1489:"unemployment, overcrowding, single parents, under-fives, elderly living alone, ethnicity, low social class and residential mobility". In Vos' meta-analysis these indices are used to view the effect of low SES neighborhoods on maternal health. In the meta-analysis, data from individual studies were collected from 1985 up until 2008. Vos concludes that a correlation exists between prenatal adversities and deprived neighborhoods. Other studies have shown that low SES is closely associated with the development of the fetus in utero and growth retardation. Studies also suggest that children born in low SES families are "likely to be born prematurely, at low birth weight, or with asphyxia, a birth defect, a disability, fetal alcohol syndrome, or AIDS". Bradley and Corwyn also suggest that congenital disorders arise from the mother's lack of nutrition, a poor lifestyle, maternal substance abuse and "living in a neighborhood that contains hazards affecting fetal development (toxic waste dumps)". In a meta-analysis that viewed how inequalities influenced maternal health, it was suggested that deprived neighborhoods often promoted behaviors such as smoking, drug and alcohol use. After controlling for socioeconomic factors and ethnicity, several individual studies demonstrated an association with outcomes such as perinatal mortality and preterm birth.
1054:
drastically increases to a range of 6%–9% if the mother smoked tobacco. Other possible sources of prenatal carbon monoxide intoxication are exhaust gas from combustion motors, use of dichloromethane (paint thinner, varnish removers) in enclosed areas, defective gas water heaters, indoor barbeques, open flames in poorly ventilated areas, and atmospheric exposure in highly polluted areas. Exposure to carbon monoxide at toxic levels during the first two trimesters of pregnancy can lead to intrauterine growth restriction, leading to a baby who has stunted growth and is born smaller than 90% of other babies at the same gestational age. The effect of chronic exposure to carbon monoxide can depend on the stage of pregnancy in which the mother is exposed. Exposure during the embryonic stage can have neurological consequences, such as telencephalic dysgenesis, behavioral difficulties during infancy, and reduction of cerebellum volume. Also, possible skeletal defects could result from exposure to carbon monoxide during the embryonic stage, such as hand and foot malformations,
1283:
misdiagnosed, or unrecognized in the mother, and/or some abnormalities are not evident until later in the child's life, precise incidence of birth defects due to rubella are not entirely known. The timing of the mother's infection during fetal development determines the risk and type of birth defect. As the embryo develops, the risk of abnormalities decreases. If exposed to the rubella virus during the first four weeks, the risk of malformations is 47%. Exposure during weeks five through eight creates a 22% chance, while weeks 9–12, a 7% chance exists, followed by 6% if the exposure is during the 13th-16th weeks. Exposure during the first eight weeks of development can also lead to premature birth and fetal death. These numbers are calculated from immediate inspection of the infant after birth. Therefore, mental defects are not accounted for in the percentages because they are not evident until later in the child's life. If they were to be included, these numbers would be much higher.
1717:
1889:
one kidney, there are approximately twice as many males, whereas among children with three kidneys there are approximately 2.5 times more females. The same pattern is observed among infants with excessive number of ribs, vertebrae, teeth and other organs which in a process of evolution have undergone reduction—among them there are more females. Contrarily, among the infants with their scarcity, there are more males. Anencephaly is shown to occur approximately twice as frequently in females. The number of boys born with 6 fingers is two times higher than the number of girls. Now various techniques are available to detect congenital anomalies in fetus before birth.
1787:
1145:. A fetus exposed to lead during the pregnancy can result in learning difficulties and slowed growth. Some paints (before 1978) and pipes contain lead. Therefore, pregnant women who live in homes with lead paint inhale the dust containing lead, leading to lead exposure in the fetus. When lead pipes are used for drinking water and cooking water, this water is ingested, along with the lead, exposing the fetus to this toxin. This issue is more prevalent in poorer communities because more well-off families are able to afford to have their homes repainted and pipes renovated.
742:
defects and childhood cancer for the offspring, where the paternal germline undergoes oxidative damage due to cigarette use. Teratogen-caused birth defects are potentially preventable. Nearly 50% of pregnant women have been exposed to at least one medication during gestation. During pregnancy, a woman can also be exposed to teratogens from contaminated clothing or toxins within the seminal fluid of a partner. An additional study found that of 200 individuals referred for genetic counseling for a teratogenic exposure, 52% were exposed to more than one potential teratogen.
1134:
land increased, the risk decreased. These birth defects included neural tube defects, malformations of the cardiac septa, anomalies of arteries and veins, and chromosomal anomalies. Looking at communities that live near landfill sites brings up environmental justice. A vast majority of sites are located near poor, mostly black, communities. For example, between the early 1920s and 1978, about 25% of
Houston's population was black. However, over 80% of landfills and incinerators during this time were located in these black communities.
