1953:, themselves divided into arrondissements, themselves divided into cantons, themselves divided into communes, no exceptions. All of these communes would have equal status, they would all have a mayor at their head and a municipal council elected by the inhabitants of the commune. This was a real revolution for the thousands of villages that never had experienced organized municipal life before. A communal house had to be built in each of these villages, which would house the meetings of the municipal council as well as the administration of the commune. Some in the National Assembly were opposed to such a fragmentation of France into thousands of communes, but eventually
2311:) in their own name instead of those of the communes, and with the same level of taxation across the communes of the community. The communities must also manage some services previously performed by the communes, such as garbage collection or transport, but the law also makes it mandatory for the communities to manage other areas such as economic planning and development, housing projects, or environment protection. Communities of communes are required to manage the fewest areas, leaving the communes more autonomous, while urban communities are required to manage most matters, leaving the communes within them with less autonomy.
710:
447:
2345:
because the suburban communes refused an urban community for fear of losing too much power, and opted for a community of agglomeration, despite the fact that a community of agglomeration receives less government funds than an urban community. As for Paris, no intercommunal structure has emerged there, the suburbs of Paris fearing the concept of a "Greater Paris", and so disunity still is the rule in the metropolitan area, with the suburbs of Paris creating many different intercommunal structures all without the city.
1938:) passed a law creating the commune, designed to be the lowest level of administrative division in France, thus endorsing these independently created communes, but also creating communes of its own. In this area as in many others, the work of the National Assembly was, properly speaking, revolutionary: not content with transforming all the chartered cities and towns into communes, the National Assembly also decided to turn all the village parishes into full-status communes. The Revolutionaries were inspired by
2750:
330:
2333:
the services previously managed by the syndicate, contrary to the spirit of the law which has established the new intercommunal structures to carry out a much broader range of activities than that undertaken by the old syndicates. Some say that, should government money transfers be stopped, many of these communities of communes would revert to their former status of syndicate, or simply completely disappear in places where there were no syndicates prior to the law.
2688:
2055:
years ago, with the same limits. Countless rural communes that had hundreds of inhabitants at the time of the French
Revolution now have only a hundred inhabitants or fewer. On the other hand, cities and towns have grown so much that their urbanized area is now extending far beyond the limits of their commune which were set at the time of the revolution. The most extreme example of this is Paris, where the urbanized area sprawls over 396 communes.
2764:
2169:
146:
649:
84:
43:
2008:), with only the central state having legal "personality." By 1837 that situation was judged impractical, as mayors and municipal councils could not be parties in courts. The consequence of the change, however, was that tens of thousands of villages which had never had legal "personality" (contrary to the chartered cities) suddenly became legal entities for the first time in their history. This is still the case today.
248:
3619:
1734:, the priest in charge of the parish was also required to record baptisms, marriages, and burials. Except for these tasks, villages were left to handle other issues as they pleased. Typically, villagers would gather to decide over a special issue regarding the community, such as agricultural land usage, but there existed no permanent municipal body. In many places, the local feudal lord (
2035:, which were part of France between 1795 and 1815). This was fewer than the 60,000 parishes that existed before the revolution (in cities and towns, parishes were merged into one single commune; in the countryside, some very small parishes were merged with bigger ones), but 41,000 was still a considerable number, without any comparison in the world at the time, except in the empire of
2337:
urban area: some communes refusing to take part in it, or even creating their own structure. In some urban areas like
Marseille there exist four distinct intercommunal structures! In many areas, rich communes have joined with other rich communes and have refused to let in poorer communes, for fear that their citizens would be overtaxed to the benefit of poorer suburbs.
2225:) denotes several forms of cooperation between communes. Such cooperation first made its appearance at the end of the 19th century in the form of a law on 22 March 1890, which provided for the establishment of single-purpose intercommunal associations. French lawmakers having long been aware of the inadequacy of the communal structure inherited from the
1715:), and there were up to 60,000 of them in the kingdom. A parish was essentially a church, the houses around it (known as the village), and the cultivated land around the village. France was the most populous country in Europe at this time, with a population of approximately 25 million inhabitants in the late 18th century (
2332:
These impressive results however may hide a murkier reality. In rural areas, many communes have entered a community of communes only to benefit from government funds. Often the local syndicate has been turned officially into a community of communes, the new community of communes in fact managing only
2320:
In exchange for the creation of a community, the government allocates money to them based on their population, thus providing an incentive for communes to team up and form communities. Communities of communes are given the least money per inhabitant, whereas urban communities are given the most money
1530:
The median population given here should not hide the fact that there are pronounced differences in size between French communes. As mentioned in the introduction, a commune can be a city of 2 million inhabitants such as Paris, a town of 10,000 inhabitants, or just a hamlet of 10 inhabitants. What the
2336:
In urban areas, the new intercommunal structures are much more a reality, being created by local decision-makers out of genuine belief in the worth of working together. However, in many places, local feuds have arisen, and it was not possible to set up an intercommunal structure for the whole of the
2256:
Those without fiscal power, the loosest form of intercommunality. Mainly in this category are the traditional syndicates of communes. Communes gather and contribute financially to the syndicate, but the syndicate cannot levy its own taxes. Communes can leave the syndicate at any time. Syndicates can
2244:
The Chevènement law tidied up all these practices, abolishing some structures and creating new ones. In addition, it offered central government finance aimed at encouraging further communes to join in intercommunal structures. Unlike the only partially successful statute enacted in 1966 and enabling
1689:
From 1794 to 1977 — except for a few months in 1848 and 1870-1871 — Paris had no mayor and was thus directly controlled by the departmental prefect. This meant that Paris had less autonomy than certain towns or villages. Even after Paris regained the right to elect its own mayor in 1977, the central
2131:
Mergers, however, are not easy to achieve. One problem is that mergers reduce the number of available elected positions, and thus are not popular with local politicians. Moreover, citizens from one village may be unwilling to have their local services run by an executive located in another village,
1534:
In metropolitan France 57 percent of the 36,683 communes have fewer than 500 inhabitants and, with 4,638,000 inhabitants, these smaller communes constitute just 7.7 percent of the total population. In other words, just 8 percent of the French population live in 57 percent of its communes, whilst 92
2348:
One major often raised problem with intercommunality, is the fact that the intercommunal structures are not subject to direct election by the people, so it is the representatives of each individual commune that sit in the new structure. As a consequence, civil servants and bureaucrats are the ones
2340:
Moreover, intercommunal structures in many urban areas are still new, and fragile: Tensions exist between communes; the city at the center of the urban area often is suspected of wishing to dominate the suburban communes; communes from opposing political sides also may be suspicious of each other.
