Centre Party (Germany)

2796: 2179: 2647: 2469: 1914: 2263: 2388: 2638:. Still the Centre Party campaigned hard against the Hitler administration and managed to preserve their former vote of roughly 11 per cent. The government parties NSDAP and DNVP however jointly won 52 per cent of the vote. This result shattered the Centre Party's hopes of being indispensable for obtaining a majority in parliament. The party was now faced with two alternatives – either to persist in protesting and risk reprisals like Communists and Social Democrats, or to declare their loyal cooperation, in order to protect their members. As shown by subsequent events, though deeply uncomfortable with the new government, the party opted for the latter alternative. 2042: 2811: 2709:

attacked the Nazi-led coalition government in print, and leading Catholics were brutally mistreated by the SA. (...) Not surprisingly, it was fear of the complete destruction of its lay organisations and the reversal of all the progress that Catholic laymen had made towards gaining equality of status with Protestants that provided the major impetus behind the agreement of the Centre to dissolve itself in return for a Concordat in which the new regime would commit itself – with how little sincerity would soon become apparent – to preserving the integrity of the Catholic community and its institutions.

3018: 2244:. As a result of the party's flexibility, it participated in every government between 1919 and 1932, both with parties to their left and to their right. The Centre mainly provided the ministers for finance and labour and, on four occasions, the Chancellor. However, this also damaged the party's prospects because it was increasingly associated with all of the conflicts, problems, and failures of the Republic. The Centre had a share of the odium attached to the so-called "Weimar Establishment" which was blamed, especially on the right, for the German defeat in World War I in the 2034: 2252: 7637: 332: 1982:, if the Vatican persuaded the Centre Party to accept his bill. Despite this agreement, the Centre Party rejected the budget and Bismarck called new elections. He also published the letters with the Vatican, intending to drive a wedge between Catholic voters loyal to the Pope and the Centre Party with the slogan: "The Pope against the Centre!" Windhorst managed to avert this by reaffirming the Party's autonomy, which the Pope had accepted, and by interpreting the published letters as expressions of papal confidence in the party. 1702: 38: 1903: 4564: 1683: 2531:

BVP tried to re-establish a working parliament by cooperation with the National Socialists, since the three parties together had attained 53% of the seats. When Papen called upon the people to "reject the dictatorship of a single party", the Centre Party agreed "without reservation", but it also stated that "with the same resolution we reject the dictatorship of the nameless party, now in power … even if cloaked with the illusion of non-partisanship".

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critics by calling it a "duty of conscience" to try to achieve a constitutional government. Though Papen did not expect the negotiations to succeed, he was nonetheless concerned as a success would have led to a presidential crisis, as Hindenburg was unwilling to have a coalition parties dictate the administration. In September he ended all speculations by dissolving the Reichstag again, almost immediately after its first meeting.

2619:

Hitler intended to minimise non-Nazi participation, but feigned a willingness to cooperate with the Centre and blamed Papen and Hugenberg for denying cabinet posts to the Centre. When Kaas requested a broad outline of his government's objectives, Hitler used the questionnaire presented by Kaas to declare the talks a failure and obtain the President's approval for calling for new elections for the third time in about half a year.

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preserve our soul, but on the other hand a rejection of the Enabling Act would result in unpleasant consequences for fraction and party. What is left is only to guard us against the worst. Were a two-thirds majority not obtained, the government's plans would be carried through by other means. The President has acquiesced in the Enabling Act. From the DNVP no attempt of relieving the situation is to be expected."

6287: 6178: 6150: 6122: 6094: 6066: 5659: 5625: 5591: 5529: 5497: 5465: 5433: 5401: 5369: 5337: 5305: 5242: 5210: 5178: 5146: 5114: 5082: 5050: 5018: 4986: 4954: 4922: 4890: 4858: 4826: 162: 6342: 6315: 6206: 5981: 5948: 5915: 5882: 5849: 5804: 5738: 5705: 5274: 2738:. Brüning called the Act the "most monstrous resolution ever demanded of a parliament" and was sceptical about Kaas's efforts: "The party has difficult years ahead, no matter how it would decide. Sureties for the government fulfilling its promises have not been given. Without a doubt, the future of the Centre Party is in danger and once it is destroyed it cannot be revived again." 2763:

without any major impact. At that time, the Centre Party was weakened by massive defections by party members. Loyal party members, in particular civil servants, and other Catholic organisations were subject to increasing reprisals, despite Hitler's previous guarantees. The party was also hurt by a declaration of the German bishops that, while maintaining their opposition to

2480: 1694: 2562:", which they considered up to the times and tested by experience, against Papen's "omnipotent state and independent leadership", while the Nazis would only accept a coalition that would serve their purpose of achieving total dominance. Not expecting a successful conclusion, Hitler used the Centre negotiations in order to put pressure on the Papen administration. 4729:, keeping national debt low and strong social security systems. The party supports the integration of immigrants residing legally in Germany while protecting German national identity and ensuring compulsory laws for immigrants to learn German, understand German culture and undergo a values test before acquiring citizenship. It also calls for strong 2165:, which guaranteed what the Centre had been fighting for since its founding: equality for Catholics and autonomy for Catholic Church throughout Germany. The party was less successful in the school question. Although religious education remained an ordinary subject in most schools, the comprehensive, inter-denominational schools became default. 2602:" (an alliance involving willing members of both left-wing and right-wing parties), which failed. Schleicher then revived Papen's proposed coup d'état, which the Centre Party refused to condone, as did the other parties. Under these circumstances, Hindenburg refused to back the coup, and Schleicher accordingly resigned on 28 January 1933. 2429:("Notverordnung") through article 48 of the Constitution. This allowed him to circumvent parliament, as long as the Social Democrats - who feared another election - tolerated this practice. For this way of government based on both the President and cooperation of parliament, Brüning coined the term "authoritarian democracy". 2367:, advocated a move towards the right and a closer cooperation with the national movements. The middle-ground emphasised their loyalty to the Church and rejected both extremes. To mediate the tension between the wings and to strengthen their ties with the Bishops, the party in September 1928 did not elect the two favourites 2754:

intimidate any opposition while the Communist and some Social Democratic members of the Reichstag had been imprisoned and were thus prevented from voting. In the end, the Centre voted as planned in favour of the Enabling Act, as did all the other parties apart from the SPD. The act was passed on 23 March 1933.

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In stark contrast to pro-parliamentary and pro-republican factions of the Centre, there were also anti-republican and anti-democratic factions, which argued that Weimar democracy promoted anti-Catholic values such as secularism, individualism and materialism. The party's right wing was represented by

4675:

Left-wing factions of the Centre Party were committed to republicanism and pressured the Zentrum to identify itself as a pro-republican party; however, the party instead adopted a vague label of being a "constitutionial party", which was "ready to collaborate with any legal government" of any form of

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Though seeing their adversaries Papen and Hugenberg join forces with Hitler, the Centre Party still did not give up building a broad coalition government. Since the new administration was still lacking a majority in parliament, the Centre was ready to support it, either by toleration or by coalition.

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By July, the Centre was the only non-Nazi party that still even nominally existed; the SPD and KPD had been banned outright, while the others had been browbeaten into dissolving themselves. On 1 July, Papen and Kaas agreed that as part of the concordat, German priests would stay out of politics. As

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The passing of the Enabling Act did not, as Kaas had suggested, prevent the Centre Party's demise. As promised during the negotiations, a working committee chaired by Hitler and Kaas was supposed to inform about further legislative measures. However, it met only three times (31 March, 2 and 7 April)

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ruled out participating in acts of revolution. The proponents argued that a "national revolution" had already occurred with Hitler's appointment and the presidential decree suspending civil rights. The Enabling Act would contain the revolutionary forces and move the government back to a legal order.

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minister for culture, attempted to decree a total separation of church and state, forcing religion out of schools. This stirred up a wave of protest among the Catholic population, and bishops, Catholic organisations and the Centre Party itself united to combat the "red danger". This conflict bridged

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During the Weimar era, the Centre Party was socially and economically heterogenous and included groups of various political views and interests, including republicans and monarchists, and was considered to represent the entire "political microcosm of Weimar Catholic society". It included industrial

2546:" via presidential decree. Now, the National Socialists proposed to end this direct rule by forming a coalition with the Centre Party, promising an equal share in government. Since this went too far for the Centre's national leadership, the negotiations were transferred to the national level, where 2514:

dissolved. In the subsequent elections, the Centre Party campaigned on two fronts, against both the Papen government and National Socialists and reaffirmed their stance as the "constitution party" opposed to "any measure contrary to constitution, justice and law" and "unwilling to yield to terror".

1965:

had defended the party against Bismarck's accusation of being a "denominational party" in describing the Centre as "a political party with a comprehensive political programme and open to anyone, who accepts it". However, few Protestants took up this offer and the Centre remained, by the composition

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adopted more lenient policies, the club renamed itself "Fraction of the Centre" in order to open itself up to include non-Catholics. This name stemmed from the fact that in the Landtag the Catholic representatives were seated in the centre, between the Conservatives on the right and the Liberals on

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Yet the party wanted a Concordat not least because of the massive intimidation to which it had been subjected since the end of February 1933. This included violent attacks on Centre Party meetings during campaigning for the elections of 5 March 1933, during one of which the Centre Party politician

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The negotiations were bound for failure, since the aims of the two groups were largely incompatible. The Centre argued that the vote of July had "called Hitler not to dictatorship but to responsibility, to getting in line with law and constitution". They hoped to "build a strong government without

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and National Socialists together had won the majority of seats, no government coalition could be formed without one of them. Papen tried to justify his authoritarian style of government by pointing out that parliament could no longer function properly. Countering this reasoning, the Centre and the

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as Chancellor, a member of the Centre's right wing and former cavalry captain. The intention was to break the connection of the Centre with the other republican parties or to split the party and integrate it into a comprehensive conservative movement. However, the Centre refused to support Papen's

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was severely beaten by Nazi stormtroopers (on 22 February). One after another in the spring and early summer of 1933, Catholic lay organisations were being forcibly closed down or merged with their Nazi counterparts, Catholic journalists and newspaper editors were arrested, especially if they had

2506:

advised the President to recognise this connection by basing the government on a coalition with the rising right-wing parties, the "logical result of current development". This would force the radicals to "take their share in responsibility" and "acquainting them with international politics". The

2497:

In regard to the government, the Centre Party rejected a "temporal solution", such as Papen's presidial cabinets, and rather advocated a "total solution", i.e., a government according to the rules of the constitution. Since the Centre considered Papen's administration of being "in a dangerous way

1747:

There were also more general demands such as for a more federal, decentralised state, a limitation of state expenditure, a just distribution of taxes, the financial strengthening of the middle classes and the legal "removal of such evil states, that threaten the worker with moral or bodily ruin".

2574:

dismissed as "illusionary" the attempt to "uphold the constitution and the legal order" with a man such as Hitler with his "unconditional propensity to evil". Instead of "driving out the devil by Belzebub", the Centre should act as the parliament's conscience. The party leadership answered their

1985:

As the Kulturkampf declined, debates about the character of the party emerged culminating in the Centre dispute, in 1906, after Julius Bachem had published the article "We must get out of the tower!" He called upon Catholic politicians to fulfill Windthorst's word and get out of their perpetual

4712:

or Hermann Port, who sought cooperation with conservative parties. Because of the extreme ideological heterogeneity of the party, it simultaneously participated in pro- and anti-republican coalitions on the local level. In attempt to solve internal dissent, the party would increasingly appoint

4652:

workers and smallholders, broad middle class (including both the agrarian and urban middle classes), as well as entrepreneurs, civil servants and clerics, and lastly a small but influential group of Catholic aristocracy. The uniting element of the factions of the Centre Party was commitment to

2694:, the main reason why the Centre Party voted for the Enabling Act despite questioning the sincerity of Hitler's guarantees was because of the intimidation that it was subjected to. The party was further pressured by the fact that on 26 June 1933, all of the Reichstag and Landtg deputies of the 2686:

Kaas was aware of the doubtful nature of such guarantees but when the Centre Party assembled on 23 March to decide on their vote, Kaas advised his fellow party members to support the bill, given the "precarious state of the party". He described his reasons as follows: "On the one hand we must

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The Centre Party, whose vote was going to be decisive, was split on the issue of the Enabling Act. Chairman Kaas advocated supporting the bill in parliament in return for government guarantees. These mainly included respecting the President's Office retaining veto power, religious liberty, its

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Kaas advised President Hindenburg not to continue Papen's "administration of conflict"; he advocated "national concentration including the National Socialists", but did not comment on an alternative Chancellor, since he considered that the "personal prerogative of the President". Hindenburg's

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were placed in custody by Heinrich Himmler. This was also followed by the Nazi troops forcefully disbanding the Catholic trade unions, and Catholic civil servants being threatened with dismissals. In light of the increasing oppression, most members of the Centre Party believed that they were

2753:

In the end the majority of Centre parliamentarians supported Kaas's proposal. Brüning and his followers agreed to respect party discipline by also voting in favour of the bill. The Reichstag assembled under turbulent circumstances. SA men served as guards and crowded outside the building to

2578:

Papen's act did not end the negotiations between the Centre and the NSDAP. In fact, it made further meetings possible, since the Centre Party's leadership blamed the failure not on the parties' incompatibility but on Papen calling for new elections. Since the NSDAP vote dropped again in the

1973:

in church matters, the Centre party steered a course independent of the Holy See on secular matters. This became apparent in the "septennat dispute" of 1886. Since the Centre Party rejected Bismarck's military budget, the Chancellor negotiated with the Holy See and promised to abolish some

2554:. During that period the anti-Nazi polemics ceased in order not to disturb the negotiations. Since the NSDAP was the larger party, the Centre was willing to accept a Nazi as Chancellor, provided he could gain the trust of the President, which at that time seemed quite a difficult task. 4684:; some left-wing Centre factions were also supportive of cooperation with right-wing nationalist trade unions on pragmatic basis. Along with "republican-democratic" wings of the party, the Centre Party also had socialist factions. Catholic socialism was promoted by politicians such as 2014:, made another attempt at transcending the party's exclusively Catholic character and uniting Germany's fragmented party spectrum. In 1920 he advocated the formation of a broad Christian middle-party, that would transcend denominations and social classes and which could push back the 2673:

that would have vested the government with legislative powers for a period of four years. As the bill required a two-thirds majority in order to pass and the coalition parties only controlled 340 of the 647 seats (52.5 percent), the government needed the support of other parties.

