478:
585:
545:
310:
63:
40:
639:
descendants of a few founder individuals until the colony had expanded out to areas occupied by other populations; subsequently intraspecific competition slowed the dispersal of genes into the neighbouring, occupied areas. Nevertheless, occasional transfer of genes between areas of different habitat is proposed to be important in maintaining the local diversity of phenotypes.
581:. Contrary to predictions, recent global warming has not led to a detectable increase in yellow morphs on a continental scale. The use of photosensitive paint has shown that paler morphs spend more time exposed to the sun, which may imply that the shell polymorphism allows different morphs to coexist at a site by occupying different microhabitats.
614:. The hypothesis is that they form a search image for the commonest morphs, favouring whichever morphs are locally rare, thus promoting diversity. As well as its visual effect, the shell pigments are associated with differences in shell strength, so may affect predation by predators searching non-visually, for instance at night.
1277:
Silvertown, J.; Cook, L.; Cameron, R.; Dodd, M.; McConway, K.; Worthington, J.; Skelton, P.; Anton, C.; Bossdorf, O.; Baur, B.; Schilthuizen, M.; Fontaine, B.; Sattmann, H.; Bertorelle, G.; Correia, M.; Oliveira, C.; Pokryszko, B.; OĆŒgo, M.; StalaĆŸs, A.; Gill, E.; Rammul, Ă.; SĂłlymos, P.; FĂ©her, Z.;
535:
The bands are usually dark brown, but this is affected by genes influencing intensity and colouration (e.g. black or orange). Another locus (part of the supergene) determines whether the band is continuous or forms a sequence of spots. The genetics underlying the fusion of adjacent bands is not well
556:
In both species, most populations exhibit polymorphism in one or more of these shell characters. Nevertheless, statistically we can detect systematic variation at continental scales, and also between habitats, and at various scales down to a few tens of metres. There is also statistical evidence of
626:
species colonised much of Europe only within the last 4000 generations, so the time available for selection to act has been limited, and local anthropogenetic disturbances must often have reversed which morphs are optimal. Moreover, snails disperse more slowly than many other animals, so the most
617:
Several studies have demonstrated a predicted evolutionary response of shell appearance to a change of habitat. However, the association of shell appearance and habitat is not always consistent, especially in more disturbed environments, so it is believed that random effects are also influential,
638:
may be found consistently over a wide area but in adjacent areas of similar habitat a different set of morphs predominate instead, with a sharp transition between. The explanation accepted nowadays is that relatively recently a change of habitat allowed the rapid colonisation of vacant areas by
515:
Up to five bands (very rarely more) run spirally around the shell, numbered 1 to 5 with the larger numbers further from the shell apex. The conventional scoring annotation is to write 12345 if all bands are present and separated, but to replace a number with 0 if a band is absent from its usual
572:
and predation. Darker shells heat up more quickly in the sun, which might well be advantageous for cold-blooded animals in shaded woodland but risks causing overheating and death in open habitats. This trade-off is also presumed to be responsible for the greater proportion of yellow
519:
A dominant allele at one locus causes the absence of all bands, a dominant allele at another locus causes the loss of all bands except band 3, and a dominant allele at a third locus causes the loss of just bands 1 and 2. The first of these three loci is closely
499:
The background colour of the shell ranges from dark brown, through pink to yellow or even approaching white. This variation is continuous, but there are peaks in the distribution corresponding to brown, pink and yellow morphs. The colour is mainly determined by
1677:
Yamazaki N.; Ueshima R.; Terrett J. A.; Yokobori S.; Kaifu M.; Segawa R.; Kobayashi T.; Numachi K.; Ueda T.; Nishikawa K.; Watanabe K.; Thomas R. H. (1997). "Evolution of pulmonate gastropod mitochondrial genomes: comparisons of complete gene organizations of
596:
Both temperature regulation and predation make the same prediction of pale shells in open habitats and dark shells in woodland, soâalthough the prediction has often been confirmedâit is difficult to test which is the more important explanation. However,
444:
prefers cooler sites with longer and damper vegetation. But the two species often co-occur at a site, in which situation the densities of both affect each other's growth, fecundity and mortality. However, they differ somewhat in their behaviour:
609:
shells on stones ("anvils"), allowing a comparison of those they predate with those present in the local environment. Besides the directional selection favouring camouflaged individuals, visually searching predators might cause
557:
change with time, based both on comparisons between sub-fossil and modern shells, and on resampling the same sites some decades apart, although the latter has more often found little change over the period (
524:
to the locus determining shell colour, to another influencing the spread of the band pigment, and to one determining the colour of the lip and bands. This collection of linked loci are part of a
528:. A consequence of this arrangement is that the shells of different background colours within a population often exhibit different ratios of banded to unbanded shells: this is an example of
516:
position and to enclose numbers in parentheses if bands are fused with their neighbours. Thus 003(45) would mean that the top two bands are absent and the lower two fused.
