987:
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circadian mechanism they developed profound cardiovascular and renal disease; however, when the Tau animals were raised for their entire lifespan on a 22-hour daily light-dark cycle they had a healthy cardiovascular system. The adverse effects of circadian misalignment on human physiology has been studied in the laboratory using a misalignment protocol, and by studying shift workers. Circadian misalignment is associated with many risk factors of cardiovascular disease. High levels of the atherosclerosis biomarker, resistin, have been reported in shift workers indicating the link between circadian misalignment and plaque build up in arteries. Additionally, elevated triacylglyceride levels (molecules used to store excess fatty acids) were observed and contribute to the hardening of arteries, which is associated with cardiovascular diseases including heart attack, stroke and heart disease. Shift work and the resulting circadian misalignment is also associated with hypertension.
1228:. It is based on its predecessor, the PER model where it was explained how the PER gene and its protein influence the biological clock. The model includes the formation of a nuclear PER-TIM complex which influences the transcription of the PER and the TIM genes (by providing negative feedback) and the multiple phosphorylation of these two proteins. The circadian oscillations of these two proteins seem to synchronise with the light-dark cycle even if they are not necessarily dependent on it. Both PER and TIM proteins are phosphorylated and after they form the PER-TIM nuclear complex they return inside the nucleus to stop the expression of the PER and TIM mRNA. This inhibition lasts as long as the protein, or the mRNA is not degraded. When this happens, the complex releases the inhibition. Here can also be mentioned that the degradation of the TIM protein is sped up by light.
940:
1134:
764:, the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of day or night, is vital to both plants and animals, and the circadian system plays a role in the measurement and interpretation of day length. Timely prediction of seasonal periods of weather conditions, food availability, or predator activity is crucial for survival of many species. Although not the only parameter, the changing length of the photoperiod (day length) is the most predictive environmental cue for the seasonal timing of physiology and behavior, most notably for timing of migration, hibernation, and reproduction.
1618:, may also benefit patients with hypertension (high blood pressure) by significantly increasing efficacy and reduce drug toxicity or adverse reactions. 3) "Circadian Pharmacology" or drugs targeting the circadian clock mechanism have been shown experimentally in rodent models to significantly reduce the damage due to heart attacks and prevent heart failure. Importantly, for rational translation of the most promising Circadian Medicine therapies to clinical practice, it is imperative that we understand how it helps treats disease in both biological sexes.
983:. Phytochrome A, phyA, is light labile and allows germination and de-etiolation when light is scarce. Phytochromes B–E are more stable with phyB, the main phytochrome in seedlings grown in the light. The cryptochrome (cry) gene is also a light-sensitive component of the circadian clock and is thought to be involved both as a photoreceptor and as part of the clock's endogenous pacemaker mechanism. Cryptochromes 1–2 (involved in blue–UVA) help to maintain the period length in the clock through a whole range of light conditions.
1169:
53:
1344:
1411:, the average human adult's temperature reaches its minimum at about 5:00 a.m., about two hours before habitual wake time. Baehr et al. found that, in young adults, the daily body temperature minimum occurred at about 04:00 (4 a.m.) for morning types, but at about 06:00 (6 a.m.) for evening types. This minimum occurred at approximately the middle of the eight-hour sleep period for morning types, but closer to waking in evening types.
1601:
1588:
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1371:. Consistent with this research was a more recent study from 2010, which also identified sex differences, with the circadian period for women being slightly shorter (24.09 hours) than for men (24.19 hours). In this study, women tended to wake up earlier than men and exhibit a greater preference for morning activities than men, although the underlying biological mechanisms for these differences are unknown.
593:
1200:) gene. DBT protein causes phosphorylation and turnover of monomeric PER proteins. TIM is also phosphorylated by shaggy until sunset. After sunset, DBT disappears, so that PER molecules stably bind to TIM. PER/TIM dimer enters the nucleus several at night, and binds to CLK/CYC dimers. Bound PER completely stops the transcriptional activity of CLK and CYC.
1363:
from time cues (like clocks) and daylight, the researchers were not aware of the phase-delaying effects of indoor electric lights. The subjects were allowed to turn on light when they were awake and to turn it off when they wanted to sleep. Electric light in the evening delayed their circadian phase. A more stringent study conducted in 1999 by
727:), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological clock are now known. Their interactions result in an interlocked feedback loop of gene products resulting in periodic fluctuations that the cells of the body interpret as a specific time of the day.
1237:
416:(day); it may serve to imply that certain physiologic periods are close to 24 hours, if not exactly that length. Herein, "circadian" might be applied to all "24-hour" rhythms, whether or not their periods, individually or on the average, are different from 24 hours, longer or shorter, by a few minutes or hours.
636:. This is suggested by the maintenance (heritability) of circadian rhythms in fruit flies after several hundred generations in constant laboratory conditions, as well as in creatures in constant darkness in the wild, and by the experimental elimination of behavioral—but not physiological—circadian rhythms in
1479:
More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". Indeed, neuroscientist Joseph
Takahashi and colleagues stated in a 2013 article that "almost every cell in the body contains a circadian clock". For
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by photosynthesis repress PRR7. This repression of PRR7 then leads to the increased expression of CCA1. On the other hand, decreased photosynthetic sugar levels increase PRR7 expression and decrease CCA1 expression. This feedback loop between CCA1 and PRR7 is what is proposed to cause metabolic dawn.
1115:
According to the metabolic dawn hypothesis, sugars produced by photosynthesis have potential to help regulate the circadian rhythm and certain photosynthetic and metabolic pathways. As the sun rises, more light becomes available, which normally allows more photosynthesis to occur. The sugars produced
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expression oscillates and peaks in the early evening. While it was previously hypothesised that these three genes model a negative feedback loop in which over-expressed CCA1 and LHY repress TOC1 and over-expressed TOC1 is a positive regulator of CCA1 and LHY, it was shown in 2012 by Andrew Millar and
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radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. However, evidence for this is lacking: in fact the simplest organisms with a circadian rhythm, the cyanobacteria, do the opposite of this: they divide more in the daytime. Recent studies instead highlight the importance
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It is difficult to determine if a disturbance in the circadian rhythm is at fault for an increase in prevalence for substance abuse—or if other environmental factors such as stress are to blame. Changes to the circadian rhythm and sleep occur once an individual begins abusing drugs and alcohol. Once
1427:
may be the more reliable marker. Benloucif et al. found that melatonin phase markers were more stable and more highly correlated with the timing of sleep than the core temperature minimum. They found that both sleep offset and melatonin offset are more strongly correlated with phase markers than the
1362:
Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shield the participants from artificial light. Although subjects were shielded
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containing PAS domains, which facilitate protein-protein interactions; and several photoreceptors that fine-tune the clock to different light conditions. Anticipation of changes in the environment allows appropriate changes in a plant's physiological state, conferring an adaptive advantage. A better
527:
The rhythm persists in constant conditions, i.e. constant darkness, with a period of about 24 hours. The period of the rhythm in constant conditions is called the free-running period and is denoted by the Greek letter τ (tau). The rationale for this criterion is to distinguish circadian rhythms from
4219:
Would local animals maintained under natural continuous daylight demonstrate the
Aschoff effect described in previously published laboratory experiments using continuous light, in which rats' circadian activity patterns changed systematically to a longer period, expressing a 26-hour day of activity
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circadian rhythm to its environment could allow the plant to be better prepared for dawn and dusk, and thus be able to better synchronize its processes. In this study, it was also found that the genes that help to control chlorophyll peaked a few hours after dawn. This appears to be consistent with
1071:. LNKs binds to the 5'region of PRR5 and TOC1 and interacts with RNAP II and other transcription factors. Moreover, RVE8-LNKs interaction enables a permissive histone-methylation pattern (H3K4me3) to be modified and the histone-modification itself parallels the oscillation of clock gene expression.
833:
Free-running organisms that normally have one or two consolidated sleep episodes will still have them when in an environment shielded from external cues, but the rhythm is not entrained to the 24-hour light–dark cycle in nature. The sleep–wake rhythm may, in these circumstances, become out of phase
1828:
Reduced cognitive function has been associated with circadian misalignment. Chronic shift workers display increased rates of operational error, impaired visual-motor performance and processing efficacy which can lead to both a reduction in performance and potential safety issues. Increased risk of
1631:
Lighting requirements for circadian regulation are not simply the same as those for vision; planning of indoor lighting in offices and institutions is beginning to take this into account. Animal studies on the effects of light in laboratory conditions have until recently considered light intensity
1819:
have profound consequences for circadian and metabolic events in the body. Animals that are forced to eat during their resting period show increased body mass and altered expression of clock and metabolic genes. In humans, shift work that favours irregular eating times is associated with altered
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cannot entrain to such abnormal day/night rhythms, this is referred to as a forced desynchrony protocol. Under such a protocol, sleep and wake episodes are uncoupled from the body's endogenous circadian period, which allows researchers to assess the effects of circadian phase (i.e., the relative
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with the 24-hour circadian cycle was grown in three different environments. One of these environments had a 20-hour light and dark cycle (10 hours of light and 10 hours of dark), the other had a 24-hour light and dark cycle (12 hours of light and 12 hours of dark),and the final environment had a
1680:
Studies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs. It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker. Individuals with substance use disorder display disrupted rhythms. These disrupted
1663:
Due to the work nature of airline pilots, who often cross several time zones and regions of sunlight and darkness in one day, and spend many hours awake both day and night, they are often unable to maintain sleep patterns that correspond to the natural human circadian rhythm; this situation can
627:
Circadian rhythms allow organisms to anticipate and prepare for precise and regular environmental changes. They thus enable organisms to make better use of environmental resources (e.g. light and food) compared to those that cannot predict such availability. It has therefore been suggested that
1792:
One of the first studies to determine how disruption of circadian rhythms causes cardiovascular disease was performed in the Tau hamsters, which have a genetic defect in their circadian clock mechanism. When maintained in a 24-hour light-dark cycle that was "out of sync" with their normal 22
1047:(Pseudo-Response Regulators.) The evening loop consists of GI (Gigantea) and ELF4, both involved in regulation of flowering time genes. When CCA1 and LHY are overexpressed (under constant light or dark conditions), plants become arrhythmic, and mRNA signals reduce, contributing to a
1470:
In contradiction to previous studies, it has been found that there is no effect of body temperature on performance on psychological tests. This is likely due to evolutionary pressures for higher cognitive function compared to the other areas of function examined in previous studies.
643:
What drove circadian rhythms to evolve has been an enigmatic question. Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high levels of damaging
904:
strictly maintain their circadian rhythms through 82 days and nights of sunshine. The researchers speculate that these two rodents notice that the apparent distance between the sun and the horizon is shortest once a day, and thus have a sufficient signal to entrain (adjust) by.
436:(day or 24 h). Note: term describes rhythms with an about 24-h cycle length, whether they are frequency-synchronized with (acceptable) or are desynchronized or free-running from the local environmental time scale, with periods of slightly yet consistently different from 24-h.
1808:
are associated with lifestyle and genetic factors. Among those factors, disruption of the circadian clockwork and/or misalignment of the circadian timing system with the external environment (e.g., light–dark cycle) can play a role in the development of metabolic disorders.
1183:
circadian rhythm is through a transcription-translation feedback loop. The core clock mechanism consists of two interdependent feedback loops, namely the PER/TIM loop and the CLK/CYC loop. The CLK/CYC loop occurs during the day and initiates the transcription of the
1074:
It has previously been found that matching a plant's circadian rhythm to its external environment's light and dark cycles has the potential to positively affect the plant. Researchers came to this conclusion by performing experiments on three different varieties of
532:
unless it has been tested and persists in conditions without external periodic input. In diurnal animals (active during daylight hours), in general τ is slightly greater than 24 hours, whereas, in nocturnal animals (active at night), in general τ is shorter than 24
1089:
28-hour light and dark cycle (14 hours of light and 14 hours of dark). The two mutated plants were grown in both an environment that had a 20-hour light and dark cycle and in an environment that had a 28-hour light and dark cycle. It was found that the variety of
306:, and that this closes at night, but opens at sunrise, and by noon is completely unfolded; and at evening again it closes by degrees and remains shut at night, and the natives say that it goes to sleep." The tree mentioned by him was much later identified as the
1613:
The leading edge of circadian biology research is translation of basic body clock mechanisms into clinical tools, and this is especially relevant to the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Timing of medical treatment in coordination with the body clock,
743:
travels to the clock in the brain, and, through that, clocks in the rest of the body may be synchronized. This is how the timing of, for example, sleep/wake, body temperature, thirst, and appetite are coordinately controlled by the biological clock.
6033:
Seizer L, Cornélissen-Guillaume G, Schiepek GK, Chamson E, Bliem HR and
Schubert C (2022) About-Weekly Pattern in the Dynamic Complexity of a Healthy Subject's Cellular Immune Activity: A Biopsychosocial Analysis. Front. Psychiatry 13:799214. doi:
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of the brain to result in periodic release of hormones. The receptors for these hormones may be located far across the body and synchronize the peripheral clocks of various organs. Thus, the information of the time of the day as relayed by the
1347:
When eyes receive light from the sun, the pineal gland's production of melatonin is inhibited, and the hormones produced keep the human awake. When the eyes do not receive light, melatonin is produced in the pineal gland and the human becomes
1334:
The circadian rhythms of humans can be entrained to slightly shorter and longer periods than the Earth's 24 hours. Researchers at
Harvard have shown that human subjects can at least be entrained to a 23.5-hour cycle and a 24.65-hour cycle.
1296:
that are directly photosensitive, and project directly to the SCN, where they help in the entrainment (synchronization) of this master circadian clock. The proteins involved in the SCN clock are homologous to those found in the fruit fly.
1207:
gene and its protein CRY causes the breakdown of TIM. Thus PER/TIM dimer dissociates, and the unbound PER becomes unstable. PER undergoes progressive phosphorylation and ultimately degradation. Absence of PER and TIM allows activation of
7662:
Oritz-Tuldela E, Martinez-Nicolas A, Diaz-Mardomingo C, Garcia-Herranz S, Pereda-Perez I, Valencia A, Peraita H, Venero C, Madrid J, Rol M. 2014. The
Characterization of Biological Rhythms in Mild Cognitive Impairment. BioMed Research
7108:
Bennardo M, Alibhai F, Tsimakouridze E, Chinnappareddy N, Podobed P, Reitz C, et al. (December 2016). "Day-night dependence of gene expression and inflammatory responses in the remodeling murine heart post-myocardial infarction".
921:) to their overwintering grounds in central Mexico uses a time-compensated sun compass that depends upon a circadian clock in their antennae. Circadian rhythm is also known to control mating behavioral in certain moth species such as
565:
of all molecular processes in their cell(s). In order to keep track of time, the organism's circadian clock must maintain roughly a 24-hour periodicity despite the changing kinetics, a property known as temperature compensation. The
6721:
Kosmadopoulos A, Sargent C, Darwent D, Zhou X, Dawson D, Roach GD (December 2014). "The effects of a split sleep-wake schedule on neurobehavioural performance and predictions of performance under conditions of forced desynchrony".
1161:) from the pupa, and the other during mating. The clock neurones are located in distinct clusters in the central brain. The best-understood clock neurones are the large and small lateral ventral neurons (l-LNvs and s-LNvs) of the
2822:
Reddy P, Zehring WA, Wheeler DA, Pirrotta V, Hadfield C, Hall JC, et al. (October 1984). "Molecular analysis of the period locus in
Drosophila melanogaster and identification of a transcript involved in biological rhythms".