2127:
offered support and money from the government to entice the communes to merge freely with each other, but the law had only a limited effect (only about 1,300 communes agreed to merge with others). Many rural communes with few residents struggle to maintain and manage basic services such as running
2074:
were decreased from 24,400 to 8,400 in the space of a few years – France only carried out mergers at the margin, and those were mostly carried out during the 19th century. From 41,000 communes at the time of the French
Revolution, the number decreased to 37,963 in 1921, to 36,569 in
2054:
have all depopulated the countryside and increased the size of cities. French administrative divisions, however, have remained extremely rigid and unchanged. Today about 90 percent of communes and departments are exactly the same as those designed at the time of the French
Revolution more than 200
2467:
in 1916. After the war, it was decided that the land previously occupied by the destroyed villages would not be incorporated into other communes, as a testament to these villages which had "died for France", as they were declared, and to preserve their memory. The following communes are entirely
1994:
Today, French communes are still very much the same in their general principles as those that were established at the beginning of the
Revolution. The biggest changes occurred in 1831, when the French Parliament re-established the principle of the election of municipal councils, and in 1837 when
1643:
French law makes allowances for the vast differences in commune size in a number of areas of administrative law. The size of the municipal council, the method of electing the municipal council, the maximum allowable pay of the mayor and deputy mayors, and municipal campaign finance limits (among
1599:
section below) to 904 in
January 2007. Consequently, the Alsace region—despite having a land area only one-fifth the size and a total population only one-sixth of that of its neighbor Baden-Württemberg—has almost as many municipalities. The small Alsace region has more than double the number of
2344:
Two famous examples of this are
Toulouse and Paris. In Toulouse, on top of there being six intercommunal structures, the main community of Toulouse and its suburbs is only a community of agglomeration, although Toulouse is large enough to create an Urban Community according to the law. This is
2063:
in 1859, but after 1859 the limits of Paris rigidified. Unlike most other
European countries, which stringently merged their communes to better reflect modern-day densities of population (such as Germany and Italy around 1970), dramatically decreasing the number of communes in the
2003:
revolutionaries were afraid of independent local powers, which they saw as conservative and opposed to the revolution, and so they favored a powerful central state. Therefore, when they created the communes, they deprived them of any legal "personality" (as they did with the
1594:
or communities was reduced from 3,378 in 1968 to 1,108 in
September 2007. In comparison, the number of communes in Alsace was only reduced from 946 in 1971 (just before the Marcellin law aimed at encouraging French communes to merge with each other was passed, see
2240:
for the provision of such services as refuse collection and water supply. Suburban communes often team up with the city at the core of their urban area to form a community charged with managing public transport or even administering the collection of local taxes.
1640:), with exactly the same powers no matter the size of the commune. This uniformity of status is a legacy of the French Revolution, which wanted to do away with the local idiosyncrasies and tremendous differences in status that existed in the kingdom of France.
1513:
population of metropolitan France's communes at the 1999 census was 380 inhabitants. Again this is a very small number, and here France stands absolutely apart in Europe, with the lowest communes' median population of all the
European countries (communes in
1496:
are large by French standards. They usually group into the same commune several villages or towns, often with sizeable distances among them. In RĂ©union, demographic expansion and sprawling urbanization have resulted in the administrative splitting of some
1766:. They had been emancipated from the power of feudal lords in the 12th and 13th centuries, had municipal bodies which administered the city, and bore some resemblance with the communes that the French Revolution would establish except for two key points:
1554:, and still has no fewer than 904 communes. This high number is typical of metropolitan France but is atypical when compared with other European countries. It shows the distinctive nature of the French commune as a geo-political or administrative entity.
1726:), made up of villagers, which managed the buildings of the parish church, the churchyard, and the other numerous church estates and properties, and sometimes also provided help for the poor, or even administered parish hospitals or schools. Since the
711:
1919:, their office had been suppressed by the king, then reinstated but with strict control from the king, and so they had ended up being viewed by the people as yet another representative of the king, no longer the embodiment of a free municipality.
2324:
The Chevènement law has been extremely successful in the sense that a majority of French communes now have joined the new intercommunal structures. On 1 January 2007, there were 2,573 such communities in metropolitan France (including five
1960:
On 20 September 1792, the recording of births, marriages, and deaths also was withdrawn as a responsibility of the priests of the parishes and handed to the mayors. Civil marriages were established and started to be performed in the
4337:
2082:
as France, and even there an extensive merger movement has started in the last 10 years. To better grasp the staggering number of communes in France, two comparisons can be made: First, of the original 15 member states of the
1522:
may cover a smaller area, as mentioned above, but they are more populated). This small median population of French communes can be compared with Italy, where the median population of communes in 2001 was 2,343 inhabitants,
2329:, a category currently being phased out), made up of 33,327 communes (91.1 percent of all the communes of metropolitan France), and 52.86 million inhabitants, i.e., 86.7 percent of the population of metropolitan France.
2058:
Paris in fact was one of the very few communes of France whose limits were extended to take into account the expansion of the urbanized area. The new, larger, commune of Paris was set up under the oversight of Emperor
1981:
to re-establish peace in France, stabilize the new administrative system, and make it generally accepted by the population. Napoleon also abolished the election of the municipal councils, which now were chosen by the
1946:. They wanted to do away with all the peculiarities of the past and establish a perfect society, in which all and everything should be equal and set up according to reason, rather than by tradition or conservatism.
4330:
3336:
1969:" – "In the name of the law, I declare you united by the bonds of marriage."). Priests were forced to surrender their centuries-old baptism, marriage, and burial books, which were deposited in the
3386:
On 20 September 1792, following the massacre of some 250 priests, the Legislative Assembly secularized the registration of births, marriages, and deaths, which became the responsibility of mayors.
2326:
2307:
These three structures are given varying levels of fiscal power, with the community of agglomeration and the urban community having the most fiscal power, levying the local tax on corporations (
4323:
2011:
During the revolution, approximately 41,000 communes were created, on territory corresponding to the limits of modern-day France (the 41,000 figure includes the communes of the departments of
1915:
was shot by the crowd on the steps of Paris City Hall. Although in the Middle Ages the provosts of the merchants symbolized the independence of Paris and even had openly rebelled against King
1770:
these municipal bodies were not democratic; they were usually in the hands of some rich bourgeois families upon whom, over time, nobility had been conferred, so they can be better labeled as
3056:
2321:
per inhabitant, thus pushing communes to form more integrated communities where they have fewer powers, which they might otherwise have been loath to do if it were not for government money.
1531:
median population tells us is that the vast majority of the French communes only have a few hundred inhabitants, but there are also a small number of communes with much higher populations.
1376:(6,852 inhabitants). It was previously a commune inside the Guadeloupe region. The commune structure was abolished when Saint-Barthélemy became an overseas collectivity on 22 February 2007.
3501:
3121:
3088:
3023:
2143:
can be created by merger of a number of communes at the request of the municipal councils of all the communes or at the initiative of the state representative in the department (the
1582:
Most of the communes in Alsace, along with those in other regions of France, have rejected the central government's calls for mergers and rationalization. By way of contrast, in the
1419:
area of metropolitan France's communes at the 1999 census was even smaller, at 10.73 square kilometres (4.14 sq mi). The median area gives a better sense of the size of a
1663:
is the only administrative unit below the commune in the French Republic but exists only in these three communes. These municipal arrondissements are not to be confused with the
1719:
in contrast had only 6 million inhabitants), which accounts for the large number of parishes. French kings often prided themselves on ruling over a "realm of 100,000 steeples".
3456:
1930:
to quell the ongoing revolution. Several other cities of France quickly followed suit, and communes arose everywhere, each with their municipal guard. On 14 December 1789, the
2257:
be set up for a particular purpose or to deal with several simultaneous matters. These structures have been left untouched by the Chevènement law, and they are on the decline.
892:(1871) which could have more felicitously been called, in English, "the rising of the City of Paris". There is nothing intrinsically different between "town" in English and
678:
778:
are based on historical geographic communities or villages and are vested with significant powers to manage the populations and land of the geographic area covered. The
2837:. However, many smaller communes have retained their native name. Other examples of retained names in the languages once spoken, or still spoken, on French territory:
888:" in English has a historical association with socialist and collectivist political movements and philosophies. This association arises in part from the rising of the
2151:(lit. "delegated communes") in the place of the former communes, which are represented by a delegated mayor and a delegated council. Between 2012 and 2021, about 820
1926:
was immediately set up to replace the old medieval chartered city of Paris, and a municipal guard was established to protect Paris against any attempt made by King
4512:
4532:
3328:
2412:
2087:
there are approximately 75,000 communes; France alone, which comprises 16 percent of the population of the EU-15, had nearly half of its communes. Second, the
4073:
1686:(except for personnel matters) with the passage of the law of 21 February 1996 for legislation and decree number 2000-318 of 7 April 2000 for regulations.