1713:

and policies, including plans for dissolving all monasteries in Prussia, made it clear that a reorganisation of the group was urgently needed in order to protect Catholic minority rights, enshrined in the 1850 constitution, and to bring them over to the emerging nation state.

4700:, and believed that the atheism of socialism "was not an essential ingredient but only a transient phase". The Catholic socialists of the Centre Party presented various positions, such as promoting a "third way" between capitalism and socialism based on the papal encyclical 2779:. Prominent members were frequently arrested and beaten, and pro-Centre civil servants were fired. As the summer of 1933 wore on, several government officials — including Papen — demanded that the Centre either dissolve or be closed down by the government. 2787:, who felt the party should at least have waited until after the conclusion of negotiations. The day after, the government issued a law outlawing the formation of new political parties, thereby making the NSDAP the only legally permitted party in Germany. 2583:, the Centre Party considered their strategy successful and resumed negotiations, this time under the slogan of forming a "Notgemeinschaft" ("community of need"), even though the Centre, BVP, and NSDAP together no longer formed a majority in parliament. 4724:

In an updated policy platform in 2022, the Centre Party declares its objective is to protect the "Christian-Jewish roots of Europe and defend the free-democratic basic order of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany." The party supports a

1748:

With such a manifesto, the number of Catholic representatives in the Prussian Diet rose considerably. In December 1870, they formed a new "Centre" faction, also called the "Constitution Party" to emphasise its adherence to constitutional liberties.

2770:

The issue of the concordat prolonged Kaas's stay in Rome, leaving the party without an effective chairman: On 5 May Kaas finally resigned from his post and the party now elected Brüning as his successor. The party adopted a tempered version of the

1638:, which was convened to draw up a German constitution, a "Catholic club" was formed. This was not yet a comprehensive party, but a loose union aimed at protecting the Church's liberties in a future Germany, supported by many petitions from the " 2354:

During the years of the Weimar Republic, debates about the Catholic character of the party, as described above, persisted. The left-wing of the party, led by Erzberger and Wirth, had close ties to the Catholic workers' associations led by

2225:. The formation of the new Christian People's Party in Rhineland (May 1920) caused considerable concern among the Centre leadership. Seeing the exodus of conservative Catholics caused by a sharp left turn of the Centre at the end of war, 2775:; pro-Centre papers now declared that the party's members, or "retinue", would fully submit itself to Brüning. It was not enough, however, to relieve the growing pressure that it and other parties faced in the wake of the process of 1986:

minority position by an effort to increase Protestant numbers among their representatives in parliament. His proposal was met with passionate opposition by the greater part of Catholic public, especially since it also included the

2406:, from the moderate-conservative wing of the party, was appointed as Chancellor with a cabinet that, apart from the missing Social Democrats, was virtually unchanged. Brüning was confronted with economic crises exacerbated by the 2682:

signed by German states and the existence of the Centre Party. Via Papen, Hitler responded positively and personally addressed the issues in his Reichstag speech but he repeatedly put off signing a written letter of agreement.

2611: 2884:("Emergency Community to Save the Peace in Europe"), an initiative intended to prevent rearmament. Wessel resigned from her post and in November 1952 left the party. Immediately afterwards, Wessel and Heinemann turned the 4635:

movement. The party adopted a new program in 2008 in which it stated rejection for the traditional left and right divide of politics and called for a "value-oriented" platform guided by the principles of Christianity and

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The negotiations were also met with criticism from within the Centre Party. Some rejected them as "currying favour with the National Socialists" and giving credence to Hitler's strategy of legality. Catholic journalists

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Preservation of the Church's autonomy and rights, as accepted by the constitution. Defense against any attack on the independence of Church bodies, on the development of religious life and on the practice of Christian

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By this time, the party had become increasingly ambivalent toward democracy. Many elements of the party, including Kaas, had come to believe that only an authoritarian regime could protect the position of the Church.

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published the Cologne Program (Kölner Programm), which proposed the re-formation of the Zentrum under a new name (Christliche Volkspartei, CVP). This proposal was rejected, with only a few regions adopting it for the

2937:. Despite its marginal numbers, the party emphasises continuity to its history by sometimes referring to itself as the "oldest political party of Germany". According to its statutes the official name of the party is 2872:. In 1949, she was one of the Centre's representatives in the Bundestag and also was elected chairwoman of the party, the first woman ever to lead a German party. In 1951, she vocally opposed Adenauer's policy of 2841:

had been the new state's first Minister-President, and it participated in the state government until 1958, when it left the state parliament. Until 1959, the Centre was also represented in the state parliament of

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and bankers during a feverish night in which the outcome was unclear to all participants. On 30 January 1933 Hitler was appointed Chancellor with Papen as Vice-Chancellor and Hugenberg as minister for economics.

2278:(DDP) were the base of the Weimar Republic but lost their majority in the 1920 elections. After this, majority governments were rare as they required the support of the Weimar Coalition and the national liberal 2899:

Meanwhile, the survivors of the Centre Party tried to forge an alliance of small parties of Christian persuasion, to offer an alternative to disappointed CDU/CSU voters, but they gained only the support of the

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government in any way and criticised him for "distorting and abusing good old ideals of the Centre, acting as the representative of reactionary circles". Papen forestalled being expelled by leaving the party.

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Promoting the political and cultural ideals of Germany's Catholic minority, the Zentrum had been the spearhead of Political Catholicism ever since its founding in the second half of the nineteenth century.

4713:

Catholic priests and clerics to leading positions, as opposed to non-clerical politicians associated with certain interest groups witin the party. This practice led to the appointment of figures such as

1926: 1864:("cultural struggle") against the Catholic Church. Catholics fought back vigorously and with near-unanimity. The Centre party gained greater support from the Catholic population. Following Bismarck's 1464: 1447: 7136:Über einem Foto einer Abtreibungsklinik ist der Schriftzug „Abtreiben macht frei" zu lesen – in Anlehnung an die Aufschrift „Arbeit macht frei" über dem Tor des Vernichtungslagers Auschwitz-Birkenau. 1811:. The party was named the Centre Party due to the fact that in Parliament the Catholics sat between the Liberals on the left and the Conservatives on the right as opposed to the party adhering to 6384: 2414:

payments. His course of strict budget discipline, with severe cuts in public expenditure, and tax increases made him extremely unpopular among the lower and middle classes as well as among the

2130:

internal tensions within the party and secured its continual existence despite the turmoil of the revolution. The party however was weakened by its Bavarian wing splitting off and forming the

1584:" that, emerging in the early 19th century after the turmoil of the Napoleonic wars, had changed the political face of Germany. Many Catholics found themselves in Protestant dominated states. 2929:

Since its demise on the national level, the party focuses on local politics, while maintaining the same positions as in the post-war period. The party is represented in some city councils in

2587:

negotiations with Hitler failed, but so did Kaas's attempt to form a coalition in parliament. By avoiding a clear statement, Hitler managed to pin the blame for this failure on the DNVP's

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of Cologne endorsed the new party, the party lost its position as the party of the Catholic population. For some time, however, the party managed to hold on to regional strongholds in

1615:, who called upon Catholics to "stand united" for their common goals, "religious liberty and political and civil equality of the denominations". The conflict relaxed after 1840, with 2542:

had just lost its majority. An alternative majority could be not found and the Papen administration had seized this opportunity to assume control of Germany's largest state in the "

1930: 1524:

For most of the Weimar Republic, the Centre Party was the third-largest party in the Reichstag and a bulwark of the Republic, participating in all governments until 1932. Following

2795: 2064:

to push for a repeal of the last remnants of anti-Jesuit laws. In 1916, the Reichstag adopted a resolution introduced by the Centre Party, calling on the government to follow the

7468:

Anderson, Margaret Lavinia, and Kenneth Barkin. "The myth of the Puttkamer purge and the reality of the Kulturkampf: Some reflections on the historiography of Imperial Germany."

2282:(DVP). Social Democrats and DVP found it hard to agree on economic policy while Social Democrats disagreed with the Centre Party on issues like religious schools or a nationwide 2316:

administration, comprising the Centre, both Liberal parties and the Social Democrats, which lasted until November, when the Social Democrats left the coalition and the Centre's

1521:(Centre) originally came from the fact that Catholic representatives would take up the middle section of seats in parliament between the social democrats and the conservatives. 2248:, as well as for the humiliations of the Versailles Treaty and reparations. Erzberger himself, who had signed the armistice, was assassinated by right-wing extremists in 1921. 2558:

touching the substance of the constitution", to create "clear responsibilities" and to "preclude anti-constitutional experiments". The Centre advocated a return to Brüning's "

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the left. Faced with military and constitutional issues, where there was no definite Church position, the group soon disintegrated and disappeared from parliament after 1867.

2335:. In the second round, combining the support of the Weimar coalition parties, he gained 45.3% of the vote and finished a close second to the victorious right-wing candidate 2750:. Even Brüning thought it would be "decisive which groups of the NSDAP will be in power in the future. Will Hitler's power increase or will he fail, that is the question." 2229:

proposed his "Essen program" (September 1920) that promised Germany to become "Christian, democratic, German, and social" and a plan to form a broad-based Christian party.

2213:

The Centre Party, whose pragmatic principles generally left it open to supporting either a monarchical or republican form of government, proved one of the mainstays of the

2494:, their energies were directed mainly against the renegade Papen. Some Centre politicians were soothed by Hitler's strategy of legality into downplaying the Nazi threat. 7977: 2519:

brought further losses to the mainstream parties and gains to the extremist parties. The National Socialists supplanted the Social Democrats as the largest party in the

1890:. The Centre party remained a party of opposition to Bismarck, but after his resignation in 1890, it frequently supported the following administrations' policies in the 2425:, in which the four parties of the former Grand coalition lost their majority. After this, Brüning based his administration entirely on the support of the presidential 2006:; the party instead adopted the Berlin Guidelines (Berliner Leitsätze), which were more moderate but failed at making the Zentrum attractive for Protestant voters too. 2534:

After Papen failed to get Hitler's support for his administration, the Centre began their own negotiations with the National Socialists. They started in the state of

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Blackbourn, David. "The Political Alignment of the Centre Party in Wilhelmine Germany: A Study of the Party's Emergence in Nineteenth-Century Württemberg,"

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and had to tackle the difficult tasks of consolidating both budget and currency when faced with rising unemployment, and of also negotiating changes to the

8087: 2594:

Since the cabinet had refused to support Papen's planned coup d'état by a permanent dissolution of the Reichstag, in December Hindenburg appointed General

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formed a minority government in a coalition with the DDP and the DVP. In May 1921 the Weimar Coalition once again joined forces with the Centre's

9010: 8733: 7970: 6186: 6158: 6130: 6102: 6074: 2199: 1954: 7219:

Knapp, Thomas A. (1969). "The German Center Party and the Reichsbanner: A Case Study in Political and Social Consensus in the Weimar Republic".

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Ross, Ronald J. "Critic of the Bismarckian Constitution: Ludwig Windthorst and the Relationship Between Church and State in Imperial Germany,"

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Both groupings were not unaffected by Hitler's self-portrayal as a moderate seeking cooperation as opposed to the more revolutionary SA led by

2571: 2207: 2195: 1946: 1918: 548: 7670: 7017: 4637: 2950: 1934: 4704:, or advocating economical socialism with a strongly religious character, rejecting the secular currents of socialism and social democracy. 1543:, the party was reconstituted, but could not rise again to its former importance, as most of its members joined the new interdenominational 2825:(CDU), a new party formed as a Christian party comprising both Catholics and Protestants. As many former Centre party politicians, such as 1183: 6920: 2865:, largely due to the massive CDU landslide that year, the party dropped out of the Bundestag completely and it did not return until 2022. 2324:

was appointed chancellor and formed a coalition between the Centre, both Liberal parties, the BVP and, for the first time, the right-wing

1532:, which granted legislative powers to Hitler's government. Nevertheless, the party was pressured into dissolving itself on 5 July, as the 8556: 8125: 8049: 7723: 5537: 1665:. In reaction this led to a doubling of Catholic representatives in the subsequent elections and the formation of a Catholic club in the 1551:(CSU). The Centre Party continued on as a marginal party and concentrated its efforts on regional politics, mainly based in the state of 274: 6651:

The German Right, 1918–1930: Political Parties, Organized Interests, and Patriotic Associations in the Struggle against Weimar Democracy

2297:

as Chancellor, but this minority government collapsed again in November 1922. After this, the Centre participated in the non-affiliated

9030: 8990: 8783: 7963: 7122: 7039:"The Political Alignment of the Centre Party in Wilhelmine Germany: A Study of the Party's Emergence in Nineteenth-Century Württemberg" 6484:"The Political Alignment of the Centre Party in Wilhelmine Germany: A Study of the Party's Emergence in Nineteenth-Century Württemberg" 1599:

and the religious affiliation of children resulting from these. This led to serious aggressions against the Catholic population of the

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Jones, Larry Eugene. "Catholic conservatives in the Weimar Republic: the politics of the Rhenish-Westphalian aristocracy, 1918–1933."

2972:. It is the first time since 1957 that the party has held a seat in the Bundestag. Witt subsequently left in August of the same year. 8506: 6389: 4798: 4017: 1421: 2348: 8191: 7663: 8970: 8693: 8013: 7813: 7793: 7601:

Drury, Marjule Anne. "Anti-Catholicism in Germany, Britain, and the United States: A review and critique of recent scholarship."