1330:
Several studies have indicated that pineal melatonin feeds back on SCN rhythmicity to modulate circadian patterns of activity and other processes. However, the nature and system-level significance of this feedback are unknown.
8244:
Proper KI, van de
Langenberg D, Rodenburg W, Vermeulen RC, van der Beek AJ, van Steeg H, et al. (May 2016). "The Relationship Between Shift Work and Metabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies".
1081:. One of these varieties had a normal 24-hour circadian cycle. The other two varieties were mutated, one to have a circadian cycle of more than 27 hours, and one to have a shorter than normal circadian cycle of 20 hours.
1422:
can also be measured in morning urine. Both DLMO and the midpoint (in time) of the presence of the hormone in the blood or saliva have been used as circadian markers. However, newer research indicates that the melatonin
1756:
Disruption to rhythms in the longer term is believed to have significant adverse health consequences for peripheral organs outside the brain, in particular in the development or exacerbation of cardiovascular disease.
7887:
Nakano S, Uchida K, Kigoshi T, Azukizawa S, Iwasaki R, Kaneko M, et al. (August 1991). "Circadian rhythm of blood pressure in normotensive NIDDM subjects. Its relationship to microvascular complications".
1579:
spiders are placed into chambers with periods of 19, 24, or 29 hours of evenly split light and dark, none of the spiders exhibited decreased longevity in their own circadian clock. These findings suggest that
1681:
rhythms can increase the risk for substance abuse and relapse. It is possible that genetic and/or environmental disturbances to the normal sleep and wake cycle can increase the susceptibility to addiction.
1056:
others that TOC1, in fact, serves as a repressor not only of CCA1, LHY, and PRR7 and 9 in the morning loop but also of GI and ELF4 in the evening loop. This finding and further computational modeling of
893:
showed such rhythms only in autumn and spring. The researchers suspect that other Arctic animals as well may not show circadian rhythms in the constant light of summer and the constant dark of winter.
734:
in isolated mollusk basal retinal neurons (BRNs). At the same time, different cells may communicate with each other resulting in a synchronized output of electrical signaling. These may interface with
972:
understanding of plant circadian rhythms has applications in agriculture, such as helping farmers stagger crop harvests to extend crop availability and securing against massive losses due to weather.
561:
In other words, they maintain circadian periodicity over a range of physiological temperatures. Many organisms live at a broad range of temperatures, and differences in thermal energy will affect the
181:
whose primary function is to rhythmically co-ordinate biological processes so they occur at the correct time to maximize the fitness of an individual. Circadian rhythms have been widely observed in
421:
1407:
For temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. Though variation is great among normal
7985:
Martino TA, Oudit GY, Herzenberg AM, Tata N, Koletar MM, Kabir GM, et al. (May 2008). "Circadian rhythm disorganization produces profound cardiovascular and renal disease in hamsters".
1764:, a short period of sleep during the day, can reduce stress and may improve productivity without any measurable effect on normal circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms also play a part in the
975:
Light is the signal by which plants synchronize their internal clocks to their environment and is sensed by a wide variety of photoreceptors. Red and blue light are absorbed through several
393:
was a circadian behaviour. He demonstrated that while temperature played a vital role in eclosion rhythm, the period of eclosion was delayed but not stopped when temperature was decreased.
360:, and Oskar Wahl conducted numerous experiments to determine whether this rhythm was attributable to an endogenous clock. The existence of circadian rhythm was independently discovered in
3252:
Jones CR, Campbell SS, Zone SE, Cooper F, DeSano A, Murphy PJ, et al. (September 1999). "Familial advanced sleep-phase syndrome: A short-period circadian rhythm variant in humans".
500:
The first human clock mutation was identified in an extended Utah family by Chris Jones, and genetically characterized by Ying-Hui Fu and Louis Ptacek. Affected individuals are extreme '
332:
conducted the first experiment designed to distinguish an endogenous clock from responses to daily stimuli. He noted that 24-hour patterns in the movement of the leaves of the plant
4332:
Silvegren G, Löfstedt C, Qi Rosén W (March 2005). "Circadian mating activity and effect of pheromone pre-exposure on pheromone response rhythms in the moth
Spodoptera littoralis".
6584:
Wyatt JK, Ritz-De Cecco A, Czeisler CA, Dijk DJ (October 1999). "Circadian temperature and melatonin rhythms, sleep, and neurobehavioral function in humans living on a 20-h day".
3353:
Sheeba V, Sharma VK, Chandrashekaran MK, Joshi A (September 1999). "Persistence of eclosion rhythm in
Drosophila melanogaster after 600 generations in an aperiodic environment".
1027:
The central oscillator generates a self-sustaining rhythm and is driven by two interacting feedback loops that are active at different times of day. The morning loop consists of
959:
activity, and fragrance emission, among others. Circadian rhythms occur as a plant entrains to synchronize with the light cycle of its surrounding environment. These rhythms are
6514:
Czeisler CA, Duffy JF, Shanahan TL, Brown EN, Mitchell JF, Rimmer DW, et al. (June 1999). "Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker".
8795:"Circadian genes in a blind subterranean mammal II: conservation and uniqueness of the three Period homologs in the blind subterranean mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies"
4769:
Dodd AN, Salathia N, Hall A, Kévei E, Tóth R, Nagy F, et al. (July 2005). "Plant circadian clocks increase photosynthesis, growth, survival, and competitive advantage".
6942:
Grote L, Mayer J, Penzel T, Cassel W, Krzyzanek E, Peter JH, et al. (1994). "Nocturnal hypertension and cardiovascular risk: consequences for diagnosis and treatment".
3404:
Guyomarc'h C, Lumineau S, Richard JP (May 1998). "Circadian rhythm of activity in
Japanese quail in constant darkness: variability of clarity and possibility of selection".
1067:
In 2018, researchers found that the expression of PRR5 and TOC1 hnRNA nascent transcripts follows the same oscillatory pattern as processed mRNA transcripts rhythmically in
5181:
Grima B, Lamouroux A, Chélot E, Papin C, Limbourg-Bouchon B, Rouyer F (November 2002). "The F-box protein slimb controls the levels of clock proteins period and timeless".
947:
Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators. Behaviors showing rhythms include leaf movement (
1760:
Studies have shown that maintaining normal sleep and circadian rhythms is important for many aspects of brain and health. A number of studies have also indicated that a
1467:
environment." In a study of young men, it was found that the heart rate reaches its lowest average rate during sleep, and its highest average rate shortly after waking.
3201:
Toh KL, Jones CR, He Y, Eide EJ, Hinz WA, Virshup DM, et al. (February 2001). "An hPer2 phosphorylation site mutation in familial advanced sleep phase syndrome".
803:. However, it is not clear whether there is a strong association between clock gene polymorphisms in humans and the susceptibility to develop the metabolic syndrome.
819:
period, is shorter or longer than 24 hours. The environmental cues that reset the rhythms each day are called zeitgebers. Totally blind subterranean mammals (e.g.,
475:, and that the gene covers 7.1-kilobase (kb) interval on the X chromosome and encodes a 4.5-kb poly(A)+ RNA. They went on to discover the key genes and neurones in
4084:"The Rhythms of Life: The Biological Clocks That Control the Daily Lives of Every Living Thing" Russell Foster & Leon Kreitzman, Publisher: Profile Books Ltd.
752:
Circadian rhythmicity is present in the sleeping and feeding patterns of animals, including human beings. There are also clear patterns of core body temperature,
5360:
Leloup JC, Goldbeter A (February 1998). "A model for circadian rhythms in Drosophila incorporating the formation of a complex between the PER and TIM proteins".
1093:
with a 24-hour circadian rhythm cycle grew best in an environment that also had a 24-hour light and dark cycle. Overall, it was found that all the varieties of
7374:
2712:
Introducing Biological Rhythms: A Primer on the Temporal Organization of Life, with Implications for Health, Society, Reproduction, and the Natural Environment
1276:. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep–wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about illumination through the eyes. The
628:
circadian rhythms put organisms at a selective advantage in evolutionary terms. However, rhythmicity appears to be as important in regulating and coordinating
6044:
6768:
Alibhai FJ, Tsimakouridze EV, Reitz CJ, Pyle WG, Martino TA (July 2015). "Consequences of Circadian and Sleep Disturbances for the Cardiovascular System".
8629:
6252:
3834:
9011:
Martino T, Arab S, Straume M, Belsham DD, Tata N, Cai F, et al. (April 2004). "Day/night rhythms in gene expression of the normal murine heart".
7620:
Zelinski EL, Deibel SH, McDonald RJ (March 2014). "The trouble with circadian clock dysfunction: multiple deleterious effects on the brain and body".
169:, is a natural oscillation that repeats roughly every 24 hours. Circadian rhythms can refer to any process that originates within an organism (i.e.,
1688:
The stabilization of sleep and the circadian rhythm might possibly help to reduce the vulnerability to addiction and reduce the chances of relapse.
8848:"Environmental Circadian Disruption Worsens Neurologic Impairment and Inhibits Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Adult Rats After Traumatic Brain Injury"
4703:"Targeted Recruitment of the Basal Transcriptional Machinery by LNK Clock Components Controls the Circadian Rhythms of Nascent RNAs in Arabidopsis"
1165:. These neurones produce pigment dispersing factor (PDF), a neuropeptide that acts as a circadian neuromodulator between different clock neurones.
349:
showed that animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activity patterns in the absence of external cues such as light and changes in temperature.
346:
2410:
1672:
cites this as contributing to many accidents, and has conducted several research studies in order to find methods of combating fatigue in pilots.
1428:
onset of sleep. In addition, the declining phase of the melatonin levels is more reliable and stable than the termination of melatonin synthesis.
811:
The rhythm is linked to the light–dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a
497:
does not lead to a behavioral phenotype (the animals still have normal circadian rhythms), which questions its importance in rhythm generation.
1575:
is unique in that its locomotor and web-building activity cause it to have an exceptionally short-period circadian clock, about 19 hours. When
5508:
783:
genes in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events; clock-mutant mice are
661:(ROS) in the presence of daylight are likely to have driven a need to evolve circadian rhythms to preempt, and therefore counteract, damaging
365:
6979:"SR9009 administered for one day after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion prevents heart failure in mice by targeting the cardiac inflammasome"
826:
sp.) are able to maintain their endogenous clocks in the apparent absence of external stimuli. Although they lack image-forming eyes, their
7360:
6558:
5987:"Individual differences in the phase and amplitude of the human circadian temperature rhythm: with an emphasis on morningness-eveningness"
4157:
9206:
5232:
Ko HW, Jiang J, Edery I (December 2002). "Role for Slimb in the degradation of Drosophila Period protein phosphorylated by Doubletime".
963:
generated, self-sustaining and are relatively constant over a range of ambient temperatures. Important features include two interacting
730:
It is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell. That is, it is cell-autonomous. This was shown by
1829:
dementia is associated with chronic night shift workers compared to day shift workers, particularly for individuals over 50 years old.
1308:, leading to the SCN. If cells from the SCN are removed and cultured, they maintain their own rhythm in the absence of external cues.
1023:, peaking before lights-off (36h, 60h, etc.). The timeseries show 24-hour, circadian rhythms of gene expression in the living plants.
657:
approximately 2.3 billion years ago. The current view is that circadian changes in environmental oxygen levels and the production of
6418:"Restricted feeding uncouples circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues from the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus"
2236:
323:
Mnemonic Rhyme to Aid in the Selection of Acu-points According to the Diurnal Cycle, the Day of the Month and the Season of the Year
5623:
1545:
Various studies on humans have made use of enforced sleep/wake cycles strongly different from 24 hours, such as those conducted by
1015:
driven by the promoter sequences of clock genes. The signals of seedlings 61 (red) and 62 (blue) reflect transcription of the gene
8081:"The human endogenous circadian system causes greatest platelet activation during the biological morning independent of behaviors"
1507:
Though oscillators in the skin respond to light, a systemic influence has not been proven. In addition, many oscillators, such as
1504:, and skin. There is also some evidence that the olfactory bulb and prostate may experience oscillations, at least when cultured.
881:) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets. In one study of reindeer, animals at
3641:"Circadian gene expression in individual fibroblasts: cell-autonomous and self-sustained oscillators pass time to daughter cells"
1768:, which is crucial for maintaining a state of consciousness. A reversal in the sleep–wake cycle may be a sign or complication of
964:
6627:
Wright KP, Hull JT, Czeisler CA (December 2002). "Relationship between alertness, performance, and body temperature in humans".
7201:
Rea MS, Figueiro M, Bullough J (May 2002). "Circadian photobiology: an emerging framework for lighting practice and research".
724:
505:
8593:
Leso V, Caturano A, Vetrani I, Iavicoli I (January 2021). "Shift or night shift work and dementia risk: a systematic review".
3441:"Formal properties of the circadian and photoperiodic systems of Japanese quail: phase response curve and effects of T-cycles"
9158:
8939:
7790:
6568:
4185:
Folk GE, Thrift DL, Zimmerman MB, Reimann P (2006-12-01). "Mammalian activity – rest rhythms in Arctic continuous daylight".
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1850:
480:
5038:
Veleri S, Wülbeck C (May 2004). "Unique self-sustaining circadian oscillators within the brain of Drosophila melanogaster".
2237:"Enquiry into plants and minor works on odours and weather signs, with an English translation by Sir Arthur Hort, bart 1916"
702:) of their central oscillator. This clock has been shown to sustain a 22-hour rhythm over several days upon the addition of
227:; diurnal rhythms should not be called circadian rhythms unless they can be confirmed as endogenous, and not environmental.
9416:
1615:
854:
3786:"The internal circadian clock increases hunger and appetite in the evening independent of food intake and other behaviors"
2907:
Bargiello TA, Jackson FR, Young MW (1984). "Restoration of circadian behavioural rhythms by gene transfer in Drosophila".
1327:. Secretion of melatonin peaks at night and ebbs during the day and its presence provides information about night-length.
1311:
The SCN takes the information on the lengths of the day and night from the retina, interprets it, and passes it on to the
1157:, and they act together with the clock neurones. There are two unique rhythms, one during the process of hatching (called
463:
gene was isolated in 1984 by two teams of researchers. Konopka, Jeffrey Hall, Michael Roshbash and their team showed that
1903:
302:. In his book, 'Περὶ φυτῶν ἱστορία', or 'Enquiry into plants', Theophrastus describes a "tree with many leaves like the
9175:
1008:
under three cycles of 12h light: 12h dark followed by 3 days of constant light (from 96h). Their genomes carry firefly
329:
1636:) but not color, which can be shown to "act as an essential regulator of biological timing in more natural settings".
1956:
1781:
1520:
578:
coefficient remains approximately 1 as temperature increases, the rhythm is considered to be temperature-compensated.
7371:
6377:"Low-dose ultraviolet B rays alter the mRNA expression of the circadian clock genes in cultured human keratinocytes"
551:
illustrates the ability of the human biological clock to adjust to the local time; a person will usually experience
4173:...så det ikke ut til at reinen hadde noen døgnrytme om sommeren. Svalbardreinen hadde det heller ikke om vinteren.
