By a daring and difficult advance, he surprised and defeated a body of the enemy's 1453:

To the Romans themselves little in this behavior seemed worthy of censure, it was respected rather as a traditional example of the old Roman manners. In the remarkable passage in which

644:, whose military feats and rigidly simple character were remembered and admired in the neighborhood. Cato was inspired to imitate that character, hoping to match the glory of Dentatus. 3836: 1041:

For his achievements in Hispania, the senate decreed a thanksgiving ceremony of three days. In the course of the year 194 BC, he returned to Rome and was rewarded with the honour of a

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Sicily to examine Scipio's activity. Upon their review of his extensive and careful arrangements for the transport of the troops, they determined he was not guilty of Cato's charges.

2717:...Senatui quae sint gerenda praescribo et quo modo, Carthagini male iam diu cogitanti bellum multo ante denuntio, de qua vereri non ante desinam, quam illam excissam esse cognovero. 814:

were appointed to escort the baggage ships. Yet there proved not to be the friendliness of cooperation between Cato and Scipio which ought to have existed between a quaestor and his

1242:. Cato's enmity dated from the African campaign when he quarreled with Scipio for his lavish distribution of the spoil among the troops, and his general luxury and extravagance. 822:

expenses incurred by the general provoked Cato's protests, such that Scipio, immediately afterward, replied angrily, saying he would give an account of victories, not of money.

427:, a rambling work on agriculture, rituals, and recipes, is the oldest extant prose written in the Latin language. His epithet "Elder" distinguishes him from his great-grandson 1250:

in modern currencies are both misleading and impossible, but nevertheless, it would be fair to characterize the Roman Senate as a literal "Millionaires club." The expulsion of

1262:(according to others, he first opposed its introduction, and subsequently its repeal), which prescribed a limit to the number of guests at an entertainment, and in 169 BC the 1160:

consul hugged Cato with the greatest warmth and attributed to him the whole credit of the victory. This fact rests on the authority of Cato himself, who, like

1053:, both coin and ingots. Cato distributed the monetary prize to his soldiery, and was more liberal than might have been expected from his vigorous parsimony. 1548:

also spoke of how not only Rome, but the other Italian towns were venerable, and claimed the Romans were indeed superior to the Greeks. As it avoided using

1672: 678:, in 209, Cato was again at the side of Fabius. Two years later, Cato was one of the men who went with the consul Claudius Nero on his northern march from 1290:. It was constructed in 312 BC by Appius Claudius Caecus, the same Roman censor who also built the important Via Appia. Unauthorised plumbing into Rome's 756:

may be taken as representative of the new culture; Cato's friends, Fabius and Flaccus, were the leading men in the faction defending the old plainness.

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achievements in the higher civil offices. Flaccus knew too that for a stranger like Cato, the only way to the magisterial honours was success in the

1910: 1266:, one of the provisions of which was intended to limit the accumulation of what Cato considered an undue amount of wealth in the hands of women. 1066: 1298:

records much later. Cato also ordered the demolition of shops and private houses which encroached on the public way, and built the first known

4131: 2339: 4708: 1586:, delivered in 202 BC. The collection included several speeches from the year of his consulship, followed by a self-justifying retrospect 963:

blocked access to the forum, and intercepted their approaching husbands, demanding to restore the traditional ornaments of Roman matrons.

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had never obtained the privileges of the Roman magistracy. Cato the Elder, their famous descendant, at the beginning of his career in

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connection to Lucius Valerius he was deliberately staying out of the controversy. He soon set sail for his appointed province,

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where, in trying to prevent the Athenians from listening to the propositions of the Seleucid king, Cato addressed them in a

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to Sicily. When Scipio, after much opposition, obtained from the Senate permission to transport armed forces from Sicily to

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was severely punished. According to Aurelius Victor, a revolt in Sardinia was subdued by Cato during his praetorship.

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Public Domain Copy of Plutarch's Lives of Illustrious Men volume 3 Cato the Censor translated by J and W. Langhorne

603:, and died at the age of 85, in the consulship of Lucius Marcius Censorinus and Manius Manilius. Pliny agrees with 2759: 870:, and with his colleague Helvius, restored the Plebeian Games, and gave upon that occasion a banquet in honour of 4053: 2156: 2025: 1933: 967:

tribes. Women went in procession through the streets and the forum, dressed up with their now legitimate finery.

17: 3738: 86: 4728: 4698: 4668: 3666: 1828: 1817: 1447: 1443: 1142: 270: 265: 1544:(from the founding of the city), and the early history is filled with legends illustrating Roman virtues. The 3905: 2452: 1835: 3641:

E.M. Jellinek, "Drinking and Alcohilics in Ancient Rome". Journal of Studies on Alcohol. Vol 7, No 11, 1976.

1498: 686:. It is recorded that the services of Cato contributed to the decisive and important victory of Sena at the 2602: 68: 4101: 4077: 3072:

Lawyers in Roman republican politics: a study of the Roman jurists in their political setting, 316 - 82 BC

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was overrunning Italy. Plutarch, who had read the works of Cato, did not notice that the estimation of

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describes the character of Cato, there is no word of blame for the rigid discipline of his household.