3526:
4085:
3707:
3591:
2785:
In areas where languages other than French are or were spoken, most place-names have been translated into a French spelling and pronunciation, such as
2249:
of 1971, the Chevènement law met with a large measure of success, so that a majority of French communes are now involved in intercommunal structures.
3418:
3117:
4377:
4235:
3049:
2452:
671:
1586:
bordering Alsace, the geo-political and administrative areas have been subject to various re-organizations from the 1960s onward. In the state of
4079:
1571:
which, in spite of having a population nine times larger and a land area four times larger than Alsace, is divided into just 390 municipalities (
1819:
ranking above the others, a sort of mayor, although not with the same authority and executive powers as a modern mayor. This "mayor" was called
3493:
3821:
3761:
4013:
2721:
1949:
Thus, they set out to establish administrative divisions that would be uniform across the country: the whole of France would be divided into
2371:). The complete code has eight digits and three spaces within, but there is a popular simplified code with five digits and no space within:
2260:
Structures with fiscal power. This is what the Chevènement law was concerned with, and it distinguished three structures with fiscal power:
2135:
In December 2010 the law n° 2010-1563 regarding reform of territorial collectivities was adopted, which created the legal framework for the
4253:
3785:
3656:
4121:
3148:
4507:
4488:
3953:
2731:
2091:, with a territory fourteen times larger than that of the French Republic, and nearly five times its population, had 35,937 incorporated
1965:
with a ceremony not unlike the traditional one, with the mayor replacing the priest, and the name of the law replacing the name of God ("
664:
2423:
of the commune. The municipal councilors are elected by the inhabitants of the commune for a 6-year term. Each commune is governed by a
1561:, which has a much larger territory covering 449,964 km (173,732 sq mi) and yet is divided into only 290 municipalities (
4272:
4187:
3899:
3719:
1690:
government retained control of the Paris police. In all other French communes, the municipal police are under the mayor's supervision.
952:
3815:
2119:
There have long been calls in France for a massive merger of communes, including by such distinguished voices as the president of the
4247:
4157:
4151:
3983:
3971:
3911:
3463:
4169:
4115:
4067:
3306:
4265:
4061:
3875:
3027:
4427:
4259:
4217:
4139:
3935:
3857:
3803:
3713:
3185:
210:
3863:
4001:
3947:
3809:
1931:
182:
1546:, with an area of 8,280 km (3,200 sq mi), and now part of the RĂ©gion Grand Est, used to be the smallest of the
4286:
4280:
3379:
1738:) still had a major influence in the village's affairs, collecting taxes from tenant-villagers and ordering them to work the
4298:
3893:
3797:
3725:
4097:
3281:
3263:
1331:
are dependent on a commune for their administration. This is unlike some other countries, such as the United States, where
4205:
4037:
3977:
3737:
2349:
setting up the agenda and implementing it, with the elected representatives of the communes only endorsing key decisions.
189:
4527:
4517:
4199:
4163:
4091:
4025:
3833:
3779:
3767:
3731:
3623:
3398:
2233:
of 12 July 1999 is the most recent and most thoroughgoing measure aimed at strengthening and simplifying this principle.
2186:
1393:
831:
603:
548:
514:
163:
56:
4103:
3917:
3845:
1722:
Parishes lacked the municipal structures of post-Revolution communes. Usually, one contained only a building committee (
4465:
4397:
4241:
4031:
4007:
3887:
3755:
2994:
2277:
1648:
881:
634:
436:
4223:
4211:
4133:
4127:
3989:
3959:
3929:
3827:
3773:
3701:
3570:
3452:
2885:
2678:(52 inhabitants) at the Spanish border: both at 721 km (448 mi) from the center of Paris as the crow flies.
2208:
1574:
305:
287:
229:
127:
70:
17:
1727:
967:, because French communes still largely reflect the division of France into villages or parishes at the time of the
196:
109:
4229:
4175:
4019:
3995:
3941:
3905:
3839:
3695:
3649:
2771:
1647:
Since the PLM Law of 1982, three French communes also have a special status in that they are further divided into
329:
4522:
4315:
4181:
4109:
4055:
4049:
4043:
3923:
3881:
3869:
3851:
3791:
3749:
3743:
1777:
there was no uniform status for these chartered cities, each one having its own status and specific organization.
1314:(1) Within the current limits of metropolitan France, which existed between 1860 and 1871 and from 1919 to today.
2065:
1455:
4402:
4193:
3965:
3689:
3551:
lescommunes.com: contacts, offices du tourisme et maire, Hall and Tourist Office, statistiques, photographies.
3523:
3092:
2190:
566:
178:
167:
94:
3239:
3212:
2079:
1973:. These abrupt changes profoundly alienated devout Catholics, and France soon was plunged into the throes of
1923:
1316:(2) Within the current extent of overseas France, which has remained unchanged since the independence of the
543:
3580:
3518:
1482:
1362:. The commune structure was abolished when Saint-Martin became an overseas collectivity on 22 February 2007.
840:
are the lowest level of administrative division in France and are governed by elected officials including a
4437:
3634:
1348:
3543:
3415:
265:
4452:
3642:
3125:
2978:
1742:, controlling which fields were to be used and when, and how much of the harvest should be given to him.
1389:
599:
371:
2500:
1811:
were on equal footing, and rendered decisions collegially. However, for certain purposes, there was one
1754:
during the Middle Ages, either from the king himself or from local counts or dukes (such as the city of
1675:, whereas municipal arrondissements, by contrast, have no official capacity and no budget of their own.
4470:
2404:
2391:
1633:
1478:
in Germany were the only places in Europe where the communes had a smaller median area than in France.
853:
576:
417:
269:
258:
4460:
4432:
4362:
4292:
2851:
742:
471:
31:
3490:
2495:
2485:
2266:
523:
4351:
3677:
1943:
1908:
1785:(from an old Germanic word meaning judge), while in the south, cities tended to be administered by
1660:
1562:
1423:
mainland France commune than the average area since the average includes some very large communes.
1335:
directly governed by a county or a higher authority can be found. There are only a few exceptions:
1327:
The whole territory of the French Republic is divided into communes; even uninhabited mountains or
717:
3371:
4537:
4442:
4347:
2611:
2578:
2549:
2507:
Apart from the above cases, the communes with the fewest inhabitants in the French Republic are:
2490:
2387:
2236:
In recent years it has become increasingly common for communes to band together in intercommunal
2179:
762:
399:
156:
105:
62:
1415:, the average area of a commune in 2004 was 14.88 square kilometres (5.75 sq mi). The
203:
3155:
2871:
1664:
1601:
4392:
3673:
3120:[Administrative constituencies of 1 January 2015: regional comparisons] (in French).
2475:
2376:
2104:
2043:
1912:
1625:
1344:
956:
885:
571:
466:
360:
2533:
2287:
1644:
other features) all depend on the population echelon into which a particular commune falls.
792:
vary widely in size and area, from large sprawling cities with millions of inhabitants like
505:
101:
2961:
2537:
2383:
2092:
1758:
chartered by the counts of Toulouse). These cities were made up of several parishes (up to
1616:
Despite differences in population, each of the communes of the French Republic possesses a
1519:
1471:
446:
3329:"The Territorial Archives will recover eight parish registers from the eighteenth century"
2778:
2656:
2042:
Since then, tremendous changes have affected France, as they have the rest of Europe: the
1587:
1369:(14,944 inhabitants), which still is divided according to the three traditional chiefdoms.