1677:, and DNA analysis has made it possible for a much larger range of disorders to be screened. Newborn screening mostly measures metabolite and enzyme activity using a dried blood spot sample. Screening tests are carried out in order to detect serious disorders that may be treatable to some extent. Early diagnosis makes possible the readiness of therapeutic dietary information, enzyme replacement therapy and organ transplants. Different countries support the screening for a number of metabolic disorders (
1345:, which is when part of the brain and skull are absent in the infant. Mother exposure to toxoplasmosis can cause cerebral calcification, hydrocephalus (causes mental disabilities), and intellectual disability in infants. Other birth abnormalities have been reported as well, such as chorioretinitis, microphthalmus, and ocular defects. Syphilis causes congenital deafness, intellectual disability, and diffuse fibrosis in organs, such as the liver and lungs, if the embryo is exposed.
8962:
62:
1318:, and meningoencephalitis in fetuses. Microcephaly is a disorder in which the fetus has an atypically small head, cerebral calcifications means certain areas of the brain have atypical calcium deposits, and meningoencephalitis is the enlargement of the brain. All three disorders cause abnormal brain function or intellectual disability. Hepatosplenomegaly is the enlargement of the liver and spleen which causes digestive problems. It can also cause some
8972:
1062:. Also, carbon monoxide exposure between days 35 and 40 of embryonic development can lead to an increased risk of the child developing a cleft palate. Exposure to carbon monoxide or polluted ozone exposure can also lead to cardiac defects of the ventrical septal, pulmonary artery, and heart valves. The effects of carbon monoxide exposure are decreased later in fetal development during the fetal stage, but they may still lead to
1628:
recurrence risk for future children. For 20-25% of anomalies there seems to be a "multifactorial" cause, meaning a complex interaction of multiple minor genetic anomalies with environmental risk factors. Another 10–13% of anomalies have a purely environmental cause (e.g. infections, illness, or drug abuse in the mother). Only 12–25% of anomalies have a purely genetic cause. Of these, the majority are
845:) may result in serious birth defects. Because of this effect, most countries have systems in place to ensure that it is not given to pregnant women and that the patient is aware of how important it is to prevent pregnancy during and at least one month after treatment. Medical guidelines also suggest that pregnant women should limit vitamin A intake to about 700
310:, and structural conditions are often considered separately from other congenital conditions. Many metabolic conditions are now known to have subtle structural expression, and structural conditions often have genetic links. Still, congenital conditions are often classified on a structural basis, organized when possible by primary organ system affected.
807:, otherwise a rare deformity, therefore helped to recognise the teratogenic effect of the new drug. Among other malformations caused by thalidomide were those of ears, eyes, brain, kidney, heart, and digestive and respiratory tracts; 40% of the prenatally affected children died soon after birth. As thalidomide is used today as a treatment for
1050:
on average, seven points lower than their counterparts whose parents consumed water that contained 0.91 ppm fluoride. In studies conducted on rats, higher fluoride in drinking water led to increased acetylcholinesterase levels, which can alter prenatal brain development. The most significant effects were noted at a level of 5 ppm.
2314:
distinctions of male and female embryos can explain some sexual differences in frequency of congenital defects. It is difficult to explain the observed differences in the frequency of birth defects between the sexes by the details of the reproductive functions or the influence of environmental and social factors.
1178:
Smoking causes DNA mutations in the germline of the father, which can be inherited by the offspring. Cigarette smoke acts as a chemical mutagen on germ cell DNA. The germ cells suffer oxidative damage, and the effects can be seen in altered mRNA production, infertility issues, and side effects in the
1049:
Fluoride, when transmitted through water at high levels, can also act as a teratogen. Two reports on fluoride exposure from China, which were controlled to account for the education level of parents, found that children born to parents who were exposed to 4.12 ppm fluoride grew to have IQs that were,
2313:
In respect of an etiology, sexual distinctions can be divided on appearing before and after differentiation of male's gonads during embryonic development, which begins from the eighteenth week. The testosterone level in male embryos thus raises considerably. The subsequent hormonal and physiological
1892:
About 3% of newborns have a "major physical anomaly", meaning a physical anomaly that has cosmetic or functional significance. Physical congenital abnormalities are the leading cause of infant mortality in the United States, accounting for more than 20% of all infant deaths. Seven to ten percent of
1107:
Landfill sites have been shown to have adverse effects on fetal development. Extensive research has shown that landfills have several negative effects on babies born to mothers living near landfill sites: low birth weight, birth defects, spontaneous abortion, and fetal and infant mortality. Studies
672:
display because of maternal alcohol use. These birth defects and behavioral disorders were found in cases of both long- and short-term paternal alcohol ingestion. In the same animal study, paternal alcohol exposure was correlated with a significant difference in organ size and the increased risk of
1888:
Many studies have found that the frequency of occurrence of certain congenital malformations depends on the sex of the child (table). For example, pyloric stenosis occurs more often in males while congenital hip dislocation is four to five times more likely to occur in females. Among children with