569:
1882:
631:
144:
1921:
1856:
1895:
679:
293:, are widespread and common in Western and Central Europe and have been introduced to North America. Both have been influential
792:
Bengtson, S.âA.; Nilsson, A.; Nordström, S.; Rrundgren, S. (February 1976). "Polymorphism in relation to habitat in the snail
1900:
1329:
Jones, J.S. (August 1982). "Genetic differences in individual behaviour associated with shell polymorphism in the snail
477:
894:
1835:
1246:
Chang, H.âW. (October 1991). "Activity and weight loss in relation to solar radiation in the polymorphic land snail
1960:
1926:
2008:
1848:
869:
1908:
421:
in
Scotland and Scandinavia and it is the only one of the two species in Iceland. Likewise in the Swiss Alps
2003:
437:
it does not occur in Italy, and in Spain it has a more restricted distribution (in the north-east corner).
584:
285:. The shells are often brightly coloured and patterned with brown stripes. The two species in this genus,
1778:
1215:
Richardson, A.M.M. (February 1974). "Differential climatic selection in natural population of land snail
401:
321:
1783:
1952:
860:
Turner, H.; Kuiper, J.G.J.; Thew, N.; Bernasconi, R.; RĂŒetschi, J.; WĂŒthrich, M.; Gosteli, M. (1998).
1993:
1965:
544:
1998:
1094:"The scoring of polymorphic colour and pattern variation and its genetic basis in molluscan shells"
62:
708:
Neiber, M.T.; Hausdorf, B. (2015). "Molecular phylogeny reveals the polyphyly of the snail genus
334:
1939:
1708:
529:
1887:
1280:"Citizen science reveals unexpected continental-scale evolutionary change in a model organism"
1934:
297:
for ongoing studies of genetics and natural selection. Like many
Helicidae, these snails use
309:
1804:
1755:
509:
493:
269:
453:, although this appears to be independent of whether the other species is present or not.
8:
1402:"Fluctuations in the selective value of certain phenotypes in the polymorphic land snail
611:
568:
The two selection pressures that might most feasibly act on the appearance of shells are
562:
387:
1595:"History or current selection? A molecular analysis of 'area effects' in the land snail
1180:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
1008:
1988:
1623:
1594:
1579:
1502:
1473:
1458:
1306:
1279:
1263:
1200:
1171:
1077:
1046:
962:
845:
824:
809:
749:"Increasing the number of molecular markers resolves the phylogenetic relationship of "
358:
188:
57:
47:
449:
is more active at lower temperatures, aestivates higher on the vegetation and is more
1791:
1628:
1566:
on
Salisbury Plain: patterns of variation, landscape history and habitat stability".
1547:
1527:"Rapid evolution in unstable habitats: a success story of the polymorphic land snail
1526:
1507:
1311:
890:
865:
729:
1647:
1093:
429:
only up to 1600 m. Conversely, the southern edge of the range lies further north in
1796:
1746:
1618:
1610:
1575:
1542:
1497:
1489:
1454:
1417:
1380:
1342:
1301:
1291:
1259:
1228:
1195:
1187:
1147:
1072:
1062:
1004:
954:
840:
805:
772:
721:
558:
505:
369:
315:
918:. Ministry of Environment, Directorate-General for Nature and Sea Protection (PNM)
911:
1296:
619:
521:
294:
114:
1913:
1115:
Cain, A.J. (1971). "Colour and banding morphs in subfossil samples of the snail
725:
1843:
1830:
1760:
656:
161:
1493:
1067:
1047:"Discrete or indiscrete? Redefining the colour polymorphism of the land snail
1982:
1731:
1676:
345:
1385:
1364:
565:
has addressed the reasons for both the variation and the systematic trends.