8:
4304:
3298:
2989:
2905:
2099:
at the 2002 Census of Governments, fewer than that of the French Republic. The number of
1927:
1916:
1731:
1551:
1332:
948:
812:
have names, but not all named geographic areas or groups of people residing together are
3359:
1711:
Before the revolution, France's lowest level of administrative division was the parish (
1373:
4367:
3019:
2925:
2725:
2712:
2696:
2526:
2460:
2000:
1475:
3181:
2230:
1977:, with the fervently religious regions of western France at its center. It would take
1954:
1396:(no permanent population, about 200 resident scientists, soldiers, and meteorologists)
4475:
3566:
3375:
3082:"Le code officiel géographique (COG), avant, pendant et autour (Version 3, volume 1)"
2921:
2911:
2642:
2577:
is the department in France with the fewest communes, with only single commune of an
2226:
1698:
French communes were created at the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789–1790.
1583:
1547:
1465:
1449:
1399:
1366:
1357:
968:
609:
476:
461:
2625:(50,513 inhabitants) near Marseille, the territory of which encompasses most of the
1939:
4415:
4407:
4387:
4372:
3367:
2951:
2941:
2915:
2901:
2861:
2845:
2841:
2830:
2826:
2802:
2753:
2638:
2469:
2464:
2144:
2120:
964:
918:
580:
4345:
2522:
2518:), in southeastern France, one inhabitant as of 1999. (a 38-year-old divorced man)
806:
typically are based on pre-existing villages and facilitate local governance. All
3547:
3530:
3497:
3422:
3360:"French Identity: The National Search for Retrospective Legitimacy and Unanimity"
3285:
3267:
2891:
2881:
2814:
2700:
2420:
2020:
1996:
1820:
1803:("men of the chapter"). Usually, there was no mayor in the modern sense; all the
1672:
704:
557:
3278:
3260:
2367:
to various entities in France, notably the communes (which do not coincide with
2060:
830:), the difference residing in the lack of administrative powers. Except for the
3451:
3416:
Loi n° 2010-1563 du 16 décembre 2010 de réforme des collectivités territoriales
2965:
2931:
2794:
2096:
2084:
2023:
which were annexed in 1795, but does not include the departments of modern-day
1763:
1617:
912:
841:
797:
731:
3402:
3118:"Circonscriptions administrative au 1er janvier 2015: comparaisons régionales"
2735:
2655:
The commune of the French Republic farthest away from Paris is the commune of
4501:
4420:
3453:
Direction générale des collectivités locales (DGCL), Ministry of the Interior
2895:
2718:
The two communes in the French Republic with the longest names (38 letters):
2660:
2604:
2564:
2511:
2246:
2124:
2088:
1888:
1493:
960:
889:
653:
629:
593:
586:
383:
4145:
3664:
3427:
2707:
The commune of the French Republic with the shortest name is the commune of
2637:): 8.7 times the area of the city of Paris (excluding the outlying parks of
2468:
unpopulated and are managed by a council of three members, appointed by the
3149:"25 Jahre Gemeindereform Baden-WĂĽrttemberg; hier: Neuordnung der Gemeinden"
2749:
2448:
is the most populous commune of France with 2,187,526 residents as of 2017.
2382:
Three digits (department or collectivity) and two digits (commune) for the
2379:) and three digits (commune) for the 96 departments of metropolitan France.
2245:
urban communes to form urban communities or the more marked failure of the
2071:
2051:
2039:(but there, only county level and above had any permanent administration).
2016:
1896:
1317:
769:
735:
340:
2296:
496:
2935:
2649:
2630:
2596:
1860:
1771:
1568:
1567:). Alsace has more than double the total number of municipalities of the
1515:
1461:
1328:
403:
2687:
2675:
1557:
With its 904 communes, Alsace has three times as many municipalities as
1380:
Furthermore, two regions without permanent habitation have no communes:
3457:"Répartition des EPCI à fiscalité propre par département au 01/01/2007"
3055:(in French). Direction générale des collectivités locales. p. 18.
2806:
2767:
2671:
2364:
2237:
2193: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2132:
whom they may consider unaware of or inattentive to their local needs.
1978:
1872:
1762:
50 parishes in the case of Paris), and they were usually enclosed by a
1352:
864:). They have extensive autonomous powers to implement national policy.
2300:), established in 2014, aimed at the largest cities and their suburbs.
1836:
1489:
3146:
2945:
2818:
2786:
2763:
2545:
2480:
2047:
1995:
French communes were given legal "personality", being now considered
1974:
1652:
3491:
Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2017
3081:
2168:
1739:
145:
112:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2865:
2708:
2692:
2626:
2615:
2368:
2100:
1790:
1755:
618:
3399:"Statistique des communes (fin de l'Ancien Régime et XIXe siècle)"
3235:
3208:
2634:
2515:
2123:(the central auditing administrative body in France). In 1971 the
2875:
2667:
2147:). The municipal council of the new commune can decide to create
2028:
2024:
1983:
1840:
1751:
1716:
1524:
1445:
1437:
2955:
2111:
in Thailand also have a higher number than the French communes.
1967:
Au nom de la loi, je vous déclare unis par les liens du mariage.
3669:
3629:
3618:
3540:
2983:
2855:
2757:
2568:
2361:(Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques)
2012:
1558:
1543:
1510:
1432:
1416:
1412:
944:
752:
721:
350:
3524:
Le développement de l'intercommunalité: la révolution discrète
2229:
for dealing with a number of practical matters, the so-called
924:, for a large gathering of people sharing a common life; from
4447:
3433:
3024:
Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques
2834:
2622:
2621:
In metropolitan France the largest commune is the commune of
2582:
2574:
2445:
2424:
2419:). The municipal council is the legislative and deliberative
2357:
2128:
water, garbage collection, or properly paved communal roads.
2108:
2036:
2032:
1848:
1832:
1795:
1460:) with a median area above 15 km (5.8 sq mi).
1441:
1427:
1351:(33,102 inhabitants). It was previously a commune inside the
963:. This is a considerably higher total than that of any other
925:
793:
387:
2282:), aimed at towns and middle-sized cities and their suburbs;
1907:
On 14 July 1789, at the end of the afternoon, following the
2589:
2541:
2155:
have been established, replacing about 2,550 old communes.
2078:
Thus, in Europe, only Switzerland has as high a density of
1880:
1678:
The rights and obligations of communes are governed by the
1656:
1600:
municipalities compared to the large and populous state of
2663:: 16,841 km (10,465 miles) from the center of Paris.
784:
are the fourth-level administrative divisions of France.
1957:
and his ideas of one commune for each parish prevailed.
2666:
In continental France (i.e., European France excluding
1527:(11,265 inhabitants), or even Spain (564 inhabitants).
2650:
Communes farthest away from the capital city of France
1986:, the local representative of the central government.
1535:
percent are concentrated in the remaining 43 percent.
3630:
Complete lists of cities and municipalities in France
2682:
2558:
1989:
1799:(etymologically meaning "sworn men") and Toulouse by
268:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
2607:: 18,360 square kilometres (7,090 sq mi).
2529:), in eastern France, three inhabitants as of 2017.
2439:
1680:
Code général des collectivités territoriales (CGCT)
170:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3179:
1781:In the north, cities tended to be administered by
1504:
943:As of January 2021, there were 35,083 communes in
2744:
2645:) at 759 square kilometres (293 sq mi).
2315:
1693:
27:France territorial subdivision for municipalities
4499:
3578:
3439:
2453:French villages destroyed in the First World War
4513:Fifth-level administrative divisions by country
3173:
2610:The smallest commune of the French Republic is
1789:(in a clear reference to Roman antiquity), but
2595:The largest commune of the French Republic is
2455:have never been rebuilt. All are found in the
1444:it is 35 km (14 sq mi); and in
4533:LAU statistical regions of the European Union
4331:
3650:
2722:Saint-Remy-en-Bouzemont-Saint-Genest-et-Isson
2670:), the communes farthest away from Paris are
1632:), which jointly manage the commune from the
760:
750:
672:
3050:"Les collectivités locales en chiffres 2021"
2691:Road sign marking the end of the village of
2291:), aimed at larger cities and their suburbs.