2868:"P-element transformation with period locus DNA restores rhythmicity to mutant, arrhythmic Drosophila melanogaster"
1887:
8194:"Metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of shift work: The role of circadian disruption and sleep disturbances"
7289:"The Dangers of LED-Blue light-The Suppression of Melatonin-Resulting in-Insomnia-And Cancers | Robert Hardt"
6045:"NHLBI Workshop: "Circadian Clock at the Interface of Lung Health and Disease" 28-29 April 2014 Executive Summary"
4831:"Interactions between circadian clocks and photosynthesis for the temporal and spatial coordination of metabolism"
9199:
8544:"Relationship between shift work, night work, and subsequent dementia: A systematic evaluation and meta-analysis"
6048:
5587:
Pfeffer M, Korf HW, Wicht H (March 2018). "Synchronizing effects of melatonin on diurnal and circadian rhythms".
1717:
275:
849:
environments, as systems that mimic the light–dark cycle have been found to be highly beneficial to astronauts.
5889:"Stability of melatonin and temperature as circadian phase markers and their relation to sleep times in humans"
1529:(PRC). Depending on the timing, light can advance or delay the circadian rhythm. Both the PRC and the required
1652:
230:
Although circadian rhythms are endogenous, they are adjusted to the local environment by external cues called
8656:
7154:"Circadian rhythms influence cardiovascular disease differently in males and females: role of sex and gender"
3842:
1893:
995:
567:
33:
8284:
7726:"Benefits of napping in healthy adults: impact of nap length, time of day, age, and experience with napping"
1856:
Circadian rhythms was taken as an example of scientific knowledge being transferred into the public sphere.
1722:
Disruption to rhythms usually has a negative effect. Many travelers have experienced the condition known as
5403:
Goldbeter A (September 1995). "A model for circadian oscillations in the Drosophila period protein (PER)".
1980:
1898:
1750:
1293:
1060:
functions and interactions suggest a reframing of the plant circadian clock as a triple negative-component
1016:
7446:"Assessing ethanol's actions in the suprachiasmatic circadian clock using in vivo and in vitro approaches"
3835:"Clock Tutorial #16: Photoperiodism – Models and Experimental Approaches (original work from 2005-08-13)"
2628:
Halberg F, Cornélissen G, Katinas G, Syutkina EV, Sothern RB, Zaslavskaya R, et al. (October 2003).
1882:
1765:
1128:
673:
540:
314:
174:
37:
8742:"Biological clock in total darkness: the Clock/MOP3 circadian system of the blind subterranean mole rat"
5938:"Diurnal cortisol slopes and mental and physical health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
815:
rhythm. Their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward each "day", depending on whether their "day", their
9192:
2418:
2007:
3971:"The nuclear receptor REV-ERBα is required for the daily balance of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism"
3922:"The nuclear receptor REV-ERBα is required for the daily balance of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism"
9406:
6641:
1961:
1456:
1044:
17:
2362:"Timing and consolidation of human sleep, wakefulness, and performance by a symphony of oscillators"
310:
tree by the botanist, H Bretzl, in his book on the botanical findings of the Alexandrian campaigns.
9421:
7067:
Alibhai FJ, LaMarre J, Reitz CJ, Tsimakouridze EV, Kroetsch JT, Bolz SS, et al. (April 2017).
5516:
4548:"Distinct roles of GIGANTEA in promoting flowering and regulating circadian rhythms in Arabidopsis"
3969:
Delezie J, Dumont S, Dardente H, Oudart H, Gréchez-Cassiau A, Klosen P, et al. (August 2012).
3920:
Delezie J, Dumont S, Dardente H, Oudart H, Gréchez-Cassiau A, Klosen P, et al. (August 2012).
3015:
1305:
1192:
genes. But their proteins levels remain low until dusk, because during daylight also activates the
1064:
model rather than the positive/negative-element feedback loop characterizing the clock in mammals.
539:
The rhythm can be reset by exposure to external stimuli (such as light and heat), a process called
389:
250:
4130:
3054:
Vitaterna MH, King DP, Chang AM, Kornhauser JM, Lowrey PL, McDonald JD, et al. (April 1994).
2866:
Zehring WA, Wheeler DA, Reddy P, Konopka RJ, Kyriacou CP, Rosbash M, et al. (December 1984).
9385:
9370:
1696:
1357:
1265:
1249:
1162:
1101:
and increased growth in environments whose light and dark cycles matched their circadian rhythm.
991:
682:
658:
471:
stops circadian activity. At the same time, Michael W. Young's team reported similar effects of
361:
352:
In the early 20th century, circadian rhythms were noticed in the rhythmic feeding times of bees.
6893:
Aziz IS, McMahon AM, Friedman D, Rabinovich-Nikitin I, Kirshenbaum LA, Martino TA (April 2021).
4020:"Association between polymorphisms in the Clock gene, obesity and the metabolic syndrome in man"
1414:
Melatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light,
866:
8389:"The effects of shift work on body weight change - a systematic review of longitudinal studies"
7026:
Alibhai FJ, Reitz CJ, Peppler WT, Basu P, Sheppard P, Choleris E, et al. (February 2018).
6636:
5130:
Boothroyd CE, Young MW (2008). "The in(put)s and out(put)s of the Drosophila circadian clock".
4654:"The clock gene circuit in Arabidopsis includes a repressilator with additional feedback loops"
4234:"Antennal circadian clocks coordinate sun compass orientation in migratory monarch butterflies"
4161:
1651:, which is white light, suppresses melatonin at a rate more than three times greater than HPS.
1393:
1367:
estimated the natural human rhythm to be closer to 24 hours and 11 minutes: much closer to the
885:
showed circadian rhythms in the autumn, winter and spring, but not in the summer. Reindeer on
703:
428:
Circadian: relating to biologic variations or rhythms with a frequency of 1 cycle in 24 ± 4 h;
291:
6674:"Sleep, wake and phase dependent changes in neurobehavioral function under forced desynchrony"
6672:
Zhou X, Ferguson SA, Matthews RW, Sargent C, Darwent D, Kennaway DJ, et al. (July 2011).
5823:
Duffy JF, Cain SW, Chang AM, Phillips AJ, Münch MY, Gronfier C, et al. (September 2011).
1224:
This protein model was developed based on the oscillations of the PER and TIM proteins in the
7493:
7028:"Female ClockΔ19/Δ19 mice are protected from the development of age-dependent cardiomyopathy"
6375:
Kawara S, Mydlarski R, Mamelak AJ, Freed I, Wang B, Watanabe H, et al. (December 2002).
5796:
2097:
Young MW, Kay SA (September 2001). "Time zones: a comparative genetics of circadian clocks".
1685:
an individual stops using drugs and alcohol, the circadian rhythm continues to be disrupted.
1133:
1005:
923:
710:
circadian timekeeper were dependent upon a DNA transcription/translation feedback mechanism.
654:
607:
8193:
8079:
Scheer FA, Michelson AD, Frelinger AL, Evoniuk H, Kelly EE, McCarthy M, et al. (2011).
7069:"Disrupting the key circadian regulator CLOCK leads to age-dependent cardiovascular disease"
1480:
example, these clocks, called peripheral oscillators, have been found in the adrenal gland,
9306:
9107:
9066:
8962:
8902:
8806:
8753:
8449:
8296:
8092:
6205:
5836:
5657:
5466:
5412:
5241:
5190:
5139:
4953:
4893:
4778:
4608:
4502:
4341:
4245:
4194:
4060:
3876:
3701:
3362:
3210:
3067:
2971:
2916:
2776:
2582:
2193:
2053:
1925:
1526:
1077:
1019:, peaking after lights-on (48h, 72h, etc.). Seedlings 64 (pale grey) and 65 (teal) reflect
1000:
939:
6805:"Influence of the cardiomyocyte circadian clock on cardiac physiology and pathophysiology"
6416:
Damiola F, Le Minh N, Preitner N, Kornmann B, Fleury-Olela F, Schibler U (December 2000).
6072:"Quantitative analysis of the 24-hour blood pressure and heart rate patterns in young men"
5825:"Sex difference in the near-24-hour intrinsic period of the human circadian timing system"
5555:
4546:
Mizoguchi T, Wright L, Fujiwara S, Cremer F, Lee K, Onouchi H, et al. (August 2005).
2571:"On Temperature Independence in the Clock System Controlling Emergence Time in Drosophila"
2526:
Pittendrigh CS (1993). "Temporal organization: reflections of a Darwinian clock-watcher".
1591:
How humans can optimize their circadian rhythm in terms of ability to achieve proper sleep
197:
and there is evidence that they evolved independently in each of these kingdoms of life.
8:
8634:
8630:"Nobel in physiology, medicine awarded to three Americans for discovery of 'clock genes'"
7236:
Walmsley L, Hanna L, Mouland J, Martial F, West A, Smedley AR, et al. (April 2015).
5703:
Duffy JF, Wright KP (August 2005). "Entrainment of the human circadian system by light".
2240:
1777:
1533:
vary from species to species, and lower light levels are required to reset the clocks in
1051:
loop. Gene expression of CCA1 and LHY oscillates and peaks in the early morning, whereas
890:
882:
776:
299:
9111:
9070:
8966:
8889:
Ditty JL, Williams SB, Golden SS (2003). "A cyanobacterial circadian timing mechanism".
8810:
8757:
8453:
8300:
8096:
6209:
6151:
5840:
5661:
5470:
5416:
5245:
5194:
5143:
4957:
4897:
4782:
4652:
Pokhilko A, Fernández AP, Edwards KD, Southern MM, Halliday KJ, Millar AJ (March 2012).
4612:
4506:
4345:
4249:
4198:
3880:
3705:
3543:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
3366:
3214:
3071:
2975:
2920:
2780:
2586:
2539:
2197:
2057:
1753:(DSPD), are associated with irregular or pathological functioning of circadian rhythms.
1584:
do not have the same costs of extreme desynchronization as do other species of animals.
1418:(DLMO), at roughly 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major
1149:
The molecular mechanism of circadian rhythm and light perception are best understood in
606:
Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
9339:
9296:
9147:
9133:
9036:
8928:
8914:
8872:
8847:
8709:
8570:
8543:
8519:
8494:
8470:
8437:
8418:
8364:
8339:
8320:
8221:
8169:
8115:
8080:
8056:
8029:
8010:
7959:
7932:
7913:
7864:
7837:
7782:
7755:
7701:
7674:
7645:
7592:
7567:
7543:
7518:
7470:
7445:
7421:
7396:
7338:
7313:
7264:
7237:
7218:
7183:
7134:
7003:
6978:
6924:
6834:
6747:
6698:
6673:
6609:
6539:
6491:
6466:
6352:
6327:
6303:
6278:
6228:
6193:
6160:
6135:
6016:
5962:
5937:
5918:
5859:
5824:
5772:
5747:
5728:
5680:
5645:
5564:
5539:
5490:
5436:
5385:
5314:
5265:
5214:
5163:
5107:
5082:
5063:
4974:
4941:
4914:
4881:
4857:
4830:
4802:
4727:
4702:
4678:
4653:
4629:
4596:
4572:
4547:
4523:
4490:
4466:
4441:
4417:
4401:
4314:
4266:
4233:
4210:
4094:
Regestein QR, Pavlova M (September 1995). "Treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome".
4000:
3951:
3897:
3864:
3810:
3785:
3766:
3670:
3616:
3587:
3563:
3538:
3470:
3386:
3335:
3277:
3234:
3142:
3088:
3055:
2940:
2848:
2551:
2505:
2465:
2440:
2391:
2337:
2312:
2217:
2158:
2141:
2122:
2074:
2041:
2001:
1727:
1665:
1546:
1511:, for example, have been shown to respond to inputs other than light, such as feeding.
1379:
The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are:
1364:
1281:
827:
812:
753:
345:, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours. In 1918,
170:
8985:
8950:
8829:
8794:
8510:
8156:
8139:
6977:
Reitz CJ, Alibhai FJ, Khatua TN, Rasouli M, Bridle BW, Burris TP, et al. (2019).
6442:
6417:
6112:
5936:
Adam EK, Quinn ME, Tavernier R, McQuillan MT, Dahlke KA, Gilbert KE (September 2017).
5887:
Benloucif S, Guico MJ, Reid KJ, Wolfe LF, L'hermite-Balériaux M, Zee PC (April 2005).
2992:
2959:
2799:
2764:
2656:
2629:
2605:
2570:
1703:. Moreover, genetic manipulations of clock genes profoundly affect cocaine's actions.
1655:
from long term nighttime light exposure can be undone by returning to a normal cycle.
1241:
9215:
9154:
9125:
9082:
9028:
8990:
8935:
8906:
8877:
8834:
8781:
8776:
8741:
8701:
8610:
8575:
8524:
8475:
8410:
8369:
8312:
8308:
8262:
8213:
8161:
8120:
8061:
8002:
7964:
7905:
7869:
7796:
7786:
7747:
7742:
7725:
7706:
7637:
7597:
7548:
7475:
7426:
7343:
7269:
7222:
7175:
7126:
7090:
7049:
7008:
6959:
6955:
6928:
6916:
6875:
6826:
6785:
6739:
6703:
6654:
6601:
6597:
6564:
6531:
6496:
6447:
6398:
6393:
6376:
6357:
6308:
6233:
6165:
6093:
6008:
6003:
5986:
5967:
5910:
5864:
5777:
5720:
5685:
5604:
5569:
5482:
5428:
5377:
5333:
5306:
5301:
5284:
5257:
5206:
5155:
5112:
5055:
5020:
5015:
4998:
4979:
4919:
4862:
4794:
4732:
4683:
4634:
4577:
4528:
4471:
4409:
4396:
4379:
4357:
4318:
4306:
4271:
4111:
4107:
4041:
3992:
3943:
3902:
3863:
Turek FW, Joshu C, Kohsaka A, Lin E, Ivanova G, McDearmon E, et al. (May 2005).
3815:
3758:
3717:
3662:
3621:
3568:
3539:"Evolution of time-keeping mechanisms: early emergence and adaptation to photoperiod"
3519:
3514:
3489:
3462:
3421:
3378:
3327:
3269:
3226:
3183:
3134:
3093:
2997:
2932:
2889:
2884:
2867:
2840:
2836:
2804:
2745:
2716:
2691:
2661:
2610:
2543:
2488:
Bruce VG, Pittendrigh CS (1957). "Endogenous Rhythms in Insects and Microorganisms".
2470:
2456:
2383:
2342:
2276:
2209:
2163:
2114:
2079:
1648:
1644:
1571:
1448:
1292:"), which are used for conventional vision. But the retina also contains specialized
1048:
914:
846:
562:
555:
before entrainment of their circadian clock has brought it into sync with local time.
520:
To be called circadian, a biological rhythm must meet these three general criteria:
376:
342:
240:
8918:
8422:
8324:
8225:
8173:
8014:
7917:
7759:
7633:
7187:
7138:
6838:
6751:
6113:"The effect of the circadian rhythm of body temperature on A-level exam performance"
5922:
5732:
5389:
5318:
5067:
4806:
4421:
4214:
4004:
3955:
3770:
3674:
3505:
3474:
3390:
3339:
3281:
3146:
2555:
2509:
2395:
2221:
2126:
9239:
9234:
9137:
9115:
9096:"No transcription-translation feedback in circadian rhythm of KaiC phosphorylation"
9074:
9020:
8980:
8970:
8898:
8867:
8859:
8824:
8814:
8771:
8761:
8713:
8691:
8602:
8565:
8555:
8514:
8506:
8465:
8457:
8400:
8359:
8351:
8304:
8254:
8205:
8151:
8110:
8100:
8051:
8041:
7994:
7954:
7944:
7897:
7859:
7849:
7778:
7737:
7696:
7686:
7649:
7629:
7587:
7579:
7538:
7530:
7465:
7457:
7416:
7408:
7333:
7325:
7259:
7249:
7210:
7165:
7118:
7080:
7039:
6998:
6990:
6951:
6906:
6865:
6816:
6777:
6731:
6693:
6685:
6646:
6613:
6593:
6543:
6523:
6486:
6478:
6437:
6429:
6388:
6347:
6339:
6298:
6290:
6277:
Abraham U, Granada AE, Westermark PO, Heine M, Kramer A, Herzel H (November 2010).
