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527:, custom, and house-making conceal more clues. The Kichagga language is evolving so quickly that to the Chagga of today, the language as it was used even 20 years ago sounds practically "classical." This is due in part to natural factors, such as the acquisition of new words, and in part to factors related to political authority, such as how Machame in the west and Marangu in the middle zone each disseminated their respective standard languages among the chiefdoms nearby. However, remnants of ancient, undeveloped settlement in some parts of the upper
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829:. Early accounts frequently identify the inhabitants of each kingdom as a separate "tribe." Although the Chaga are principally located on Mount Kilimanjaro in northern Tanzania, numerous families have migrated elsewhere over the course of the twentieth century. In 1946 the British administration had greatly reduced the number of kingdoms due to large scale reorganization and creation of newly settled land on the lower slopes on the western and eastern slopes of Kilimanjaro.
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grove, with its long, overhanging fronds shading tomatoes, onions, and various varieties of yam. In the middle of the grove is a round, beehive-shaped house made of mud and covered in grass or banana leaves. The husband's hoe and other equipment can be stored in the sleeping quarters, which can be either a hide or a bed and is close to the door. A fire is burning in the middle of the room, supported by three stones, and bananas are drying in a little loft above the fire.
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512:, long ago traveled. The ruins of stone-wall enclosures lie unexplored in the upper mitaa's rocky parts; they may well add to our understanding of the larger, more accessible enclosures on the middle slopes of certain chiefdoms. When the Chagga traveled here in the past, they used caves on the high track that circles the back of the mountain for shelter, but we are unsure of their exact purpose at this time.
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Chaga is a term generally used to describe a person of Chaga parentage and background who does not necessarily practice Chagas traditional activities but still identifies with Chagas culturally. The term ethnic Chaga does not specifically exclude practicing Chagas traditional activities, but they are
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peoples had been the chief suppliers of iron to the Chaga. The demand for iron increased from the beginning of the nineteenth century because of military rivalries among the Chaga rulers. It is likely that there was a connection between this rivalry and the development of long-distance trade from the
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Another factor supporting the idea that the arrival of people from the northeast may merely be a broad generalization is the fact that other East
African tribes in the Kilimanjaro region have a history of ascending from the south, driving others north before them. According to legend, some Kamba left
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Chagga legends centre on Ruwa and his power and assistance. 'Ruwa' is the Chagga name for their god in
Eastern and Central Kilimanjaro, while in the Western region, especially Machame and Masama, the deity was referred to as 'Iruva.' Both names are also Chaga words for "sun." Ruwa is not looked upon
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world of the past, one enters, there were fewer Chagga people, more land was available, and distances were vast in comparison to the world of
Kilimanjaro, which has decreased due to the advent of the modern truck, bus, and motorcar. Over a major portion of Kilimanjaro, however, the pace of the human
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Being one of the most influential and economically successful peoples in
Tanzania, their relative wealth comes from favorable fertile soil of Mount Kilimanjaro, industrious work ethic used in trading and successful agricultural methods, which include historic extensive irrigation systems, terracing,
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The Ongamo had a large effect on Chaga culture. They borrowed several practices from them, including female circumcision, the drinking of cattle blood, and age sets. By the second half of the nineteenth century, the Ongamo were increasingly acculturated into the Chaga. The Chaga god "Ruwa" resulted
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came up from the Nguu
Mountains in the south. The idol that Krapf discovered the coastal Wanika using may have originated in Kahe. The Wanika is reported to have departed Kilema, traveled to Rombo, and then moved to the coast. For further information, see von der Decken's description of this Wanika
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The histories of each Chagga state contain clues as to which clans sprang "from the mountain," which were "dropped there," which originated on the plains, or traveled in an easterly or westerly manner. Quite a bit of
Chaggaland is still unknown, especially up in the high forest where the remains of
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originated on the mountain from a particular other location or admit to having blood other than Chagga. Given that acknowledging one's origins may be perceived as undermining the Chagga's historical claim to the land. Alternatively, it's possible that those early interrogators by the
Europeans were
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are clear as to when a branch of a clan split off and moved to live elsewhere on the volcano, but that branch itself hardly ever acknowledges where it came from and its history begins with the founding of the branch in its new land; it's possible that by a similar process, clan histories naturally
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A blacksmith may be seen hunched over hot embers with his anvil and goatskin bellows in some homesteads, while a woman shaping and firing earthen pots is more infrequently seen in others. Beehives made of hollowed-out tree trunk lengths with stoppers are hung from the trees outside, and hides are
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Munie Mkoma from
Pangani, who may have begun the tradition if Mangi Rongoma of Kilema was a Swahili, may have been the original. A line of comparable connections in many chiefdoms was started by Mangi Mamkinga of Machame's confidence in his resident Swahili Munie Nesiri four generations later, in
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basin, the method of building houses begins to change: east of it, the round beehive houses are thatched from top to bottom; west of it, they are increasingly built with roofs starting at a four-foot spring from the ground, so that moving west from
Kilimanjaro, through Meru and Arusha, the houses
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and to "Chagga" by 1871. Because it used to be thought of by
Swahilis as a perilous area to visit, Charles New chose the latter spelling and identified it as a Swahili name that meant "to stray" or "to get lost" in reference to the dense forest around the mountain that confused visitors when they
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Every single family lives in the seclusion of their fenced-in farmhouse, or kihamba in Kichagga, even in the most crowded sections of Chaggaland. Each home is surrounded by the Masale plant, a revered symbol of peace and forgiveness in the Chagga culture (Dracaena fragrans). It contains a banana
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that seemed to be older, different, and more magical than the fire ceremonies that the Usambaras introduced into Kibosho; in Kahe, male and female clay idols were made and were used for cursing by the Arusha Chini folk; and the ancient Mtui clan of Marangu maintained its power. The fact that the
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that come out of nowhere in the forest on the bare northern side of the mountain is one tree that has not yet been well examined. It is possible that this land was once cleared and inhabited by Chagga because, per a silviculturalist's theory, the Kilimanjaro forest regenerates itself using olive
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Other clues can be discovered in the routes traveled by those who, according to Chagga oral traditions, crossed Kilimanjaro, including pygmies or "little people," those who are remembered as being distinct from Chagga and having thick necks, and Swahilis. According to legend, the pygmies (Kich.