1632:
1614:
1511:
1315:
1191:
1151:
733:
170:
20:
1869:
1740:
1603:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
1140:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
991:
Jones, J.S.; Leith, B.H.; Rawlings, P. (November 1977). "Polymorphism in
598:
1770:
630:
For instance, biologists were at one time puzzled by the phenomenon of "
1861:
1472:
Rosin, Z.M.; Kobak, J.; Lesicki, A.; Tryjanowski, P. (September 2013).
1422:
1401:
966:
450:
265:
104:
1648:"Habitat stability, population histories and patterns of variation in
777:
748:
1874:
1817:
1346:
1232:
525:
461:
339:
298:
282:
275:
272:
134:
124:
74:
1702:
1562:
Cameron, R.A.D.; Carter, M.A.; Palles-Clark, M.A. (November 1980). "
1045:
Davison, A.; Jackson, H.J.; Murphy, E.W.; Reader, T. (August 2019).
958:
1822:
1725:
937:
Cowie, R.H.; Jones, J. S. (1987). "Ecological interactions between
94:
39:
1437:
Tucker, G.M. (June 1991). "Apostatic selection by song thrushes (
791:
501:
278:
577:
to the south, but it is curious why the trend is not present in
659:(1838). "Notizen ĂŒber die Weichthiere Bayerns. (Fortsetzung)".
84:
1809:
1947:
261:
1471:
1478:
colour morphsâimplications for their anti-predator defence"
825:"Colour polymorphism in northern peripheral populations of
765:
Journal of
Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
456:
When given no choice of partner in the laboratory, the two
329:
For a long time, four species were classified in the genus
1138:
populations over 25 years: a case of climatic selection".
1044:
859:
464:
with the parental species, but the fertility is very low.
337:
suggested that two of them should be placed in the genera
1561:
1276:
1690:
and implications of unusual tRNA secondary structures".
1134:
Cameron, R.A.D. (22 May 1992). "Change and stability in
1032:
864:. NeuchĂątel: CentreSuisse de cartographie de la faune.
887:
Caracoles y babosas de la PenĂnsula IbĂ©rica y
Baleares
746:
945:: competition, invasion but no niche displacement".
912:"Checklist of the Italian Fauna On-line version 2.1"
1369:(L.): interrogating the Evolution Megalab database"
990:
862:Atlas der Mollusken der Schweiz und Liechtensteins
208:(incorrect subsequent spelling; junior homonym of
761:Boettger 1909 (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Helicidae)"
496:for the colour and banding pattern of the shell.
1980:
747:Neiber, M.T.; Sagorny, C.; Hausdorf, B. (2016).
822:
1358:
1356:
884:
823:Valovirta, I.; Halkka, O. (12 February 2009).
707:
349:, which are not immediate relatives of either
1645:
1592:
995: : a problem with too many solutions?".
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
677:
539:
1362:
1353:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1038:
472:
365:â white-lipped snail or garden banded snail
1214:
936:
484:, showing colour and banding polymorphisms
408:
38:
1622:
1568:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1546:
1535:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1501:
1447:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1421:
1384:
1305:
1295:
1199:
1076:
1066:
973:
844:
776:
1593:Davison, A.; Clarke, B. (22 July 2000).
1399:
1363:Cameron, R.A.D.; Cook, L.M. (May 2012).
1158:
1085:
997:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
671:
655:
583:
543:
476:
308:
1365:"Habitat and the shell polymorphism of
1133:
1981:
1646:Cameron, R.A.D.; Dillon, P.J. (1984).
1436:
627:suitable genes may be locally absent.
512:to pink, which is dominant to yellow.
1707:
1706:
1328:
1245:
714:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
467:
460:species can form hybrids, which will
1953:D047E409-B02A-131D-FF02-0416FE90BFF2
1849:fae4fba9-d099-40a2-8fec-6ca9545fb731
1524:
1169:
1123:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 65â92.
1114:
1091:
1021:
1009:10.1146/annurev.es.08.110177.000545
417:extends further north than that of
376:â brown-lipped snail or grove snail
13:
1670:
1580:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1980.tb00113.x
1459:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1991.tb00590.x
1264:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03812.x
846:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1976.tb01576.x
810:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb06006.x
19:Not to be confused with the plant
14:
2020:
1121:Ecological genetics and evolution
909:
885:Cadevall, J.; Orozco, A. (2016).