6223:
6213:
6155:
6147:
6083:
6020:
5998:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5900:
5854:
5844:
5767:
5759:
5712:
5675:
5665:
5596:
5559:
5551:
5474:
5440:
5420:
5369:
5296:
5269:
5249:
5218:
5198:
5167:
5147:
5102:
5094:
5047:
5010:
4999:"PRR7 protein levels are regulated by light and the circadian clock in Arabidopsis"
4969:
4961:
4909:
4901:
4852:
4842:
4786:
4722:
4714:
4673:
4665:
4624:
4616:
4567:
4559:
4518:
4510:
4461:
4453:
4391:
4353:
4349:
4298:
4261:
4253:
4202:
4103:
4031:
3982:
3933:
3892:
3884:
3805:
3797:
3748:
3709:
3652:
3611:
3603:
3558:
3550:
3509:
3501:
3452:
3413:
3370:
3319:
3261:
3238:
3218:
3173:
3124:
3083:
3075:
2987:
2979:
2944:
2924:
2879:
2832:
2794:
2784:
2651:
2641:
2600:
2590:
2535:
2497:
2460:
2452:
2373:
2332:
2324:
2201:
2153:
2106:
2069:
2061:
2040:
Edgar RS, Green EW, Zhao Y, van Ooijen G, Olmedo M, Qin X, et al. (May 2012).
2017:
2012:
1986:
1915:
1842:
1742:
1554:
1436:
839:
525:
The rhythm has an endogenous free-running period that lasts approximately 24 hours.
486:
274:
cycles. In clinical settings, an abnormal circadian rhythm in humans is known as a
130:
71:
9040:
7987:
American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
7461:
7111:
American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
6629:
American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
6527:
6343:
5494:
5098:
3056:"Mutagenesis and mapping of a mouse gene, Clock, essential for circadian behavior"
2852:
1853:"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm".
1244:
illustrating the influence of light and darkness on circadian rhythms and related
369:
9375:
8606:
8258:
8105:
7378:
7372:
https://www.faa.gov/pilots/safety/pilotsafetybrochures/media/Circadian_Rhythm.pdf
7254:
7170:
7153:
6735:
6218:
5763:
5670:
3178:
3161:
3129:
3112:
2710:
1996:
1846:
1838:
1558:
1440:
1257:
952:
897:
830:(which detect light) are still functional; they do surface periodically as well.
735:
669:
357:
235:
178:
7085:
7068:
5600:
4491:"Molecular mechanisms underlying phytochrome-controlled morphogenesis in plants"
3607:
3111:
Debruyne JP, Noton E, Lambert CM, Maywood ES, Weaver DR, Reppert SM (May 2006).
459:) gene, the first discovered genetic determinant of behavioral rhythmicity. The
9411:
9380:
9318:
8955:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
8799:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
8746:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
8461:
8285:"Interactions between metabolism and circadian clocks: reciprocal disturbances"
8138:
Rabinovich-Nikitin I, Lieberman B, Martino TA, Kirshenbaum LA (February 2019).
8034:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
7998:
7122:
6911:
6894:
6781:
6650:
6482:
5829:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5373:
4905:
4514:
3657:
3640:
3457:
3440:
2964:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2769:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2575:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1991:
1746:
1731:
1431:
Other physiological changes that occur according to a circadian rhythm include
1269:
956:
874:
870:
820:
788:
761:
653:
proteins with circadian oscillators in all three domains of life following the
444:
9057:
Takahashi JS, Zatz M (September 1982). "Regulation of circadian rhythmicity".
9024:
8863:
8560:
8355:
7815:
7583:
7534:
7214:
6994:
6870:
6853:
4206:
3417:
3113:"A clock shock: mouse CLOCK is not required for circadian oscillator function"
1168:
931:
that attracts and resets the male circadian rhythm to induce mating at night.
9400:
9344:
9323:
9291:
9279:
8696:
8679:
8137:
8030:"Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment"
7901:
7397:"Circadian rhythms and addiction: mechanistic insights and future directions"
7179:
6821:
6804:
5905:
5888:
5716:
5457:
Goldbeter A (November 2002). "Computational approaches to cellular rhythms".
2378:
2361:
1951:
1910:
1563:
1562:
timing of the circadian cycle) on aspects of sleep and wakefulness including
1550:
1353:
1061:
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850:
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production, cell regeneration, and other biological activities. In addition,
720:
677:
501:
452:
401:
353:
334:
194:
9120:
9095:
9078:
8975:
8046:
6895:"Circadian influence on inflammatory response during cardiovascular disease"
6088:
6071:
5849:
5151:
4847:
4790:
4302:
4257:
3888:
3713:
3639:
Nagoshi E, Saini C, Bauer C, Laroche T, Naef F, Schibler U (November 2004).
3222:
3079:
2630:"Transdisciplinary unifying implications of circadian findings in the 1950s"
2595:
313:
The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in
210:
9286:
9244:
9129:
9032:
8994:
8910:
8881:
8838:
8819:
8785:
8766:
8705:
8614:
8579:
8528:
8479:
8414:
8373:
8316:
8266:
8217:
8165:
8124:
8065:
8006:
7968:
7949:
7873:
7800:
7751:
7710:
7641:
7601:
7552:
7479:
7430:
7347:
7273:
7130:
7094:
7053:
7012:
6920:
6879:
6830:
6789:
6743:
6707:
6658:
6605:
6535:
6500:
6451:
6402:
6361:
6312:
6237:
6169:
6047:. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. September 2014. Archived from
6012:
5971:
5914:
5868:
5781:
5724:
5689:
5608:
5573:
5486:
5424:
5310:
5261:
5210:
5159:
5116:
5059:
5024:
4983:
4940:
Haydon MJ, Mielczarek O, Robertson FC, Hubbard KE, Webb AA (October 2013).
4923:
4866:
4798:
4736:
4687:
4638:
4581:
4563:
4532:
4475:
4457:
4413:
4361:
4310:
4275:
4045:
4036:
4019:
3996:
3947:
3906:
3819:
3762:
3666:
3625:
3572:
3554:
3523:
3466:
3382:
3331:
3299:. Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. pp. 67–105.
3273:
3230:
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3138:
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2789:
2695:
2665:
2614:
2474:
2387:
2346:
2213:
2167:
2118:
2083:
1936:
1534:
1387:
1312:
1273:
1236:
980:
287:
9086:
8387:
van Drongelen A, Boot CR, Merkus SL, Smid T, van der Beek AJ (July 2011).
7909:
7854:
7107:
6963:
6326:
Cao Q, Gery S, Dashti A, Yin D, Zhou Y, Gu J, et al. (October 2009).
6097:
5432:
5381:
5051:
4115:
3721:
3425:
3374:
3323:
3097:
2936:
2893:
2844:
2808:
2646:
2547:
218:
8793:
Avivi A, Oster H, Joel A, Beiles A, Albrecht U, Nevo E (September 2002).
8438:"Effects of circadian misalignment on cognition in chronic shift workers"
8243:
7044:
7027:
5646:"Plasticity of the intrinsic period of the human circadian timing system"
4718:
4620:
3987:
3970:
3938:
3921:
2749:
1930:
1530:
1508:
1444:
1320:
1098:
1020:
976:
787:
and obese, and have altered glucose metabolism. In mice, deletion of the
707:
645:
440:
295:
223:, meaning "day". Processes with 24-hour cycles are more generally called
52:
8740:
Avivi A, Albrecht U, Oster H, Joel A, Beiles A, Nevo E (November 2001).
7329:
6294:
5748:"A phase response curve to single bright light pulses in human subjects"
5478:
5253:
5202:
4965:
4942:"Photosynthetic entrainment of the Arabidopsis thaliana circadian clock"
3690:"Circadian rhythm in membrane conductance expressed in isolated neurons"
3310:
Sharma VK (November 2003). "Adaptive significance of circadian clocks".
2255:
2205:
2065:
341:
In 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of
290:, dating from the 4th century BC, probably provided to him by report of
9365:
9274:
8405:
8388:
7980:
7978:
7691:
6689:
6433:
4669:
4405:
2328:
1866:
1812:
1633:
1481:
1432:
1419:
1408:
1368:
1301:
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Researchers suggested that a reason for this could be that matching an
1036:
1009:
960:
948:
816:
784:
731:
715:
529:
528:
simple responses to daily external cues. A rhythm cannot be said to be
509:
8846:
Li D, Ma S, Guo D, Cheng T, Li H, Tian Y, et al. (October 2016).
8495:"Association between circadian rhythms and neurodegenerative diseases"
8209:
6069:
3801:
3490:"Independence of circadian timing from cell division in cyanobacteria"
2234:
9301:
9184:
7412:
6892:
6070:
Degaute JP, van de Borne P, Linkowski P, Van Cauter E (August 1991).
4135:
2983:
2928:
2110:
1761:
1640:
1566:
and other functions - both physiological, behavioral, and cognitive.
1464:
1460:
1452:
1383:
1324:
1316:
1289:
1057:
1052:
928:
901:
835:
740:
548:
544:
231:
7975:
3689:
1600:
493:) using mice in 1994. However, recent studies show that deletion of
286:
The earliest recorded account of a circadian process is credited to
9349:
7288:
5080:
2735:
2501:
1983:: part of the eye which is involved in regulating circadian rhythm.
1805:
1773:
1735:
1587:
1493:
1400:
1343:
1285:
1216:
genes. Thus, the clock is reset to start the next circadian cycle.
1158:
886:
878:
800:
772:
380:
307:
9149:
The Clocks that Time Us: Physiology of the Circadian Timing System
5515:. Howard Hughes Medical Institute. 4 February 2000. Archived from
4289:
Kyriacou CP (September 2009). "Physiology. Unraveling traveling".
3265:
1706:
1699:
may significantly influence the effects produced by drugs such as
9259:
8680:"A Clockwork Knowledge: From a Broad Perspective to a Case Study"
7238:"Colour as a signal for entraining the mammalian circadian clock"
4882:"Continuous dynamic adjustment of the plant circadian oscillator"
3753:
3736:
2627:
1816:
1801:
1723:
1700:
968:
796:
792:
757:
552:
479:
circadian system, for which Hall, Rosbash and Young received the
182:
8657:"The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – Press Release"
7066:
4939:
4651:
3352:
2311:
Gardner MJ, Hubbard KE, Hotta CT, Dodd AN, Webb AA (July 2006).
1784:
on human health through its influence on the circadian biology.
1557:
in the 1990s (20 hours). Because people with a normal (typical)
592:
338:
persisted, even when the plants were kept in constant darkness.
9313:
9249:
9179:
8078:
7777:. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 185. pp. 155–166.
6720:
5540:"Suprachiasmatic nucleus: cell autonomy and network properties"
3865:"Obesity and metabolic syndrome in circadian Clock mutant mice"
3439:
Zivkovic BD, Underwood H, Steele CT, Edmonds K (October 1999).
2736:
Halberg F, Carandente F, Cornelissen G, Katinas GS (1977). "".
1877:
1769:
1501:
1497:
1277:
1261:
680:. Recent research has demonstrated that the circadian clock of
543:. The external stimulus used to entrain a rhythm is called the
186:
8951:"Origin and evolution of circadian clock genes in prokaryotes"
7675:"Causes and consequences of sleepiness among college students"
6583:
6415:
6194:"Tissue-specific function of Period3 in circadian rhythmicity"
5644:
Scheer FA, Wright KP, Kronauer RE, Czeisler CA (August 2007).
3438:
2670:
Eventually I reverted, for the same reason, to "circadian" ...
723:" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (
467:
locus is the centre of the circadian rhythm, and that loss of
136:
77:
8493:
Leng Y, Musiek ES, Hu K, Cappuccio FP, Yaffe K (March 2019).
7836:
Maung SC, El Sara A, Chapman C, Cohen D, Cukor D (May 2016).
6852:
Mistry P, Duong A, Kirshenbaum L, Martino TA (October 2017).
6851:
6767:
6276:
4545:
3403:
1920:
1872:
1692:
1604:
A short nap during the day does not affect circadian rhythms.
1489:
1485:
780:
662:
650:
637:
504:' with 4-hour advanced sleep and other rhythms. This form of
271:
205:
190:
7886:
6192:
Pendergast JS, Niswender KD, Yamazaki S (January 11, 2012).
5745:
5643:
5334:"The path to the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"
3053:
2184:
Bass J (November 2012). "Circadian topology of metabolism".
1621:
420:
In 1977, the International Committee on Nomenclature of the
27:
Natural internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle
8592:
8386:
8340:"Physiological responses to food intake throughout the day"
8191:
8140:"Circadian-Regulated Cell Death in Cardiovascular Diseases"
7235:
6763:
6761:
6671:
6374:
6191:
5935:
5746:
Khalsa SB, Jewett ME, Cajochen C, Czeisler CA (June 2003).
3968:
3919:
3110:
3039:"Gene Discovered in Mice that Regulates Biological Clock".
2821:
2042:"Peroxiredoxins are conserved markers of circadian rhythms"
1974:
1970:
1966:
1945:
1941:
1787:
1669:
1028:
699:
695:
691:
384:
303:
154:
151:
145:
95:
92:
86:
9093:
8028:
Scheer FA, Hilton MF, Mantzoros CS, Shea SA (March 2009).
7984:
7933:"Does architectural lighting contribute to breast cancer?"
7519:"Treating Circadian Rhythm Disruption in Bipolar Disorder"
7314:"Timing of light exposure affects mood and brain circuits"
6513:
6253:"Our Skin's Sense Of Time Helps Protect Against UV Damage"
4184:
3688:
Michel S, Geusz ME, Zaritsky JJ, Block GD (January 1993).
2865:
1172:
Molecular interactions of clock genes and proteins during
177:
by the environment). Circadian rhythms are regulated by a
9094:
Tomita J, Nakajima M, Kondo T, Iwasaki H (January 2005).
9010:
8027:
6976:
5180:
4331:
1525:
Light resets the biological clock in accordance with the
1035:(Late Elongated Hypocotyl), which encode closely related
1032:
489:
discovered the first mammalian circadian clock mutation (
8595:
European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
8542:
Wang ZZ, Sun Z, Zhang ML, Xiong K, Zhou F (2022-11-07).
7835:
6758:
6279:"Coupling governs entrainment range of circadian clocks"
4131:"Space Station to Get New Insomnia-Fighting Light Bulbs"
4058:
3687:
3638:
2960:"Molecular genetics of a biological clock in Drosophila"
2684:
Internationale Zeitschrift für Vitaminforschung. Beiheft
2039:
838:
rhythms such as metabolic, hormonal, CNS electrical, or
8192:
Kervezee L, Kosmadopoulos A, Boivin DB (January 2020).
7025:
5886:
3251:
2310:
2139:
1474:
9153:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
9144:
8948:
8739:
8393:
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health
7619:
6941:
5822:
5081:
Yoshii T, Hermann-Luibl C, Helfrich-Förster C (2015).