2275:
2264:
1406:
1355:
905:
894:
874:
858:
846:
835:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
787:
779:
773:
740:
725:
693:
521:
512:
503:
494:
4489:List of administrative divisions by country
3147:Parliament (Landtag) of Baden-WĂĽrttemberg.
2732:Beaujeu-Saint-Vallier-Pierrejux-et-Quitteur
1572:
929:
916:
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4338:
4324:
3657:
3643:
3486:
3484:
1942:ideas as well as by the philosophy of the
1440:it is 40 km (15 sq mi); in
1436:) is 22 km (8.5 sq mi); in
679:
665:
3559:Les collectivités territoriales en France
3372:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216314.003.0002
2552:), each with four inhabitants as of 2017.
2252:There are two types of these structures:
2209:Learn how and when to remove this message
1911:, the provost of the merchants of Paris,
1611:
306:Learn how and when to remove this message
288:Learn how and when to remove this message
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
2762:
2748:
2686:
2590:Largest and smallest commune territories
264:Relevant discussion may be found on the
3481:
3357:
1750:Additionally, some cities had obtained
431:This article is part of a series on the
14:
4500:
2434:
4319:
3638:
2829:), and many place names derived from
2271:), aimed primarily at rural communes;
2114:
938:
703:
485:
3339:from the original on 4 December 2022
3309:from the original on 4 December 2022
3188:from the original on 16 October 2018
2191:adding citations to reliable sources
2162:
1902:
1701:
800:with only a handful of inhabitants.
241:
168:adding citations to reliable sources
139:
77:
36:
3597:from the original on 2 January 2023
2221:The expression "intercommunality" (
2158:
1745:
1596:
1394:French Southern and Antarctic Lands
976:Evolution of the number of communes
911:appeared in the 12th century, from
604:French Southern and Antarctic Lands
24:
4508:Administrative divisions in Europe
2995:National Powder Factory of Ripault
2683:Shortest and longest commune names
2559:Most and least subdivided communes
2327:syndicats d'agglomération nouvelle
1990:Trends after the French Revolution
1867:in many towns of southern France;
1774:rather than municipal democracies.
1538:
1402:in the Pacific Ocean (uninhabited)
25:
4549:
3611:
3242:from the original on 22 July 2018
3233:
3215:from the original on 22 July 2018
3206:
3098:from the original on 3 March 2016
2571:with the most communes, with 890.
2398:
2352:
1843:and many other cities and towns;
1671:: French communes are considered
882:administrative division in France
738:in the United States and Canada,
52:This article has multiple issues.
3617:
3541:Les villes et communes de France
3296:
3062:from the original on 22 May 2022
3030:from the original on 6 July 2022
2599:(with 3,710 inhabitants) in the
2440:Most and least populous communes
2274:the community of agglomeration (
2167:
1667:that are subdivisions of French
768:in Spain. The UK equivalent are
647:
567:Overseas departments and regions
445:
328:
246:
144:
82:
41:
3445:
3409:
3391:
3358:Hayward, Jack (26 April 2007).
3351:
3321:
3290:
3272:
2178:needs additional citations for
2075:2008 (in metropolitan France).
1505:Population of a typical commune
1430:, the median area of communes (
155:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
3581:"L'intercommunalité en France"
3254:
3227:
3200:
3140:
3110:
3074:
3042:
3012:
2745:Communes with non-French names
2463:and were destroyed during the
2316:Allocation of government money
1728:Ordinance of Villers-CotterĂŞts
1694:History of the French communes
867:
13:
1:
3000:
2618:: 3.54 hectares (8.75 acres).
2431:) elected for a 6-year term.
2064:process – the
1759:
3005:
1303:
1300:
1292:
1289:
1281:
1278:
1270:
1267:
1259:
1256:
1248:
1245:
1237:
1234:
1226:
1223:
1215:
1212:
1204:
1201:
1193:
1190:
1182:
1179:
1171:
1168:
1144:
1141:
1133:
1130:
1122:
1119:
1111:
1108:
1100:
1097:
1089:
1086:
1078:
1075:
1067:
1064:
1056:
1053:
1045:
1042:
1034:
1031:
1023:
1020:
1012:
1009:
1001:
998:
7:
3462:(in French). Archived from
3401:(in French). Archived from
3154:(in German). Archived from
2979:Lists of communes of France
2972:
2263:the community of communes (
1706:
935:, 'things held in common'.
880:is the smallest and oldest
834:of its largest cities, the
108:the claims made and adding
10:
4554:
4528:Local government in France
4518:Populated places in France
4368:People's Republic of China
3563:La Documentation française
3519:La Documentation française
3510:
3303:World History Encyclopedia
3299:"Storming of the Bastille"
3182:"Gemeinden in Deutschland"
2278:communauté d'agglomération
1151:
981:
947:, of which 34,836 were in
515:Communauté d'agglomération
29:
4486:
4358:
4346:Articles on fourth-level
3684:
3579:Cour des comptes (2005).
3236:"Historique du Haut-Rhin"
2139:(lit. "new communes"). A
1999:with legal capacity. The
1649:municipal arrondissements
1481:The communes of France's
1407:Area of a typical commune
1312:
836:
832:municipal arrondissements
814:
808:
802:
788:
780:
774:
726:
694:
549:Municipal arrondissements
410:
394:
378:
366:
356:
346:
336:
327:
322:
32:Communal (disambiguation)
4348:administrative divisions
3421:8 September 2015 at the
3209:"Historique du Bas-Rhin"
3180:gemeindeverzeichnis.de.
2501:Louvemont-CĂ´te-du-Poivre
1922:Following that event, a
1909:storming of the Bastille
1831:in Marseille, Bordeaux,
1821:provost of the merchants
1661:municipal arrondissement
1341:collectivité d'outre-mer
454:Administrative divisions
3708:Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
3529:12 October 2005 at the
3284:12 January 2005 at the
2659:(1,840 inhabitants) in
2550:Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
2491:Fleury-devant-Douaumont
2388:Overseas collectivities
957:overseas collectivities
718:administrative division
572:Overseas collectivities
4523:Subdivisions of France
3496:5 October 2020 at the
3266:3 January 2005 at the
2782:
2776:showing double French/
2760:
2703:
2614:(53 inhabitants) near
2496:Haumont-près-Samogneux
2486:Cumières-le-Mort-Homme
2417:conseillers municipaux
2276:
2267:communauté de communes
2265:
1612:Status of the communes
1602:North Rhine-Westphalia
1573:
1386:territoire d'outre-mer
1356:
930:
917:
906:
895:
875:
859:
847:
826:
820:
761:
751:
741:
524:Communauté de communes
522:
513:
504:
495:
374:) (as of January 2021)
4236:Territoire de Belfort
3440:Cour des Comptes 2005
3020:"DĂ©finition: Commune"
2898:(141,315 inhabitants)
2766:
2752:
2690:
2674:(93 inhabitants) and
2567:is the department in
2476:Beaumont-en-Verdunois
2285:the urban community (
2044:Industrial Revolution
1913:Jacques de Flesselles
1827:) in Paris and Lyon;
1345:overseas collectivity
701:French pronunciation:
4273:Overseas departments
4074:Pyrénées-Atlantiques
3626:at Wikimedia Commons
3546:10 July 2019 at the
3405:on 1 September 2004.
3335:. 17 November 2016.