1573:
The effects of the father's age on offspring are not yet well understood and are studied far less extensively than the effects of the mother's age. Fathers contribute proportionally more DNA mutations to their offspring via their germ cells than the mother, with the paternal age governing how many
1133:
and exomphalos. A study conducted on a Welsh community also showed an increased incidence of gastroschisis. Another study on 21 European hazardous-waste sites showed that those living within 3 km had an increased risk of giving birth to infants with birth defects and that as distance from the
1407:
can result in the two cellular masses being integrated into a larger whole, with the combined cells attempting to continue to develop in a manner that satisfies the intended growth patterns of both cell masses. The two cellular masses can compete with each other, and may either duplicate or merge
1017:
Nitrate, which is found mostly in drinking water from ground sources, is a powerful teratogen. A case-control study in rural
Australia that was conducted following frequent reports of prenatal mortality and congenital malformations found that those who drank the nitrate-containing groundwater, as
1542:
In the 1980s, a relatively high prevalence of pediatric leukemia cases in children living near a nuclear processing plant in West
Cumbria, UK, led researchers to investigate whether the cancer was a result of paternal radiation exposure. A significant association between paternal irradiation and
1488:
in a deprived neighborhood may include exposure to "environmental stressors and risk factors". Socioeconomic inequalities are commonly measured by the
Cartairs-Morris score, Index of Multiple Deprivation, Townsend deprivation index, and the Jarman score. The Jarman score, for example, considers
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disorder). Some conditions result from deletions or abnormalities of a few genes located contiguously on a chromosome. Chromosomal disorders involve the loss or duplication of larger portions of a chromosome (or an entire chromosome) containing hundreds of genes. Large chromosomal abnormalities
741:
An estimated 10% of all birth defects are caused by prenatal exposure to a teratogenic agent. These exposures include medication or drug exposures, maternal infections and diseases, and environmental and occupational exposures. Paternal smoking has also been linked to an increased risk of birth
1282:
can remain after birth, leading to hypertension. Rubella can also lead to atrial and ventricular septal defects in the heart. If exposed to rubella in the second trimester, the fetus can develop central nervous system malformations. However, because infections of rubella may remain undetected,
1254:
began recognizing a pattern in which the infants arriving at his surgery were developing congenital cataracts at a higher rate than those who developed it from hereditary factors. On
October 15, 1941, Gregg delivered a paper that explained his findings-68 out of the 78 children with congenital
1053:
The fetus is even more susceptible to damage from carbon monoxide intake, which can be harmful when inhaled during pregnancy, usually through first- or second-hand tobacco smoke. The concentration of carbon monoxide in the infant born to a nonsmoking mother is around 2%, and this concentration
1116:
in New Jersey have shown a higher proportion of low birth-weight babies than communities farther away from landfills. A study done in
California showed a positive correlation between time and quantity of dumping and low birth weights and neonatal deaths. A study in the United Kingdom showed a
1021:
Chlorinated and aromatic solvents such as benzene and trichloroethylene sometimes enter the water supply due to oversights in waste disposal. A case-control study on the area found that by 1986, leukemia was occurring in the children of Woburn, Massachusetts, at a rate that was four times the
667:
However, recent animal research has shown a correlation between paternal alcohol exposure and decreased offspring birth weight. Behavioral and cognitive disorders, including difficulties with learning and memory, hyperactivity, and lowered stress tolerance have been linked to paternal alcohol
1627:
Although significant progress has been made in identifying the etiology of some birth defects, approximately 65% have no known or identifiable cause. These are referred to as sporadic, a term that implies an unknown cause, random occurrence regardless of maternal living conditions, and a low
1442:
that gave rise to the fetus. Male germ cells mutate at a much faster rate than female germ cells, and as the father ages, the DNA of the germ cells mutates quickly. If an egg is fertilized with sperm that has damaged DNA, a possibility exists that the fetus could develop abnormally.
1022:
expected rate of incidence. Further investigation revealed a connection between the high occurrence of leukemia and an error in water distribution that delivered water to the town with significant contamination with manufacturing waste containing trichloroethylene. As an
377:, which occurs during the fourth through seventh weeks of gestation. Body tissue and special cells from each side of the head grow toward the center of the face. They join to make the face. A cleft means a split or separation; the "roof" of the mouth is called the palate.
1526:
mutations in the DNA, which was inherited by descendants. More recently, however, the World Health
Organization states, "children conceived before or after their father's exposure showed no statistically significant differences in mutation frequencies". This
1635:
Congenital disorders are not limited to humans and can be found in a variety of other species, including cattle. One such condition is called schistosomus reflexus and is defined by spinal inversion, exposure of abdominal viscera, and limb abnormalities.