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in Bavaria, the "Bavarian Patriotic Party", with a particularistic-conservative bent, since 1887 called the "Bavarian Centre".

1721:

called on Catholics to unite and, in October, priests, representatives of Catholic federations and the Catholic gentry met at

8773: 8723: 8577: 8407: 8330: 8223: 7324: 7274: 6972: 6886: 6659: 6606: 6457: 6448: 6430: 5473: 5345: 4599: 4147: 3705: 2954: 2822: 2580: 1792: 1168: 1031: 9025: 8980: 8778: 8305: 8233: 8186: 7686: 4717:

in 1928. The party then became subject to the broader shift to the right of the Weimar society in late 1920s caused by the

1544: 1515:, and its middle position on most issues allowed it to play a decisive role in the formation of majorities. The party name 1414: 1127: 347: 7463: 8975: 8248: 8181: 7901: 5560: 5553: 3695: 1623: 1596: 4668:, as well as Catholic workers' associations and Catholic trade unions, led by the Centre's laborist politicians such as 8813: 8763: 8571: 8419: 8324: 8039: 7713: 6786: 5505: 4677: 2623: 2150: 2118: 2015: 1818:

Also in other German states Catholic parties were formed, cooperating with the Prussian Centre Party in the Reichstag:

1036: 1021: 1913: 8926: 8632: 8437: 8354: 8282: 8171: 7519: 7387: 7379: 7299: 7185: 7160: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5745: 5712: 5679: 5667: 5633: 5599: 5567: 5441: 4488: 4227: 4155: 3825: 3805: 3735: 3117: 2862: 2858: 2850: 2516: 2441: 2332: 2325: 2157:

was elected president of the National Assembly. The party actively cooperated with Social Democrats and left-liberal

1548: 1178: 1041: 2021:

The Polish minority in the German Empire formed one of the largest Catholic groups, but the Centre Party pursued an

7868: 7831: 6994: 6322: 6295: 6265: 6242: 5313: 4619:

Although the party's ideology has shifted throughout its existence, it has consistently presented itself through a

4592: 3403: 3032: 2999: 2468: 1877: 1016: 641: 8243: 7955: 7549:

Lutz, Ralph Haswell. "The Collapse of German Democracy under the Brüning Government March 30, 1930–May 30, 1932."

7399:"The Christian Trade Unions During the Last Years of Imperial Germany and the First Months of the Weimar Republic" 6814:

Lutz, Ralph Haswell. "The Collapse of German Democracy under the Brüning Government March 30, 1930-May 30, 1932."

8930: 8703: 8589: 8431: 8342: 7778: 6446:

Spenkuch, Jorg L.; Tillmann, Philipp (2017). "Elite Influence? Religion and the Electoral Success of the Nazis".

4075: 2076: 1153: 1101: 8910: 2436:

The Centre consistently supported Brüning's government and in 1932 vigorously campaigned for the re-election of

2339:

with 48.3%. In May 1926 Chancellor Luther resigned and Marx again assumed the chancellorship. In June 1928, the

8808: 6740: 6703: 4401: 3685: 2896:

GVP), that failed badly in the elections of 1953. In 1957, the GVP dissolved, and most members joined the SPD.

2072: 1654: 1626:

brought new opportunities for German Catholics. In October, the bishops had their first meeting in 40 years in

1081: 836: 691: 8938: 8897: 8656: 4681: 4266: 3476: 3451: 3186: 2387: 2057: 1950: 846: 706: 147: 8718: 7655: 4309: 2915:, first in parliament since 1951 and in the 1957 the general elections, but the results were disappointing. 2810: 2262: 8077: 7934: 7878: 7022: 6007: 6000: 5988: 5955: 5922: 5889: 5856: 5823: 5811: 5409: 5377: 5281: 5250: 5218: 5186: 5154: 5122: 5090: 5058: 5026: 4994: 4962: 4930: 4898: 4866: 4834: 4631:

before adopting a right-wing identity at the end of the decade and post-World War Two defining itself as a

4206: 4105: 3785: 3541: 2889: 2422: 2340: 2222: 2142: 2003: 367: 174: 8607: 8443: 8366: 6622: 2114:

appointed representatives from the Centre party, the Social Democrats and the left-liberals as ministers.

8536: 8516: 8486: 7803: 7542:

Kohler, Eric D. "The Successful German Center-Left: Joseph Hess and the Prussian Center Party, 1908–32."

6216: 4802: 4755: 4494: 4275: 4170: 2520: 2511: 1555:. The party was unrepresented on the German federal level from 1957 to 2022, when Federal representative 1358: 1116: 1011: 1006: 956: 771: 716: 48: 6369: 2910: 2726:

A considerable number of parliamentarians opposed the chairman's course, among these former Chancellors

8265: 8115: 8003: 7906: 7808: 4733:

and national security policies to combat violent crime and terrorism and supports German membership of

4520: 4335: 4316: 4198: 4090: 3083: 2923: 2695: 2527: 2490:

Following Brüning's resignation, the Centre Party entered the opposition. Though they also opposed the

2344: 2302: 2131: 2111: 2084: 1784: 1661:, yet two years later the minister for culture, von Raumer, issued decrees directed mainly against the 1173: 1163: 1001: 896: 607: 212: 6731:

Im Dienst am Staat von Weimar: das Zentrum als regierende Partei in der Weimarer Demokratie: 1923-1930

4419: 4287: 2232:

The party was an ideologically diverse coalition of Catholic politicians, comprising republicans like

2041: 8803: 8748: 7863: 4751: 4391: 4302: 4282: 4219: 4183: 3755: 3088: 2313: 1891: 1752: 1512: 1198: 1106: 1091: 1056: 996: 8666: 3506: 2328:(DNVP). The Centre, the BVP and the DNVP jointly supported legislation to expand religious schools. 1751:

Three months later, early in 1871, the Catholic representatives to the new national parliament, the

911: 8218: 8176: 8148: 8097: 7986: 7788: 4730: 4697: 4510: 4462: 4243: 3956: 3950: 3845: 3134: 2742: 2279: 2146: 2049: 1788: 1760: 1321: 1259: 1111: 1086: 736: 595: 429: 399: 2421:

In 1930, Brüning's failure to gain a majority for his policies in parliament prompted him to call

2102:, was appointed Chancellor, but he could not overcome the dominance of the military leadership of 8922: 8876: 8595: 8526: 8496: 8413: 8348: 8196: 8143: 7929: 7924: 7873: 7858: 7850: 7783: 6547:

The failure of Bismarck's Kulturkampf: Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany, 1871-1887

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and dissatisfaction with the Weimar political system, which also included the Catholic groups.

4100: 3258: 3214: 2930: 2919: 2873: 2834: 2803: 2610:

Meanwhile, Papen had formed an intrigue to oust his successor. He conferred with Hugenberg and

2499: 2347:. The Grand Coalition of 1923 was revived, this time including the BVP and the Social Democrat 2110:. When a parliamentary system of government was introduced in October 1918, the new chancellor 2011: 1987: 1658: 1552: 1348: 1188: 1096: 646: 585: 466: 302: 112: 8662: 7504:

Path to Christian Democracy: German Catholics and the Party System from Windthorst to Adenauer

6649: 6416: 4139: 1961:

The Kulturkampf had reinforced the Catholic character of the Centre Party, but even during it

921: 9020: 8708: 8107: 7768: 7751: 7733: 7646:

Website of the European Christian Political Movement, of which the Zentrumspartei is a member

7512:

A Microcosm of Society or the Key to a Majority in the Reichstag? The Centre Party in Germany

4726: 4709: 4657: 4653: 4624: 4539: 4505: 4292: 3945: 3715: 3282: 3277: 2635: 2290: 2245: 2187: 2154: 2126: 2066: 2045: 2022: 1865: 1855: 1796: 1608: 1581: 1326: 831: 570: 528: 441: 404: 187: 3912: 3017: 2479: 2343:

resulted in losses for the government parties and in gains for the Social Democrats and the

2320:

became chancellor of a cabinet of the remaining parties. In January 1925 the non-affiliated

676: 8031: 7246:

Knapp, Thomas (1975). "The Red and the Black: Catholic Socialists in the Weimar Republic".

6924: 4620: 3835: 3815: 3795: 3384: 3364: 3042: 2670: 2654: 1827: 1804: 1800: 1718: 1686: 1643: 1635: 1616: 1529: 1238: 1231: 961: 424: 352: 260: 8206: 3887: 3651: 3413: 8: 8934: 8880: 8860: 8798: 8738: 8388: 8082: 7896: 7823: 4568: 4344: 4328: 4235: 4032: 4007: 3997: 3765: 3621: 3471: 3337: 3100: 3037: 2976: 2595: 2452: 2437: 2336: 2162: 2103: 1990:

and other Catholic organisations. No side could win the upper hand, when the outbreak of

1528:'s rise to power in early 1933, the Centre Party was among the parties who voted for the 1477: 1404: 1399: 1353: 1343: 1309: 1304: 1299: 941: 555: 523: 434: 375: 342: 288: 182: 6596: 3591: 2821:

After the war, the party was refounded, but it was confronted with the emergence of the

2727: 2547: 2440:, calling him a "venerate historical personality" and "the keeper of the constitution". 2403: 2391: 2033: 8914: 8788: 8636: 8601: 8510: 8449: 8360: 8153: 7636: 7480:

Fighting for the Soul of Germany: The Catholic Struggle for Inclusion After Unification

7426: 7074: 7066: 6729: 6503: 4661: 4532: 4483: 4468: 4396: 4364: 4027: 4002: 3935: 3611: 3516: 3496: 3461: 3446: 3230: 3124: 3105: 3064: 2251: 2233: 2149:, the Centre Party gained 91 representatives, being the second largest party after the 2091: 2083:, came to support a negotiated settlement, and Erzberger was key in the passage of the 2080: 1808: 1666: 1650: 881: 580: 331: 197: 3907: 3877: 8884: 8670: 7798: 7760: 7515: 7418: 7383: 7320: 7295: 7270: 7181: 7156: 7058: 6882: 6782: 6746: 6736: 6709: 6699: 6655: 6602: 6564: 6483: 6426: 4701: 4693: 4500: 4386: 4012: 3940: 3596: 3571: 3431: 2658: 2309: 2135: 1962: 1922: 1906: 1847: 1780: 1504: 1375: 1338: 1245: 1203: 976: 856: 821: 711: 701: 696: 671: 543: 131: 7078: 6860:

Martin R. Menke, "Misunderstood Civic Duty: The Center Party and the Enabling Act."

4676:

the government. The leftists of the Centre Party also promoted cooperation with the

3347: 2079:. As the war continued, many of the leaders of the Centre's left wing, particularly 1611:. At that time, one of the founding fathers of Political Catholicism was journalist 766: 681: 8918: 8027: 7985: 7410: 7228: 7092: 7050: 6874: 6764: 6495: 6461: 4718: 4685: 4628: 4478: 4047: 3961: 3775: 3626: 3566: 3481: 3408: 3398: 3391: 3342: 3263: 3159: 2877: 2838: 2799: 2714: 2691: 2588: 2539: 2415: 2407: 2274:

The parties of the Weimar Coalition (Social Democrats, Centre and the left-liberal

2218: 2107: 1768: 1710: 1662: 1370: 1331: 1266: 1252: 1061: 966: 876: 801: 731: 726: 661: 590: 508: 456: 446: 414: 409: 8950:: are currently only in the state parliaments of Bavaria and Rhineland-Palatinate. 7317:

The Weimar Century: German Emigres and the Ideological Foundations of the Cold War

7267:

The Weimar Century: German Emigres and the Ideological Foundations of the Cold War

3586: 3531: 3466: 2772: 2543: 1854:

or having a greater loyalty towards the Pope than to the German nation. After the

1701: 1612: 906: 751: 686: 58: 37: 8793: 6583:

German Nationalism and Religious Conflict: Culture, Ideology, Politics, 1870-1914

4689: 4669: 4525: 4443: 4110: 4080: 4037: 3987: 3977: 3930: 3636: 3631: 3606: 3174: 3129: 2826: 2776: 2735: 2705: 2551: 2472: 2456: 2411: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2241: 2226: 2214: 2122: 2007: 1998: 1764: 1588: 1508: 1492: 1480: 1451: 1392: 1316: 1148: 891: 796: 656: 538: 481: 451: 4546: 4085: 3501: 2984: 1560: 936: 8500: 8376: 8274: 8253: 7340: 4580: 4431: 4406: 4379: 4022: 3982: 3892: 3855: 3646: 3581: 3576: 3242: 3047: 2861:, the party (with the aid from the regional CDU) only retained three seats. In 2662: 2631: 2627: 1979: 1851: 1722: 1294: 1273: 1051: 931: 866: 861: 816: 776: 741: 651: 565: 496: 7414: 7232: 7054: 6947:"Beitritt von Uwe Witt: Deutsche Zentrumspartei wieder im Bundestag vertreten" 6499: 3546: 3526: 3436: 2037:

Georg von Hertling, Chancellor of Germany (1 November 1917-30 September 1918).