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According to outside evidence, many Chagga originated mostly in the northeastern region. While some did so, possibly particularly when the Galla were migrating from the north and pressing people in general before them, it appears more likely that the journey was a natural one. On the borders of
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This type holds clues to the farther past. Zones of widespread custom gradually grew out of this. In general, the similarities in customs and spoken Kichagga dialects across the entire central stretch of chiefdoms, from the Weru Weru River on the west to the Mriti hills on the east, served as a
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is made up of several clans. When Rebmann arrived in Kilema in 1848, he immediately remarked on the order that had taken hold due to the mangi's firm authority. He was enthralled by the prosperity and abilities of the populace, as well as by the pleasant weather and natural beauty of the area.
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Chagga and European stock, making their children one of the mountain's most intriguing minglings. Although Orombo's descendants dispute this, some Chagga claim that the legendary chief of the past, Orombo of Keni (now a portion of Keni-Mriti-Mengwe), was of Maasai descent. A fascinating local
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still maintain their distinctive dialects of Kichagga, and, most remarkably and productively for linguistic research, Ngasseni (now a part of Usseri) continues to speak a language that is distinctly distinct from Kichagga and virtually unintelligible to others in the same kingdom.
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tribes, who were allegedly cannibalistic. Additionally, some Wanika has left their ancestral home in Rombo, Chaggaland, and moved from the southwest. According to Chagga ora legends, some Meru arrived from the east from their resting spot en route to Mount Meru.
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Those claimed that some of them were of Maasai, Usambara, and Kamba origins, very Few mangis of today would claim that, including those of the oldest clans, who are proud of their long history that predates the arrival of those who would later become the
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peoples on his first trip to the mountain. It appears that "Dschagga" was the general name given to the entire mountainous region by distant residents who had cause to describe it, and that when the European traveler arrived there, his Swahili guide used
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The development of numerous Chagga countries, as well as the sum of their histories, is one of Kilimanjaro's internal histories. Because each of the mitaa or parishes of today—there are over 100 of them—represents the amalgamation of two or three former
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The Chagga are said to have descended from various Bantu groups who migrated from elsewhere in Africa to the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro, a migration that began around the start of the eleventh century. While the Chaga are Bantu-speakers,
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system of descent and inheritance. Their traditional way of life was based primarily on agriculture, using irrigation on terraced fields and oxen manure. Although bananas are their staple food, they also cultivate various crops, including
632:. Although there is a story found only in Uru about similarly unique visitors who traveled from the opposite direction, from the west, in search of lumber for King Solomon, the little people did move from east to west across the mountain.
369:" to describe other portions to him in general rather than giving him specific names. For instance, Rebmann on his second and third journeys from Kilema to Machame speaks of "going to Dschagga" from Kilema. The word was
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trees. It is plausible that the forebears who are so frequently claimed to have "come from the mountain" actually originated on this north side before moving to where their descendants currently live on the south side.
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Around the beginning of the twentieth century, the German colonial government estimated that there were about 28,000 households on Kilimanjaro. In 1988, the Chaga population was estimated at over 800,000 individuals.
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European travelers to Kilimanjaro in the late 19th and early 20th centuries questioned some Chagga kings about the origins of their respective clans and recorded the kings' responses in detail. For instance,
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Similar origin indicators can be found in customs exclusive to particular clans or mitaa. In the mitaa of the ancient Samake, Nguni, and Kyuu, a special kind of cursing stone was employed, and there was
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claims that a Masai tribe from the west entered Kibongoto, divided their clan, and sent their sons to various regions of the mountain, where they all rose to the position of mangi.