1548:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01585.x
1474:"Differential shell strength of
425:is found as high as 2050 m, but
61:
1639:
1586:
1555:
1518:
1465:
1430:
1393:
1322:
1270:
1239:
1208:
1127:
1108:
1015:
930:
1170:Cook, L.M. (29 October 1998).
903:
878:
853:
816:
785:
740:
701:
649:
588:Song thrush anvil with broken
335:molecular phylogenetic studies
1:
1400:Sheppard, P.M. (April 1951).
642:
1373:Journal of Molluscan Studies
1297:10.1371/journal.pone.0018927
688:The Living World of Molluscs
224:(Invalid: junior homonym of
7:
726:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.022
402:Caucasotachea vindobonensis
322:Caucasotachea vindobonensis
10:
2025:
1525:OĆŒgo, M. (February 2011).
1278:Juan, X. (27 April 2011).
712:(Gastropoda: Helicidae)".
304:
18:
1715:
1494:10.1007/s00114-013-1084-8
1119:". In Creed, E.R. (ed.).
1068:10.1038/s41437-019-0189-z
561:). Very much research in
540:Evolutionary explanations
440:Where the ranges overlap
194:
187:
176:
169:
58:Scientific classification
56:
46:
37:
30:
1531:(Gastropoda: Pulmonata)"
473:Description and genetics
1441:) feeding on the snail
1172:"A twoâstage model for
409:Interspecific relations
264:of large air-breathing
2009:Polymorphism (biology)
1615:10.1098/rspb.2000.1156
1192:10.1098/rstb.1998.0311
1152:10.1098/rspb.1992.0060
1024:Ăber die Bastarde von
593:
553:
552:shells that are yellow
530:linkage disequilibrium
485:
326:
1935:Paleobiology Database
1386:10.1093/mollus/eyr052
757:(Pfeiffer 1828) with
634:"; the same morph of
587:
547:
480:
313:A comparison between
312:
23:, the pink stonecrop.
1844:Fauna Europaea (new)
889:. Barcelona: Omega.
494:genetic polymorphism
394:Cepaea vindobonensis
363:(O. F. MĂŒller, 1774)
2004:Ecological genetics
1609:(1451): 1399â1405.
1482:Naturwissenschaften
1186:(1375): 1577â1593.
1092:Cain, A.J. (1988).
612:apostatic selection
563:ecological genetics
388:Macularia sylvatica
16:Genus of gastropods
1423:10.1038/hdy.1951.8
1252:Journal of Zoology
947:Functional Ecology
916:www.faunaitalia.it
798:Journal of Zoology
678:Robert Nordsieck.
594:
570:climatic selection
554:
486:
468:Shell polymorphism
383:(Draparnaud, 1801)
327:
48:White-lipped snail
1976:
1975:
1709:Taxon identifiers
1439:Turdus philomelos
1341:(5876): 749â750.
1227:(5442): 572â573.
1146:(1322): 181â187.
1022:Lang, A. (1908).
778:10.1111/jzs.12116
603:Turdus philomelos
398:
384:
375:
364:
253:
252:
247:
239:
230:
223:
214:
202:
165:
2016:
1994:Gastropod genera
1969:
1968:
1956:
1955:
1943:
1942:
1930:
1929:
1917:
1916:
1914:NHMSYS0001701946
1904:
1903:
1891:
1890:
1878:
1877:
1865:
1864:
1852:
1851:
1839:
1838:
1826:
1825:
1813:
1812:
1800:
1799:
1787:
1786:
1774:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1664:
1663:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1597:Cepaea nemoralis
1590:
1584:
1583:
1574:(3â4): 335â358.
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1529:Cepaea nemoralis
1522:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1476:Cepaea nemoralis
1469:
1463:
1462:
1443:Cepaea hortensis
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1367:Cepaea nemoralis
1360:
1351:
1350:
1347:10.1038/298749a0
1331:Cepaea nemoralis
1326:
1320:
1319:
1309:
1299:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1248:Cepaea nemoralis
1243:
1237:
1236:
1233:10.1038/247572a0
1217:Cepaea nemoralis
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1167:
1156:
1155:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1070:
1049:Cepaea nemoralis
1042:
1036:
1035:
1034:. Jena: Fischer.