4713: 4481: 4372: 4358: 3318: 3291: 769: 745: 3074:. Münchener Beiträge zur Papyrusforschung und antiken Rechtsgeschichte. München: Beck. p. 159. 1409:). Other times, his phrase is fully quoted as "Moreover, I advise that Carthage must be destroyed" ( 1348: 1218: 1092:, but this seems incorrect because, although Scipio Africanus believed that one Consul should have 404: 4723: 4653: 4405: 4383: 4003:

Cato the Censor and the Beginnings of Latin Prose: From Poetic Translation to Elite Transcription

3876: 3868: 2258: 1512: 1319: 1251: 1134: 46: 4663: 4658: 4579: 4414: 4277: 4180: 2696: 2607: 2445: 2289: 1918: 1435: 1291: 641: 4111: 3347: 3109: 586:. From the number and eloquence of his speeches, he was a gifted orator, but Cato the Censor ( 3526: 2646: 2586: 1549: 1172:, the later conqueror of Antiochus, who had been sent off from Greece a few days before him. 909:

to his old friend and patron Flaccus. During his consulship, he enacted the first two of the

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Today, there are no remains of Basilica Porcia. Cato had also raised the amount paid by the

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The details of the campaign, as related by Livy, and illustrated by incidental anecdotes by

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Gratwick, A. S. (2002). "A Matter of Substance: Cato's Preface to the De Agri Cultura."

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in his youth he had developed a close friendship with Nearchus, who was himself a Greek

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The military career of Cato had not yet ended. In 191, he, along with his old associate

802:, and in the next year (204) he entered upon the duties of his place of work, following 4738: 4600: 4035: 3522: 2840: 2699:'s factions: "But, in general, the Romans knew only the art of war, which was the sole 2666:, 1 reports that Cato said that he served his in first campaign in his 17th year, when 1720: 1640: 1422: 1377:

In his last years, he was known for strenuously urging his countrymen to prosecute the

1164:, often indulged in the habit, offensive to modern taste, of sounding his own praises. 1130: 687: 495: 151: 4119:: Latin text, English translation, information on the manuscripts, prefatory material. 3811: 3490:

New York: translated for P.F. Collier & Son by Evelyn Shirley Shuckburgh in 1909,

659:, and the historian Wilhelm Drumann imagines that already, at the age of 20, he was a 547:

His ancestors for three generations had been named Marcus Porcius, and it was said by

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When Cato was very young, after his father's death, he inherited a small property in

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and close to the ruins of Tusculum, is named in honour of the Porcius Cato family.

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He had a horror of physicians, who were chiefly Greeks. He obtained the release of

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Reay, B. (2005). "Agriculture, Writing, and Cato's Aristocratic Self-Fashioning".

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and honours. Thus, the martial virtues remained after all the others were lost."

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Cato was and remains famous as an author as well. He was a historian, the first

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when he was an old man, who, though he brought out a play in the consulship of

2546: 1385:. In 157, he was one of the deputies sent to Carthage to arbitrate between the 1279: 1275: 1097: 850: 372: 292: 170: 4031: 2653:, six years before I was born, yet continued to live until I was a young man." 1465: 4647: 4595: 4553: 4367: 3832: 3827: 3437: 3418: 2965:

Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline

2362: 1685: 1386: 1234:) for corruption, it was his spirit that animated the attack upon them. Even 1042: 914: 906: 811: 432: 400: 3845:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 535–536. 1330:

basilica". Cato's expenditure on public works were objected by the party of

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Libri Annales Pontificum Maximorum: The Origins of the Annalistic Tradition

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probably belong to the 4th century AD and are not works of Cato the Elder.

1617:, "Maxims addressed to his son," from which the following extract survives: 1426: 1344: 918: 910: 900: 879: 693:

Cato later gave several vehement speeches, which he often ended by saying "

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Edited by Andrew Feldherr, 108–22. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

1629:, a dirtier name than the rest. I have forbidden you to deal with doctors. 4605: 4486: 4423: 4418: 2960: 2684: 1431: 1303: 1209: 1152:, who were posted upon the Callidromus, the highest peak of the range of 1149: 1035: 841:

The author of the abridged life of Cato, commonly considered the work of

778: 736: 566:, may have been merely an epithet used to distinguish him from the later 536: 491: 3952:

Gotter, U. (2009). "Cato's Origines: The Historian and his Enemies". In

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funeral pyre after his death in 52 BC, and was probably never rebuilt.

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speech, which required an interpreter to be understood by the audience.

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In 215, at the height of the Second Punic War and at the request of the

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O'Gorman, E. (2004). "Cato the Elder and the Destruction of Carthage".

3343: 2589:– with details on Cato's influences on Roman viticulture and winemaking 1689: 1390: 1283: 1153: 940: 930: 699:", or "Carthage must be destroyed." He encouraged the Romans to attack 531: 443: 4477: 4396: 3473: 1607:

was a topic that would follow naturally from some of the sections of

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prose writer of any importance, and the first author of a history of

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rusticity to Grecian civilization and oriental luxuriance. The chief

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Thürlemann, S. (1974). "Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam".