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Bender, Matthew V. "BEING ‘CHAGGA’: NATURAL RESOURCES, POLITICAL ACTIVISM, AND IDENTITY ON KILIMANJARO." The Journal of African History, vol. 54, no. 2, 2013, pp. 199–220. JSTOR,
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East of this zone, a type of mregho is found in Ngasseni, and a very simple variety is found in Mkau. West of this zone, as will be seen, there is oral evidence to suggest that
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point in the commercial inland network. The residents of the mountain sold goods with caravans and traders from nearby settlements. It was easily accessible from the
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was practiced. Initiation, however, was a peculiar blossoming in the center zone and involved teaching tribal lore using symbols carved on a special stick (Kich.
593:. Kamba and Masai move in naturally today into the eastern areas, the former to settle and the latter to graze. People used to come from the north, coming from
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had always been on the mountain. Peters also mentions that Capt. Kurt Johannes, a local serving German officer at the time, claimed that the Wakibosho were
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A chaga is a person who has both parents as Chaga or has either one of the parents having a Chaga origin or can trace his/her origins from chagas lineage.
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as the creator of humankind, but rather as a liberator and provider of sustenance. He is known for his mercy and tolerance when sought by his people.
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their former home on Kilimanjaro and went up from the south. For instance, the Kamba are supposed to have been forced up from Shikiani to avoid the
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The location of Kilimanjaro means that, long before it was significant as a trading hub because of its location, the mountain served as an interim
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881:. The importance of ancestors is strongly maintained by them to this day. The name of the chief Chaga deity is Ruwa who resides on the top of
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was introduced and then abandoned as a political act to forestall reprisals in one of the major inter-chiefdom feuds on the mountain. At the
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unifying force. When one crossed the Weru Weru in the west or the Mriti hills in the east, a significant difference emerged. All the while,
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340:, a well-known Kamba trader, having personally climbed Kilimanjaro before organizing and leading his enormous caravans of up to 200 Kamba.
410:, meaning 'king' in Kichagga. The British called them chiefs as they were deemed subjects to the British crown, thereby rendered unequal.
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1848. These signs seem to indicate that the Chagga's origins are more complicated than those of the Taita, who, in response to
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emigration to the coastal regions behind Mombasa, which he attributes to the rule of Munie Mkoma (Mangi Rongoma) of Kilema.
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By 1899 the Kichagga-speaking people on Mount Kilimanjaro were divided into 37 autonomous kingdoms called "Umangi" in
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basin, suggesting the Chagga's contacts with the coast may have dated to about the end of the eighteenth century.
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from the combination of the Chaga's concept of a creator god with the Ongamo's concept of the life giving sun.
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and the Kamba hills; the east, coming from the Usambaras; and the south, maybe coming from Unyamwezi and the
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more and more resemble the bomas of the Maasai. The dwellings in Moshi Chiefdom are a hotch-potch of
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Yonge, Brian. "The rise and fall of the Chagga empire." Kenya Past and Present 11.1 (1979): 43-48.
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in the south. Since they would cross Kilimanjaro on their way to conduct business in Pangani, the
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of Moshi's Boma with traditional late 19th century Chagga aesthetic and architecture c.1890s
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squatters moved into the north side of the mountain until they were evicted as a result of
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oversimplified the responses they received or used leading questions to be more precise.
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Tradition and Transition in East Africa: Studies of the Tribal Element in the Modern Era
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appears to have been first used to refer to a location rather than a group of people.
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Masale covered alley, Chagga gate to every homestead c.1890s Chaggaland, Kilimanjaro.
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usually simply referred to as "Chagas" without the qualifying adjective "ethnic".
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1906:"Chagga facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Chagga"
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1336:- Tanzanian Football player (Former President of Tanzania Football Federation)
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Bishop Dr. Fredrick Shoo - The Archbishop of Evangelical Lutheran Church
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Bishop Stephano Moshi - The Archbishop of Evangelical Lutheran Church
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Bishop Faustin Munishi - East Africa Evangelist and Gospel Musician.
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628:) crossed the mountain from east to west before continuing to the
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refers to "the inhabitants of the Dschagga" while describing the
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Dr. Erasto kweka - The Archbishop of Evangelical Lutheran Church
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are found and where it is rumored that plantings of masale, the
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methods practiced for thousands of years from the time of the
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Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia
2012:"Nature Discovery Guide Wilfred Moshi Summits Mt. Everest!"
1160:, Tanzanian mathematician and former presidential candidate
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is referred to as a "country" when they speak of the past.
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first ancestors arrived with a variety of tools—sometimes
806:. In agricultural exports, they are best known for their
1312:, German Tanzanian creative director and entrepreneur
1793:"Chagga people- history, religion, culture and more"
2102:Johnson, H.H (1886). "Copyright: Tubner & Co".
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Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook
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A Chagan cave (modified) to hide during tribal wars
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1294:- Tanzanian business tycoon and multi millionaire.
1288:- Tanzanian business tycoon and multi millionaire.
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27:Ethnic group from Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania
2085:Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century
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1959:"Household Gardens as a Development Strategy"
1957:Cleveland, David A.; Soleri, Daniela (1987).