4880:
Webb AA, Seki M, Satake A, Caldana C (February 2019).
896:
A 2006 study in northern Alaska found that day-living
8492:
8435:
4879:
4768:
2906:
1780:. Studies have also helped elucidate how light has a
404:
in 1959. According to Halberg's original definition:
157:
142:
133:
98:
83:
74:
8925:
8792:
8649:
8239:
8237:
8235:
8187:
8185:
8183:
7394:
6136:"Central and peripheral circadian clocks in mammals"
6133:
4488:
3862:
1820:
insulin sensitivity, diabetes and higher body mass.
1540:
148:
89:
8888:
8436:Chellappa SL, Morris CJ, Scheer FA (January 2019).
7930:
7200:
6328:"A role for the clock gene per1 in prostate cancer"
6134:Mohawk JA, Green CB, Takahashi JS (July 14, 2013).
5984:
5501:
4828:
4231:
4160:(in Norwegian Bokmål). forskning.no. Archived from
2441:"Neural basis of timing and anticipatory behaviors"
1608:
139:
80:
9146:
8927:
6626:
4232:Merlin C, Gegear RJ, Reppert SM (September 2009).
1643:production five times more than the orange-yellow
574:is a measure of this compensating effect. If the Q
8541:
8232:
8180:
5537:
5285:"Neurobiology of the fruit fly's circadian clock"
4489:Legris M, Ince YÇ, Fankhauser C (November 2019).
1514:
1374:
1112:the proposed phenomenon known as metabolic dawn.
767:
632:metabolic processes, as in coordinating with the
9398:
8278:
8276:
7931:Figueiro MG, Rea MS, Bullough JD (August 2006).
7615:
7613:
7611:
6325:
5586:
5282:
4093:
4017:
3783:
3016:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017"
2487:
1658:
1268:(or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of
317:dated to around the 13th century, including the
57:Features of the human circadian biological clock
32:"Circadian" redirects here. For the albums, see
9001:
8949:Dvornyk V, Vinogradova O, Nevo E (March 2003).
7775:The effects of napping on cognitive functioning
7672:
7395:Logan RW, Williams WP, McClung CA (June 2014).
7370:Circadian Rhythm Disruption and Flying. FAA at
7311:
6467:"Effect of Light on Human Circadian Physiology"
5359:
4700:
4597:"ELF4 as a Central Gene in the Circadian Clock"
4380:"The physiology of circadian rhythms in plants"
2708:
2359:
2035:
2033:
1707:Consequences of disruption to circadian rhythms
1323:. In response, the pineal secretes the hormone
951:), growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange,
8677:
8282:
5129:
5083:"Circadian light-input pathways in Drosophila"
4059:Shneerson JM, Ohayon MM, Carskadon MA (2007).
3200:
2957:
2296:de Mairan JJ (1729). "Observation Botanique".
2179:
2177:
1304:and their signals follow a pathway called the
9200:
9056:
8273:
7813:
7608:
6464:
5985:Baehr EK, Revelle W, Eastman CI (June 2000).
5538:Welsh DK, Takahashi JS, Kay SA (March 2010).
5037:
4829:Dodd AN, Belbin FE, Frank A, Webb AA (2015).
4701:Ma Y, Gil S, Grasser KD, Mas P (April 2018).
2762:
2289:
2140:Vitaterna MH, Takahashi JS, Turek FW (2001).
2133:
1695:genes expressed in brain regions outside the
845:Recent research has influenced the design of
806:
559:The rhythms exhibit temperature compensation.
375:In 1954, an important experiment reported by
9145:Moore-Ede MC, Sulzman FM, Fuller CA (1982).
8845:
7838:"Sleep disorders and chronic kidney disease"
7443:
7073:Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
6854:"Cardiac Clocks and Preclinical Translation"
6802:
5929:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5331:
5231:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4018:Scott EM, Carter AM, Grant PJ (April 2008).
4011:
3962:
3913:
3856:
3784:Scheer FA, Morris CJ, Shea SA (March 2013).
3585:
2030:
913:The navigation of the fall migration of the
7151:
5702:
5452:
5450:
4594:
3487:
3159:
2756:
2568:
2525:
2438:
2304:
2174:
512:change, S662➔G, in the human PER2 protein.
255:
9207:
9193:
8289:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
7772:
7723:
7516:
5276:
5132:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
3737:"The circadian rhythm of body temperature"
3536:
2765:"Clock mutants of Drosophila melanogaster"
2298:Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences
1203:In the early morning, light activates the
481:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017
51:
9119:
9047:
8984:
8974:
8926:Dunlap JC, Loros J, DeCoursey PJ (2003).
8871:
8828:
8818:
8775:
8765:
8695:
8569:
8559:
8518:
8469:
8404:
8363:
8155:
8114:
8104:
8055:
8045:
7958:
7948:
7863:
7853:
7741:
7700:
7690:
7591:
7542:
7469:
7420:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7337:
7263:
7253:
7169:
7084:
7043:
7002:
6910:
6869:
6820:
6697:
6640:
6490:
6441:
6392:
6351:
6302:
6227:
6217:
6159:
6087:
6063:
6002:
5961:
5904:
5875:
5858:
5848:
5797:"Human Biological Clock Set Back an Hour"
5771:
5679:
5669:
5563:
5531:
5456:
5402:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5300:
5106:
5014:
4973:
4913:
4856:
4846:
4726:
4677:
4628:
4571:
4539:
4522:
4465:
4428:
4395:
4373:
4371:
4265:
4052:
4035:
3986:
3937:
3896:
3809:
3752:
3734:
3656:
3615:
3562:
3513:
3456:
3177:
3128:
3087:
2991:
2883:
2798:
2788:
2655:
2645:
2604:
2594:
2521:
2519:
2464:
2377:
2336:
2295:
2257:Botanische Forschungen des Alexanderzuges
2157:
2073:
1622:Causes of disruption to circadian rhythms
270:)), which include light, temperature and
8337:
7312:Bedrosian TA, Nelson RJ (January 2017).
6381:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
6037:
5447:
5396:
4996:
4288:
3832:
2096:
1788:Relationship with cardiovascular disease
1599:
1586:
1342:
1235:
1167:
1132:
985:
965:transcription-translation feedback loops
938:
915:Eastern North American monarch butterfly
908:
747:
604:about independently evolved four times .
8730:
8659:. The Nobel Foundation. October 2, 2017
8247:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
6556:
6110:
5087:Communicative & Integrative Biology
4439:
3294:
3008:
2859:
2763:Konopka RJ, Benzer S (September 1971).
2681:
1796:
1435:and many cellular processes "including
1141:brains (A) and the circadian system in
1031:(Circadian and Clock-Associated 1) and
799:and lipid utilization, predisposing to
713:A defect in the human homologue of the
447:identified the first clock mutation in
422:International Society for Chronobiology
14:
9399:
9214:
9052:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
8903:10.1146/annurev.genet.37.110801.142716
8283:Delezie J, Challet E (December 2011).
7673:Hershner SD, Chervin RD (2014-06-23).
7622:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
7565:
7383:
6944:Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology
5794:
5348:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4368:
4155:
4128:
3309:
2951:
2900:
2516:
2360:Dijk DJ, von Schantz M (August 2005).
2275:. Psychology Press. pp. 137–140.
2253:
1832:
791:clock gene can result in diet-induced
725:Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome
506:familial advanced sleep phase syndrome
408:The term "circadian" was derived from
173:) and responds to the environment (is
9188:
8930:Chronobiology: Biological Timekeeping
7286:
6563:. New York: Oxford University Press.
6250:
5818:
5816:
5589:General and Comparative Endocrinology
5556:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135919
5325:
5074:
4935:
4933:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4595:Kolmos E, Davis SJ (September 2007).
3297:Chronobiology: Biological Timekeeping
2958:Bargiello TA, Young MW (April 1984).
2815:
1851:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1741:A number of other disorders, such as
1443:, immune and inflammatory responses,
1300:These cells contain the photopigment
249:
8198:The European Journal of Neuroscience
7814:Sinert T, Peacock PR (10 May 2006).
7152:Pyle WG, Martino TA (October 2018).
4377:
2702:
2445:The European Journal of Neuroscience
2439:Antle MC, Silver R (November 2009).
2235:Theophrastus, 'Περὶ φυτῶν ἱστορία'.
2183:
1823:
586:
8852:Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology
8627:
6465:Duffy JF, Czeisler CA (June 2009).
6152:10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153128
6117:Undergraduate Journal of Psychology
5621:
4743:
2540:10.1146/annurev.ph.55.030193.000313
2408:
1039:that regulate circadian rhythms in
990:Graph showing timeseries data from
24:
8723:
8678:Benjakob O, Aviram R (June 2018).
7783:10.1016/B978-0-444-53702-7.00009-9
7568:"Circadian rhythm sleep disorders"
7444:Prosser RA, Glass JD (June 2015).
7203:Lighting Research & Technology
6803:Martino TA, Young ME (June 2015).
6770:The Canadian Journal of Cardiology
6586:The American Journal of Physiology
5813:
4997:Farré EM, Kay SA (November 2007).
4930:
4813:
2715:. New York: Springer. p. 23.
2270:
1726:, with its associated symptoms of
1675:
1626:
1153:. Clock genes are discovered from
547:, or "time giver". Travel across
364:in 1935 by two German zoologists,
25:
9433:
9169:
8735:. Amsterdam: North Holland Press.
8157:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036550
5283:Helfrich-Förster C (March 2005).
3586:Dubowy C, Sehgal A (April 2017).
3488:Mori T, Johnson CH (April 2001).
2264:
1957:Light effects on circadian rhythm
1541:Enforced longer or shorter cycles
1521:Light effects on circadian rhythm
1358:Phase response curve § Light
1315:, a tiny structure shaped like a
1137:Key centers of the mammalian and
927:, where females produce specific
860:
424:formally adopted the definition:
9258:
9002:Koukkari WL, Sothern RB (2006).
8671:
8621:
8586:
8535:
8486:
8429:
8380:
8331:
8309:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06246.x
8131:
8072:
8021:
7924:
7880:
7829:
7807:
7766:
7743:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00718.x
7724:Milner CE, Cote KA (June 2009).
7717:
7666:
7656:
7559:
7517:Gold AK, Kinrys G (March 2019).
7510:
7486:
7437:
7364:
7354:
7305:
7280:
7229:
7194:
7145:
7101:
7060:
7019:
6970:
6956:10.1097/00005344-199412001-00006
6935:
6886:
6845:
6796:
6714:
6665:
6620:
6598:10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.4.R1152
6577:
6550:
6507:
6458:
6409:
6394:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.19619.x
6368:
6319:
6270:
6004:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2000.00196.x
5624:"Wellness With Artificial Light"
5405:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
5302:10.1111/j.1601-183X.2004.00092.x
5016:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03258.x
4397:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00895.x
4024:International Journal of Obesity
3588:"Circadian Rhythms and Sleep in
3537:Hut RA, Beersma DG (July 2011).
2709:Koukkari WL, Sothern RB (2006).
2457:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06959.x
1888:Circadian rhythm sleep disorders
1645:high-pressure sodium (HPS) light
1609:Foundation of circadian medicine
1280:of the eye contains "classical"
1219:
1119:
795:and changes the balance between
676:, exemplified by the prokaryote
591:
129:
70:
7634:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.007
7566:Zhu L, Zee PC (November 2012).
6899:Current Opinion in Pharmacology
6244:
6185:
6176:
6127:
6104:
6027:
5978:
5788:
5739:
5696:
5637:
5615:
5580:
5225:
5174:
5123:
5031:
4990:
4873:
4694:
4645:
4588:
4482:
4325:
4282:
4225:
4178:
4149:
4122:
4087:
4078:
3826:
3777:
3728:
3681:
3632:
3579:
3530:
3506:10.1128/JB.183.8.2439-2444.2001
3481:
3432:
3397:
3346:
3303:
3288:
3245:
3194:
3153:
3104:
3047:
3032:
2729:
2675:
2621:
2569:Pittendrigh CS (October 1954).
2562:
2481:
2432:
2402:
2353:
2142:"Overview of circadian rhythms"
1948:: the cryptochrome family genes
1904:Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
1718:Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
1595:
706:. Previous explanations of the
330:Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan
276:circadian rhythm sleep disorder
9004:Introducing Biological Rhythms
5954:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.05.018
4601:Plant Signaling & Behavior
4354:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2004.11.013
4065:Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
3841:. ScienceBlogs. Archived from
3162:"Keeping time without a clock"
3160:Collins B, Blau J (May 2006).
2247:
2228:
2090:
1515:Light and the biological clock
1375:Biological markers and effects
943:Sleeping tree by day and night
768:Effect of circadian disruption
690:with just the three proteins (
117:Repeats roughly every 24 hours
13:
1:
9013:Journal of Molecular Medicine
8684:Journal of Biological Rhythms
8511:10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30461-7
7462:10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.07.016
7158:Current Opinion in Physiology
6809:Journal of Biological Rhythms
6528:10.1126/science.284.5423.2177
6344:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4199
6140:Annual Review of Neuroscience
5893:Journal of Biological Rhythms
5705:Journal of Biological Rhythms
5509:"Biological Clock in Mammals"
5362:Journal of Biological Rhythms
5099:10.1080/19420889.2015.1102805
4129:Howell E (14 December 2012).
3445:Journal of Biological Rhythms
2366:Journal of Biological Rhythms
2146:Alcohol Research & Health
2024:
1894:Advanced sleep phase disorder
1711:
1659:Airline pilots and cabin crew
1639:Blue LED lighting suppresses
1231:
994:of circadian reporter genes.
865:Norwegian researchers at the
855:treatment for sleep disorders
34:Circadian (5th Projekt album)
8607:10.26355/eurrev_202101_24388
8259:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.11.013
8106:10.1371/journal.pone.0024549
7255:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002127
7171:10.1016/j.cophys.2018.05.003
6736:10.3109/07420528.2014.957763
6219:10.1371/journal.pone.0030254
5764:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.040477
5671:10.1371/journal.pone.0000721
4334:Journal of Insect Physiology
4108:10.1016/0163-8343(95)00062-V
3735:Refinetti R (January 2010).
3179:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.04.022
3130:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.041
2885:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90015-1
2837:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90265-4
2634:Journal of Circadian Rhythms
1981:Photosensitive ganglion cell
1899:Delayed sleep phase disorder
1751:delayed sleep phase disorder
1457:endoplasmic reticular stress
1354:Sleep § Circadian clock
934:
537:The rhythms are entrainable.
7:
9417:Biology of bipolar disorder
7842:World Journal of Nephrology
7679:Nature and Science of Sleep
7086:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.01.008
6724:Chronobiology International
5601:10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.013
5544:Annual Review of Physiology
5040:Chronobiology International
4096:General Hospital Psychiatry
3608:10.1534/genetics.115.185157
3406:Chronobiology International
3312:Chronobiology International
2528:Annual Review of Physiology
2415:HKU-Pasteur Research Centre
2411:"Important dates 1900–1919"
1883:Bacterial circadian rhythms
1859:
1766:reticular activating system
1129:Drosophila circadian rhythm
674:bacterial circadian rhythms
515:
432:(about, approximately) and
38:Circadian (Intervals album)
10:
9438:
8628:Cha AE (October 2, 2017).