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manners, and he vehemently urged the dismissal of the philosophers

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Cato the Elder by Marcus Tullius Cicero at Perseus Digital Library

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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

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preserved. Cato included parts of at least two of his speeches,

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against degrading or capricious punishment under the Republic's

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when not serving in the army. Having attracted the attention of

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Levene, D. (2000). "Sallust's 'Catiline' and Cato the Censor".

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Cicero, speaking from the perspective of Cato: "I myself saw

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from siding with Antiochus. During this period, Cato visited

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Plutarch states that, after his Consulship, Cato accompanied

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In the area surrounding Cato's Sabine farm were the lands of

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Soon an opportunity came for a military campaign. In 218 BC

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This entry incorporates public domain text originally from:

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The return of Cato seems to have accelerated the enmity of

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Ceaicovschi, K. (2009). Cato the Elder in Aulus Gellius".

558:, but was afterwards called Cato—a word (from Latin 2934:(History of Rome), v. p. 99, 6 Bde. Königsberg 1834–1844. 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 1430:

also depicted Cato's antipathy to Carthage. According to

607:. Other authors exaggerate the age of Cato. According to 3873:

Atrocity Speech Law: Foundation, Fragmentation, Fruition

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for wanton cruelty was an example of his rigid justice.

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In 195, when he was only 39 years old, Cato was elected

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University of California Studies in Classical Philology

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Habinek, T. N. (1985). "The Colometry of Latin Prose".

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Papers & Monographs of the American Academy in Rome

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The two surviving collections of proverbs known as the

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Within Roman society a transition was in progress—from

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Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology

360: 341: 3270: 578:, by which he was so well known in his old age that 347: 2687:about the subsequent corruption of Rome during the 2683:Compare that conception with the opinion stated by 1347:mysteries, which he attributed to the influence of 446:service. Like his forefathers, Cato was devoted to 338: 3931: 3661:, No. XXVII, Rome: American Academy, p. 260, 3065: 3063: 3896:Oratorum romanorum fragmenta liberae rei publicae 3382:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 56. 1611:. Only one brief extract from this work is known. 768:Part of the Roman Forum. The arch was erected by 517:Cato the Elder was born in the municipal town of 27:Roman politician, soldier and writer (234–149 BC) 4645: 894: 593: 3060: 3376:A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome 4278: 3970:25. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3016: 3014: 2865:Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1916). "Section 50". 1597:was perhaps a practical manual comparable to 1562:and is referenced by other writers including 671:, during the year of his fourth consulship. 551:that at first he was known by the additional 3954:Cambridge Companion to the Roman Historians. 1582:. The first to which we can give a date was 1022:After he reduced the area between the River 978: 651:attacked one of Rome's allies, starting the 2959: 2715: 1411: 1403: 1175: 924: 4285: 4271: 3805: 3682: 3516:Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries 3449: 3372: 3352:. Oxford University Press. pp. 295–. 3342: 3315: 3288: 3107: 3011: 144: 3893: 3707: 3336: 1605:On the Law Relating to Priests and Augurs 1302:in 184 BC, named Basilica Porcia, in the 1121:, were appointed as lieutenant-generals ( 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 4013:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 4008: 4005:. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. 3831: 3736: 3276: 2796: 1464: 1434:, Cato may have made the first recorded 1413:Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam 1112: 1069:was chosen in 194 BC to the province of 989: 804:Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major 788: 763: 624: 505: 4018:Smith, R. E. (1940). "Cato Censorius". 1584:On the Improper Election of the Aediles 1107: 759: 14: 4646: 3977:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3867: 3697:5 (M. Porcius Cato) F87-F93; F104-107. 3644: 3549: 3069: 2864: 630:Hannibal and his men crossing the Alps 56:Please improve this article by adding 4292: 4266: 4141:Works by or about Marcus Porcius Cato 4017: 3929: 3849: 3796: 3780: 3767: 3754: 3724: 3711: 3650: 3629: 3586: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2451: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2368: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2288: 2281: 2279: 2272: 2270: 2264: 2257: 2231: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2172: 2170: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2155: 2148: 2140: 2086: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2007: 1999: 1987: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1967: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1924: 1917: 1909: 1881: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1843: 1834: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1802: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1780: 1762: 1755: 1747: 1660:, some of them translated from Greek. 861: 3525:: Cambridge University Press, 1988, 2744: 2742: 1224: 1056: 913:, which expanded the protections of 720:Follower of the old Roman strictness 620: 154:bust thought to be of Cato the Elder 29: 4709:Characters in Book VI of the Aeneid 3740:Plutarch's Lives of Illustrious Men 3045:Livy, History of Rome, xxxiv. 1, 8. 3036:Livy, History of Rome, xxxiv. 1, 8. 1363:, who had come as ambassadors from 1274:Among other things he repaired the 706: 24: 3916: 2370:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir) 25: 4750: 4047: 3419:Astrology, Catholic Encyclopaedia 3111:Latein – Deutsch: Zitaten-Lexikon 2739: 1278:, mended as well as extended the 665:Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus 601:Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus 478:(195) together with Flaccus, and 4157: 4132:Works by or about Cato the Elder 3819: 3561: 1017: 542: 442:family who were noted for their 417:, a now fragmentary work on the 334: 34: 4694:2nd-century BC writers in Latin 3790: 3773: 3760: 3747: 3730: 3717: 3700: 3688: 3675: 3635: 3622: 3607: 3592: 3579: 3555: 3497: 3462: 3443: 3423: 3412: 3399: 3386: 3366: 3309: 3282: 3261: 3252: 3239: 3226: 3213: 3200: 3187: 3174: 3161: 3148: 3135: 3101: 3088: 3048: 3039: 3030: 2998: 2985: 2972: 2953: 2937: 2924: 2911: 2898: 2895:Valerius Maximus, viii. 7. § 1. 2889: 2706: 2677: 2656: 2026:Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus 1724:, a 1971 Italian film starring 1721:Scipione detto anche l'Africano 1269: 1067:Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica 482:(184). As praetor, he expelled 3808:Caton: Les Origines. Fragments 2876: 2858: 2846: 2834: 2818: 2802: 2755:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2635: 1829:Marcus Porcius Cato Licinianus 1818:Marcus Porcius Cato Salonianus 1731: 1601:. This work is considered lost 1490:His manual on running a farm ( 1448:Marcus Porcius Cato Salonianus 1444:Marcus Porcius Cato Licinianus 1337: 1294:had always been a problem, as 1143:Battle of Thermopylae (191 BC) 798:In 205 BC, Cato was appointed 740:and knowledge of literature. 667:had the command in this area, 490:. As censor, he tried to save 13: 1: 4689:2nd-century BC Roman praetors 3267:Valerius Maximus, ii, 2. § 2. 3258:Valerius Maximus, ii, 2. § 2. 