1930:Spear, Thomas T.; Kimambo, Isaria N. (1999).
1807:
1694:"The Chagga and Their Chiefs. Reviewed Work:
717:for protecting the head when carrying bananas
402:has a number of dialects somewhat related to
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1475:, Navy Kenzo Tanzanian singer and songwriter
1176:, Tanzanian Biodiversity leader and attorney
985:, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dar es Salaam
732:in Kichagga is a sacred plant for the Chagga
30:"Chaga" redirects here. For the fungus, see
1877:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1835:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1756:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1696:History of the Chagga People of Kilimanjaro
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1390:, Tanzania-Austrian professional footballer
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1879:. London: Mouton and Co. pp. 54−56.
1837:. London: Mouton and Co. pp. 51–53.
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1384:- First Tanzanian to summit Mount Everest
2117:Almanac of African Peoples & Nations
1933:East African Expressions of Christianity
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1212:, Tanzanian Academic and Gender Activist
1145:
924:Typically, neighbors come from the same
911:
899:
848:
835:
816:
746:
735:
720:
709:
707:foot is still used to measure distance.
638:
456:
412:
2059:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1579:
1577:
1009:, Former Roman Catholic Bishop of Moshi
1003:, Former Roman Catholic Bishop of Moshi
844:
14:
3578:
3253:
1691:
1323:, Paramount Chief of the Chagga, 1957.
1230:, Tanzanian academic and Archaeologist
1224:, Tanzania civil engineer and academic
1154:, First published Tanzanian historian.
909:stretched on pegs to dry at the door.
3227:
2149:
1874:
1832:
1753:
1652:
997:, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Arusha
417:Mandara, Sultan of the Chagga, Moshi.
2141:. University of California Berkeley.
1780:http://www.jstor.org/stable/43305102
1633:
1574:
991:, Roman Catholic priest, Academician
976:
932:is made up of numerous clans, and a
393:Peopling of the Kilimanjaro Corridor
297:, in their sovereign Chagga states.
86:Regions with significant populations
1975:10.17730/humo.46.3.m62mxv857t428153
1795:. United Republic of Tanzania. 2021
889:plantings, the sacred Chaga plant.
24:
2087:. University of California Press.
2034:
1052:, first female Tanzanian Minister
759:
613:According to legend, the Usambara
426:was informed by Mangi Marealle of
25:
3607:
3591:Indigenous peoples of East Africa
1481:, Tanzanian singer and songwriter
1451:, Tanzanian beauty pageant winner
1310:Julia Lang (fashion entrepreneur)
1279:
1255:, Tanzanian human rights activist
1063:Tanganyika African National Union
1054:Tanganyika African National Union
940:
336:are also familiar with the area.
36:. For the parasitic disease, see
2045:. University of Virginia Press.
1936:. James Currey. pp. 40–52.
1218:, Tanzanian Writer and Publisher
945:
821:Mangi Rindi's guard c.1889 Moshi
92:
2064:The Cambridge History of Africa
2004:
1950:
1923:
1692:Oliver, R. A. (November 1964).
1613:Levinson, David (5 July 1998).
1589:East Africa Living Encyclopedia
1398:Painting of Sultan Mandara, by
1327:
1249:, First Tanzanian Chief Justice
1240:
1206:, Tanzanian author and educator
1059:Asanterabi Zephaniah Nsilo Swai
869:beliefs. Before the arrival of
3596:People from Kilimanjaro Region
2068:. Cambridge University Press.
1785:
1772:
1702:The Journal of African History
1673:
1606:
1499:, Tanzanian singer and actress
1031:
972:, Mangi Mkuu (Paramount Chief)
470:clans, claim that their royal
324:, and Tangata as well as from
13:
1:
1567:
1415:, Professional Boxing athlete
1182:, Tanzanian Irrigation Expert
774:
683:coast to the interior of the
1275:Mangi Lengaki Mariki, 1890s.
343:
170:African traditional religion
7:
3480:National Parks and Reserves
2043:The Civilizations of Africa
2041:Ehret, Christopher (2002).
1698:by Kathleen M. Stahl, 1964"
1585:"Tanzania -- Ethnic Groups"
1503:
1493:, German-Tanzanian Musician
1372:- Tanzanian Olympic swimmer
1342:- Tanzanian Football player
1306:, Tanzanian business owner.
1300:, Tanzanian business owner.
10:
3612:
2119:. Transaction Publishers.
1593:University of Pennsylvania
1421:, Tanzanian music producer
778:
390:
386:
381:
29:
3586:Ethnic groups in Tanzania
3559:
3525:
3517:Kilimanjaro National Park
3509:
3501:Kilimanjaro National Park
3479:
3443:
3372:
3343:
3317:
3271:
3261:
3188:
3156:
3103:
3075:
3042:
3014:
2996:
2968:
2925:
2887:
2839:
2796:
2768:
2735:
2692:
2654:
2596:
2548:
2500:
2472:
2419:
2381:
2348:
2320:
2292:
2249:
2226:
2183:
2177:Ethnic groups in Tanzania
2115:Yakan, Mohamad A (1999).