8462:10.1038/s41598-018-36762-w
8344:Nutrition Research Reviews
7999:10.1152/ajpregu.00829.2007
7523:Current Psychiatry Reports
7123:10.1152/ajpregu.00200.2016
6912:10.1016/j.coph.2020.11.007
6782:10.1016/j.cjca.2015.01.015
6651:10.1152/ajpregu.00205.2002
6483:10.1016/j.jsmc.2009.01.004
5374:10.1177/074873098128999934
4906:10.1038/s41467-019-08398-5
4835:Frontiers in Plant Science
4515:10.1038/s41467-019-13045-0
4187:Biological Rhythm Research
4156:Spilde I (December 2005).
4067:. Armenian Medical Network
3833:Zivkovic BC (2007-07-25).
3658:10.1016/j.cell.2004.11.015
3458:10.1177/074873099129000786
2313:"How plants tell the time"
2008:Sleep in non-human animals
1715:
1518:
1475:Outside the "master clock"
1351:
1126:
807:Effect of light–dark cycle
451:in 1971, naming the gene "
328:In 1729, French scientist
281:
31:
9358:
9332:
9267:
9256:
9222:
9025:10.1007/s00109-003-0520-1
8891:Annual Review of Genetics
8864:10.1007/s10571-015-0295-2
8561:10.3389/fneur.2022.997181
8356:10.1017/S0954422414000055
8338:Johnston JD (June 2014).
7937:Journal of Carcinogenesis
7773:Lovato N, Lack L (2010).
7730:Journal of Sleep Research
7584:10.1016/j.ncl.2012.08.011
7535:10.1007/s11920-019-1001-8
7215:10.1191/1365782802lt057oa
6995:10.1038/s42003-019-0595-z
6871:10.1016/j.hfc.2017.05.002
6283:Molecular Systems Biology
6034:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.799214
5991:Journal of Sleep Research
5835:(Supplement_3): 15602–8.
5752:The Journal of Physiology
5289:Genes, Brain and Behavior
4658:Molecular Systems Biology
4442:"Plant circadian rhythms"
4440:McClung CR (April 2006).
4378:Webb AA (November 2003).
4207:10.1080/09291010600738551
4158:"Reinsdyr uten døgnrytme"
3418:10.3109/07420529808998685
2271:Lu GD (25 October 2002).
1977:: the period family genes
1962:Light in school buildings
1869:(also known as actimetry)
1416:dim-light melatonin onset
1338:
1248:and behavior through the
1037:MYB transcription factors
582:
113:
62:
50:
45:
8697:10.1177/0748730418768120
7902:10.2337/diacare.14.8.707
7494:"The science of jet lag"
7318:Translational Psychiatry
6822:10.1177/0748730415575246
5942:Psychoneuroendocrinology
5906:10.1177/0748730404273983
5717:10.1177/0748730405277983
2379:10.1177/0748730405278292
2099:Nature Reviews. Genetics
1933:, 7-day biological cycle
1537:rodents than in humans.
1463:, and regulation of the
1306:retinohypothalamic tract
1004:were imaged by a cooled
834:with other circadian or
390:Drosophila pseudoobscura
319:Noon and Midnight Manual
215:, meaning "around", and
9371:Diel vertical migration
9121:10.1126/science.1102540
9079:10.1126/science.6287576
8976:10.1073/pnas.0130099100
8934:. Sunderland: Sinauer.
8731:Aschoff J, ed. (1965).
8047:10.1073/pnas.0808180106
7401:Behavioral Neuroscience
7032:Cardiovascular Research
6422:Genes & Development
6251:Singh M (10 Oct 2013).
6089:10.1161/01.hyp.18.2.199
5850:10.1073/pnas.1010666108
5795:Cromie W (1999-07-15).
5332:Lalchhandama K (2017).
5152:10.1196/annals.1417.006
4848:10.3389/fpls.2015.00245
4791:10.1126/science.1115581
4303:10.1126/science.1178935
4258:10.1126/science.1176221
3889:10.1126/science.1108750
3839:A Blog Around the Clock
3741:Frontiers in Bioscience
3714:10.1126/science.8421785
3590:Drosophila melanogaster
3494:Journal of Bacteriology
3355:Die Naturwissenschaften
3223:10.1126/science.1057499
3080:10.1126/science.8171325
2596:10.1073/pnas.40.10.1018
2490:The American Naturalist
2317:The Biochemical Journal
1697:suprachiasmatic nucleus
1569:Studies also show that
1549:in 1938 (28 hours) and
1266:suprachiasmatic nucleus
1250:suprachiasmatic nucleus
992:bioluminescence imaging
683:Synechococcus elongatus
659:reactive oxygen species
572:temperature coefficient
387:turning into adult) in
8820:10.1073/pnas.182423299
8767:10.1073/pnas.181484498
8548:Frontiers in Neurology
7950:10.1186/1477-3163-5-20
7818:. eMedicine from WebMD
7816:"Renal Failure, Acute"
7287:Hardt R (1970-01-01).
6983:Communications Biology
6471:Sleep Medicine Clinics
5425:10.1098/rspb.1995.0153
4564:10.1105/tpc.105.033464
4458:10.1105/tpc.106.040980
4037:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803778
3555:10.1098/rstb.2010.0409
2790:10.1073/pnas.68.9.2112
2682:Halberg F (1959). "".
1691:Circadian rhythms and
1605:
1592:
1349:
1253:
1177:
1146:
1097:had greater levels of
1024:
944:
853:has been trialed as a
602:is missing information
508:is caused by a single
438:
418:
251:[ˈtsaɪtˌɡeːbɐ]
239:
217:
209:
9006:. New York: Springer.
8499:The Lancet. Neurology
7855:10.5527/wjn.v5.i3.224
6858:Heart Failure Clinics
5052:10.1081/CBI-120038597
4886:Nature Communications
4495:Nature Communications
3375:10.1007/s001140050651
3324:10.1081/CBI-120026099
2647:10.1186/1740-3391-1-2
1716:Further information:
1603:
1590:
1519:Further information:
1394:core body temperature
1346:
1239:
1171:
1136:
989:
942:
924:Spodoptera littoralis
909:Butterflies and moths
869:have shown that some
748:Importance in animals
686:can be reconstituted
655:Great Oxidation Event
426:
406:
315:Chinese medical texts
9050:Circadian Physiology
9048:Refinetti R (2006).
6950:(Suppl 2): S26–S38.
6592:(4 Pt 2): R1152-63.
4719:10.1105/tpc.18.00052
4621:10.4161/psb.2.5.4463
3988:10.1096/fj.12-208751
3939:10.1096/fj.12-208751
1926:Circasemidian rhythm
1797:Obesity and diabetes
1527:phase response curve
1095:Arabidopsis thaliana
1078:Arabidopsis thaliana
1001:Arabidopsis thaliana
867:University of Tromsø
9340:Behavioural ecology
9112:2005Sci...307..251T
9071:1982Sci...217.1104T
8967:2003PNAS..100.2495D
8811:2002PNAS...9911718A
8758:2001PNAS...9813751A
8635:The Washington Post
8454:2019NatSR...9..699C
8301:2011NYASA1243...30D
8097:2011PLoSO...624549S
7330:10.1038/tp.2016.262
6557:Aldrich MS (1999).
6295:10.1038/msb.2010.92
6210:2012PLoSO...730254P
5841:2011PNAS..10815602D
5662:2007PLoSO...2..721S
5479:10.1038/nature01259
5471:2002Natur.420..238G
5417:1995RSPSB.261..319G
5254:10.1038/nature01272
5246:2002Natur.420..673K
5203:10.1038/nature01122
5195:2002Natur.420..178G
5144:2008NYASA1129..350B
4966:10.1038/nature12603
4958:2013Natur.502..689H
4898:2019NatCo..10..550W
4783:2005Sci...309..630D
4613:2007PlSiB...2..370K
4507:2019NatCo..10.5219L
4384:The New Phytologist
4346:2005JInsP..51..277S
4297:(5948): 1629–1630.
4250:2009Sci...325.1700M
4244:(5948): 1700–1704.
4199:2006BioRR..37..455F
4061:"Circadian rhythms"
3881:2005Sci...308.1043T
3875:(5724): 1043–1045.
3706:1993Sci...259..239M
3549:(1574): 2141–2154.
3367:1999NW.....86..448S
3215:2001Sci...291.1040T
3209:(5506): 1040–1043.
3072:1994Sci...264..719H
2976:1984Natur.312..752B
2921:1984Natur.312..752B
2878:(2 Pt 1): 369–376.
2781:1971PNAS...68.2112K
2587:1954PNAS...40.1018P
2260:. Leipzig: Teubner.
2206:10.1038/nature11704
2198:2012Natur.491..348B
2066:10.1038/nature11088
2058:2012Natur.485..459E
1833:Society and culture
1778:acute kidney injury
1653:Depression symptoms
1455:response pathways,
1319:and located on the
668:The simplest known
649:of co-evolution of
300:Alexander the Great
9216:Biological rhythms
8442:Scientific Reports
8406:10.5271/sjweh.3143
7993:(5): R1675–R1683.
7692:10.2147/NSS.S62907
7572:Neurologic Clinics
7377:2017-05-01 at the
7117:(6): R1243–R1254.
7045:10.1093/cvr/cvx185
6690:10.5665/SLEEP.1130
6434:10.1101/gad.183500
6111:Quartel L (2014).
4670:10.1038/msb.2012.6
3295:Johnson C (2004).
3020:www.nobelprize.org
2744:(Suppl 1): 1–189.
2329:10.1042/BJ20060484
2002:Sleep architecture
1616:chronotherapeutics
1606:
1593:
1547:Nathaniel Kleitman
1365:Harvard University
1350:
1264:is located in the
1254:
1240:A variation of an
1178:
1147:
1025:
945:
665:on a daily basis.
379:demonstrated that
9394:
9393:
9160:978-0-674-13581-9
9065:(4565): 1104–11.
8941:978-0-87893-149-1
8210:10.1111/ejn.14216
8040:(11): 4453–4458.
7792:978-0-444-53702-7
6570:978-0-19-512957-1
6522:(5423): 2177–81.
5465:(6912): 238–245.
5411:(1362): 319–324.
5240:(6916): 673–678.
5189:(6912): 178–182.
5003:The Plant Journal
4952:(7473): 689–692.
4777:(5734): 630–633.
3802:10.1002/oby.20351
3700:(5092): 239–241.
3066:(5159): 719–725.
2915:(5996): 752–754.
2722:978-1-4020-3691-0
2581:(10): 1018–1029.
2282:978-0-7007-1458-2
2273:Celestial Lancets
2254:Bretzl H (1903).
2192:(7424): 348–356.
2052:(7399): 459–464.
2004:(sleep in humans)
1824:Cognitive effects
1649:metal halide lamp
1572:Cyclosa turbinata
1386:secretion by the
1049:negative feedback
625:
624:
377:Colin Pittendrigh
343:sleep deprivation
121:
120:
16:(Redirected from
9429:
9407:Circadian rhythm
9262:
9240:Ultradian rhythm
9235:Infradian rhythm
9230:Circadian rhythm
9223:Internal rhythms
9209:
9202:
9195:
9186:
9185:
9176:Circadian rhythm
9164:
9152:
9141:
9123:
9090:
9053:
9044:
9007:
8998:
8988:
8978:
8945:
8933:
8922:
8885:
8875:
8842:
8832:
8822:
8805:(18): 11718–23.
8789:
8779:
8769:
8736:
8733:Circadian Clocks
8718:
8717:
8699:
8675:
8669:
8668:
8666:
8664:
8653:
8647:
8646:
8644:
8642:
8625:
8619:
8618:
8590:
8584:
8583:
8573:
8563:
8539:
8533:
8532:
8522:
8490:
8484:
8483:
8473:
8433:
8427:
8426:
8408:
8384:
8378:
8377:
8367:
8335:
8329:
8328:
8280:
8271:
8270:
8253:(5): e147–e157.
8241:
8230:
8229:
8189:
8178:
8177:
8159:
8135:
8129:
8128:
8118:
8108:
8076:
8070:
8069:
8059:
8049:
8025:
8019:
8018:
7982:
7973:
7972:
7962:
7952:
7928:
7922:
7921:
7884:
7878:
7877:
7867:
7857:
7833:
7827:
7826:
7824:
7823:
7811:
7805:
7804:
7770:
7764:
7763:
7745:
7721:
7715:
7714:
7704:
7694:
7670:
7664:
7660:
7654:
7653:
7617:
7606:
7605:
7595:
7578:(4): 1167–1191.
7563:
7557:
7556:
7546:
7514:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7504:
7490:
7484:
7483:
7473:
7441:
7435:
7434:
7424:
7413:10.1037/a0036268
7392:
7381:
7368:
7362:
7358:
7352:
7351:
7341:
7309:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7299:
7284:
7278:
7277:
7267:
7257:
7233:
7227:
7226:
7198:
7192:
7191:
7173:
7149:
7143:
7142:
7105:
7099:
7098:
7088:
7064:
7058:
7057:
7047:
7023:
7017:
7016:
7006:
6974:
6968:
6967:
6939:
6933:
6932:
6914:
6890:
6884:
6883:
6873:
6849:
6843:
6842:
6824:
6800:
6794:
6793:
6765:
6756:
6755:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6701:
6669:
6663:
6662:
6644:
6642:10.1.1.1030.9291
6624:
6618:
6617:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6554:
6548:
6547:
6511:
6505:
6504:
6494:
6462:
6456:
6455:
6445:
6413:
6407:
6406:
6396:
6372:
6366:
6365:
6355:
6323:
6317:
6316:
6306:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6231:
6221:
6189:
6183:
6180:
6174:
6173:
6163:
6131:
6125:
6124:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6091:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6041:
6035:
6031:
6025:
6024:
6006:
5982:
5976:
5975:
5965:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5908:
5884:
5873:
5872:
5862:
5852:
5820:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5775:
5758:(Pt 3): 945–52.
5743:
5737:
5736:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5683:
5673:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5567:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5454:
5445:
5444:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5357:
5346:
5345:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5304:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5110:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5018:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4977:
4937:
4928:
4927:
4917:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4860:
4850:
4826:
4811:
4810:
4766:
4741:
4740:
4730:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4681:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4632:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4575:
4558:(8): 2255–2270.
4543:
4537:
4536:
4526:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4469:
4437:
4426:
4425:
4399:
4375:
4366:
4365:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4269:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4169:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4039:
4015:
4009:
4008:
3990:
3981:(8): 3321–3335.
3966:
3960:
3959:
3941:
3932:(8): 3321–3335.
3917:
3911:
3910:
3900:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3813:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3756:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3660:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3619:
3602:(4): 1373–1397.
3583:
3577:
3576:
3566:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3517:
3500:(8): 2439–2444.
3485:
3479:
3478:
3460:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3260:(9): 1062–1065.
3249:
3243:
3242:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3132:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3043:. 29 April 1994.
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2984:10.1038/312752a0
2970:(7): 2142–2146.
2955:
2949:
2948:
2929:10.1038/312752a0
2904:
2898:
2897:
2887:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2802:
2792:
2775:(9): 2112–2116.
2760:
2754:
2753:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2659:
2649:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2608:
2598:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2496:(858): 179–195.
2485:
2479:
2478:
2468:
2451:(9): 1643–1649.