2760:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2727: 1578:, in his historical work the 1530: 1129:, who had been dispatched to 895:Enactment of the Porcian Laws 690:, where Hasdrubal was slain. 594:Deducing Cato's date of birth 367:; 234–149 BC), also known as 58:secondary or tertiary sources 4684:2nd-century BC Roman consuls 4102:Resources in other libraries 4078:Resources in other libraries 2732: 2603:Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus 501: 7: 4679:2nd-century BC Roman augurs 4156:(public domain audiobooks) 3975:Slavery in the Roman World. 3737:Plutarch (1 January 1853). 3480:Five Foot Shelf of Classics 3322:. appendix: Century Books. 3295:. appendix: Century Books. 3070:Bauman, Richard A. (1983). 2580: 1739:Cato the Elder family tree 1460: 874:. In 198 BC he was elected 866:In 199 BC Cato was elected 793: 582:says it became his virtual 10: 4755: 4719:Old Latin-language writers 4331:On the Malice of Herodotus 4223:Titus Quinctius Flamininus 4011:Roman Politics, 220–150 BC 3924:Illinois Classical Studies 3854:, Totnes: Prospect Books, 3108:Lautenbach, Ernst (2002). 1399:Carthage must be destroyed 1286:was the first aqueduct of 1133:to oppose the invasion of 1082:Tiberius Sempronius Longus 928: 898: 754:Titus Quinctius Flamininus 4704:Ancient Roman politicians 4674:2nd-century BC historians 4624: 4588: 4347: 4301: 4247: 4231: 4219: 4205: 4189: 4177: 4172: 4097:Resources in your library 4073:Resources in your library 4032:10.1017/s0017383500006987 3801:, Oxford: Clarendon Press 2510: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2449: 2413: 2411: 2366: 2330: 2328: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2296: 2286: 2277: 2275: 2262: 2255: 2253: 2247: 2245: 2239: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2205: 2203: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2153: 2146: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2126: 2124: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2098: 2084: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2048: 2044: 2042: 2014: 2012: 2005: 1993: 1991: 1985: 1983: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1922: 1915: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1879: 1875: 1873: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1847: 1845: 1810: 1800: 1798: 1790: 1786: 1760: 1753: 1679: 1572:On Behalf of the Rhodians 1427:Cato the Elder on Old Age 1320:Publius Clodius Pulcher's 1096:, Sempronius was soon in 979:Post in Hispania Citerior 889: 746:Marcus Claudius Marcellus 682:to check the progress of 323: 319: 298: 288: 283: 279: 258: 239: 203: 189: 177: 159: 143: 136: 4009:Scullard, H. H. (1973). 3963:, 4th ser., 55.1: 41–72. 3651:Frier, Bruce W. (1979), 3407:Life of Titus Flamininus 2628: 2174:Quintus Servilius Caepio 1926:Quintus Servilius Caepio 1176:Doubtful visit to Athens 925:Repeal of the Oppian Law 615: 492:Rome's ancestral customs 438:He came from an ancient 4589:Translators and editors 4255:Marcus Fulvius Nobilior 4251:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus 4150:Works by Cato the Elder 4123:Works by Cato the Elder 3982:The Classical Quarterly 3930:Forde, Nels W. (1975). 3877:Oxford University Press 3842:Encyclopædia Britannica 3806:Chassignet, M. (1986), 3511:Cato Maior de Senectute 3349:Rome: An Empire's Story 2538:Manius Aemilius Lepidus 1469:Italian translation of 1252:L. Quinctius Flamininus 1170:Lucius Cornelius Scipio 1135:Antiochus III the Great 1119:Lucius Valerius Flaccus 849:, and brought the poet 726:Lucius Valerius Flaccus 452:Lucius Valerius Flaccus 387:, was a Roman soldier, 4001:Sciarrino, E. (2011). 3973:Joshel, S. R. (2010). 3894:Malcovati, H. (1955), 3850:Dalby, Andrew (1998), 3504:Tullius Cicero, Marcus 3469:Tullius Cicero, Marcus 3394:Life of Cato the Elder 3156:Life of Cato the Elder 2993:Life of Cato the Elder 2980:Life of Cato the Elder 2948:Life of Cato the Elder 2919:Life of Cato the Elder 2813:Life of Cato the Elder 2716: 2697:Lucius Cornelius Sulla 2664:Life of Cato the Elder 2608:Marcus Atilius Regulus 2446:Lucius Cornelius Sulla 2290:Gaius Cassius Longinus 2157:Decimus Junius Silanus 1647: 1474: 1436:incitement to genocide 1412: 1404: 1127:Manius Acilius Glabrio 998: 773: 688:Battle of the Metaurus 642:Manius Curius Dentatus 632: 514: 458:. He was successively 403:. He was the first to 376: 45:relies excessively on 4729:Ancient Roman censors 4699:Ancient Roman jurists 4669:3rd-century BC Romans 4227:M. Claudius Marcellus 4213:Ti. Sempronius Longus 4185:M. Claudius Marcellus 4117:Cato's De Agricultura 3797:Astin, A. E. (1978), 2829:Laelius On Friendship 2750:"Marcus Porcius Cato" 2587:Ancient Rome and wine 1728:as Scipio Africanus. 1714:Cato is portrayed by 1696:is named after Cato. 1620: 1468: 1113:Battle of Thermopylae 993: 958:was resplendent with 789:Early military career 767: 628: 509: 3938:. New York: Twayne. 3837:Cato, Marcus Porcius 3814:, Les Belles Lettres 3783:, pp. 185–186). 3770:, pp. 332–340). 3727:, pp. 184–185). 2701:path to magistracies 2571:x=assassin of Caesar 2266:Marcus Junius Brutus 2167:Servilia the Younger 2142:Marcus Junius Brutus 1934:Marcus Livius Drusus 1836:Marcus Livius Drusus 1726:Marcello Mastroianni 1405:Carthago delenda est 1108:Late military career 1012:bellum se ipsum alet 937:tribune of the plebs 760:Path to magistracies 752:and his family, and 696:Carthago delenda est 529:, was regarded as a 454:, he was brought to 4364:Alexander the Great 4243:L. Valerius Flaccus 4201:L. Valerius Flaccus 3996:Classical Antiquity 3575:on 16 February 2011 3316:McCullough (1998). 3289:McCullough (1998). 3025:On famous Roman men 2453:Lepidus the Younger 2340:Marcus Porcius Cato 1911:Marcus Porcius Cato 1705:Monte Porzio Catone 1615:Praecepta ad Filium 1314:, 39.44; Plutarch, 1125:) under the consul 983:In his campaign in 330:Marcus Porcius Cato 138:Marcus Porcius Cato 4601:Arthur Hugh Clough 4238:184–183 BC 4181:L. Furius Purpureo 4173:Political offices 3869:Gordon, Gregory S. 3632:, pp. 22–28). 