1019:
1013:
1012:
988:
971:
970:
943:Cepaea hortensis
939:Cepaea nemoralis
934:
928:
927:
925:
923:
907:
901:
900:
882:
876:
875:
857:
851:
850:
848:
827:Cepaea hortensis
820:
814:
813:
794:Cepaea hortensis
789:
783:
782:
780:
744:
738:
737:
705:
699:
698:
696:
694:
680:"Banded Snails (
675:
669:
668:
653:
492:species share a
482:Cepaea nemoralis
397:(FĂ©russac, 1821)
396:
382:
380:Cepaea sylvatica
374:(Linnaeus, 1758)
373:
370:Cepaea nemoralis
362:
359:Cepaea hortensis
316:Cepaea hortensis
245:
237:
228:
221:
212:
200:
160:
66:
65:
51:Cepaea hortensis
42:
28:
27:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2013:
1999:Model organisms
1979:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1964:
1959:
1951:
1946:
1938:
1933:
1925:
1920:
1912:
1907:
1899:
1894:
1886:
1881:
1873:
1868:
1860:
1855:
1847:
1842:
1834:
1829:
1821:
1816:
1808:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1782:
1777:
1769:
1767:
1759:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1711:
1673:
1671:Further reading
1668:
1667:
1644:
1640:
1591:
1587:
1560:
1556:
1523:
1519:
1470:
1466:
1435:
1431:
1404:CepĂŠa nemoralis
1398:
1394:
1361:
1354:
1327:
1323:
1275:
1271:
1244:
1240:
1213:
1209:
1168:
1159:
1132:
1128:
1113:
1109:
1090:
1086:
1043:
1039:
1030:Helix nemoralis
1026:Helix hortensis
1020:
1016:
989:
974:
959:10.2307/2389710
935:
931:
921:
919:
908:
904:
897:
883:
879:
872:
858:
854:
821:
817:
790:
786:
745:
741:
706:
702:
692:
690:
676:
672:
654:
650:
645:
620:founder effects
542:
475:
470:
411:
353:or each other:
307:
301:during mating.
246:W. Turton, 1831
222:W. Turton, 1831
206:Helix (Tachaea)
198:Cepaea (Cepaea)
183:
180:
178:Helix nemoralis
159:
115:Stylommatophora
60:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2022:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1957:
1944:
1931:
1918:
1905:
1892:
1879:
1866:
1853:
1840:
1831:Fauna Europaea
1827:
1814:
1801:
1788:
1775:
1765:
1752:
1737:
1721:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1701:
1700:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1638:
1585:
1554:
1541:(2): 251â262.
1517:
1488:(9): 843â851.
1464:
1453:(2): 149â156.
1429:
1416:(1): 125â134.
1392:
1379:(2): 179â184.
1352:
1321:
1269:
1258:(2): 213â225.
1238:
1207:
1157:
1126:
1107:
1084:
1061:(2): 162â175.
1037:
1014:
1003:(1): 109â143.
972:
929:
902:
895:
877:
870:
852:
839:(1): 123â126.
815:
804:(2): 173â188.
784:
739:
700:
670:
667:(12): 902â921.
661:Isis (Leipzig)
647:
646:
644:
641:
548:Proportion of
541:
538:
474:
471:
469:
466:
410:
407:
406:
405:
391:
377:
366:
306:
303:
281:in the family
251:
250:
249:
248:
240:
232:
219:Helix (Tachea)
216:
203:
192:
191:
185:
184:
182:Linnaeus, 1758
181:
174:
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1290:(4): e18927.
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1176:polymorphism"
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896:9788428215992
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796:in Iceland".
795:
788:
779:
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770:
766:
762:
760:
759:Caucasotachea
756:
755:vindobonensis
752:
743:
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689:
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605:) break open
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599:song thrushes
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413:The range of
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346:Caucasotachea
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296:
295:model species
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238:Scudder, 1882
236:
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229:Fleming, 1822
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992:
953:(2): 91â97.
950:
946:
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932:
920:. Retrieved
915:
905:
886:
880:
861:
855:
836:
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787:
771:(1): 40â45.
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764:
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713:
709:
703:
691:. Retrieved
687:
681:
673:
664:
660:
651:
635:
632:area effects
629:
623:
616:
606:
602:
595:
589:
579:C. hortensis
578:
575:C. nemoralis
574:
567:
555:
550:C. nemoralis
549:
536:understood.