3333:www.soualigapost.com
2958:(41,205 inhabitants)
2858:(19,107 inhabitants)
2612:Castelmoron-d'Albret
2538:Caunette-sur-Lauquet
2413:municipal councilors
2384:Overseas departments
2309:taxe professionnelle
2187:improve this article
2103:in the Philippines,
1825:prévôt des marchands
1793:was administered by
1608:in September 2007).
1520:Rhineland-Palatinate
1472:Rhineland-Palatinate
1333:unincorporated areas
953:overseas departments
400:Castelmoron-d'Albret
257:factual accuracy is
179:"Communes of France"
164:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
4086:Pyrénées-Orientales
3678:metropolitan region
3557:Maryvonne Bonnard,
3161:on 28 November 2007
2968:(8,683 inhabitants)
2938:(4,024 inhabitants)
2928:(5,377 inhabitants)
2918:(5,028 inhabitants)
2908:(1,007 inhabitants)
2906:Banyuls-dels-Aspres
2878:(1,586 inhabitants)
2868:(9,514 inhabitants)
2848:(1,680 inhabitants)
2435:Miscellaneous facts
2403:Each commune has a
1936:Assemblée Nationale
1724:conseil de fabrique
1682:which replaced the
1651:: these are Paris,
1552:metropolitan France
1158:Metropolitan France
988:Metropolitan France
978:
949:metropolitan France
544:Associated communes
439:divisions of France
4378:Dominican Republic
4014:Meurthe-et-Moselle
3624:Communes in France
3588:Journaux Officiels
3366:. pp. 41–66.
3297:Mark, Harrison W.
2990:Urban areas France
2783:
2761:
2704:
2534:La Bâtie-des-Fonds
2527:Meurthe-et-Moselle
2392:Overseas countries
2288:communauté urbaine
2153:communes nouvelles
2149:communes déléguées
2137:communes nouvelles
2115:Communes nouvelles
2107:of Indonesia, and
1924:"commune" of Paris
1476:Schleswig-Holstein
1448:, the majority of
1390:overseas territory
974:
939:Number of communes
600:Overseas territory
506:Communauté urbaine
323:Communes of France
93:possibly contains
4495:
4494:
4373:Republic of China
4313:
4312:
4254:Seine-Saint-Denis
3786:Charente-Maritime
3622:Media related to
3381:978-0-19-921631-4
3364:Fragmented France
2964:: the commune of
2954:: the commune of
2948:(372 inhabitants)
2944:: the commune of
2934:: the commune of
2924:: the commune of
2914:: the commune of
2904:: the commune of
2894:: the commune of
2888:(683 inhabitants)
2884:: the commune of
2874:: the commune of
2864:: the commune of
2854:: the commune of
2844:: the commune of
2738:(937 inhabitants)
2728:(517 inhabitants)
2715:(91 inhabitants).
2643:Bois de Vincennes
2409:conseil municipal
2405:municipal council
2227:French Revolution
2219:
2218:
2211:
1932:National Assembly
1903:French Revolution
1702:Kingdom of France
1684:Code des communes
1630:conseil municipal
1626:municipal council
1588:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
1400:Clipperton Island
1367:Wallis and Futuna
1325:
1324:
1308:
1307:
1149:
1148:
1117:20 February 1975
969:French Revolution
860:conseil municipal
854:municipal council
734:and incorporated
730:are analogous to
689:
688:
654:France portal
610:Clipperton Island
426:
425:
418:Municipal council
316:
315:
308:
298:
297:
290:
240:
239:
232:
214:
138:
137:
130:
95:original research
75:
18:Commune of France
16:(Redirected from
4545:
4466:Northern Ireland
4340:
4333:
4326:
4317:
4316:
3954:Loire-Atlantique
3762:Bouches-du-RhĂ´ne
3659:
3652:
3645:
3636:
3635:
3621:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3596:
3585:
3575:
3554:
3536:
3504:
3488:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3468:
3461:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3294:
3288:
3276:
3270:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3153:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3128:on 30 April 2014
3124:. Archived from
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3097:
3086:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3054:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3016:
2846:Mittelhausbergen
2754:Mittelhausbergen
2639:Bois de Boulogne
2532:the communes of
2465:Battle of Verdun
2363:gives numerical
2294:the metropolis (
2281:
2270:
2223:intercommunalité
2214:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2194:
2171:
2163:
2159:Intercommunality
2141:commune nouvelle
2121:Cour des Comptes
1853:premier capitoul
1761:
1746:Chartered cities
1590:, the number of
1578:
1411:In metropolitan
1374:Saint Barthélemy
1361:
1161:Overseas France
1153:
1152:
991:Overseas France
983:
982:
979:
973:
965:European country
955:, and 83 in the
933:
922:
909:
903:The French word
898:
878:
862:
850:
839:
838:
829:
823:
817:
816:
811:
810:
805:
804:
791:
790:
783:
782:
777:
776:
766:
756:
746:
729:
728:
716:) is a level of
715:
714:
713:
707:
702:
697:
696:
681:
674:
667:
656:
652:
651:
650:
581:French Polynesia
577:Overseas country
527:
518:
509:
500:
486:Intercommunality
449:
428:
427:
332:
320:
319:
311:
304:
293:
286:
282:
279:
273:
270:reliably sourced
250:
249:
242:
235:
228:
224:
221:
215:
213:
172:
148:
140:
133:
126:
122:
119:
113:
110:inline citations
86:
85:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4482:
4457:United Kingdom
4354:
4344:
4314:
4309:
4188:Tarn-et-Garonne
4080:Hautes-Pyrénées
3900:Ille-et-Vilaine
3720:Alpes-Maritimes
3680:
3663:
3614:
3609:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3583:
3573:
3552:
3548:Wayback Machine
3534:
3531:Wayback Machine
3513:
3508:
3507:
3498:Wayback Machine
3489:
3482:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3450:
3446:
3438:
3434:
3423:Wayback Machine
3414:
3410:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3382:
3356:
3352:
3342:
3340:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3312:
3310:
3295:
3291:
3286:Wayback Machine
3277:
3273:
3268:Wayback Machine
3259:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2975:
2777:
2775:
2747:
2701:Hauts-de-France
2685:
2652:
2592:
2561:
2442:
2437:
2401:
2355:
2318:
2231:Chevènement law
2215:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2184:
2172:
2161:
2117:
2021:Alpes-Maritimes
1992:
1905:
1748:
1709:
1704:
1696:
1665:arrondissements
1614:
1541:
1539:Example: Alsace
1507:
1454:have communes (
1409:
1315:
1298:1 January 2021
1287:1 January 2008
1276:1 January 2007
1265:1 January 2006
1254:1 January 2005
1243:1 January 2004
1232:1 January 2003
1221:1 January 2002
1210:1 January 2001
1199:1 January 2000
1188:1 January 1999
1128:1 January 1978
1106:1 January 1971
1062:1 January 1947
941:
870:
732:civil townships
722:French Republic
709:
708:
705:[kɔmyn]
700:
685:
648:
646:
645:
640:
639:
558:Overseas France
472:Arrondissements
438:
422:
402:) – 18,360 km (
386:) – 2,175,601 (
312:
301:
300:
299:
294:
283:
277:
274:
263:
255:This article's
251:
247:
236:
225:
219:
216:
173:
171:
161:
149:
134:
123:
117:
114:
99:
87:
83:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4551:
4541:
4540:
4538:Municipalities
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4343:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4320:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4301:
4295:
4289:
4283:
4276:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4248:Hauts-de-Seine
4244:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4158:Seine-et-Marne
4154:
4152:Seine-Maritime
4148:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4122:SaĂ´ne-et-Loire
4118:
4112:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4070:
4064:
4058:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3984:Maine-et-Loire
3980:
3974:
3972:Lot-et-Garonne
3968:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3912:Indre-et-Loire
3908:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3613:
3612:External links
3610:
3608:
3607:
3590:. Paris: 370.