2613:Publius Decius Mus 1673:Monosticha Catonis 1641:Naturalis Historia 1475: 1141:. In the decisive 999: 939:Gaius Oppius, the 862:Aedile and praetor 774: 633: 515: 399:and opposition to 271:M. Cato Salonianus 266:M. Cato Licinianus 152:Patrician Torlonia 4734:Roman agriculture 4641: 4640: 4628:Comparison extant 4558:Tiberius Gracchus 4324:De genio Socratis 4261: 4260: 4248:Succeeded by 4206:Succeeded by 4127:Project Gutenberg 4086:By Cato the Elder 4054:Library resources 3926:, (33–34), 25–39. 3886:978-0-19-061270-2 3552:, pp. 31–32. 3359:978-0-19-967751-1 3081:978-3-406-09114-8 2930:Wilhelm Drumann, 2643:Livius Andronicus 2618:Roman Agriculture 2578: 2577: 2555: 2554: 1651:Carmen de moribus 1588:On His Consulship 1225:Influence in Rome 1071:Hispania Ulterior 1057:End of consulship 1007:Hispania Citerior 973:Hispania Citerior 954:was defeated and 832:Quintus Pleminius 770:Septimius Severus 621:In the Punic Wars 327: 326: 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 4746: 4714:Latin historians 4611:Philemon Holland 4500:Cato the Younger 4380:Aratus of Sicyon 4287: 4280: 4273: 4264: 4263: 4220:Preceded by 4209:Scipio Africanus 4178:Preceded by 4170: 4169: 4161: 4160: 4145:Internet Archive 4136:Internet Archive 4043: 4014: 3984:, 50(1), 170–91. 3949: 3937: 3899: 3898:, Turin: Paravia 3890: 3864: 3852:Cato: On Farming 3846: 3825: 3823: 3822: 3815: 3802: 3784: 3777: 3771: 3764: 3758: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3743:. Henry G. Bohn. 3734: 3728: 3721: 3715: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3679: 3673: 3671: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3633: 3626: 3620: 3611: 3605: 3596: 3590: 3589:, pp. 7–8). 3583: 3577: 3576: 3571:, archived from 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3521: 3508: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3447: 3441: 3427: 3421: 3416: 3410: 3403: 3397: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3373:Richardson, jr. 3370: 3364: 3363: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3259: 3256: 3250: 3243: 3237: 3230: 3224: 3217: 3211: 3204: 3198: 3197:, xxxiv. 43, 46. 3191: 3185: 3178: 3172: 3165: 3159: 3152: 3146: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3105: 3099: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3067: 3058: 3055:Valerius Maximus 3052: 3046: 3043: 3037: 3034: 3028: 3018: 3009: 3008:, xxix. 19, etc. 3002: 2996: 2989: 2983: 2976: 2970: 2968: 2957: 2951: 2941: 2935: 2928: 2922: 2915: 2909: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2887: 2880: 2874: 2872: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2822: 2816: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2746: 2721: 2719: 2710: 2704: 2681: 2675: 2660: 2654: 2639: 2009:Cato the Younger 1745: 1744: 1736: 1735: 1716:Vittorio Gassman 1667:Distichs of Cato 1656:A collection of 1645: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529:in seven books ( 1415: 1407: 1332:Titus Flamininus 1236:Scipio Africanus 1063:Scipio Africanus 750:Scipio Africanus 707:Between the wars 674:At the siege of 661:military tribune 653:Second Punic War 609:Valerius Maximus 568:Cato the Younger 460:military tribune 429:Cato the Younger 363: 357: 356: 353: 352: 349: 346: 343: 340: 311:Roman-Syrian War 306:Second Punic War 284:Military service 192: 181:149 BC (aged 85) 148: 134: 133: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 69:"Cato the Elder" 62: 38: 30: 21: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4743: 4644: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4620: 4584: 4571:Aemilius Paulus 4343: 4339:Pseudo-Plutarch 4297: 4291: 4257: 4253: 4239: 4237: 4229: 4225: 4215: 4211: 4197: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4158: 4108: 4107: 4106: 4083: 4082: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4050: 4020:Greece and Rome 3946: 3934:Cato the Censor 3919: 3917:Further reading 3887: 3862: 3835:, ed. (1911). " 3820: 3818: 3812:Collection Budé 3799:Cato the Censor 3793: 3788: 3787: 3778: 3774: 3765: 3761: 3757:, p. 185). 3752: 3748: 3735: 3731: 3722: 3718: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3683:Chassignet 1986 3680: 3676: 3669: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3627: 3623: 3616:De Agri Cultura 3612: 3608: 3601:De agri cultura 3597: 3593: 3584: 3580: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3519: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3487: 3484: 3467: 3463: 3448: 3444: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3413: 3404: 3400: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3314: 3310: 3303: 3287: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3249:, xxxvi. 17–21. 3247:History of Rome 3244: 3240: 3236:, xxxvi. 17–21. 3234:History of Rome 3231: 3227: 3223:, xxxvi. 17–21. 3221:History of Rome 3218: 3214: 3208:History of Rome 3205: 3201: 3195:History of Rome 3192: 3188: 3179: 3175: 3169:History of Rome 3166: 3162: 3153: 3149: 3143:History of Rome 3140: 3136: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3106: 3102: 3096:History of Rome 3093: 3089: 3082: 3068: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3021:Aurelius Victor 3019: 3012: 3006:History of Rome 3003: 2999: 2990: 2986: 2977: 2973: 2958: 2954: 2942: 2938: 2932:Geschichte Roms 2929: 2925: 2916: 2912: 2906:History of Rome 2903: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2884:Natural History 2881: 2877: 2863: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2823: 2819: 2807: 2803: 2795: 2774: 2764: 2762: 2748: 2747: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2724: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2682: 2678: 2661: 2657: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2623:Pliny the Elder 2583: 2574: 2557: 1734: 1709:Castelli Romani 1682: 1646: 1636:Pliny the Elder 1633: 1550:consular dating 1542:ab urbe condita 1536: 1533: 1517:De agri cultura 1508:De agri cultura 1493:De agri cultura 1463: 1381:and to destroy 1379:Third Punic War 1340: 1272: 1227: 1214:Aurelius Victor 1178: 1139:Seleucid Empire 1115: 1110: 1059: 1020: 981: 933: 927: 903: 897: 892: 864: 843:Cornelius Nepos 796: 791: 762: 744:love of order. 