2016:Nature Discovery Tanzania
1758:. London: Mouton and Co.
1714:10.1017/s0021853700005181
1629:– via Google Books.
1497:Cherry (Tanzanian singer)
1457:, Tanzanian female rapper
1433:, Tanzanian iconic rapper
1321:Thomas Lenana Marealle II
1200:, Tanzanian choreographer
233:
223:
215:
207:
180:
175:
160:
155:
144:
139:
90:
85:
80:
75:
60:
53:
1875:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1833:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1782:. Accessed 11 Apr. 2023.
1754:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1659:. ABC-CLIO. p. 67.
1407:Entertainers and artists
1194:, Tanzanian Entrepreneur
983:Jude Thaddaeus Ruwa'ichi
591:Mau Mau troubles in 1954
3344:National Historic Sites
1653:Shoup, John A. (2011).
1439:Lulu- Tanzanian actress
1013:Prosper Balthazar Lyimo
129:Moshi Municipal Council
3444:Major Cities and Towns
1487:, a Tanzanian Musician
1403:
1366:- Tanzanian footballer
1360:- Tanzanian footballer
1354:- Tanzanian footballer
1324:
1276:
921:
905:
854:
841:
822:
756:
744:
733:
718:
655:; the male and female
644:
462:
430:in the 1890s that the
418:
3533:Kikuletwa Hot Springs
3487:Mkomazi National Park
1546:Battle of Kilimanjaro
1397:
1319:
1274:
1188:, Tanzanian Scientist
1146:Academics and writers
915:
903:
852:
839:
820:
750:
739:
724:
713:
642:
478:In Chaggaland today,
460:
416:
291:organic fertilization
176:Related ethnic groups
3510:World Heritage Sites
3356:Usangi Iron Age Site
3284:Moshi Rural District
1910:www.encyclopedia.com
1463:, Tanzanian musician
1427:, Tanzanian musician
1186:Fausta Shakiwa Mosha
1127:Salome Joseph Mbatia
916:Chagga envoy to the
863:ancestral veneration
845:The Chagga Homestead
840:Chagga boys c.1880s.
579:architectural styles
3359:Keni Rombo Defences
2083:Fasi, M El (1992).
1445:, Tanzanian actress
995:Isaac Amani Massawe
506:sacred Chagga plant
50:
3560:National Monuments
3526:National Landmarks
3353:Pare Iron Age Site
3255:Kilimanjaro Region
3203:Chinese Tanzanians
1963:Human Organization
1511:Kilimanjaro Region
1404:
1325:
1277:
1253:Helen Kijo-Bisimba
1236:, Tanzanian writer
1044:Elifuraha Marealle
966:, Mangi of Machame
922:
906:
855:
842:
823:
757:
745:
734:
719:
645:
463:
461:Chief Meli, 1890s.
419:
279:Kilimanjaro Region
263:Kilimanjaro Region
261:ethnic group from
108:Kilimanjaro Region
48:
3573:
3572:
3551:Mount Kilimanjaro
3421:Little Ruvu River
3350:Kibosho Defenses
3221:
3220:
3208:Indian Tanzanians
1943:978-0-8214-1273-2
1531:Mount Kilimanjaro
1455:Rosa Ree (rapper)
1443:Jacqueline Wolper
1437:Elizabeth Michael
1388:Michael John Lema
1378:- Tanzanian boxer
1348:- Tanzanian boxer
1267:, Tanzanian Judge
1261:, Tanzanian Judge
977:Religious figures
970:Mangi Marealle II
883:Mount Kilimanjaro
726:Dracaena fragrans
515:The vast belt of
275:Mount Kilimanjaro
273:on the slopes of
243:
242:
203:
202:
33:Inonotus obliquus
16:(Redirected from
3603:
3373:Rivers and Lakes
3362:Marangu Defences
3248:
3241:
3234:
3225:
3224:
3198:White Tanzanians
2170:
2163:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2130:
2111:
2098:
2079:
2067:
2060:Gray, R (1975).