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2417:. Archived from
2406:
2400:
2399:
2381:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2340:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2239:. Archived from
2232:
2226:
2225:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2161:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2111:10.1038/35088576
2094:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2037:
2018:Ultradian rhythm
2013:Stefania Follini
1987:Polyphasic sleep
1916:Chronodisruption
1843:Michael W. Young
1743:bipolar disorder
1555:Charles Czeisler
1437:oxidative stress
1399:plasma level of
1176:circadian rhythm
1110:
919:Danaus plexippus
898:ground squirrels
891:78 degrees North
883:70 degrees North
840:neurotransmitter
736:endocrine glands
670:circadian clocks
620:
617:
611:
595:
587:
487:Joseph Takahashi
383:(the process of
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
253:
248:
164:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
125:circadian rhythm
105:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
55:
46:Circadian rhythm
43:
42:
21:
9437:
9436:
9432:
9431:
9430:
9428:
9427:
9426:
9422:Plant cognition
9397:
9396:
9395:
9390:
9376:Light pollution
9354:
9328:
9268:External cycles
9263:
9254:
9218:
9213:
9172:
9167:
9161:
9106:(5707): 251–4.
8961:(5): 2495–500.
8942:
8752:(24): 13751–6.
8726:
8724:Further reading
8721:
8676:
8672:
8662:
8660:
8655:
8654:
8650:
8640:
8638:
8626:
8622:
8591:
8587:
8540:
8536:
8491:
8487:
8434:
8430:
8385:
8381:
8336:
8332:
8281:
8274:
8242:
8233:
8190:
8181:
8136:
8132:
8077:
8073:
8026:
8022:
7983:
7976:
7929:
7925:
7885:
7881:
7834:
7830:
7821:
7819:
7812:
7808:
7793:
7771:
7767:
7722:
7718:
7671:
7667:
7661:
7657:
7618:
7609:
7564:
7560:
7515:
7511:
7502:
7500:
7492:
7491:
7487:
7442:
7438:
7393:
7384:
7379:Wayback Machine
7369:
7365:
7359:
7355:
7310:
7306:
7297:
7295:
7285:
7281:
7248:(4): e1002127.
7234:
7230:
7199:
7195:
7150:
7146:
7106:
7102:
7065:
7061:
7024:
7020:
6975:
6971:
6940:
6936:
6891:
6887:
6850:
6846:
6801:
6797:
6766:
6759:
6730:(10): 1209–17.
6719:
6715:
6670:
6666:
6625:
6621:
6582:
6578:
6571:
6555:
6551:
6512:
6508:
6463:
6459:
6428:(23): 2950–61.
6414:
6410:
6373:
6369:
6338:(19): 7619–25.
6332:Cancer Research
6324:
6320:
6275:
6271:
6261:
6259:
6249:
6245:
6190:
6186:
6181:
6177:
6132:
6128:
6109:
6105:
6068:
6064:
6054:
6052:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6032:
6028:
5983:
5979:
5934:
5930:
5885:
5876:
5821:
5814:
5805:
5803:
5801:Harvard Gazette
5793:
5789:
5744:
5740:
5701:
5697:
5642:
5638:
5628:
5626:
5620:
5616:
5585:
5581:
5536:
5532:
5522:
5520:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5455:
5448:
5401:
5397:
5358:
5349:
5330:
5326:
5281:
5277:
5230:
5226:
5179:
5175:
5128:
5124:
5093:(1): e1102805.
5079:
5075:
5036:
5032:
4995:
4991:
4938:
4931:
4878:
4874:
4827:
4814:
4767:
4744:
4699:
4695:
4650:
4646:
4593:
4589:
4544:
4540:
4487:
4483:
4438:
4429:
4376:
4369:
4330:
4326:
4287:
4283:
4230:
4226:
4183:
4179:
4167:
4165:
4154:
4150:
4141:
4139:
4127:
4123:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4070:
4068:
4057:
4053:
4016:
4012:
3967:
3963:
3918:
3914:
3861:
3857:
3848:
3846:
3831:
3827:
3782:
3778:
3733:
3729:
3686:
3682:
3637:
3633:
3584:
3580:
3535:
3531:
3486:
3482:
3437:
3433:
3402:
3398:
3351:
3347:
3308:
3304:
3293:
3289:
3254:Nature Medicine
3250:
3246:
3199:
3195:
3158:
3154:
3109:
3105:
3052:
3048:
3041:Chicago Tribune
3038:
3037:
3033:
3024:
3022:
3014:
3013:
3009:
2956:
2952:
2905:
2901:
2864:
2860:
2820:
2816:
2761:
2757:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2707:
2703:
2680:
2676:
2626:
2622:
2567:
2563:
2524:
2517:
2486:
2482:
2437:
2433:
2424:
2422:
2407:
2403:
2358:
2354:
2309:
2305:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2269:
2265:
2252:
2248:
2233:
2229:
2182:
2175:
2138:
2134:
2095:
2091:
2038:
2031:
2027:
2022:
1997:Segmented sleep
1862:
1847:Michael Rosbash
1839:Jeffrey C. Hall
1835:
1826:
1799:
1790:
1747:sleep disorders
1720:
1714:
1709:
1678:
1676:Effect of drugs
1664:easily lead to
1661:
1629:
1627:Indoor lighting
1624:
1611:
1598:
1559:circadian clock
1543:
1523:
1517:
1477:
1441:cell metabolism
1377:
1360:
1341:
1272:located in the
1258:circadian clock
1234:
1222:
1131:
1125:
1108:
953:enzyme activity
937:
911:
863:
809:
770:
750:
663:redox reactions
621:
615:
612:
605:
596:
585:
577:
571:
518:
358:Ingeborg Beling
284:
267:
264:
261:
258:
246:
225:diurnal rhythms
204:comes from the
179:circadian clock
167:circadian cycle
132:
128:
109:
73:
69:
58:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9435:
9425:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9392:
9391:
9389:
9388:
9386:Parts of a day
9383:
9381:Solunar theory
9378:
9373:
9368:
9362:
9360:
9356:
9355:
9353:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9336:
9334:
9330:
9329:
9327:
9326:
9321:
9319:Photoperiodism
9316:
9311:
9310:
9309:
9304:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9283:
9282:
9271:
9269:
9265:
9264:
9257:
9255:
9253:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9226:
9224:
9220:
9219:
9212:
9211:
9204:
9197:
9189:
9183:
9182:
9171:
9170:External links
9168:
9166:
9165:
9159:
9142:
9091:
9054:
9045:
9008:
8999:
8946:
8940:
8923:
8886:
8858:(7): 1045–55.
8843:
8790:
8737:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8719:
8690:(3): 233–244.
8670:
8648:
8620:
8601:(1): 222–232.
8585:
8534:
8505:(3): 307–318.
8485:
8428:
8399:(4): 263–275.
8379:
8330:
8272:
8231:
8204:(1): 396–412.
8179:
8150:(7): 965–980.
8130:
8071:
8020:
7974:
7923:
7896:(8): 707–711.
7879:
7848:(3): 224–232.
7828:
7806:
7791:
7765:
7736:(2): 272–281.
7716:
7665:
7663:International.
7655:
7628:(40): 80–101.
7607:
7558:
7509:
7485:
7456:(4): 321–339.
7436:
7407:(3): 387–412.
7382:
7363:
7353:
7304:
7279:
7228:
7209:(3): 177–187.
7193:
7144:
7100:
7059:
7038:(2): 259–271.
7018:
6969:
6934:
6885:
6864:(4): 657–672.
6844:
6815:(3): 183–205.
6795:
6776:(7): 860–872.
6757:
6713:
6664:
6635:(6): R1370-7.
6619:
6576:
6569:
6560:Sleep medicine
6549:
6506:
6477:(2): 165–177.
6457:
6408:
6367:
6318:
6269:
6243:
6184:
6175:
6126:
6103:
6082:(2): 199–210.
6062:
6036:
6026:
5977:
5928:
5874:
5812:
5787:
5738:
5695:
5636:
5614:
5579:
5530:
5513:BioInteractive
5500:
5446:
5395:
5347:
5344:(Suppl): 1–13.
5338:Science Vision
5324:
5275:
5224:
5173:
5138:(1): 350–357.
5122:
5073:
5046:(3): 329–342.
5030:
5009:(3): 548–560.
4989:
4929:
4872:
4812:
4742:
4713:(4): 907–924.
4707:The Plant Cell
4693:
4644:
4607:(5): 370–372.
4587:
4552:The Plant Cell
4538:
4481:
4452:(4): 792–803.
4446:The Plant Cell
4427:
4390:(2): 281–303.
4367:
4340:(3): 277–286.
4324:
4281:
4224:
4193:(6): 455–469.
4177:
4148:
4121:
4102:(5): 335–345.
4086:
4077:
4051:
4030:(4): 658–662.
4010:
3961:
3912:
3855:
3825:
3796:(3): 421–423.
3776:
3747:(2): 564–594.
3727:
3680:
3651:(5): 693–705.
3631:
3578:
3529:
3480:
3451:(5): 378–390.
3431:
3412:(3): 219–230.
3396:
3361:(9): 448–449.
3345:
3318:(6): 901–919.
3302:
3287:
3244:
3193:
3172:(3): 348–350.
3152:
3123:(3): 465–477.
3103:
3046:
3031:
3007:
2950:
2899:
2858:
2831:(3): 701–710.
2814:
2755:
2738:Chronobiologia
2728:
2721:
2701:
2674:
2620:
2561:
2515:
2502:10.1086/281977
2480:
2431:
2401:
2372:(4): 279–290.
2352:
2303:
2288:
2281:
2263:
2246:
2243:on 2022-04-13.
2227:
2173:
2132:
2105:(9): 702–715.
2089:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1994:
1992:Rev-ErbA alpha
1989:
1984:
1978:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1834:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1732:disorientation
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1677:
1674:
1660:
1657:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1610:
1607:
1597:
1594:
1542:
1539:
1516:
1513:
1476:
1473:
1447:modification,
1405:
1404:
1397:
1391:
1376:
1373:
1340:
1337:
1294:ganglion cells
1282:photoreceptors
1233:
1230:
1221:
1218:
1127:Main article:
1124:
1118:
1013:reporter genes
957:photosynthetic
936:
933:
910:
907:
900:and nocturnal
871:Arctic animals
862:
861:Arctic animals
859:
828:photoreceptors
821:blind mole rat
808:
805:
789:Rev-ErbA alpha
769:
766:
762:photoperiodism
749:
746:
623:
622:
616:September 2021
599:
597:
590:
584:
581:
580:
579:
575:
569:
556:
534:
517:
514:
445:Seymour Benzer
400:was coined by
347:J.S. Szymanski
298:serving under
296:ship's captain
283:
280:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
108:
107:
66:
64:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9434:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9404:
9402:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9363:
9361:
9357:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9345:Chronobiology
9343:
9341:
9338:
9337:
9335:
9331:
9325:
9324:Vernalization
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9299:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9292:Cathemerality
9290:
9288:
9285:
9281:
9280:Diurnal cycle
9278:
9277:
9276:
9273:
9272:
9270:
9266:
9261:
9251:
9250:Annual rhythm
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9227:
9225:
9221:
9217:
9210:
9205:
9203:
9198:
9196:
9191:
9190:
9187:
9181:
9177:
9174:
9173:
9162:
9156:
9151:
9150:
9143:
9139:
9135:
9131:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9113:
9109:
9105:
9101:
9097:
9092:
9088:
9084:
9080:
9076:
9072:
9068:
9064:
9060:
9055:
9051:
9046:
9042:
9038:
9034:
9030:
9026:
9022:
9019:(4): 256–64.
9018:
9014:
9009:
9005:
9000:
8996:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8968:
8964:
8960:
8956:
8952:
8947:
8943:
8937:
8932:
8931:
8924:
8920:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8904:
8900:
8896:
8892:
8887:
8883:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8865:
8861:
8857:
8853:
8849:
8844:
8840:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8804:
8800:
8796:
8791:
8787:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8759:
8755:
8751:
8747:
8743:
8738:
8734:
8729:
8728:
8715:
8711:
8707:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8689:
8685:
8681:
8674:
8658:
8652:
8637:
8636:
8631:
8624:
8616:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8600:
8596:
8589:
8581:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8538:
8530:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8512:
8508:
8504:
8500:
8496:
8489:
8481:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8463:
8459:
8455:
8451:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8432:
8424:
8420:
8416:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8398:
8394:
8390:
8383:
8375:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8350:(1): 107–18.
8349:
8345:
8341:
8334:
8326:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8310:
8306:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8290:
8286:
8279:
8277:
8268:
8264:
8260:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8240:
8238:
8236:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8199:
8195:
8188:
8186:
8184:
8175:
8171:
8167:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8134:
8126:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8091:(9): e24549.
8090:
8086:
8082:
8075:
8067:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8039:
8035:
8031:
8024:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7981:
7979:
7970:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7934:
7927:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7891:
7890:Diabetes Care
7883:
7875:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7832:
7817:
7810:
7802:
7798:
7794:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7769:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7727:
7720:
7712:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7669:
7659:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7616:
7614:
7612:
7603:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7562:
7554:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7513:
7499:
7495:
7489:
7481:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7440:
7432:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7391:
7389:
7387:
7380:
7376:
7373:
7367:
7361:
7357:
7349:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7319:
7315:
7308:
7294:
7290:
7283:
7275:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7232:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7197:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7148:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7104:
7096:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7063:
7055:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7022:
7014:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6973:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6938:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6889:
6881:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6848:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6799:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6764:
6762:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6717:
6709:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6684:(7): 931–41.
6683:
6679:
6675:
6668:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6623:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6580:
6572:
6566:
6562:
6561:
6553:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6510:
6502:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6461:
6453:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6412:
6404:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6387:(6): 1220–3.
6386:
6382:
6378:
6371:
6363:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6322:
6314:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6273:
6258:
6254:
6247:
6239:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6204:(1): e30254.
6203:
6199:
6195:
6188:
6179:
6171:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6130:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6107:
6099:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6066:
6051:on 2014-10-04
6050:
6046:
6040:
6030:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5997:(2): 117–27.
5996:
5992:
5988:
5981:
5973:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5932:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5899:(2): 178–88.
5898:
5894:
5890:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5870:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5819:
5817:
5802:
5798:
5791:
5783:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5742:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5711:(4): 326–38.
5710:
5706:
5699:
5691:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5640:
5625:
5618:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5583:
5575:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5534:
5519:on 5 May 2015
5518:
5514:
5510:
5504:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5453:
5451:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5399:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5328:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5279:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5228:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5177:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5126:
5118:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5077:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5034:
5026:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4993:
4985:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4934:
4925:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4876:
4868:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4738:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4697:
4689:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4648:
4640:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4591:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4534:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4485:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4374:
4372:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4164:on 2007-12-03
4163:
4159:
4152:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4081:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4014:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3975:FASEB Journal
3972:
3965:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3926:FASEB Journal
3923:
3916:
3908:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3845:on 2008-01-01
3844:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3298:
3291:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3266:10.1038/12502
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3042:
3035:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2724:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2520:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2421:on 2003-10-20
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2292:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2178:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1952:Diurnal cycle
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:Chronobiology
1909:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:were awarded
1848:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1783:
1782:direct effect
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1619:
1617:
1602:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1564:sleep latency
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:Derk-Jan Dijk
1548:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1229:
1227:
1220:PER-TIM model
1217:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1062:repressilator
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:, as well as
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:
998:seedlings of
997:
993:
988:
984:
982:
981:cryptochromes
978:
973:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
941:
932:
930:
926:
925:
920:
916:
906:
903:
899:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
858:
856:
852:
851:Light therapy
848:
843:
841:
837:
831:
829:
825:
822:
818:
814:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
765:
763:
759:
755:
745:
742:
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
717:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
684:
679:
678:cyanobacteria
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
641:
639:
635:
631:
619:
609:
603:
600:This section
598:
594:
589:
588:
573:
564:
560:
557:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
535:
531:
526:
523:
522:
521:
513:
511:
507:
503:
502:morning larks
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
425:
423:
417:
415:
411:
405:
403:
402:Franz Halberg
399:
394:
392:
391:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
370:Erwin Bünning
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:Auguste Forel
350:
348:
344:
339:
337:
336:
335:Mimosa pudica
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
279:
277:
273:
252:
244:
243:
242:
237:
233:
228:
226:
222:
221:
220:
214:
213:
212:
207:
203:
198:
196:
195:cyanobacteria
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
162:
126:
116:
112:
103:
68:
67:
65:
63:Pronunciation
61:
54:
49:
44:
39:
35:
30:
19:
9287:Nocturnality
9245:Lunar rhythm
9229:
9148:
9103:
9099:
9062:
9058:
9049:
9016:
9012:
9003:
8958:
8954:
8929:
8894:
8890:
8855:
8851:
8802:
8798:
8749:
8745:
8732:
8687:
8683:
8673:
8661:. Retrieved
8651:
8639:. Retrieved
8633:
8623:
8598:
8594:
8588:
8551:
8547:
8537:
8502:
8498:
8488:
8445:
8441:
8431:
8396:
8392:
8382:
8347:
8343:
8333:
8295:(1): 30–46.