1066: 8964: 8753: 8713: 8530: 7685: 7650: 7568:

Beleaguered Tower: The Dilemma of Political Catholicism in Wilhelmine Germany

7422: 7062: 6778: 6774: 6750: 6568: 4640:. The party supports the traditional family unit and is generally opposed to 4515: 4057: 3902: 3882: 3661: 3521: 3511: 3456: 3377: 3221: 3200: 3052: 2934: 2901: 2869: 2814: 2784: 2567: 2510:

As Papen was faced with almost uniform opposition by the parties, he had the

2121:, conflict arose between the party and the new Social Democratic government. 1873: 1488: 1363: 1224: 971: 951: 886: 826: 721: 619: 560: 513: 503: 476: 8768: 7497:

Class and Religious Identity: The Rhenish Center Party in Wilhelmine Germany

6713: 4424: 2747: 1902: 8828: 8540: 8520: 8490: 8474: 8163: 7944: 7939: 7888: 7203:

German Liberalism and the Dissolution of the Weimar Party System, 1918-1933

4665: 4632: 4411: 4095: 4042: 3992: 3897: 3666: 3616: 3561: 3369: 3332: 3296: 3270: 2843: 2830: 2731: 2445: 2317: 2301:'s "government of the economy", together with both liberal parties and the 2298: 2294: 2267: 2255: 2237: 1881: 1740: 1639: 1540: 1536:

became the only legally permitted party in the country shortly thereafter.

1525: 1076: 946: 926: 916: 871: 841: 761: 746: 602: 461: 419: 202: 6696:

Die katholischen Arbeitervereine Westdeutschlands in der Weimarer Republik

1846:

In the age of nationalism, Protestant Germans, whether Conservative (like

8818: 8613: 8466: 8455: 8399: 8069: 7460:

Practicing Democracy: Elections and Political Culture in Imperial Germany

4714: 3972: 3641: 3601: 3551: 3536: 3441: 3237: 3179: 3095: 3078: 2507:

Centre would then act as the party of opposition to this administration.

2503: 2483: 2376: 2368: 2356: 2321: 2071:'s recommendation on the use of submarines. The OHL's policy of resuming 1991: 1975: 1917:

Centre Party Member of Reichstag (First line sitting from left to right:

1886: 1860: 1841: 1759:. The party not only defended the Church's liberties, but also supported 1498: 851: 811: 756: 666: 533: 518: 471: 7616: 7430: 3312: 2634:

and civil rights had been suspended by President Hindenburg through the

1627: 8480: 8238: 8135: 7606: 7554: 7490: 7473: 7398: 7070: 7038: 6507: 6465: 4052: 3966: 3253: 3194: 2491: 1966:

of its members, politicians and voters, an essentially Catholic party.

1869: 1682: 1604: 1533: 1121: 806: 575: 486: 119: 7514:. Political Catholicism in Europe 1918-45. Routledge. pp. 38–52. 1997:

After the war, there were many proposals on how the reform the party.

8823: 8314: 8023: 7995: 7695: 6422: 4759: 3357: 3289: 3154: 2987:

joined the party. However, Meuthen left the party in September 2023.

2969: 2854: 2783:

it turned out, the party dissolved on 5 July — much to the dismay of

2679: 2599: 2283: 2075:

was supposed to break the deadlock of the war but instead led to the

2061: 1670: 1600: 1071: 901: 383: 246: 4696:, who argued that Marx's criticism of capitalism is consistent with 2939:

Deutsche Zentrumspartei – Älteste Partei Deutschlands gegründet 1870

1591:

and a Protestant state was the "Colonian Church conflict", when the

7530:

The German Center Party 1870-1933: A Study in Political Catholicism

7018:"Ex-AfD-Chef Jörg Meuthen verlässt Zentrum und räumt Scheitern ein" 6021: 4641: 4438: 2965: 1812: 1556: 108: 2463: 8847: 7611:

Zeender, John K. "Recent Literature on the German Center Party,"

3556: 3169: 2941:(German Centre Party – Oldest Party in Germany founded in 1870). 2535: 2331:

In the same year, Wilhelm Marx was the Centre's candidate in the

2099: 1776: 1592: 1484: 614: 7594:

Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. "Confessions of a Fellow Traveler,"

7510:

Elvert, Jürgen (2004). Kaiser, Wolfram; Wohnout, Helmut (eds.).

6601:(1 ed.). Harrow, England: Pearson Longman. pp. 61–62. 4656:. The party had a left wing, represented by politicians such as 1733:

Effectual implementation of parity for recognised denominations.

8210: 7630: 6214: 4322: 3207: 2918:

In 1988, the right wing of the party split off and formed the "

2764: 2699:

powerless to prevent the NSDAP from gaining power. Evan wrote:

2669:

The government confronted the newly elected Reichstag with the

2650: 2426: 1772: 322: 1897: 2359:. Some politicians on the right wing of the party, including 1657:

granted liberties, which in parts even exceeded those of the

1631: 232: 225: 8088:

Schleswig-Holstein Farmers and Farmworkers Democracy (SHBLD)

2767:, modified the ban on cooperation with the new authorities. 1642:

federations for religious liberty". The later demise of the

6803:

Heinrich Bruning and the Dissolution of the Weimar Republic

4734: 4372: 3303: 3164: 2448:, but shortly afterwards dismissed Brüning on 30 May 1932. 1970: 239: 2880:, the former Minister of the Interior. The two formed the 8850:; instead, an associated party CSU is participating here. 6534:

Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947

1725:

and drew up an election programme. The main points were:

2829:, were founding members or joined the CDU, and Cardinal 1779:. The Centre's main leader was the Hannoverian advocate 1705:

The official flag of the Centre Party between 1870–1933.

1693: 1646:

proved to be a major setback for Political Catholicism.

7645: 7580:

Zeender, John K. "The German Center Party, 1890-1906."

6514: 1580:

The Centre Party belongs to the political spectrum of "

8093:

Christian National Peasants' and Farmers' Party (CNBL)

2605: 2221:. This combination, however, lost its majority in the 2025:

course causing enmity between it and Polish minority.

1634:

to found the "Catholic Federation of Germany". In the

1570: 8045:

Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)

7719:

Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)

2968:

joined the party while still holding his seat in the

2217:, continuing the cooperation with SPD and DDP in the 1736:

Rejection of any attempt to de-Christianise marriage.

4627:

profile. Until the 1920s, it was seen to occupy the

8859:: are currently not in the state parliament of the 7254:(3). Catholic University of America Press: 386–408. 6675: 2975:The party also got its first representation in the 2678:involvement in culture, schools and education, the 2168: 1830:in 1869, and merged into the Centre Party in 1888. 8050:Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD) 7724:Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD) 7709:Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP) 7582:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 6728: 2882:Notgemeinschaft zur Rettung des Friedens in Europa 2790: 1630:and the local "Catholic Federations" assembled in 6973:"Mitteilung zum Parteiaustritt von Uwe Witt, MdB" 8962: 8846:: does not participate in the state election in 8304: 8239:National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) 6726: 6445: 6418:Christian Democracy in Western Europe: 1820–1953 1894:, particularly in the field of social security. 8909:: is currently not in the state parliaments of 7573:Zeender, John. "Ludwig Windthorst, 1812-1891," 6805:. Cambridge University Press, 2006. pp 278–288. 2904:. The two parties joined forces under the name 2464:Between coup d'état and authoritarian democracy 2258:, Chancellor of Germany (1923-1925, 1926-1928). 2182:Presidium of the Zentrum, 1920, amongst others 2052:(1919-1920), Chancellor of Germany (1920-1921). 1677: 8996:Parties represented in the European Parliament 8896:: is currently not in the state parliament of 6693: 6558: 1826:The Catholic People's Party was formed in the 1495:. Formed in 1870, it successfully battled the 8290: 8055:Old Social Democratic Party of Germany (ASPD) 7989:in Germany in the Weimar Republic (1918–1933) 7971: 7671: 7489:Vol. 18, No. 4 (Dec. 1975), pp. 821–850 7289: 7175: 6995:"Ex-AfD-Chef Meuthen wechselt in neue Partei" 4745: 4638:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany 4600: 1978:-related laws and to support the Pope in the 1669:. In 1858, when the "New Era" governments of 1422: 8871:: is currently not in state parliaments of 6881:. Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 87–88. 4544: 4530: 4429: 4377: 4342: 4333: 4307: 4273: 4264: 3389: 3355: 3310: 3301: 3287: 3268: 3228: 3219: 3205: 2048:, President of the Reichstag (1918) and the 1937:second line-standing-left to right: Graf v. 1884:parties, he also abandoned the unsuccessful 1516: 1511:. It soon won a quarter of the seats in the 1496: 145: 124: 7319:. Princeton University Press. p. 130. 7269:. Princeton University Press. p. 123. 6654:. Cambridge University Press. p. 140. 2598:as Chancellor. Schleicher tried to form a " 2289:Following the 1920 elections, the Centre's 1898:Attempts to broaden appeal beyond Catholics 8297: 8283: 8249:National Socialist Freedom Movement (NSFB) 8060:Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAPD) 7978: 7964: 7704:General German Workers' Association (ADAV) 7678: 7664: 7635: 7373: 7036: 6520: 6481: 4607: 4593: 2868:This demise is at least partly because of 2138:and also took a more conservative course. 1429: 1415: 1159:Christian Democrat Organization of America 330: 36: 8009:Communist Workers Party of Germany (KAPD) 7409:(2). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 89–109. 7314: 7290:Kaiser, Wolfram; Wohnout, Helmut (2004). 7264: 7176:Kaiser, Wolfram; Wohnout, Helmut (2004). 7155:. Princeton Legacy Library. p. 118. 7146: 7144: 4680:and advised Weimar Catholics to join the 2817:, leader of the Centre Party (1949-1952). 2451:President Hindenburg, advised by General 2382: 2173: 1595:government interfered in the question of 9006:Political parties in the Weimar Republic 8187:Christian Social People's Service (CSVD) 8040:Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 7714:Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 7214: 7212: 7150: 2809: 2794: 2645: 2478: 2467: 2386: 2261: 2250: 2177: 2060:, the party also used the debates about 2040: 2032: 2028: 1912: 1901: 1700: 1692: 1681: 8986:Christian democratic parties in Germany 8234:Greater German People's Community (GVG) 7292:Political Catholicism in Europe 1918-45 7178:Political Catholicism in Europe 1918-45 6414: 5545:National Socialist German Workers Party 2990: 549:Friendly separation of church and state 9011:Political parties of the German Empire 8963: 7509: 7294:. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. 43. 7221:International Review of Social History 7180:. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. 42. 7141: 7015: 6561:Die deutsche Zentrumspartei, 1917-1923 2117:After the fall of the monarchy in the 9001:Political parties established in 1870 8685:Minor parties (without representation 8278: 8172:German National People's Party (DnVp) 7959: 7659: 7245: 7218: 7209: 7200: 6879:The Third Reich in History and Memory 6873: 6763: 6757: 6698:(1. Aufl ed.). Essen: Klartext. 6647: 6458:Midwest Political Science Association 6449:American Journal of Political Science 6015: 5992: 5749: 5541: 4148:Christian Democratic Union of Germany 3706:Lectures on the Philosophy of History 2955:European Christian Political Movement 2949:The current chairman of the party is 2719:The Third Reich in History and Memory 2591:, who had rejected Kaas's proposals. 1793:Burghard Freiherr von Schorlemer-Alst 1587:The first major conflict between the 1169:European Christian Political Movement 1032:Christian Democratic Union of Germany 8244:German Völkisch Freedom Party (DVFP) 7396: 6681: 2394:, Chancellor of Germany (1930-1932). 1850:) or Liberal, accused the Centre of 1607:and culminated in the arrest of the 7499:(Marquette University Press, 2000). 7016:Streib, Daniel (8 September 2023). 6482:Blackbourn, David (December 1975). 4740: 3696:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 2953:. The party is affiliated with the 2757: 2606:Hitler government and new elections 1767:in general, in particular those of 1571:Before and during the German Empire 1472:) and also known in English as the 1027:Christian Democratic People's Party 13: 7445: 7153:Hindenberg and the Weimar Republic 6850:The German Center Party, 1870-1933 6838:The German Center Party, 1870-1933 2653:'s Reichstag speech promoting the 2455:, appointed the Catholic nobleman 166: 14: 9042: 9031:Formerly banned political parties 8991:History of Catholicism in Germany 8192:Conservative People's Party (KVP) 7907:German Social Reform Party (DSRP) 7804:National-Social Association (NSV) 7622: 7588: 7453:Windthorst: A Political Biography 7380:Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 7118:"Rechtliche Schritte vorbehalten" 5573: 5571: 5511: 5509: 5479: 5477: 5447: 5445: 5415: 5413: 5383: 5381: 5351: 5349: 5319: 5317: 5287: 5285: 5256: 5254: 5230: 5228: 5198: 5196: 5166: 5164: 5134: 5132: 5102: 5100: 5070: 5068: 5038: 5036: 5006: 5004: 4974: 4972: 4942: 4940: 4910: 4908: 4878: 4876: 4846: 4844: 4814: 4812: 4692:, as well as the Catholic priest 4156:Christian Social Union in Bavaria 3736:Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man 2979:on 10 June 2022, when the former 2926:" (CPD) joined the Centre Party. 2876:and joined forces with the CDU's 1783:and other major figures included 1487:. It was most Influential in the 1179:Conservative Christian Fellowship 1042:Christian Social Union in Bavaria 8014:Communist Party Opposition (KPO) 8004:Communist Party of Germany (KPD) 7814:Progressive People's Party (FVP) 7794:Free-minded People's Party (FVP) 7482:(Harvard University Press; 2012) 7455:(Oxford University Press, 1981). 7205:. 979-8-8908-7883-0. p. 85. 6340: 6313: 6286: 6285: 6204: 6177: 6176: 6149: 6148: 6121: 6120: 6093: 6092: 6065: 6064: 5979: 5946: 5913: 5880: 5847: 5802: 5736: 5703: 5658: 5657: 5624: 5623: 5590: 5589: 5528: 5527: 5496: 5495: 5464: 5463: 5432: 5431: 5400: 5399: 5368: 5367: 5336: 5335: 5304: 5303: 5272: 5241: 5240: 5209: 5208: 5177: 5176: 5145: 5144: 5113: 5112: 5081: 5080: 5049: 5048: 5017: 5016: 4985: 4984: 4953: 4952: 4921: 4920: 4889: 4888: 4857: 4856: 4825: 4824: 4574: 4562: 3404:Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918 3016: 2944: 2853:, it won ten seats in the first 2169:Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany 2077:United States entry into the war 1909:, leader of the party 1874-1891. 1398: 1017:Christian Democratic and Flemish 382: 161: 160: 7864:German Conservative Party (DkP) 7789:German Free-minded Party (DFsP) 7774:Democratic People's Party (DVP) 7376:Die Revolution 1918/19 in Baden 7354: 7333: 7308: 7283: 7258: 7239: 7194: 7169: 7110: 7085: 7030: 7009: 6987: 6965: 6939: 6913: 6904: 6895: 6867: 6854: 6842: 6830: 6821: 6808: 6795: 6720: 6687: 6641: 6615: 6611:– via Archive Foundation. 6377: 6357: 2791:Refounding and post-war history 2741:The opponents also argued that 2704:and former government minister 2690:According to English historian 2641: 2475:, Chancellor of Germany (1932). 1931:Anton von Dejanicz-Gliszczynski 1624:German revolutions of 1848–1849 1154:Centrist Democrat International 1037:Christian Social People's Party 8971:1870 establishments in Germany 8126:Christian People's Party (CVP) 8078:Bavarian Peasants' League (BB) 7935:Bavarian Peasants' League (BB) 7577:(1992) 77#290 pp 237–54 online 7563:(1979) 21#3 pp 483–506. online 7367: 7248:The Catholic Historical Review 6901:Zeender, (1984), pp. 428-441. 6629:(in German). 17 September 2014 6623:"Bayerische Volkspartei (BVP)" 6588: 6575: 6552: 6539: 6526: 6475: 6439: 6408: 6341: 6314: 6205: 5980: 5947: 5914: 5881: 5848: 5803: 5737: 5704: 5273: 4495:Die Freischwebende Intelligenz 4402:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 4228:German National People's Party 3686:Addresses to the German Nation 2849:On the national level, in the 2326:German National People's Party 2240:as well as right-wingers like 2119:German Revolution of 1918–1919 2073:unrestricted submarine warfare 1833: 1: 9016:Politics of the German Empire 8197:German-Hanoverian Party (DHP) 8144:German Democratic Party (DDP) 8116:Bavarian People's Party (BVP) 7930:German-Hanoverian Party (DHP) 7859:Free Conservative Party (FKP) 7651:Catholic Encyclopedia article 7561:Journal of Church & State 6770:The Coming of the Third Reich 6627:Deutsches Historisches Museum 6401: 4708:figures such as the cardinal 4489:Criticism of multiculturalism 4267:Bibliothek des Konservatismus 2058:German entry into World War I 1951:Clemens Heereman von Zuydwyck 1567:and joined the Centre Party. 148:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold 8306:Political parties in Germany 8229:German Socialist Party (DSP) 8182:People's Justice Party (VRP) 7879:Conservative Party (Prussia) 7869:Christian Social Party (CSP) 7837:Imperial Liberal Party (LRP) 7832:National Liberal Party (NLP) 7779:German People's Party (DtVP) 7689:until the end of World War I 7687:Political parties in Germany 7458:Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. 7451:Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. 7201:Jones, Larry Eugene (1988). 7023:Badische Neueste Nachrichten 6415:Fogarty, Michael P. (1957). 5869: 5866: 5719: 5716: 3786:The Concept of the Political 2922:". In 2003 the evangelical " 2888:into a political party, the 2486:, leader of the Centre Party 2090:The same year, the Centre's 1739:Preservation or founding of 1678:Soest programme and founding 1659:Frankfurt draft constitution 1619:'s accession to the throne. 1559:and European representative 7: 9026:Social conservative parties 8981:Centrist parties in Germany 8219:German Workers' Party (DAP) 8149:German People's Party (DVP) 8098:German Farmers' Party (DBP) 7769:German Progress Party (DFP) 7374:Schmidgall, Markus (2012). 6862:Journal of Church and State 6217:Territory of the Saar Basin 4756:Reichstag (Weimar Republic) 4484:Conservatism in Switzerland 4276:Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung 4171:Ecological Democratic Party 2894:Gesamtdeutsche Volkspartei, 2626:were already marred by the 1547:(CDU) and, in Bavaria, the 1184:Centre for European Studies 1117:Popular Republican Movement 1012:Christian Democratic Appeal 87:; 79 years ago 10: 9047: 8976:Catholic political parties 8719:Bergpartei, die ÜberPartei 8699:Animal Protection Alliance 8266:Weimar paramilitary groups 7613:Catholic Historical Review 7596:Catholic Historical Review 7495:Bredohl, Thomas Matthias. 7151:Dorpalen, Andreas (2016). 7037:Blackbourn, David (1975). 6339: 6332: 6312: 6305: 6284: 6277: 6259: 6252: 6203: 6196: 6175: 6168: 6147: 6140: 6119: 6112: 6091: 6084: 6063: 6056: 6019: 5978: 5971: 5945: 5938: 5912: 5905: 5879: 5872: 5846: 5839: 5801: 5794: 5735: 5728: 5702: 5695: 5656: 5649: 5622: 5615: 5588: 5581: 5526: 5519: 5494: 5487: 5462: 5455: 5430: 5423: 5398: 5391: 5366: 5359: 5334: 5327: 5302: 5295: 5271: 5264: 5239: 5232: 5207: 5200: 5175: 5168: 5143: 5136: 5111: 5104: 5079: 5072: 5047: 5040: 5015: 5008: 4983: 4976: 4951: 4944: 4919: 4912: 4887: 4880: 4855: 4848: 4823: 4816: 4749: 4746:German Reichstag/Bundestag 4644:. It has given support to 4521:Philosophical anthropology 4336:Studienzentrum Weikersheim 4317:Konrad Adenauer Foundation 4310:Institut für Staatspolitik 2924:Christian Party of Germany 2823:Christian Democratic Union 2581:elections of November 1932 2308:In August 1923, the DVP's 2085:Reichstag Peace Resolution 1839: 1785:Karl Friedrich von Savigny 1575: 1545:Christian Democratic Union 1174:Konrad Adenauer Foundation 1022:Christian Democratic Party 303:Heads of State Governments 16:Political party in Germany 8837: 8687:above the district level) 8684: 8623: 8564: 8554: 8465: 8398: 8386: 8312: 8262: 8224:German Social Party (DSP) 8205: 8162: 8154:German State Party (DStP) 8134: 8106: 8068: 8022: 7994: 7915: 7902:German Social Party (DSP) 7897:German Reform Party (DRP) 7887: 7849: 7822: 7759: 7750: 7732: 7694: 7551:Pacific Historical Review 7478:Bennette, Rebecca Ayako. 7470:Journal of Modern History 7415:10.1080/00346765400000024 7233:10.1017/S0020859000003564 7055:10.1017/S0018246X00008906 6816:Pacific Historical Review 6727:Ruppert, Karsten (1992). 6500:10.1017/S0018246X00008906 5815: 5671: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4752:Reichstag (German Empire) 4303:Hans Filbinger Foundation 4283:Forum of German Catholics 4220:German Conservative Party 3756:Prussianism and Socialism 2890:All-German People's Party 2442:Hindenburg was re-elected 2184:Aloys Löwenstein-Wertheim 1761:representative government 1755:, also formed a "Centre" 1199:Center for Public Justice 1057:Croatian Democratic Union 997:American Solidarity Party 338: 320: 315: 301: 287: 273: 259: 245: 218: 208: 196: 173: 156: 141: 118: 107:Straberger Weg 12 41542, 103: 64: 54: 44: 35: 23: 8814:Socialist Equality Party 7615:(1984) 70#3 pp 428–441. 7544:Central European History 7403:Review of Social Economy 7360:every voter had 30 votes 6549:(Washington, D.C., 1998) 6385:Christian People's Party 6350: 4698:Catholic social teaching 4511:Pan-European nationalism 3846:Germany Abolishes Itself 2998:This article is part of 2802:, Minister-President of 2743:Catholic social teaching 2375:, but rather the cleric 2266:Cabinet with Chancellor 2161:(DDP) in drawing up the 2147:Weimar National Assembly 2134:(BVP), which emphasised 2050:Weimar National Assembly 1945:(not Centre party), Dr. 1927:Johann Anton von Chamaré 1858:, Bismarck launched the 1789:Hermann von Mallinckrodt 1322:Christian libertarianism 1260:Sollicitudo rei socialis 596:Environmental protection 400:Catholic social teaching 8580:(15/16; not in Bavaria) 7874:German Fatherland Party 7598:(2013) 99#4 pp 623–648. 