2056:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1902:
1891:
1890:
1872:
1849:
1848:
1830:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1789:
1783:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1751:
1734:
1733:
1689:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1650:
1631:
1630:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1581:
1526:Kivunjo language
1521:Kirombo Language
1304:Patrick E. Ngowi
1292:Chrispine Mlingi
1222:Frannie Leautier
1001:Amedeus Msarikie
960:, Mangi of Moshi
789:. They follow a
742:kiriwa kya mburu
434:originated from
354:Johannes Rebmann
205:
204:
98:
96:
95:
76:Total population
65:
51:
47:
21:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3555:
3521:
3505:
3491:Kidoroko Forest
3475:
3439:
3430:Kisangara River
3425:Kikuletwa River
3368:
3339:
3313:
3294:Mwanga District
3267:
3257:
3252:
3222:
3217:
3184:
3152:
3099:
3071:
3038:
3010:
2992:
2964:
2921:
2883:
2835:
2792:
2764:
2731:
2688:
2650:
2592:
2544:
2496:
2468:
2415:
2377:
2344:
2316:
2288:
2245:
2222:
2179:
2174:
2127:
2095:
2076:
2053:
2037:
2035:Further reading
2032:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1894:
1887:
1873:
1852:
1845:
1831:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1752:
1737:
1690:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1651:
1634:
1627:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1516:Chaga languages
1506:
1479:Barnaba Classic
1409:
1400:Wilhelm Kuhnert
1370:Magdalena Moshi
1330:
1298:Michael Shirima
1282:
1247:Augustine Saidi
1243:
1234:Sandra A. Mushi
1192:Rodrique Msechu
1174:Elizabeth Mrema
1148:
1133:Saasisha Mafuwe
1115:Abubakar Asenga
1074:Augustine Mrema
1034:
979:
954:, Mangi of Siha
948:
943:
847:
827:Chaga languages
783:
777:
762:
760:Who is a Chaga?
615:Kilindi dynasty
543:bows and arrows
483:start with the
480:oral traditions
446:, but that the
395:
389:
384:
346:
295:Bantu expansion
289:and continuous
146:Chaga languages
93:
91:
71:
56:
46:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3609:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3546:Pare Mountains
3543:
3538:
3537:Materuni Falls
3535:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3411:Wereweru River
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3318:Native Peoples
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3299:Rombo District
3296:
3291:
3289:Moshi District
3286:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3228:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2135:P. H. Gulliver
2131:
2125:
2112:
2099:
2093:
2080:
2074:
2057:
2051:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2003:
1969:(3): 259–270.
1949:
1942:
1922:
1892:
1885:
1850:
1843:
1806:
1784:
1771:
1764:
1735:
1708:(3): 462–464.
1681:
1672:
1665:
1632:
1625:
1619:. Oryx Press.
1605:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1556:Pare Mountains
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1491:Francisca Urio
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1469:, Tanzanian DJ
1467:Jacob Selengia
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1408:
1405:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1329:
1326:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1286:Reginald Mengi
1281:
1280:Businesspeople
1278:
1269:
1268:
1265:Robert Kisanga
1262:
1256:
1250:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1228:Felix A. Chami
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1152:Nathaniel Mtui
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1085:- NCCR-MAGEUZI
1080:
1071:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1041:
1038:Jackson Kitali
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1007:Joseph Sipendi
1004:
998:
992:
986:
978:
975:
974:
973:
967:
961:
955:
947:
944:
942:
941:Notable Chagga
939:
846:
843:
808:Arabica coffee
779:Main article:
776:
773:
761:
758:
599:Nguu highlands
400:their language
388:
385:
383:
380:
373:to "Jagga" by
345:
342:
241:
240:
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
217:
213:
212:
209:
201:
200:
194:Shambaa people
178:
177:
173:
172:
158:
157:
153:
152:
142:
141:
137:
136:
133:Rombo District
125:Moshi District
114:
113:
105:
104:
88:
87:
83:
82:
81:>5,000,000
78:
77:
73:
72:
66:
58:
57:
54:
44:
38:Chagas disease
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3608:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3566:KNCU Building
3565:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3497:Mramba Forest
3496:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3435:Mkomazi River
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3406:Karanga River
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3396:Pangani River
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:Lake Kalimawe
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3309:Siha District
3307:
3305:
3304:Same District
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3244:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
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3159:
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3141:
3139:
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3126:
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3119:
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2228:Dar es Salaam
2225:
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2128:
2126:1-56000-433-9
2122:
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2109:
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2100:
2096:
2094:0-520-06698-7
2090:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2075:0-521-20413-5
2071:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2054:
2052:0-8139-2085-X
2048:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2018:. 7 June 2012
2017:
2013:
2007:
1992:
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1984:
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1886:0-520-06698-7
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1666:9781598843637
1662:
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1628:
1626:9781573560191
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1473:Aika Marealle
1471:
1468:
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1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1382:Wilfred Moshi
1380:
1377:
1376:William Lyimo
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1334:Leodgar Tenga
1332:
1331:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
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1273:
1266:
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1257:
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1244:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1198:Khalila Mbowe
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1180:Andrew Tarimo
1178:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1158:Leonard Shayo
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1140:
1139:Aggrey Mwanri
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1109:Hassan Mtenga
1107:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:Freeman Mbowe
1093:
1090:
1089:Godbless Lema
1087:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1051:
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1045:
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1039:
1036:
1035:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
989:Henry Rimisho
987:
984:
981:
980:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
949:
946:Royal figures
938:
935:
931:
927:
920:late 1880s.jp
919:
914:
910:
902:
898:
894:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
851:
838:
834:
830:
828:
819:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
792:
788:
782:
781:Chagga states
772:
769:
765:
754:
749:
743:
738:
731:
727:
723:
716:
712:
708:
705:
700:
698:
694:
688:
686:
685:Pangani River
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
660:
658:
654:
650:
641:
637:
633:
631:
627:
626:
619:
616:
611:
608:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
582:
580:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
550:
548:
544:
539:
533:
530:
526:
521:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
497:
495:
490:
486:
481:
476:
473:
469:
459:
455:
454:descendants.