3576:
3555:
3537:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3480:
3469:on 1 July 2007
3444:
3432:
3408:
3390:
3380:
3350:
3320:
3289:
3271:
3253:
3226:
3199:
3172:
3139:
3109:
3073:
3041:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2966:Hitiaa O Te Ra
2959:
2949:
2939:
2929:
2919:
2909:
2899:
2889:
2879:
2869:
2859:
2849:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2729:
2716:
2699:department of
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2664:
2657:L'ĂŽle-des-Pins
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2619:
2608:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2579:arrondissement
2572:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2530:
2519:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2449:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2411:) composed of
2400:
2399:Administration
2397:
2396:
2395:
2380:
2365:indexing codes
2354:
2353:Classification
2351:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2272:
2258:
2217:
2216:
2175:
2173:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2116:
2113:
2093:municipalities
2085:European Union
1997:legal entities
1991:
1988:
1904:
1901:
1877:maître échevin
1865:premier consul
1779:
1778:
1775:
1764:defensive wall
1747:
1744:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1673:legal entities
1634:municipal hall
1613:
1610:
1597:Current debate
1540:
1537:
1506:
1503:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1323:
1322:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1000:
997:
993:
992:
989:
986:
940:
937:
913:Medieval Latin
869:
866:
770:civil parishes
736:municipalities
687:
686:
684:
683:
676:
669:
661:
658:
657:
642:
641:
638:
637:
632:
626:
623:
622:
615:
614:
613:
612:
607:
597:
584:
574:
569:
561:
560:
554:
553:
552:
551:
546:
538:
537:
531:
530:
529:
528:
519:
510:
501:
489:
488:
482:
481:
480:
479:
474:
469:
464:
456:
455:
451:
450:
442:
441:
437:Administrative
433:
432:
424:
423:
421:
420:
414:
412:
408:
407:
396:
392:
391:
380:
376:
375:
368:
364:
363:
358:
354:
353:
348:
344:
343:
338:
334:
333:
325:
324:
314:
313:
296:
295:
254:
252:
245:
238:
237:
152:
150:
143:
136:
135:
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4550:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4490:
4485:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4421:Village tract
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4341:
4336:
4334:
4329:
4327:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4306:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4063:
4062:Pas-de-Calais
4059:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3876:Haute-Garonne
3873:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3822:CĂ´tes-d'Armor
3819:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3660:
3655:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3571:2-11-005874-9
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3485:
3465:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3412:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3257:
3241:
3238:(in French).
3237:
3230:
3214:
3211:(in French).
3210:
3203:
3187:
3184:(in German).
3183:
3176:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3094:
3090:
3087:(in French).
3083:
3077:
3058:
3051:
3045:
3029:
3025:
3022:(in French).
3021:
3015:
3011:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2916:M’Tsangamouji
2913:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2797:), Toulouse (
2796:
2792:
2788:
2780:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2661:New Caledonia
2658:
2654:
2653:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2605:French Guiana
2602:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2565:Pas-de-Calais
2563:
2562:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2523:Leménil-Mitry
2520:
2517:
2513:
2512:Rochefourchat
2509:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2328:
2322:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2247:Marcellin law
2242:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2213:
2210:
2202:
2199:November 2018
2192:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2176:This section
2174:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2125:Marcellin law
2122:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2089:United States
2086:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1944:Enlightenment
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:prĂŞteur royal
1866:
1862:
1858:
1855:in Toulouse;
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1584:German states
1580:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1494:French Guiana
1491:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1463:
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1177:1 March 1990
1176:
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1166:1 March 1985
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1164:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1139:1 March 1982
1138:
1137:
1127:
1126:
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1105:
1104:
1095:1 March 1968
1094:
1093:
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1060:
1051:8 March 1936
1050:
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1040:8 March 1931
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1027:
1018:6 March 1921
1017:
1016:
1006:
1005:
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961:New Caledonia
958:
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950:
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920:
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890:Paris Commune
887:
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855:
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591:
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384:Rochefourchat
381:
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357:Found in
355:
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180:
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175:Find sources:
169:
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158:
153:This article
151:
147:
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89:
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4382:
4260:Val-de-Marne
4218:Haute-Vienne
4140:Haute-Savoie
3936:Loir-et-Cher
3858:Eure-et-Loir
3804:Corse-du-Sud
3714:Hautes-Alpes
3665:
3599:. Retrieved
3587:
3562:
3558:
3539:
3522:
3517:
3471:. Retrieved
3464:the original
3447:
3442:, p. 8.
3435:
3426:
3411:
3403:the original
3393:
3385:
3363:
3353:
3341:. Retrieved
3332:
3323:
3311:. Retrieved
3302:
3292:
3274:
3256:
3244:. Retrieved
3229:
3217:. Retrieved
3202:
3190:. Retrieved
3175:
3163:. Retrieved
3156:the original
3142:
3130:. Retrieved
3126:the original
3112:
3100:. Retrieved
3076:
3064:. Retrieved
3044:
3032:. Retrieved
3014:
2872:Austronesian
2822:
2810:
2798:
2790:
2784:
2600:
2456:
2428:
2416:
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2222:
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2185:Please help
2180:verification
2177:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2118:
2077:
2072:West Germany
2066:
2061:Napoléon III
2057:
2052:rural exodus
2041:
2031:west of the
2017:Haute-Savoie
2010:
2006:départements
2005:
1993:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1951:départements
1950:
1948:
1935:
1921:
1906:
1897:Valenciennes
1892:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1852:
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1828:
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1642:
1637:
1629:
1621:
1615:
1605:
1591:
1581:
1563:
1556:
1542:
1533:
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1485:départements
1484:
1480:
1466:
1456:
1450:
1431:
1425:
1420:
1410:
1385:
1379:
1349:Saint-Martin
1340:
1329:rain forests
1326:
1318:New Hebrides
1313:
1073:10 May 1954
975:
942:
928:
915:
904:
902:
893:
873:
871:
857:
845:
786:
759:
749:
748:in Germany,
739:
692:
690:
590:collectivity
587:
534:
341:Municipality
317:
302:
284:
275:
256:
226:
217:
207:
200:
193:
186:
174:
162:Please help
157:verification
154:
124:
118:January 2015
115:
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
4403:Ivory Coast
4170:Deux-Sèvres
4116:Haute-SaĂ´ne
4068:Puy-de-DĂ´me
4002:Haute-Marne
3948:Haute-Loire
3810:Haute-Corse
3574:(in French)
3553:(in French)
3535:(in French)
3261:Legislation
3246:25 November
3219:25 November
3165:25 November
2936:Steenvoorde
2736:Haute-SaĂ´ne
2601:département
2597:Maripasoula
2521:commune of
2510:commune of
2457:département
2451:Six of the
1885:maire royal
1861:Montpellier
1772:oligarchies
1730:of 1539 by
1569:Netherlands
1516:Switzerland
1462:Switzerland
1007:March 1866
996:March 1861
900:in French.