7464:excerpt and text search 7397:Dill, Marshall (1954). 7315:Greenberg, Udi (2014). 7265:Greenberg, Udi (2014). 6694:Haffert, Claus (1994). 6595:Robson, Stuart (2007). 6559:Morsey, Rudolf (1966). 4569:Conservatism portal 4479:Conservatism in Austria 4420:Süddeutsche Monatshefte 4298:Hanns Seidel Foundation 4288:Gerhard Löwenthal Prize 4212:Free Conservative Party 4199:Bavarian People's Party 4179:Family Party of Germany 4132:Alternative for Germany 3746:The Decline of the West 3009:Conservatism in Germany 2962:Alternative for Germany 2696:Bavarian People's Party 2624:elections in March 1933 2560:authoritarian democracy 2303:Bavarian People's Party 2276:German Democratic Party 2159:German Democratic Party 2151:Social Democratic Party 2132:Bavarian People's Party 1815:in the modern context. 1711:anti-Catholic sentiment 1470:Deutsche Zentrumspartei 1164:European People's Party 1002:Austrian People's Party 198:Political position 73:; 153 years ago 29:Deutsche Zentrumspartei 8927:North Rhine-Westphalia 8774:Marxist–Leninist Party 8759:German Communist Party 8555:Represented in the 16 8392:(96 seats for Germany) 8121:Centre Party (Zentrum) 7799:Free-minded Union (FV) 7742:Centre Party (Zentrum) 7472:54.4 (1982): 647-686. 7043:The Historical Journal 6801:Patch, William L. Jr. 4648:movements in Germany. 4545: 4531: 4430: 4378: 4343: 4334: 4308: 4274: 4265: 3390: 3356: 3311: 3302: 3288: 3269: 3229: 3220: 3206: 2931:North Rhine-Westphalia 2920:Christian Centre Party 2874:West German rearmament 2835:North Rhine-Westphalia 2818: 2807: 2804:North Rhine-Westphalia 2724: 2666: 2487: 2476: 2395: 2383:Brüning administration 2333:presidential elections 2271: 2259: 2210: 2174:In the Weimar Republic 2136:autonomy of the states 2053: 2038: 2012:Christian trade unions 1988:Christian trade unions 1958: 1939:Friedrich von Praschma 1910: 1878:National Liberal party 1741:denominational schools 1706: 1698: 1690: 1553:North Rhine-Westphalia 1549:Christian Social Union 1517: 1497: 1469: 1455: 1189:European Ideas Network 467:Economic progressivism 146: 125: 8709:Basic Income Alliance 8254:Tannenberg Union (TB) 7809:Democratic Union (DV) 7584:(1976) 66#1 pp 1–125. 7546:23.4 (1990): 313-348. 7528:Evans, Ellen Lovell. 6864:51.2 (2009): 236-264. 6581:Helmut Walser Smith, 4727:social market economy 4710:Michael von Faulhaber 4658:Constantin Fehrenbach 4654:Political Catholicism 4540:Theory of generations 4506:Liberalism in Germany 4293:German Burschenschaft 4244:German People's Party 3542:Moeller van den Bruck 3283:Social market economy 2813: 2798: 2701: 2649: 2636:Reichstag Fire Decree 2630:'s terror, after the 2482: 2471: 2390: 2291:Constantin Fehrenbach 2280:German People's Party 2265: 2254: 2246:Stab-in-the-back myth 2188:Constantin Fehrenbach 2181: 2155:Constantin Fehrenbach 2127:Free State of Prussia 2067:Oberste Heeresleitung 2046:Constantin Fehrenbach 2044: 2036: 2029:In war and revolution 1916: 1905: 1856:First Vatican Council 1797:August Reichensperger 1704: 1696: 1685: 1609:Archbishop of Cologne 1582:Political Catholicism 1474:Catholic Centre Party 1327:Christian nationalism 1112:Polish People's Party 1082:National Action Party 571:Social market economy 529:Person Dignity Theory 442:Consistent life ethic 405:Christian corporatism 188:Political Catholicism 71:13 December 1870 8931:Rhineland-Palatinate 8784:Verjüngungsforschung 8032:Democratic Socialist 7925:Saxon People's Party 7605:70.1 (2001): 98-131 6648:Jones, L.E. (2020). 4625:politically Catholic 4621:Christian democratic 3836:Moral und Hypermoral 3816:Fascism in Its Epoch 3796:On the Marble Cliffs 3385:German reunification 3365:German Confederation 2991:Ideology and beliefs 2773:leadership principle 2734:and former minister 2153:(SPD). The Centre's 1828:Grand Duchy of Baden 1809:Georg Count Hertling 1805:Franz von Ballestrem 1801:Peter Reichensperger 1719:Peter Reichensperger 1687:Peter Reichensperger 1655:constitution of 1850 1617:Frederick William IV 1503:waged by Chancellor 1478:Christian democratic 1239:Graves de communi re 1232:Populorum progressio 8739:Democracy in Motion 8389:European Parliament 8387:Represented in the 8313:Represented in the 8177:Economic Party (WP) 8083:Agricultural League 7553:(1941) 10#1: 1-14. 7539:18.1 (2000): 60-85. 7093:"Grundsatzprogramm" 6598:The First World War 6585:(2014), p. 197-198. 6532:Christopher Clark, 5994:did not participate 5817:did not participate 5751:did not participate 5673:did not participate 4463:Böckenförde dilemma 4345:Tradition und Leben 4329:Queen Louise League 4140:Bündnis Deutschland 3766:Ideology and Utopia 3338:Anti-Socialist Laws 3038:Christian democracy 2977:European Parliament 2721:, (2015), pp. 87-88 2657:, delivered at the 2612:industrial magnates 2596:Kurt von Schleicher 2517:July 1932 elections 2502:parties", chairman 2453:Kurt von Schleicher 2438:Paul von Hindenburg 2351:became chancellor. 2337:Paul von Hindenburg 2286:with the Holy See. 2163:Weimar Constitution 1994:ended the dispute. 1460:German Centre Party 1405:Christianity portal 1344:Religious democracy 1310:Christian socialism 1305:Christian communism 1300:Christian anarchism 1007:Christian Democracy 556:Religious pluralism 524:Option for the poor 376:Christian democracy 343:Politics of Germany 289:European Parliament 183:Christian democracy 26:German Centre Party 8939:Schleswig-Holstein 8898:Schleswig-Holstein 8657:Schleswig-Holstein 7784:Liberal Union (LV) 7487:Historical Journal 6927:on 15 January 2008 6827:Patch, pp 278–291. 6488:Historical Journal 6466:10.1111/ajps.12328 6016:Volkstag of Danzig 4662:Matthias Erzberger 4581:Germany portal 4533:Stahlhelm-Fraktion 4469:European New Right 4397:Deutsche Rundschau 4207:Conservative Party 3507:Jünger (Friedrich) 3259:Political theology 2819: 2808: 2667: 2500:radical right-wing 2488: 2477: 2396: 2272: 2260: 2234:Matthias Erzberger 2211: 2096:Minister-President 2092:Georg von Hertling 2081:Matthias Erzberger 2054: 2039: 1959: 1911: 1707: 1699: 1691: 1667:Landtag of Prussia 1651:Kingdom of Prussia 1563:defected from the 1458:), officially the 1194:Schuman Foundation 581:Sphere sovereignty 8958: 8957: 8911:Baden-Württemberg 8680: 8679: 8557:state parliaments 8550: 8549: 8537:Party of Progress 8272: 8271: 8028:Social Democratic 7987:Political parties 7953: 7952: 7845: 7844: 7326:978-0-691-15933-1 7276:978-0-691-15933-1 7097:Zentrumspartei.de 6953:. 18 January 2022 6888:978-1-4087-0643-5 6875:Evans, Richard J. 6765:Evans, Richard J. 6661:978-1-108-49407-6 6608:978-1-4058-2471-2 6536:(2006) pp 568-576 6432:978-1-351-38672-2 6383:As member of the 6363:As member of the 6348: 6347: 6215:Landesrat of the 6212: 6211: 6013: 6012: 5547:sole legal party. 4702:Quadragesimo anno 4617: 4616: 4501:German militarism 3806:The Questionnaire 3414:Völkisch movement 3135:Historical School 3130:Right-Hegelianism 2851:elections of 1949 2659:Kroll Opera House 2341:general elections 2310:Gustav Stresemann 2016:Social Democrats' 1963:Ludwig Windthorst 1943:Philipp Schmieder 1923:Ludwig Windthorst 1907:Ludwig Windthorst 1848:Otto von Bismarck 1781:Ludwig Windthorst 1644:National Assembly 1636:National Assembly 1505:Otto von Bismarck 1439: 1438: 1376:Ethical socialism 1339:Liberal democracy 1246:Quadragesimo anno 1204:Paneuropean Union 1092:Nationalist Party 544:Religious liberty 361: 360: 348:Political parties 275:State parliaments 142:Paramilitary wing 9038: 8951: 8942: 8901: 8888: 8863: 8851: 8625:Regional parties 8562: 8561: 8396: 8395: 8299: 8292: 8285: 8276: 8275: 8264:Related topics: 7980: 7973: 7966: 7957: 7956: 7824:National liberal 7757: 7756: 7680: 7673: 7666: 7657: 7656: 7642: 7639: 7634: 7633: 7631:Official website 7566:Ross, Ronald J. 7525: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7393: 7361: 7358: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7347: 7337: 7331: 7330: 7312: 7306: 7305: 7287: 7281: 7280: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7243: 7237: 7236: 7216: 7207: 7206: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7148: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7131: 7114: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7103: 7089: 7083: 7082: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7013: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7002: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6975:. 23 August 2022 6969: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6923:. 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Ross, 6543: 6537: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6511: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6412: 6395: 6393: 6381: 6375: 6373: 6361: 6344: 6343: 6336: 6317: 6316: 6309: 6289: 6288: 6281: 6256: 6222: 6221: 6208: 6207: 6200: 6180: 6179: 6172: 6152: 6151: 6144: 6124: 6123: 6116: 6096: 6095: 6088: 6068: 6067: 6060: 6026: 6025: 5983: 5982: 5975: 5950: 5949: 5942: 5917: 5916: 5909: 5884: 5883: 5876: 5851: 5850: 5843: 5806: 5805: 5798: 5740: 5739: 5732: 5707: 5706: 5699: 5661: 5660: 5653: 5627: 5626: 5619: 5593: 5592: 5585: 5531: 5530: 5523: 5499: 5498: 5491: 5467: 5466: 5459: 5435: 5434: 5427: 5403: 5402: 5395: 5371: 5370: 5363: 5339: 5338: 5331: 5307: 5306: 5299: 5276: 5275: 5268: 5244: 5243: 5236: 5212: 5211: 5204: 5180: 5179: 5172: 5148: 5147: 5140: 5116: 5115: 5108: 5084: 5083: 5076: 5052: 5051: 5044: 5020: 5019: 5012: 4988: 4987: 4980: 4956: 4955: 4948: 4924: 4923: 4916: 4892: 4891: 4884: 4860: 4859: 4852: 4828: 4827: 4820: 4764: 4763: 4741:Election results 4719:Great Depression 4686:Heinrich Mertens 4629:political centre 4609: 4602: 4595: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4550: 4536: 4474:Collective guilt 4435: 4416: 4383: 4369: 4348: 4339: 4313: 4279: 4270: 4248: 4240: 4232: 4224: 4216: 4203: 4188: 4175: 4160: 4152: 4144: 4136: 3861: 3851: 3841: 3831: 3821: 3811: 3801: 3791: 3781: 3776:Man and Technics 3771: 3761: 3751: 3741: 3731: 3726:Das Ressentiment 3721: 3711: 3701: 3691: 3582:Ritter (Joachim) 3577:Ritter (Gerhard) 3409:Oster conspiracy 3395: 3392:Historikerstreit 3361: 3343:Carlsbad Decrees 3316: 3307: 3293: 3278:Social hierarchy 3274: 3264:Prussian virtues 3234: 3225: 3211: 3160:Christian values 3020: 3010: 2995: 2994: 2960:In 2022, former 2914: 2878:Gustav Heinemann 2839:Rudolf Amelunxen 2800:Rudolf Amelunxen 2785:Cardinal Pacelli 2758:End of the party 2728:Heinrich Brüning 2722: 2715:Richard J. Evans 2692:Richard J. Evans 2661:, following the 2589:Alfred Hugenberg 2548:Heinrich Brüning 2540:Weimar Coalition 2416:Prussian Junkers 2408:Great Depression 2404:Heinrich Brüning 2392:Heinrich Brüning 2219:Weimar Coalition 2010:, leader of the 1520: 1502: 1467: 1450: 1431: 1424: 1417: 1402: 1395: 1371:Social democracy 1332:Theoconservatism 1267:Centesimus annus 1253:Laborem exercens 1062:Democratic Rally 642:Arizmendiarrieta 591:Environmentalism 509:Multiculturalism 457:Dignity of labor 447:Cultural mandate 415:Communitarianism 410:Christian ethics 386: 363: 362: 334: 329: 326: 324: 310: 296: 282: 268: 254: 238: 231: 224: 168: 164: 163: 151: 137: 135: 95: 93: 88: 81: 79: 74: 45:Federal Chairman 40: 21: 20: 9046: 9045: 9041: 9040: 9039: 9037: 9036: 9035: 8961: 8960: 8959: 8954: 8946: 8943: 8905: 8902: 8892: 8889: 8867: 8864: 8855: 8852: 8842: 8833: 8804:The Republicans 8794:Party of Reason 8686: 8676: 8643:BVB/Free Voters 8619: 8546: 8461: 8391: 8382: 8317: 8308: 8303: 8273: 8268: 8258: 8201: 8158: 8130: 8102: 8064: 8018: 7990: 7984: 7954: 7949: 7911: 7883: 7841: 7818: 7746: 7728: 7690: 7684: 7640: 7629: 7628: 7625: 7591: 7522: 7448: 7446:Further reading 7435: 7433: 7390: 7370: 7365: 7364: 7359: 7355: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7338: 7334: 7327: 7313: 7309: 7302: 7288: 7284: 7277: 7263: 7259: 7244: 7240: 7217: 7210: 7199: 7195: 7188: 7174: 7170: 7163: 7149: 7142: 7129: 7127: 7116: 7115: 7111: 7101: 7099: 7091: 7090: 7086: 7035: 7031: 7014: 7010: 7000: 6998: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6978: 6976: 6971: 6970: 6966: 6956: 6954: 6945: 6944: 6940: 6930: 6928: 6921:"Parteisatzung" 6919: 6918: 6914: 6909: 6905: 6900: 6896: 6889: 6872: 6868: 6859: 6855: 6847: 6843: 6835: 6831: 6826: 6822: 6813: 6809: 6800: 6796: 6789: 6762: 6758: 6743: 6725: 6721: 6706: 6692: 6688: 6680: 6676: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6646: 6642: 6632: 6630: 6621: 6620: 6616: 6609: 6594: 6593: 6589: 6580: 6576: 6557: 6553: 6544: 6540: 6531: 6527: 6521:Schmidgall 2012 6519: 6515: 6480: 6476: 6444: 6440: 6433: 6413: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6398: 6387: 6382: 6378: 6367: 6362: 6358: 6353: 6337: 6334: 6310: 6307: 6282: 6279: 6257: 6254: 6220: 6201: 6198: 6173: 6170: 6145: 6142: 6117: 6114: 6089: 6086: 6061: 6058: 6024: 6018: 5976: 5973: 5943: 5940: 5910: 5907: 5877: 5874: 5844: 5841: 5799: 5796: 5733: 5730: 5700: 5697: 5654: 5651: 5620: 5617: 5586: 5583: 5524: 5521: 5492: 5489: 5460: 5457: 5428: 5425: 5396: 5393: 5364: 5361: 5332: 5329: 5300: 5297: 5269: 5266: 5237: 5234: 5205: 5202: 5173: 5170: 5141: 5138: 5109: 5106: 5077: 5074: 5045: 5042: 5013: 5010: 4981: 4978: 4949: 4946: 4917: 4914: 4885: 4882: 4853: 4850: 4821: 4818: 4762: 4748: 4743: 4670:Adam Stegerwald 4613: 4575: 4573: 4563: 4561: 4554: 4553: 4457: 4449: 4448: 4444:Welt am Sonntag 4414: 4367: 4360: 4352: 4351: 4260: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4238: 4230: 4222: 4214: 4201: 4186: 4184:The Republicans 4173: 4158: 4150: 4142: 4134: 4124: 4116: 4115: 4071: 4063: 4062: 3926: 3918: 3917: 3903:Strauss (Botho) 3873: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3849: 3839: 3829: 3819: 3809: 3799: 3789: 3779: 3769: 3759: 3749: 3739: 3729: 3719: 3709: 3699: 3689: 3680: 3672: 3671: 3427: 3419: 3418: 3328: 3320: 3319: 3150: 3142: 3141: 3089:State Socialism 3028: 3008: 2993: 2947: 2908: 2886:Notgemeinschaft 2857:. However, in 2837:. In 1945, its 2827:Konrad Adenauer 2793: 2777:Gleichschaltung 2760: 2736:Adam Stegerwald 2723: 2713: 2706:Adam Stegerwald 2644: 2608: 2552:Gregor Strasser 2550:conferred with 2473:Franz von Papen 2466: 2457:Franz von Papen 2423:early elections 2412:war reparations 2400:Grand Coalition 2385: 2373:Adam Stegerwald 2365:Franz von Papen 2361:Heinrich Brauns 2314:Grand Coalition 2242:Franz von Papen 2227:Adam Stegerwald 2215:Weimar Republic 2204:Sebastian Bauer 2176: 2171: 2031: 2008:Adam Stegerwald 1999:Heinrich Brauns 1900: 1844: 1838: 1795:, the brothers 1765:minority rights 1680: 1597:mixed marriages 1589:Catholic Church 1578: 1573: 1509:Catholic Church 1493:Weimar Republic 1481:political party 1463: 1446: 1435: 1393:Politics portal 1391: 1384: 1383: 1382: 1317:Christian right 1289: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1218: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1149:Catholic Action 1143: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1102:Patriotic