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
415:
411:
409:
405:
401:
394:
379:
376:
372:
368:
363:
359:
355:
351:
341:
339:
335:
332:, Galla, and
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
286:
284:
283:Arusha Region
280:
276:
272:
271:Chagga states
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
239:
236:
232:
229:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
199:
198:Bantu peoples
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
174:
171:
167:
163:
159:
154:
151:
147:
143:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:Siha District
112:
111:
110:
109:
103:
102:
101:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
52:
43:
39:
35:
34:
19:
3494:Minja Forest
3466:Boma Ngo'mbe
3401:Kikafu River
3384:Lake Kihurio
3365:Bombo Kaburi
3324:
3279:Hai District
2481:
2138:
2116:
2107:
2103:
2084:
2063:
2042:
2020:. Retrieved
2015:
2006:
1994:. Retrieved
1966:
1962:
1952:
1932:
1925:
1913:. Retrieved
1909:
1876:
1834:
1797:. Retrieved
1787:
1774:
1755:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1675:
1655:
1615:
1608:
1596:. Retrieved
1588:
1485:Lucas Mkenda
1413:Bruno Tarimo
1358:Hassan Kessy
1352:Haruna Moshi
1346:Bruno Tarimo
1328:Sportspeople
1241:Statespeople
1216:Elieshi Lema
1204:Doreen Kessy
1164:Irene Tarimo
1101:Basil Mramba
1083:James Mbatia
1076:– TLP &
1046:, Politician
1040:, politician
964:Mangi Rengua
933:
929:
923:
907:
895:
891:
871:Christianity
856:
831:
824:
786:
784:
766:
763:
741:
740:Goat barn /
729:
714:
704:pre-colonial
701:
696:
692:
689:
669:
661:
646:
634:
623:
620:
612:
603:
583:
567:
562:
558:
555:circumcision
551:
545:, sometimes
538:fire worship
534:
528:
522:
514:
498:
477:
464:
447:
439:
435:
431:
420:
407:
396:
366:
349:
347:
302:provisioning
299:
287:
281:and eastern
250:
246:
244:
196:& other
162:Christianity
121:Hai District
106:
45:Ethnic group
42:
32:
3415:Sanya River
2474:Kilimanjaro
1551:Pare people
1461:Amani Temba
1364:Amani Kyata
1259:John Mrosso
1121:Cyril Chami
1050:Lucy Lameck
1032:Politicians
859:earth based
791:patrilineal
653:Bwana Kheri
630:Congo Basin
525:physiognomy
517:wild olives
424:Karl Peters
338:Chief Kivoi
3580:Categories
3541:Lake Chala
3471:Rombo Mkuu
3380:Lake Chala
3190:Immigrants
2859:Ndengereko
2022:16 October
1915:28 January
1568:References
1561:Lake Chala
1449:Hoyce Temu
1431:Joh Makini
1340:Farid Musa
1210:Ruth Meena
1068:Edwin Mtei
958:Mangi Meli
879:syncretism
775:Chaggaland
649:Portuguese
570:initiation
523:Language,
391:See also:
371:anglicized
68:Mangi Meli
18:Chaggaland
3461:Sanya Juu
3418:Rau River
3391:Lake Jipe
3272:Districts
3263:Capital:
3090:Nyanyembe
3057:Nyamwanga
2970:Shinyanga
2945:Ndendeule
1983:0018-7259
1730:245908751
1722:0021-8537
1425:Bill Nass
1097:- CHADEMA
1070:– CHADEMA
867:religious
812:cash crop
728:, called
625:Wakoningo
574:Weru Weru
485:ancestors
448:Wakibosho
432:Wamarangu
378:entered.
367:Dischagga
348:The term
344:Etymology
320:, Wanga,
308:ports of
140:Languages
3158:Zanzibar
3085:Nyamwezi
2988:Nyamwezi
2694:Morogoro
2669:Nyakyusa
2568:Barabaig
2510:Machinga
2439:Holoholo
2137:(1969).
2110:: 12–14.