722: 709: 684:Hasdrubal Barca 623: 618: 596: 545: 510:The theatre at 504: 424:De agri cultura 419:history of Rome 369:Cato the Censor 361: 337: 333: 315: 275: 254: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 197:De Agri Cultura 190: 185: 182: 173: 164: 155: 139: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 55: 51:primary sources 39: 28: 23: 22: 18:Cato the Censor 15: 12: 11: 5: 4752: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4724:Porcii Catones 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4654:Cato the Elder 4639: 4638: 4636: 4635: 4631:Four unpaired 4629: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4573: 4564: 4562:Gaius Gracchus 4547: 4538: 4529: 4520: 4511: 4502: 4493: 4484: 4475: 4466: 4457: 4448: 4439: 4430: 4421: 4412: 4403: 4401:Cato the Elder 4394: 4377: 4361: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4327: 4313: 4310:Parallel Lives 4305: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4290: 4289: 4282: 4275: 4267: 4259: 4258: 4249: 4246: 4230: 4221: 4217: 4216: 4207: 4204: 4196:195 BC 4188: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4162: 4147: 4138: 4129: 4120: 4114: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4088: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4059:Cato the Elder 4052: 4051: 4049: 4048:External links 4046: 4045: 4044: 4026:(27): 150–65. 4015: 4006: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3978: 3971: 3964: 3957: 3950: 3944: 3927: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3900: 3891: 3885: 3865: 3860: 3847: 3833:Chisholm, Hugh 3816: 3803: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3772: 3759: 3746: 3729: 3716: 3714:, p. 13). 3708:Malcovati 1955 3699: 3687: 3674: 3667: 3643: 3634: 3621: 3606: 3591: 3578: 3554: 3542: 3496: 3471:(44 BC), 3461: 3442: 3422: 3411: 3398: 3385: 3365: 3358: 3335: 3328: 3308: 3301: 3281: 3269: 3260: 3251: 3238: 3225: 3212: 3199: 3186: 3182:Cato the Elder 3173: 3160: 3147: 3134: 3120: 3100: 3087: 3080: 3059: 3047: 3038: 3029: 3010: 2997: 2984: 2971: 2952: 2936: 2923: 2910: 2897: 2888: 2875: 2857: 2845: 2833: 2817: 2801: 2799:, p. 535. 2772: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2705: 2676: 2655: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2568:(2)=2nd spouse 2566: 2565:(1)=1st spouse 2563: 2559: 2553: 2551: 2550: 2547:Aemilia Lepida 2544: 2542: 2540: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2440:Descendant of 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2336: 2334: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2287: 2285: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2263: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 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1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1761: 1759: 1757:Cato the Elder 1754: 1752: 1741: 1740: 1733: 1730: 1681: 1678: 1662: 1661: 1654: 1631: 1619: 1618: 1612: 1602: 1592: 1567: 1521: 1462: 1459: 1339: 1336: 1271: 1268: 1226: 1223: 1177: 1174: 1137:, King of the 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1102:Victoria Virgo 1098:Cisalpine Gaul 1058: 1055: 1049:, silver, and 1019: 1016: 980: 977: 929:Main article: 926: 923: 915:Roman citizens 899:Main article: 896: 893: 891: 888: 863: 860: 851:Quintus Ennius 795: 792: 790: 787: 761: 758: 721: 718: 708: 705: 649:Hannibal Barca 622: 619: 617: 614: 595: 592: 588:Cato Censorius 544: 541: 503: 500: 431:, who opposed 395:known for his 325: 324: 321: 320: 317: 316: 314: 313: 308: 302: 300: 296: 295: 293:Roman Republic 290: 286: 285: 281: 280: 277: 276: 274: 273: 268: 262: 260: 256: 255: 253: 252: 247: 243: 241: 237: 236: 205: 201: 200: 193: 187: 186: 184:Roman Republic 183: 179: 175: 174: 171:Roman Republic 165: 161: 157: 156: 149: 141: 140: 137: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4751: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4664:149 BC deaths 4662: 4660: 4659:234 BC births 4657: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4596:Jacques Amyot 4594: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4368:Julius Caesar 4365: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4312: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4288: 4283: 4281: 4276: 4274: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4244: 4236: 4235: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4202: 4194: 4193: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4004: 4000: 3998:24.2: 331–61. 3997: 3993: 3991:, 31, 99–125. 3990: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3976: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3962: 3958: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3945:9780805730173 3941: 3936: 3935: 3928: 3925: 3921: 3920: 3911: 3907: 3906:William Smith 3904: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3863: 3861:0-907325-80-7 3857: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3828:public domain 3817: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3794: 3782: 3776: 3769: 3763: 3756: 3750: 3742: 3741: 3733: 3726: 3720: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3696: 3691: 3684: 3678: 3670: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3647: 3638: 3631: 3625: 3618: 3617: 3610: 3603: 3602: 3595: 3588: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3569: 3564: 3558: 3551: 3546: 3536: 3535:0-521-60704-3 3532: 3528: 3524: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3505: 3500: 3493: 3482: 3481: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3457: 3454:(in German). 