Union 991: 983: 982: 981: 791: 783: 782: 781: 636: 628: 627: 626: 539:Public morality 482:Just war theory 452:Culture of life 394: 357: 325:.zentrumspartei 321: 311: 308: 297: 294: 283: 280: 269: 266: 255: 252: 236: 235: 229: 228: 222: 213:Catholic Church 192: 129: 99: 91: 89: 86: 82:(original form) 77: 75: 72: 31: 30: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9044: 9034: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8952: 8944: 8903: 8890: 8865: 8853: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8799:The Third Path 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8749:Feminist Party 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8690: 8688: 8682: 8681: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8674: 8660: 8650: 8640: 8629: 8627: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8617: 8611: 8605: 8599: 8593: 8587: 8581: 8575: 8568: 8566: 8559: 8552: 8551: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8544: 8534: 8524: 8514: 8504: 8494: 8484: 8478: 8471: 8469: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8459: 8453: 8447: 8441: 8435: 8429: 8423: 8417: 8411: 8404: 8402: 8393: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8380: 8370: 8364: 8358: 8352: 8346: 8340: 8334: 8328: 8321: 8319: 8310: 8309: 8302: 8301: 8294: 8287: 8279: 8270: 8269: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8215: 8213: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8168: 8166: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8140: 8138: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8112: 8110: 8104: 8103: 8101: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8074: 8072: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8036: 8034: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8000: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7983: 7982: 7975: 7968: 7960: 7951: 7950: 7948: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7921: 7919: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7893: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7855: 7853: 7847: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7839: 7834: 7828: 7826: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7765: 7763: 7761:Social liberal 7754: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7744: 7738: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7700: 7698: 7692: 7691: 7683: 7682: 7675: 7668: 7660: 7654: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7624: 7623:External links 7621: 7620: 7619: 7609: 7603:Church History 7599: 7590: 7589:Historiography 7587: 7586: 7585: 7578: 7571: 7564: 7557: 7547: 7540: 7537:German History 7533: 7526: 7520: 7507: 7502:Cary, Noel D. 7500: 7493: 7483: 7476: 7466: 7456: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7394: 7388: 7369: 7366: 7363: 7362: 7353: 7332: 7325: 7307: 7300: 7282: 7275: 7257: 7238: 7227:(2): 159–179. 7208: 7193: 7186: 7168: 7161: 7140: 7126:. 27 June 2018 7109: 7084: 7049:(4): 821–850. 7029: 7008: 6997:. 10 June 2022 6986: 6964: 6951:zentrumspartei 6938: 6912: 6910:Evans, (1981). 6903: 6894: 6887: 6866: 6853: 6841: 6829: 6820: 6807: 6794: 6788:978-0141009759 6787: 6756: 6741: 6719: 6704: 6686: 6684:, p. 101. 6674: 6660: 6640: 6614: 6607: 6587: 6574: 6551: 6538: 6525: 6513: 6494:(4): 821–850. 6474: 6438: 6431: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6376: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6338: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6319: 6318: 6311: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6283: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6235: 6232: 6229: 6226: 6225:Election year 6219: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6202: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6174: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6146: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6118: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6090: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6062: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6030: 6029:Election year 6017: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6004: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5977: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5952: 5951: 5944: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5931: 5928: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5911: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5895: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5878: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5845: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5800: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5787: 5784: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5734: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5701: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5655: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5621: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5605: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5587: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5525: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5493: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5461: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5429: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5397: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5365: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5333: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5301: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5270: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5238: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5206: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5174: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5142: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5110: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5078: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5046: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5014: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4982: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4950: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4918: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4886: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4854: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4822: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4767:Election year 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4694:Wilhelm Hohoff 4615: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4604: 4597: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4583: 4571: 4556: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4542: 4537: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4458: 4456:Related topics 4455: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4432:Verlag Antaios 4427: 4422: 4417: 4409: 4407:Junge Freiheit 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4375: 4370: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4340: 4331: 4326: 4319: 4314: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4271: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4241: 4233: 4225: 4217: 4209: 4204: 4190: 4189: 4181: 4176: 4168: 4163: 4162: 4161: 4145: 4137: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4008:von Schleicher 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3856:Finis Germania 3852: 3842: 3832: 3822: 3812: 3802: 3792: 3782: 3772: 3762: 3752: 3742: 3732: 3722: 3712: 3702: 3692: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3657:von Treitschke 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3502:Jünger (Ernst) 3499: 3494: 3492:von Hildebrand 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3387: 3382: 3381: 3380: 3367: 3362: 3353: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3308: 3299: 3294: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3226: 3217: 3212: 3203: 3198: 3191: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3103: 3093: 3092: 3091: 3081: 3076: 3075: 3074: 3062: 3057: 3056: 3055: 3050: 3040: 3035: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3013: 3012: 3004: 3003: 2992: 2989: 2946: 2943: 2792: 2789: 2759: 2756: 2711: 2663:Reichstag fire 2643: 2640: 2632:Reichstag fire 2607: 2604: 2465: 2462: 2384: 2381: 2349:Hermann Müller 2223:1920 elections 2192:Helene Drießen 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2143:1919 elections 2030: 2027: 1980:Roman question 1899: 1896: 1852:Ultramontanism 1840:Main article: 1837: 1832: 1824: 1823: 1745: 1744: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1717:In June 1870, 1697:View of Soest. 1679: 1676: 1653:, the revised 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1437: 1436: 1434: 1433: 1426: 1419: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1397: 1396: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1341: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1295:Christian left 1291: 1290: 1288:Related topics 1287: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1270: 1263: 1256: 1249: 1242: 1235: 1228: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1107:People's Party 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1087:National Party 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1052:Civic Platform 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 993: 992: 989: 988: 985: 984: 980: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 793: 792: 789: 788: 785: 784: 780: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 638: 637: 634: 633: 630: 629: 625: 624: 623: 622: 612: 611: 610: 608:in Catholicism 600: 599: 598: 593: 583: 578: 573: 568: 566:Social justice 563: 558: 553: 552: 551: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 500: 499: 494: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 438: 437: 432: 427: 417: 412: 407: 402: 396: 395: 392: 391: 388: 387: 379: 378: 372: 371: 359: 358: 356: 355: 350: 345: 339: 336: 335: 318: 317: 313: 312: 307: 305: 299: 298: 293: 291: 285: 284: 279: 277: 271: 270: 265: 263: 257: 256: 251: 249: 243: 242: 220: 216: 215: 210: 206: 205: 200: 194: 193: 191: 190: 185: 179: 177: 171: 170: 158: 154: 153: 143: 139: 138: 127:Windthorstbund 122: 116: 115: 105: 101: 100: 98: 97: 96:(current form) 83: 68: 66: 62: 61: 56: 52: 51: 49:Christian Otte 46: 42: 41: 33: 32: 28: 25: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9043: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8949: 8945: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8840: 8836: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8789:The Humanists 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8714:Bavaria Party 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8683: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8661: 8658: 8654: 8651: 8648: 8644: 8641: 8638: 8635:(85; only in 8634: 8631: 8630: 8628: 8626: 8622: 8615: 8612: 8609: 8606: 8603: 8600: 8597: 8594: 8591: 8588: 8585: 8582: 8579: 8576: 8573: 8570: 8569: 8567: 8565:Major parties 8563: 8560: 8558: 8553: 8542: 8538: 8535: 8532: 8528: 8525: 8522: 8518: 8515: 8512: 8508: 8505: 8502: 8498: 8495: 8492: 8488: 8485: 8482: 8479: 8476: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8467:Minor parties 8464: 8457: 8454: 8451: 8448: 8445: 8442: 8439: 8436: 8433: 8430: 8427: 8424: 8421: 8418: 8415: 8412: 8409: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8401: 8400:Major parties 8397: 8394: 8390: 8385: 8378: 8374: 8371: 8368: 8365: 8362: 8359: 8356: 8353: 8350: 8347: 8344: 8341: 8338: 8335: 8332: 8329: 8326: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8316: 8311: 8307: 8300: 8295: 8293: 8288: 8286: 8281: 8280: 8277: 8267: 8261: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8214: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8165: 8161: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8137: 8133: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8105: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8067: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7993: 7988: 7981: 7976: 7974: 7969: 7967: 7962: 7961: 7958: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7914: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7890: 7886: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7848: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7821: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7749: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7735: 7731: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7693: 7688: 7681: 7676: 7674: 7669: 7667: 7662: 7661: 7658: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7638: 7632: 7627: 7626: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7597: 7593: 7592: 7583: 7579: 7576: 7572: 7569: 7565: 7562: 7558: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7545: 7541: 7538: 7534: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7521:0-7146-5650-X 7517: 7513: 7508: 7505: 7501: 7498: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7481: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7454: 7450: 7449: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7395: 7391: 7389:9783866447271 7385: 7381: 7377: 7372: 7371: 7357: 7342: 7336: 7328: 7322: 7318: 7311: 7303: 7301:0-203-65539-7 7297: 7293: 7286: 7278: 7272: 7268: 7261: 7253: 7249: 7242: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7215: 7213: 7204: 7197: 7189: 7187:0-203-65539-7 7183: 7179: 7172: 7164: 7162:9780691651378 7158: 7154: 7147: 7145: 7137: 7125: 7124: 7119: 7113: 7098: 7094: 7088: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7033: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7012: 6996: 6990: 6974: 6968: 6952: 6948: 6942: 6926: 6922: 6916: 6907: 6898: 6890: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6870: 6863: 6857: 6851: 6845: 6839: 6833: 6824: 6818:(1941): 1-14. 6817: 6811: 6804: 6798: 6790: 6784: 6780: 6779:Penguin Press 6776: 6775:New York City 6772: 6771: 6766: 6760: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6738: 6733: 6732: 6723: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6701: 6697: 6690: 6683: 6678: 6663: 6657: 6653: 6652: 6644: 6628: 6624: 6618: 6610: 6604: 6600: 6599: 6591: 6584: 6578: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6542: 6535: 6529: 6523:, p. 28. 