534:
518:
514:
504:at a single
498:
489:
487:
481:
457:
455:
447:C. hortensis
446:
442:C. hortensis
441:
439:
435:C. nemoralis
434:
431:C. hortensis
430:
427:C. nemoralis
426:
423:C. hortensis
422:
419:C. nemoralis
418:
415:C. hortensis
414:
412:
400:
393:
386:
379:
368:
357:
350:
344:
338:
330:
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314:
291:C. hortensis
290:
287:C. nemoralis
286:
256:
255:
254:
242:
234:
225:
218:
209:
205:
197:
177:
171:Type species
155:
154:
145:Allognathini
50:
31:
25:
21:Sedum cepaea
1870:iNaturalist
1741:Wikispecies
1656:Malacologia
1098:Malacologia
1028:MĂŒller und
720:: 143â149.
684:Held 1838)"
508:with brown
333:. However,
319:(left) and
270:terrestrial
266:land snails
235:Hystrionica
131:Subfamily:
1983:Categories
1698:: 749â758.
1662:: 271â291.
910:Stoch, F.
871:2884140131
643:References
622:. The two
299:love darts
201:Held, 1838
105:Gastropoda
1989:Helicidae
1688:Albinaria
833:Hereditas
693:19 August
526:supergene
462:backcross
433:; unlike
340:Macularia
283:Helicidae
276:gastropod
273:pulmonate
135:Helicinae
125:Helicidae
81:Kingdom:
75:Eukaryota
1768:BioLib:
1726:Wikidata
1692:Genetics
1633:10983823
1512:23921905
1410:Heredity
1316:21556137
1284:PLOS ONE
1055:Heredity
922:22 April
734:26256642
657:Held, F.
510:dominant
488:The two
279:molluscs
189:Synonyms
121:Family:
95:Mollusca
91:Phylum:
85:Animalia
71:Domain:
1888:1354834
1862:2294278
1732:Q747535
1680:Euhadra
1624:1690693
1503:3753478
1307:3083392
1201:1692378
1104:: 1â15.
1078:6629550
967:2389710
502:alleles
451:diurnal
325:(right)
305:Species
151:Genus:
141:Tribe:
111:Order:
101:Class:
1966:235791
1940:114488
1836:426292
1823:1CEPAG
1761:Cepaea
1747:Cepaea
1717:Cepaea
1684:Cepaea
1650:Cepaea
1631:
1621:
1564:Cepaea
1510:
1500:
1335:Nature
1314:
1304:
1221:Nature
1198:
1174:Cepaea
1136:Cepaea
1117:Cepaea
1075:
993:Cepaea
965:
893:
868:
751:Cepaea
732:
710:Cepaea
682:Cepaea
636:Cepaea
624:Cepaea
607:Cepaea
592:shells
590:Cepaea
559:stasis
522:linked
490:Cepaea
458:Cepaea
399:, now
385:, now
351:Cepaea
331:Cepaea
257:Cepaea
243:Tachea
226:Tachea
210:Tachea
164:, 1838
156:Cepaea
32:Cepaea
1961:WoRMS
1948:Plazi
1927:28834
1901:77908
1883:IRMNG
1875:48587
1810:57692
1797:7NS7V
1406:(L.)"
963:JSTOR
506:locus
262:genus
260:is a
1922:NCBI
1896:ITIS
1857:GBIF
1818:EPPO
1784:6001
1779:BOLD
1771:2974
1686:and
1629:PMID
1508:PMID
1312:PMID
941:and
924:2023
891:ISBN
866:ISBN
730:PMID
695:2015
665:1837
343:and
289:and
162:Held
1909:NBN
1805:EoL
1792:CoL
1756:ADW
1696:145
1619:PMC
1611:doi
1607:267
1576:doi
1543:doi
1539:102
1498:PMC
1490:doi
1486:100
1455:doi
1445:".
1418:doi
1381:doi
1343:doi
1339:298
1333:".
1302:PMC
1292:doi
1260:doi
1256:225
1250:".
1229:doi
1225:247
1219:".
1196:PMC
1188:doi
1184:353
1148:doi
1144:248
1073:PMC
1063:doi
1059:123
1005:doi
955:doi
841:doi
806:doi
802:178
773:doi
722:doi
1985::
1963::
1950::
1937::
1924::
1911::
1898::
1885::
1872::
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1833::
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1794::
1781::
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1660:25
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1355:^
1337:.
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1160:^
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975:^
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718:93
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808::
781:.
775::
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601:(
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215:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