3453: 3446: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3420: 3415: 3408: 3402: 3395: 3389: 3378: 3377: 3369: 3361: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3345: 3339: 3331: 3329:0-7126-3852-0 3325: 3321: 3320: 3312: 3304: 3302:0-7126-3852-0 3298: 3294: 3293: 3285: 3278: 3277:Chisholm 1911 3273: 3264: 3255: 3248: 3242: 3235: 3229: 3222: 3216: 3209: 3203: 3196: 3190: 3183: 3177: 3170: 3164: 3157: 3151: 3144: 3138: 3123: 3121:3-8258-5652-6 3117: 3113: 3112: 3104: 3098:, book xxxiv. 3097: 3091: 3083: 3077: 3073: 3066: 3064: 3056: 3051: 3042: 3033: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3007: 3001: 2994: 2988: 2981: 2975: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2933: 2927: 2920: 2914: 2907: 2901: 2892: 2885: 2879: 2870: 2869: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2842: 2837: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2798: 2797:Chisholm 1911 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2761: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2745: 2743: 2738: 2720: 2718: 2709: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2659: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2634: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2552: 2548: 2539: 2515: 2512: 2506: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2454: 2447: 2443: 2418: 2416: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2374: 2371: 2364: 2363:Junia Secunda 2341: 2337: 2335: 2301: 2295: 2291: 2284: 2267: 2260: 2252: 2249: 2243: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2227: 2215: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2168: 2158: 2151: 2143: 2131: 2128: 2122: 2120: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2082: 2058: 2046: 2040: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2031: 2028:, adopted son 2027: 2010: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1990: 1963: 1959: 1957: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1927: 1920: 1912: 1908: 1905: 1887: 1885: 1884: 1877: 1871: 1869: 1857: 1855: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1830: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1806: 1805: 1788: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1758: 1750: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1707:, one of the 1706: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1686:wrinkle ridge 1677: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1668: 1659: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1630: 1628: 1627: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1576:Against Galba 1573: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1472: 1471:De re rustica 1467: 1458: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1414: 1408: 1406: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1387:Carthaginians 1384: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1335: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1280:sewage system 1277: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1255: 1253: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1222: 1220: 1215: 1212:. Similarly, 1211: 1207: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1173: 1171: 1165: 1163: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1043:Roman triumph 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1018:Roman triumph 1015: 1013: 1008: 1004: 996: 992: 988: 986: 976: 974: 968: 964: 961: 957: 953: 948: 946: 942: 938: 932: 922: 920: 916: 912: 908: 907:junior consul 902: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 859: 858:in Sardinia. 857: 852: 848: 844: 839: 837: 833: 827: 823: 819: 817: 813: 812:Gaius Laelius 809: 805: 801: 786: 782: 780: 771: 766: 757: 755: 751: 747: 741: 738: 734: 729: 727: 717: 715: 714:recuperatores 704: 702: 698: 697: 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 645: 643: 638: 631: 627: 613: 610: 606: 602: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 554: 550: 543:Cognomen Cato 540: 538: 534: 533: 528: 524: 520: 513: 508: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 436: 434: 433:Julius Caesar 430: 426: 425: 420: 416: 415: 410: 406: 405:write history 402: 401:Hellenization 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 365: 355: 331: 322: 318: 312: 309: 307: 304: 303: 301: 297: 294: 291: 287: 282: 278: 272: 269: 267: 264: 263: 261: 257: 251: 248: 245: 244: 242: 238: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 206: 202: 199: 198: 194: 188: 180: 176: 172: 168: 162: 158: 153: 147: 142: 135: 132: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 53: 52: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 4632: 4616:Thomas North 4576:Themistocles 4527:Gaius Marius 4400: 4371: 4315: 4308: 4241: 4234:Roman censor 4232: 4199: 4192:Roman consul 4190: 4092:Online books 4085: 4068:Online books 4058: 4023: 4019: 4010: 4002: 3995: 3988: 3981: 3974: 3967: 3960: 3953: 3933: 3923: 3909: 3902: 3895: 3872: 3851: 3840: 3807: 3798: 3791:Bibliography 3775: 3762: 3749: 3739: 3732: 3719: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3677: 3658: 3653: 3646: 3637: 3624: 3614: 3609: 3599: 3594: 3581: 3573:the original 3567: 3557: 3545: 3515: 3510: 3499: 3478: 3472: 3464: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3433: 3425: 3414: 3406: 3401: 3393: 3388: 3375: 3368: 3348: 3338: 3317: 3311: 3290: 3284: 3272: 3263: 3254: 3246: 3241: 3233: 3228: 3220: 3215: 3207: 3202: 3194: 3189: 3181: 3176: 3171:, xxxiv. 43. 3168: 3163: 3155: 3150: 3145:, xxxiv. 46. 3142: 3137: 3125:. 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