8292:
8288:
8250:
8246:
8201:
8197:
8147:
8143:
8133:
8088:
8084:
8074:
8037:
8033:
8023:
7990:
7986:
7940:
7936:
7926:
7893:
7889:
7882:
7845:
7841:
7831:
7820:. Retrieved
7809:
7774:
7768:
7733:
7729:
7719:
7682:
7678:
7668:
7658:
7625:
7621:
7575:
7571:
7561:
7526:
7522:
7512:
7501:. Retrieved
7497:
7488:
7453:
7449:
7439:
7404:
7400:
7366:
7356:
7324:(1): e1017.
7321:
7317:
7307:
7296:. Retrieved
7293:Academia.edu
7292:
7282:
7245:
7242:PLOS Biology
7241:
7231:
7206:
7202:
7196:
7161:
7157:
7147:
7114:
7110:
7103:
7076:
7072:
7062:
7035:
7031:
7021:
6986:
6982:
6972:
6947:
6943:
6937:
6902:
6898:
6888:
6861:
6857:
6847:
6812:
6808:
6798:
6773:
6769:
6727:
6723:
6716:
6681:
6677:
6667:
6632:
6628:
6622:
6589:
6585:
6579:
6559:
6552:
6519:
6515:
6509:
6474:
6470:
6460:
6425:
6421:
6411:
6384:
6380:
6370:
6335:
6331:
6321:
6286:
6282:
6272:
6260:. Retrieved
6256:
6246:
6201:
6197:
6187:
6178:
6143:
6139:
6129:
6120:
6116:
6106:
6079:
6076:Hypertension
6075:
6065:
6055:20 September
6053:. Retrieved
6049:the original
6039:
6029:
5994:
5990:
5980:
5945:
5941:
5931:
5896:
5892:
5832:
5828:
5804:. Retrieved
5800:
5790:
5755:
5751:
5741:
5708:
5704:
5698:
5653:
5649:
5639:
5627:. Retrieved
5617:
5592:
5588:
5582:
5547:
5543:
5533:
5521:. Retrieved
5517:the original
5512:
5503:
5462:
5458:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5368:(1): 70–87.
5365:
5361:
5341:
5337:
5327:
5295:(2): 65–76.
5292:
5288:
5278:
5237:
5233:
5227:
5186:
5182:
5176:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5090:
5086:
5076:
5043:
5039:
5033:
5006:
5002:
4992:
4949:
4945:
4889:
4885:
4875:
4838:
4834:
4774:
4770:
4710:
4706:
4696:
4661:
4657:
4647:
4604:
4600:
4590:
4555:
4551:
4541:
4498:
4494:
4484:
4449:
4445:
4387:
4383:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4241:
4237:
4227:
4218:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4172:
4166:. Retrieved
4162:the original
4151:
4140:. Retrieved
4134:
4124:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4080:
4069:. Retrieved
4064:
4054:
4027:
4023:
4013:
3978:
3974:
3964:
3929:
3925:
3915:
3872:
3868:
3858:
3847:. Retrieved
3843:the original
3838:
3828:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3754:10.2741/3634
3744:
3740:
3730:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3648:
3644:
3634:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3581:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3497:
3493:
3483:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3296:
3290:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3040:
3034:
3023:. Retrieved
3019:
3010:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2772:
2768:
2758:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2711:
2704:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2669:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2534:(1): 16–54.
2531:
2527:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2423:. Retrieved
2419:the original
2414:
2404:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2323:(1): 15–24.
2320:
2316:
2306:
2297:
2291:
2272:
2266:
2256:
2249:
2241:the original
2230:
2189:
2185:
2152:(2): 85–93.
2149:
2145:
2135:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2049:
2045:
1937:Cryptochrome
1855:
1836:
1827:
1811:
1800:
1791:
1759:
1755:
1740:
1721:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1662:
1638:
1630:
1612:
1596:Human health
1582:C. turbinata
1581:
1577:C. turbinata
1576:
1570:
1568:
1544:
1524:
1506:
1478:
1469:
1430:
1424:
1415:
1413:
1406:
1396:minimum, and
1388:pineal gland
1378:
1361:
1333:
1329:
1313:pineal gland
1310:
1299:
1274:hypothalamus
1256:The primary
1255:
1225:
1223:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1121:
1114:
1105:
1103:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1040:
1026:
999:
977:phytochromes
974:
961:endogenously
946:
922:
918:
912:
895:
864:
844:
832:
823:
813:free-running
810:
771:
751:
729:
714:
712:
687:
681:
667:
642:
633:
629:
626:
613:
601:
558:
536:
524:
519:
499:
494:
490:
485:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
448:
439:
433:
429:
427:
419:
413:
412:(about) and
409:
407:
397:
395:
388:
374:
351:
340:
333:
327:
322:
318:
312:
292:Androsthenes
288:Theophrastus
285:
238:
229:
224:
216:
208:
201:
199:
166:
124:
122:
29:
9314:Seasonality
9297:Crepuscular
8144:Circulation
7498:Timeshifter
5656:(8): e721.
5622:Kalpesh J.
5595:: 215–221.
4501:(1): 5219.
2690:: 225–296.
2409:Danchin A.
1931:Circaseptan
1815:or chronic
1531:illuminance
1509:liver cells
1409:chronotypes
1321:epithalamus
1106:Arabidopsis
1099:chlorophyll
1091:Arabidopsis
1086:Arabidopsis
1069:A. thaliana
1045:PRR 7 and 9
1041:Arabidopsis
785:hyperphagic
708:prokaryotic
646:ultraviolet
634:environment
541:entrainment
441:Ron Konopka
366:Hans Kalmus
362:fruit flies
9401:Categories
9366:Chronotype
9307:Vespertine
9275:Diurnality
8897:: 513–43.
8663:October 2,
8641:October 2,
8554:: 997181.
8448:(1): 699.
7822:2008-08-03
7503:2023-01-03
7298:2016-12-24
6146:: 445–62.
5806:2015-07-04
5629:11 January
5550:: 551–77.
4892:(1): 550.
4168:2007-11-24
4142:2012-12-17
4071:2007-09-19
3849:2007-12-09
3025:2017-10-06
2425:2008-01-12
2025:References
1890:, such as
1867:Actigraphy
1813:Shift work
1712:Disruption
1634:irradiance
1482:oesophagus
1445:epigenetic
1433:heart rate
1420:metabolite
1352:See also:
1302:melanopsin
1246:physiology
1242:eskinogram
1232:In mammals
1226:Drosophila
1194:doubletime
1181:Drosophila
1174:Drosophila
1163:optic lobe
1155:Drosophila
1151:Drosophila
1143:Drosophila
1139:Drosophila
1122:Drosophila
1010:luciferase
1006:CCD camera
996:Transgenic
949:Nyctinasty
902:porcupines
847:spacecraft
817:endogenous
756:activity,
754:brain wave
732:Gene Block
716:Drosophila
549:time zones
530:endogenous
510:amino acid
477:Drosophila
449:Drosophila
265:time giver
232:zeitgebers
171:endogenous
9302:Matutinal
7685:: 73–84.
7529:(3): 14.
7223:109776194
7180:2468-8673
7164:: 30–37.
7079:: 24–37.
6929:229332749
6905:: 60–70.
6637:CiteSeerX
5948:: 25–41.
4319:206522416
4220:and rest?
4136:Space.com
1837:In 2017,
1762:power-nap
1745:and some
1641:melatonin
1535:nocturnal
1465:stem cell
1461:autophagy
1453:hyperoxia
1384:melatonin
1369:solar day
1325:melatonin
1317:pine cone
1252:in humans
1058:TOC1 gene
1053:TOC1 gene
935:In plants
929:pheromone
875:ptarmigan
842:rhythms.
836:ultradian
777:deletions
773:Mutations
608:talk page
545:zeitgeber
398:circadian
396:The term
241:Zeitgeber
202:circadian
200:The term
175:entrained
114:Frequency
18:Circadian
9359:See also
9350:Ethology
9130:15550625
9033:14985853
8995:12604787
8919:36703896
8911:14616072
8882:26886755
8839:12193657
8786:11707566
8706:29665713
8615:33506911
8580:36419534
8529:30784558
8480:30679522
8423:35457083
8415:21243319
8374:24666537
8325:43621902
8317:22211891
8267:26810355
8226:53031343
8218:30357975
8174:73436800
8166:30742538
8125:21931750
8085:PLOS ONE
8066:19255424
8015:13356393
8007:18272659
7969:16901343
7918:12489921
7874:27152260
7801:21075238
7760:22815227
7752:19645971
7711:25018659
7642:24468109
7602:23099133
7553:30826893
7480:25457753
7431:24731209
7375:Archived
7348:28140399
7274:25884537
7188:80632426
7139:36325095
7131:27733386
7095:28223222
7054:28927226
7013:31602405
6921:33340915
6880:28865775
6839:21868234
6831:25800587
6790:26031297
6752:11643058
6744:25222348
6708:21731143
6659:12388468
6606:10516257
6536:10381883
6501:20161220
6452:11114885
6403:12485420
6362:19752089
6313:21119632
6238:22253927
6198:PLOS ONE
6170:22483041
6013:10849238
5972:28578301
5923:36360463
5915:15834114
5869:21536890
5782:12717008
5733:20140030
5725:16077152
5690:17684566
5650:PLOS ONE
5609:28533170
5574:20148688
5487:12432409
5390:17944849
5319:26099539
5311:15720403
5262:12442174
5211:12432393
5160:18591494
5117:27066180
5068:15099796
5060:15332440
5025:17877705
4984:24153186
4924:30710080
4867:25914715
4807:25739247
4799:16040710
4737:29618629
4688:22395476
4639:19704602
4582:16006578
4533:31745087
4476:16595397
4422:15688409
4414:33832173
4362:15749110
4311:19779177
4276:19779201
4215:84625255
4046:18071340
4005:31204290
3997:22562834
3956:31204290
3948:22562834
3907:15845877
3820:23456944
3771:36170900
3763:20036834
3675:15633902
3667:15550250
3626:28360128
3596:Genetics
3573:21690131
3524:11274102
3475:13390422
3467:10511005
3391:13401297
3383:10501695
3340:10899279
3332:14680135
3282:14809619
3274:10470086
3231:11232563
3188:16675389
3147:19028601
3139:16675400
3002:16593450
2696:14398945
2666:14728726
2640:(1): 2.
2615:16589583
2556:45054898
2510:83886607
2475:19878281
2396:13538323
2388:16077148
2347:16761955
2300:: 35–36.
2222:27778254
2214:23151577
2168:11584554
2127:13286388
2119:11533719
2084:22622569
1860:See also
1806:diabetes
1774:azotemia
1749:such as
1736:insomnia
1494:pancreas
1401:cortisol
1159:eclosion
969:proteins
887:Svalbard
879:reindeer
801:diabetes
688:in vitro
630:internal
563:kinetics
516:Criteria
491:clockΔ19
381:eclosion
321:and the
308:tamarind
9138:9447128
9108:Bibcode
9100:Science
9087:6287576
9067:Bibcode
9059:Science
8963:Bibcode
8873:4967018
8807:Bibcode
8754:Bibcode
8714:4933390
8571:9677942
8520:6426656
8471:6346005
8450:Bibcode
8365:4078443
8297:Bibcode
8116:3169622
8093:Bibcode
8057:2657421
7960:1557490
7910:1954805
7865:4848147
7702:4075951
7650:6809964
7593:3523094
7544:6812517
7471:4402095
7450:Alcohol
7422:4041815
7339:5299389
7265:4401556
7004:6776554
6989:: 353.
6964:7898092
6699:3119835
6614:4474347
6544:8516106
6516:Science
6492:2717723
6353:2756309
6304:3010105
6289:: 438.
6229:3256228
6206:Bibcode
6161:3710582
6098:1885228
6021:6104127
5963:5568897
5860:3176605
5837:Bibcode
5773:2342968
5681:1934931
5658:Bibcode
5565:3758475
5467:Bibcode
5441:7024361
5433:8587874
5413:Bibcode
5382:9486845
5270:4414176
5242:Bibcode
5219:4428779
5191:Bibcode
5168:2639040
5140:Bibcode
5108:4802797
4975:3827739
4954:Bibcode
4915:6358598
4894:Bibcode
4858:4391236
4841:: 245.
4779:Bibcode
4771:Science
4728:5973845
4679:3321525
4664:: 574.
4630:2634215
4609:Bibcode
4573:1182487
4524:6864062
4503:Bibcode
4467:1425852
4406:1514280
4342:Bibcode
4291:Science
4267:2754321
4246:Bibcode
4238:Science
4195:Bibcode
4116:8522148
3898:3764501
3877:Bibcode
3869:Science
3811:3655529
3790:Obesity
3722:8421785
3702:Bibcode
3694:Science
3617:5378101
3564:3130368
3426:9653576
3363:Bibcode
3239:1848310
3211:Bibcode
3203:Science
3098:8171325
3089:3839659
3068:Bibcode
3060:Science
2972:Bibcode
2945:4259316
2937:6440029
2917:Bibcode
2894:6094014
2845:6435882
2809:5002428
2777:Bibcode
2583:Bibcode
2548:8466172
2466:2929840
2338:1479754
2194:Bibcode
2159:6707128
2075:3398137
2054:Bibcode
1817:jet lag
1802:Obesity
1728:fatigue
1724:jet lag
1701:cocaine
1666:fatigue
1449:hypoxia
1288:" and "
1262:mammals
873:(e.g.,
797:glucose
793:obesity
758:hormone
553:jet lag
282:History
259:
247:German:
183:animals
9333:Fields
9180:Curlie
9157:
9136:
9128:
9085:
9041:871822
9039:
9031:
8993:
8986:151369
8983:
8938:
8917:
8909:
8880:
8870:
8837:
8830:129335
8827:
8784:
8774:
8712:
8704:
8613:
8578:
8568:
8527:
8517:
8478:
8468:
8421:
8413:
8372:
8362:
8323:
8315:
8265:
8224:
8216:
8172:
8164:
8123:
8113:
8064:
8054:
8013:
8005:
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