868:Terminology
796:, to small
588:Sui generis
467:Departments
404:Maripasoula
379:Populations
361:Departments
4502:Categories
4287:Martinique
4281:Guadeloupe
4266:Val-d'Oise
3674:department
3601:8 February
3428:LĂ©gifrance
3343:4 December
3313:4 December
3001:References
2962:Polynesian
2852:Amerindian
2807:Strasbourg
2768:Vacqueyras
2672:Coustouges
2583:department
2472:of Meuse:
2377:department
2050:, and the
2048:world wars
1979:Napoleon I
1873:Strasbourg
1353:Guadeloupe
821:"lieu dit"
763:municipios
411:Government
220:April 2020
190:newspapers
102:improve it
57:improve it
4393:Indonesia
4352:countries
4098:Haut-Rhin
3864:Finistère
3816:CĂ´te-d'Or
3006:Citations
2946:Bocognano
2819:Perpignan
2811:StraĂźburg
2791:Duinkerke
2787:Dunkerque
2779:Provençal
2546:Majastres
2536:(DrĂ´me),
2481:Bezonvaux
2369:postcodes
2297:métropole
2238:consortia
2101:barangays
2097:townships
2067:Gemeinden
1975:civil war
1940:Cartesian
1928:Louis XVI
1917:Charles V
1801:capitouls
1732:Francis I
1653:Marseille
1606:Gemeinden
1592:Gemeinden
1575:gemeenten
1483:overseas
1457:Gemeinden
1392:) of the
1320:in 1980.
743:Gemeinden
724:. French
621:of France
497:MĂ©tropole
398:0.04 km (
266:talk page
106:verifying
63:talk page
4471:Scotland
4448:Thailand
4412:Myanmar
4200:Vaucluse
4164:Yvelines
4092:Bas-Rhin
4026:Morbihan
3834:Dordogne
3780:Charente
3768:Calvados
3732:Ardennes
3666:Communes
3592:Archived
3561:, 2005,
3544:Archived
3527:Archived
3494:Archived
3419:Archived
3337:Archived
3307:Archived
3282:Archived
3264:Archived
3240:Archived
3213:Archived
3186:Archived
3093:Archived
3057:Archived
3028:Archived
2973:See also
2922:Corsican
2912:Comorian
2866:Chamonix
2842:Alsatian
2823:PerpinyĂ
2772:Provence
2676:Lamanère
2627:Camargue
2616:Bordeaux
2581:and the
2105:villages
2080:communes
1955:Mirabeau
1805:Ă©chevins
1791:Bordeaux
1783:Ă©chevins
1756:Toulouse
1752:charters
1736:seigneur
1713:paroisse
1707:Parishes
1624:) and a
1564:kommuner
1499:communes
1488:such as
1464:and the
1388:, i.e.,
1343:, i.e.,
931:communis
919:communia
852:) and a
837:communes
815:communes
809:communes
803:Communes
789:Communes
781:communes
775:Communes
727:communes
619:Geocodes
535:Communes
370:34,965 (
347:Location
337:Category
259:disputed
4461:England
4453:Ukraine
4438:Senegal
4363:Belgium
4305:Mayotte
4299:RĂ©union
4242:Essonne
4032:Moselle
4008:Mayenne
3894:HĂ©rault
3888:Gironde
3798:Corrèze
3756:Aveyron
3726:Ardèche
3511:Sources
3234:SPLAF.
3207:SPLAF.
3192:27 June
3102:27 June
2986:(Italy)
2952:Occitan
2942:Italian
2902:Catalan
2876:Kouaoua
2862:Arpitan
2831:Gaulish
2827:Catalan
2803:Occitan
2695:in the
2668:Corsica
2633:of the
2585:itself.
2470:prefect
2145:prefect
2029:Germany
2025:Belgium
2001:Jacobin
1984:prefect
1971:mairies
1857:viguier
1841:Bayonne
1837:Orléans
1813:Ă©chevin
1809:consuls
1787:consuls
1717:England
1548:regions
1525:Belgium
1490:RĂ©union
1446:Germany
1438:Belgium
1421:typical
1372:COM of
1365:COM of
907:commune
896:commune
886:Commune
876:commune
827:"bourg"
798:hamlets
720:in the
695:commune
477:Cantons
462:Regions
204:scholar
100:Please
4383:France
4293:Guyane
4224:Vosges
4212:Vienne
4206:Vendée
4134:Savoie
4128:Sarthe
4038:Nièvre
3990:Manche
3978:Lozère
3960:Loiret
3930:Landes
3828:Creuse
3774:Cantal
3738:Ariège
3702:Allier
3670:France
3569:
3473:19 May
3378:
3279:Decree
3132:5 July
3066:4 July
3034:4 July
2984:Comune
2892:Breton
2886:Ainhoa
2882:Basque
2856:Kourou
2815:German
2799:Tolosa
2758:Alsace
2569:France
2544:) and
2046:, two
2013:Savoie
1963:mairie
1893:prévôt
1845:mayeur
1817:consul
1796:jurats
1740:corvée
1659:. The
1655:, and
1638:mairie
1559:Sweden
1544:Alsace
1511:median
1467:Länder
1451:Länder
1433:comuni
1417:median
1413:France
1358:région
1301:34,836
1290:36,569
1279:36,570
1268:36,572
1257:36,571
1246:36,569
1235:36,565
1224:36,566
1213:36,564
1202:36,567
1191:36,565
1180:36,551
1169:36,631
1142:36,433
1131:36,382
1120:36,394
1109:37,659
1098:37,708
1087:37,962
1076:38,000
1065:37,983
1054:38,014
1043:38,004
1032:37,981
1021:37,963
1010:37,548
999:37,510
945:France
753:comuni
367:Number
351:France
206:
199:
192:
185:
177:
4476:Wales
4443:Spain
4428:Nepal
4388:Haiti
4230:Yonne
4176:Somme
4146:Paris
4104:RhĂ´ne
4020:Meuse
3996:Marne
3942:Loire
3918:Isère
3906:Indre
3846:DrĂ´me
3840:Doubs
3696:Aisne
3595:(PDF)
3584:(PDF)
3502:INSEE
3467:(PDF)
3460:(PDF)
3159:(PDF)
3152:(PDF)
3122:INSEE
3096:(PDF)
3089:INSEE
3085:(PDF)
3060:(PDF)
3053:(PDF)
2932:Dutch
2926:Calvi
2896:Brest
2835:Latin
2795:Dutch
2726:Marne
2713:Somme
2697:Somme
2635:RhĂ´ne
2631:delta
2629:(the
2623:Arles
2575:Paris
2516:DrĂ´me
2461:Meuse
2446:Paris
2429:maire
2425:mayor
2421:organ
2358:INSEE
2109:muban
2037:China
2033:Rhine
1891:; or
1889:Nancy
1849:Lille
1833:Rouen
1829:maire
1622:maire
1618:mayor
1604:(396
1442:Spain
1428:Italy
1384:TOM (
1347:) of
1339:COM (
926:Latin
848:maire
842:mayor
794:Paris
395:Areas
388:Paris
211:JSTOR
197:books
4433:Peru
4416:Ward
4408:Mali
4398:Iran
4303:976
4297:974
4291:973
4285:972
4279:971
4182:Tarn
4110:Lyon
4108:69M
4056:Orne
4050:Oise
4044:Nord
3924:Jura
3882:Gers
3870:Gard
3852:Eure
3792:Cher
3750:Aude
3744:Aube
3676:and
3603:2022
3567:ISBN
3475:2007
3376:ISBN
3345:2022
3315:2022
3248:2007
3221:2007
3194:2008
3167:2007
3134:2015
3104:2008
3068:2022
3036:2022
2956:Alès
2781:name
2641:and
2542:Aude
2390:and
2095:and
2027:and
2019:and
1881:Metz
1657:Lyon
1509:The
1492:and
1474:and
1304:212
1293:212
1282:214
1271:214
1260:214
1249:214
1238:214
1227:214
1216:214
1205:214
1194:214
1183:212
1172:211
1145:211
1134:n/a
1123:n/a
1112:n/a
1101:n/a
1090:n/a
1079:n/a
1068:n/a
1057:n/a
1046:n/a
1035:n/a
1024:n/a
1013:n/a
1002:n/a
959:and
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635:NUTS
372:List
183:news
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