6522: 6517: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6478: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6450: 6442: 6434: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6411: 6407: 6391: 6386: 6380: 6371: 6366: 6365:Federal Union 6360: 6356: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6023: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5995: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5968: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5902: 5899: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5725: 5722: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5578: 5575: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5539: 5538:November 1933 5536: 5535: 5516: 5513: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5484: 5481: 5475: 5474:November 1932 5472: 5471: 5452: 5449: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5420: 5417: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5388: 5385: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5356: 5353: 5347: 5346:December 1924 5344: 5343: 5324: 5321: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5292: 5289: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5261: 5258: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4770:Constituency 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4731:law and order 4728: 4722: 4720: 4716: 4711: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4647: 4646:right to life 4643: 4639: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4610: 4605: 4603: 4598: 4596: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4587: 4582: 4572: 4570: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4516:Pan-Germanism 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4262: 4259:Organizations 4256: 4255: 4245: 4242: 4237: 4234: 4229: 4226: 4221: 4218: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4146: 4141: 4138: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4120: 4119: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3642:Strauss (Leo) 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3426:Intellectuals 3423: 3422: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3378:German Empire 3376: 3375: 3374: 3373: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3222:In Treue fest 3218: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3204: 3202: 3201:Germanisation 3199: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3114: 3113:Revolutionary 3111: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3085: 3084:Paternalistic 3082: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3053:Ritter School 3051: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2945:Small revival 2942: 2940: 2936: 2935:Saxony-Anhalt 2932: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2906:Federal Union 2903: 2902:Bavaria Party 2897: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2870:Helene Wessel 2866: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2816: 2815:Helene Wessel 2812: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2788: 2786: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2766: 2765:Nazi ideology 2755: 2751: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2707: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2613: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2584: 2582: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2568:Fritz Gerlich 2563: 2561: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2544:Prussian coup 2541: 2537: 2532: 2529: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2498:dependent on 2495: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2474: 2470: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2398:In 1930, the 2393: 2389: 2380: 2379:as chairman. 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2269: 2264: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2200:Wilhelm Elfes 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2123:Adolf Hofmann 2120: 2115: 2113: 2112:Max von Baden 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2026: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2004:1919 election 2000: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1969:Loyal to the 1967: 1964: 1956: 1955:Julius Szmula 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1908: 1904: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1876:and from the 1875: 1874:protectionism 1871: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1843: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1742: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1703: 1695: 1688: 1684: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1613:Joseph Görres 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1500: 1494: 1490: 1489:German Empire 1486: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1413: 1412: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1401: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1285: 1284: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1226: 1225:Rerum novarum 1222: 1221: 1214: 1213: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1142:Organizations 1139: 1138: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1097:New Democracy 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 994: 987: 986: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 962:von der Leyen 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 794: 787: 786: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 737:Nell-Breuning 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 639: 632: 631: 621: 618: 617: 616: 613: 609: 606: 605: 604: 601: 597: 594: 592: 589: 588: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 561:Social Gospel 559: 557: 554: 550: 547: 546: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 514:Neo-Calvinism 512: 510: 507: 505: 504:Mixed economy 502: 498: 495: 493: 490: 489: 488: 485: 483: 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Droste. 6705:388474187X 6633:19 January 6563:. Droste. 6425:Revivals. 6402:References 6234:Seats won 6038:Seats won 6020:See also: 5514:4,424,905 5506:March 1933 5482:4,230,545 5450:4,589,430 5418:4,127,000 5386:3,712,152 5354:4,118,849 5322:3,914,379 5290:3,845,001 5259:5,980,216 5223:1,996,800 5191:2,179,800 5159:1,875,300 5127:1,455,100 5095:1,468,500 5063:1,342,100 5031:1,516,200 4999:1,282,000 4967:1,182,900 4935:1,328,100 4903:1,341,300 4871:1,446,000 4776:Seats won 4750:See also: 4425:Der Türmer 4081:von Gierke 4053:Wilhelm II 4028:von Storch 4013:Stresemann 4003:Rauschning 3946:Fehrenbach 3878:Kubitschek 3679:Literature 3627:Sloterdijk 3313:Volksgeist 3254:Patriotism 3248:Organicism 3243:Monarchism 3195:Geopolitik 3149:Principles 3060:Monarchism 3027:Ideologies 2748:Ernst Röhm 2680:concordats 2528:Communists 2492:Nazi Party 2345:Communists 2108:Ludendorff 2104:Hindenburg 1925:, Graf v. 1870:free trade 1868:turn from 1605:Westphalia 1534:Nazi Party 1122:VMRO-DPMNE 977:Windthorst 882:Mazowiecki 822:De Gasperi 672:Dooyeweerd 662:Chesterton 576:Solidarity 534:Popularism 487:Liberalism 393:Principles 165:600 (2022 157:Membership 120:Youth wing 78:1870-12-13 8824:V-Partei3 8315:Bundestag 8207:Völkische 8024:Socialist 7996:Communist 7696:Socialist 7423:0034-6764 7063:0018-246X 6931:6 January 6751:797422863 6682:Dill 1954 6569:963771636 6423:Routledge 6271:3,246,511 5442:July 1932 5203:105 / 397 5171:100 / 397 5139:102 / 397 5075:106 / 397 4979:100 / 397 4760:Bundestag 4415:(Defunct) 4368:(Defunct) 4018:vom Stein 3988:von Papen 3962:Hugenberg 3957:Goerdeler 3888:Safranski 3647:Steinbuch 3572:von Ranke 3517:Koselleck 3482:Heidegger 3452:von Galen 3358:Freikorps 3349:Erklärung 3290:Sonderweg 3155:Authority 3106:Socialist 2970:Bundestag 2855:Bundestag 2600:Querfront 2521:Reichstag 2512:Reichstag 2312:formed a 2284:Concordat 2087:of 1917. 2062:war bonds 2056:With the 1892:Reichstag 1773:Alsatians 1753:Reichstag 1671:Wilhelm I 1601:Rhineland 1513:Reichstag 1465:‹See Tfd› 1448:‹See Tfd› 1217:Documents 1072:Fine Gael 957:Vogelsang 952:Tindemans 922:Pöttering 802:Andreotti 772:Vogelsang 717:Lamennais 353:Elections 281:0 / 1,884 261:Bundesrat 247:Bundestag 8935:Saarland 8907:The Left 8881:Saarland 8861:Saarland 8744:dieBasis 8602:The Left 8450:The Left 8361:The Left 8108:Catholic 8070:Agrarian 7734:Catholic 7617:in JSTOR 7491:in JSTOR 7436:25 March 7431:29767502 7341:"policy" 7079:39447688 6877:(2015). 6767:(2003). 6714:32830554 6667:25 March 6327:156,615 6300:129,162 6115:18 / 120 6087:15 / 120 6059:17 / 120 6022:Volkstag 5644:254,322 5638:295,533 5610:217,078 5584:10 / 402 5576:727,505 5543:Banned. 5522:73 / 647 5490:70 / 584 5458:75 / 608 5426:68 / 577 5394:61 / 491 5362:69 / 493 5330:65 / 472 5314:May 1924 5298:64 / 459 5267:91 / 423 5235:91 / 397 5107:96 / 397 5043:98 / 397 5011:99 / 397 4947:94 / 397 4915:93 / 397 4883:91 / 397 4851:63 / 382 4839:724,000 4819:36 / 382 4807:315,777 4642:abortion 4439:Die Welt 4023:Stoecker 3936:Ancillon 3931:Adenauer 3913:Weißmann 3893:Sarrazin 3662:Voegelin 3637:Spengler 3632:Spaemann 3622:Sieferle 3612:Schlegel 3607:Schelsky 3567:Plessner 3462:Gogarten 3071:Völkisch 3033:Agrarian 3000:a series 2966:Uwe Witt 2712:— 2444:against 2145:for the 1813:centrism 1730:charity. 1709:Growing 1628:Würzburg 1593:Prussian 1557:Uwe Witt 1468:German: 1349:Buddhist 912:Pastrana 857:Korfanty 847:Ketteler 797:Adenauer 777:Williams 767:Tischner 727:Maritain 722:Leo XIII 712:Korfanty 707:Ketteler 697:Habsburg 677:Gebhardt 657:Berggrav 368:a series 366:Part of 209:Religion 175:Ideology 109:Dormagen 8915:Bavaria 8848:Bavaria 8839:Notes: 8637:Bavaria 8598:(15/16) 8592:(12/16) 8586:(15/16) 8574:(16/16) 8136:Liberal 7752:Liberal 7575:History 7570:(1976), 7462:(2000) 7346:16 June 7130:29 June 7102:11 June 7071:2638516 7001:10 June 6848:Evans, 6836:Evans, 6508:2638516 6335:14 / 30 6308:14 / 30 6280:14 / 30 6255:16 / 30 6247:92,252 6199:10 / 72 6191:31,522 6171:10 / 72 6163:31,336 6143:11 / 72 6135:30,230 6107:26,096 6079:21,114 6051:21,262 5974:0 / 622 5941:0 / 614 5908:0 / 603 5875:0 / 669 5842:0 / 672 5797:0 / 519 5789:19,035 5731:0 / 518 5723:15,933 5698:0 / 518 5690:19,832 5684:11,978 5652:0 / 519 5618:3 / 509 5604:55,835 4392:COMPACT 4365:Antaios 4193:Defunct 4123:Parties 4111:Wagener 4096:Schmitt 4070:Jurists 4038:Wagener 4033:Strauss 3908:Stürmer 3652:Tönnies 3617:Schmitt 3602:Scheler 3557:Novalis 3447:Gadamer 3370:German 3327:History 3170:Elitism 3043:Liberal 2964:member 2536:Prussia 2427:decrees 2305:(BVP). 2270:, 1927. 2141:In the 2100:Bavaria 1880:to the 1757:faction 1663:Jesuits 1649:In the 1576:Origins 1518:Zentrum 1485:Germany 1476:, is a 1456:Zentrum 1354:Islamic 990:Parties 942:Strauss 932:Schuman 917:Pethrus 907:Quadros 892:Metsola 877:Martens 817:Caldera 747:Pius XI 732:Mounier 615:Welfare 425:Liberal 316:Website 253:0 / 736 219:Colours 90: ( 76: ( 65:Founded 55:Founder 8885:Saxony 8857:Greens 8671:Saxony 8667:Bremen 8616:(2/16) 8610:(3/16) 8604:(8/16) 7607:online 7555:online 7532:(1981) 7518: 7506:(1996) 7474:online 7429: 7421: 7386: 7323: 7298: 7273: 7184: 7159: 7077: 7069: 7061: 6885: 6785: 6749: 6739: 6712: 6702: 6658: 6605: 6567: 6506: 6429: 6394:(CVP). 6228:Votes 6194:13.41 6166:14.63 6138:15.28 6110:14.27 6082:12.81 6054:13.88 6032:Votes 5966:6,087 5933:4,010 5927:1,297 5900:3,127 5894:1,823 5861:2,076 5834:3,757 5828:1,489 5783:4,020 5517:11.25 5485:11.93 5453:12.44 5421:11.81 5262:19.67 4790:Votes 4784:Votes 4758:, and 4387:Cicero 4323:PEGIDA 4231:(DNVP) 4127:Active 4058:Winnig 4043:Weidel 3971: 3955: 3860:(2017) 3850:(2010) 3840:(1969) 3830:(1966) 3820:(1963) 3810:(1951) 3800:(1939) 3790:(1932) 3780:(1931) 3770:(1929) 3760:(1919) 3740:(1918) 3730:(1913) 3720:(1892) 3710:(1837) 3700:(1820) 3690:(1806) 3592:Rüstow 3562:Pieper 3547:Müller 3527:Löwith 3522:Lorenz 3512:Klages 3487:Herder 3472:Hamann 3467:Görres 3457:Gehlen 3442:Freyer 3437:Blüher 3252: 3231:Kultur 3208:Heimat 2651:Hitler 2622:These 2125:, the 1921:, Dr. 1775:, and 1539:After 1452:German 1403: 1364:Mormon 1359:Jewish 967:Wałęsa 947:Sturzo 887:Merkel 867:Kuyper 842:Joseph 827:Erhard 762:Sturzo 687:Görres 682:Gilson 652:Belloc 647:Baader 435:Social 309:0 / 16 295:0 / 96 267:0 / 69 237: 230: 223: 8919:Hesse 8339:(117) 8333:(153) 8327:(206) 7427:JSTOR 7075:S2CID 7067:JSTOR 6504:JSTOR 6460:: 3. 6456:(1). 6392:] 6372:] 6351:Notes 6330:43.2 6303:46.4 6275:42.8 6250:47.7 5389:12.1 5357:13.6 5325:13.4 5293:13.6 5226:16.4 5194:19.4 5162:19.8 5130:18.8 5098:19.1 5066:18.6 5034:20.1 5002:22.6 4970:23.2 4938:23.1 4906:24.8 4874:27.9 4842:18.6 4359:Media 4247:(DVP) 4223:(DkP) 4215:(FKP) 4202:(BVP) 4187:(REP) 4174:(ÖDP) 4159:(CSU) 4151:(CDU) 4135:(AFD) 4101:Stahl 4086:Möser 3993:Petry 3898:Stein 3667:Weber 3587:Röpke 3552:Nolte 3532:Lübbe 3497:Hoppe 3477:Hegel 3372:Reich 3118:Young 2913:] 2069:(OHL) 1723:Soest 1632:Mainz 972:Weber 937:Söder 927:Prodi 872:Letta 837:Groen 812:Buzek 757:Stein 752:Röpke 742:Pesch 692:Groen 620:State 233:White 226:Black 134:] 8937:and 8883:and 8734:DAVA 8724:BüSo 8704:APPD 8669:and 8507:PMUT 8475:Volt 8428:(12) 8422:(14) 8416:(15) 8410:(23) 8369:(10) 8363:(28) 8357:(43) 8351:(77) 8345:(91) 8211:Nazi 8209:and 8030:and 7516:ISBN 7438:2024 7419:ISSN 7384:ISBN 7348:2022 7321:ISBN 7296:ISBN 7271:ISBN 7182:ISBN 7157:ISBN 7132:2018 7104:2022 7059:ISSN 7003:2022 6981:2022 6959:2022 6933:2008 6883:ISBN 6783:ISBN 6747:OCLC 6737:ISBN 6710:OCLC 6700:ISBN 6669:2024 6656:ISBN 6635:2023 6603:ISBN 6565:OCLC 6427:ISBN 6323:1932 6296:1928 6266:1924 6243:1922 6237:+/– 6187:1935 6159:1933 6131:1930 6103:1927 6075:1923 6047:1920 6041:+/– 6008:2021 6001:2017 5989:2013 5969:0.0 5963:0.0 5960:369 5956:2009 5936:0.0 5930:0.0 5923:2005 5903:0.0 5897:0.0 5890:2002 5864:0.0 5857:1998 5837:0.0 5831:0.0 5824:1994 5812:1990 5792:0.1 5786:0.0 5779:1987 5772:1983 5765:1980 5758:1976 5746:1972 5726:0.0 5713:1969 5693:0.1 5687:0.0 5680:1965 5668:1961 5647:0.9 5641:1.0 5634:1957 5613:0.8 5607:0.2 5600:1953 5579:3.1 5568:1949 5561:1938 5554:1936 5410:1930 5378:1928 5282:1920 5251:1919 5219:1912 5187:1907 5155:1903 5123:1898 5091:1893 5059:1890 5027:1887 4995:1884 4963:1881 4931:1878 4899:1877 4867:1874 4835:1871 4810:9.6 4803:1868 4799:1867 4779:+/– 4735:NATO 4688:and 4623:and 4380:Cato 4373:Bild 4239:(DP) 4143:(BD) 3983:Merz 3978:Krah 3973:Kohl 3967:Jung 3883:Kuby 3826:Envy 3537:Mann 3351:2018 3304:Volk 3165:Duty 3048:Ordo 2933:and 2863:1957 2859:1953 2570:and 2515:The 2371:and 2363:and 2236:and 2106:and 1971:Pope 1866:1879 1807:and 1799:and 1763:and 1640:Pius 1622:The 1603:and 1491:and 1441:The 1128:More 902:Moro 862:Kurz 852:Kohl 832:Frei 807:Beel 497:Ordo 240:Blue 167:est. 92:1945 85:1945 8894:AfD 8869:FDP 8844:CDU 8779:NPD 8764:DSU 8653:SSW 8633:CSU 8608:BSW 8596:AfD 8590:FDP 8578:CDU 8572:SPD 8517:ÖDP 8487:ÖDP 8483:(2) 8477:(3) 8458:(2) 8452:(3) 8446:(6) 8444:BSW 8440:(6) 8438:CSU 8434:(5) 8432:FDP 8420:SPD 8414:AfD 8408:CDU 8373:SSW 8367:BSW 8355:CSU 8349:AfD 8343:FDP 8331:CDU 8325:SPD 7411:doi 7229:doi 7051:doi 6496:doi 6462:doi 6069:17 5594:63 5308:27 5245:14 5117:10 4893:28 4861:37 4829:36 4678:SPD 4672:. 2981:AfD 2526:As 2190:; 2098:of 1872:to 1565:AfD 1483:in 667:Day 327:.de 323:www 113:NRW 8967:: 8933:, 8929:, 8925:, 8921:, 8917:, 8913:, 8879:, 8875:, 8663:BD 8026:, 7425:. 7417:. 7407:12 7405:. 7401:. 7382:. 7378:. 7252:61 7250:. 7225:14 7223:. 7211:^ 7143:^ 7134:. 7120:. 7095:. 7073:. 7065:. 7057:. 7047:18 7045:. 7041:. 7020:. 6949:. 6781:. 6777:: 6773:. 6745:. 6708:. 6625:. 6502:. 6492:18 6490:. 6486:. 6468:. 6454:62 6452:. 6421:. 6390:de 6370:de 6290:2 6260:– 6231:% 6181:1 6153:7 6125:3 6097:2 6035:% 5870:— 5867:— 5720:— 5717:— 5662:3 5628:7 5532:3 5500:5 5468:7 5436:7 5404:8 5372:4 5340:1 5213:5 5181:2 5149:6 5085:8 5053:1 5021:1 4989:6 4957:1 4925:2 4793:% 4787:% 4754:, 4737:. 4664:, 4660:, 3002:on 2957:. 2911:de 2846:. 2730:, 2717:, 2628:SA 2523:. 2418:. 2202:; 2198:; 2194:; 2186:; 1953:, 1941:, 1933:, 1929:, 1803:, 1791:, 1787:, 1771:, 1454:: 370:on 132:de 111:, 8941:. 8900:. 8887:. 8673:) 8659:) 8649:) 8639:) 8543:) 8541:1 8539:( 8533:) 8531:1 8529:( 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