1996:11 April
1991:44126174
1536:Tanzania
1504:See also
1419:Master J
1091:-CHADEMA
751:Various
702:In this
500:ancient
444:Usambara
350:Dschagga
334:Nyamwezi
314:Takaungu
277:in both
267:Tanzania
257:) are a
251:Wachagga
224:Language
156:Religion
100:Tanzania
55:Wachagga
3456:Marangu
3180:Swahili
3175:Shirazi
3148:Swahili
3095:Swahili
3034:Nyaturu
3016:Singida
2935:Matengo
2912:Tumbuka
2869:Swahili
2760:Swahili
2745:Makonde
2727:Vidunda
2631:Ngurimi
2578:Kw'adza
2550:Manyara
2540:Swahili
2525:Makonde
2515:Matumbi
2459:Swahili
2449:Manyema
2401:Konongo
2358:Hangaza
2284:Sandawe
2264:Burunge
2236:Swahili
2198:Datooga
1799:8 April
1598:14 June
952:Ngalami
665:Rebmann
510:pygmies
502:shrines
440:Wamoshi
428:Marangu
387:Origins
382:History
326:Pangani
318:Mombasa
310:Malindi
306:Swahili
255:Swahili
234:Country
228:Kichaga
219:Wachaga
150:Swahili
3170:Hadimu
3160:&
3143:Zigula
3138:Sambaa
3133:Segeju
3118:Dhaiso
3113:Bondei
3077:Tabora
3067:Lambya
3052:Malila
3044:Songwe
3029:Isanzu
3024:Iramba
3006:Sukuma
2998:Simiyu
2983:Sukuma
2978:Iramba
2927:Ruvuma
2907:Mambwe
2879:Zigula
2874:Zaramo
2864:Rufiji
2826:Pangwa
2798:Njombe
2788:Sukuma
2783:Kerewe
2770:Mwanza
2755:Maviha
2737:Mtwara
2722:Sagara
2717:Pogolo
2712:Luguru
2702:Kaguru
2646:Zanaki
2588:Mbugwe
2583:Maasai
2535:Ngindo
2530:Ndonde
2482:Chagga
2454:Tongwe
2421:Kigoma
2411:Rungwa
2406:Pimbwe
2383:Katavi
2368:Nyambo
2350:Kagera
2340:Ndamba
2335:Mbunga
2322:Iringa
2307:Sumbwa
2302:Sukuma
2274:Gorowa
2259:Alagwa
2251:Dodoma
2241:Zaramo
2218:Maasai
2193:Arusha
2185:Arusha
2123:
2091:
2072:
2049:
1989:
1981:
1940:
1883:
1841:
1762:
1728:
1720:
1663:
1623:
918:Kaiser
887:masale
865:based
802:, and
787:Umangi
768:Ethnic
755:Dishes
730:Masale
678:, and
676:Taveta
587:Kikuyu
559:mregho
547:spears
494:legend
452:Maasai
438:, the
436:Ukamba
247:Chagga
238:Dchaga
216:People
211:Mchaga
208:Person
186:Taveta
148:&
97:
49:Chagga
3451:Moshi
3335:Ngasa
3325:Chaga
3265:Moshi
3213:Arabs
3162:Pemba
3128:Ngulu
3123:Mbugu
3105:Tanga
3062:Ndali
2955:Nindi
2950:Ngoni
2940:Mpoto
2917:Wanda
2902:Lungu
2889:Rukwa
2841:Pwani
2831:Wanji
2821:Manda
2811:Kinga
2750:Makua
2684:Sangu
2679:Safwa
2674:Nyiha
2664:Kimbu
2656:Mbeya
2626:Kuria
2621:Kabwa
2611:Ikoma
2606:Ikizu
2573:Iraqw
2520:Mwera
2502:Lindi
2487:Ngasa
2464:Vinza
2396:Bende
2391:Bembe
2373:Shubi
2312:Zinza
2294:Geita
2279:Rangi
2213:Sonjo
2203:Hadza
1987:JSTOR
1726:S2CID
1541:Moshi
1141:- CCM
1135:- CCM
1129:- CCM
1123:- CCM
1117:- CCM
1111:- CCM
1103:- CCM
875:Islam
804:maize
800:beans
753:Chaga
715:Ngata
693:mitaa
680:Taita
657:idols
607:Wadoe
595:Taita
563:ngasi
529:mitaa
489:mixed
468:royal
442:from
408:Mangi
404:Kamba
362:Kamba
358:Taita
330:Kamba
322:Tanga
259:Bantu
253:, in
182:Taita
166:Islam
3330:Pare
2897:Fipa
2854:Kami
2816:Kisi
2806:Bena
2778:Kara
2707:Kutu
2641:Ware
2636:Suba
2616:Jita
2598:Mara
2558:Akie
2492:Pare
2444:Jiji
2429:Goma
2363:Haya
2330:Hehe
2269:Gogo
2208:Meru
2121:ISBN
2089:ISBN
2070:ISBN
2047:ISBN
2024:2021
1998:2023
1979:ISSN
1938:ISBN
1917:2018
1881:ISBN
1839:ISBN
1801:2023
1760:ISBN
1718:ISSN
1661:ISBN
1621:ISBN
1600:2021
934:mtaa
930:mtaa
926:clan
873:and
861:and
796:yams
697:mtaa
672:Pare
670:The
472:clan
375:1860
360:and
245:The
190:Pare
131:), (
127:), (
123:), (
119:), (
2960:Yao
2849:Doe
2563:Asa
1971:doi
1710:doi
1078:CCM
565:).
265:of
184:,
3582::
2434:Ha
2108:XV
2106:.
2014:.
1985:.
1977:.
1967:46
1965:.
1961:.
1908:.
1895:^
1853:^
1809:^
1738:^
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