1387:
External physical shocks or constraints due to growth in a restricted space may result in unintended deformation or separation of cellular structures resulting in an abnormal final shape or damaged structures unable to function as expected. An example is
657:
The mother's consumption of alcohol during pregnancy can cause a continuum of various permanent birth defects: craniofacial abnormalities, brain damage, intellectual disability, heart disease, kidney abnormality, skeletal anomalies, ocular abnormalities.
6946:
802:
published the study leading to its withdrawal from the market in 1961, about 8,000 to 10,000 severely malformed children were born. The most typical disorders induced by thalidomide were reductional deformities of the long bones of the extremities.
1371:
deformities that result in spina bifida. Congenital disorders such as a neural tube deformity can be prevented by 72% if the mother consumes 4 mg of folic acid before the conception and after twelve weeks of pregnancy. Folic acid, or vitamin
5697:
Rahbaran, Mohaddeseh; Razeghian, Ehsan; Maashi, Marwah
Suliman; Jalil, Abduladheem Turki; Widjaja, Gunawan; Thangavelu, Lakshmi; Kuznetsova, Mariya Yurievna; Nasirmoghadas, Pourya; Heidari, Farid; Marofi, Faroogh; Jarahian, Mostafa (2021-11-30).
1515:. The surviving women of Hiroshima and Nagasaki who were able to conceive, though exposed to substantial amounts of radiation, later had children with no higher incidence of abnormalities/birth defects than in the Japanese population as a whole.
290:. Birth defects affected about 96 million people as of 2015. In the United States, they occur in about 3% of newborns. They resulted in about 628,000 deaths in 2015, down from 751,000 in 1990. The types with the greatest numbers of deaths are
1341:, and intellectual disability. Both microphthalmus and retinal dysplasia can cause blindness. However, the most common symptom in infants is an inflammatory response that develops during the first three weeks of life. Hyperthermia causes
3913:
De Santis, Marco; Cesari, Elena; Cavaliere, Annafranca; Ligato, Maria Serena; Nobili, Elena; Visconti, Daniela; Caruso, Alessandro (September 2008). "Paternal exposure and counselling: Experience of a
Teratology Information Service".
2309:
P. M. Rajewski and A. L. Sherman (1976) have analyzed the frequency of congenital anomalies in relation to the system of the organism. Prevalence of men was recorded for the anomalies of phylogenetically younger organs and systems.
6721:
1547:
in which the leading hypothesis is the influx of foreign workers, who have a different rate of leukemia within their race than the
British average, resulted in the observed cluster of 6 children more than expected around Cumbria.
1326:. Kernicterus causes yellow pigmentation of the skin, brain damage, and deafness. Petechaie is when the capillaries bleed resulting in red/purple spots on the skin. However, cytomegalovirus is often fatal in the embryo. The
6322:
Dubrova, Yuri E.; Nesterov, Valeri N.; Krouchinsky, Nicolay G.; Ostapenko, Valdislav A.; Neumann, Rita; Neil, David L.; Jeffreys, Alec J. (25 April 1996). "Human minisatellite mutation rate after the Chernobyl accident".
1570:(greater than 35 years). Complications include fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia, placental abruption, pre-mature births, and stillbirth. These complications not only may put the child at risk, but also the mother.
1511:, no statistically demonstrable increase of birth defects/congenital malformations was found among their later conceived children, or found in the later conceived children of cancer survivors who had previously received
1265:
is known to cause abnormalities of the eye, internal ear, heart, and sometimes the teeth. More specifically, fetal exposure to rubella during weeks five to ten of development (the sixth week particularly) can cause
7333:
Rajewski P. M., Sherman A. L. (1976) The importance of gender in the epidemiology of malignant tumors (systemic-evolutionary approach). In: Mathematical treatment of medical-biological information. M., Nauka, p.
1446:
Genetic disorders are all congenital (present at birth), though they may not be expressed or recognized until later in life. Genetic disorders may be grouped into single-gene defects, multiple-gene disorders, or
6950:
3552:
373:(CDC), most birth defects are believed to be caused by a complex mix of factors including genetics, environment, and behaviors, though many birth defects have no known cause. An example of a birth defect is
3134:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
5979:
Vos, Amber A.; Posthumus, Anke G.; Bonsel, Gouke J.; Steegers, Eric A.P.; Denktaş, Semiha (August 2014). "Deprived neighborhoods and adverse perinatal outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
4761:
Costas, K.; Knorr, R.S.; Condon, S.K. (2002). "A case-control study of childhood leukemia in Woburn, Massachusetts: the relationship between leukemia incidence and exposure to public drinking water".
5902:
5147:
Berlac, Janne Foss; Hartwell, Dorthe; Skovlund, Charlotte Wessel; Langhoff-Roos, Jens; Lidegaard, Øjvind (June 2017). "Endometriosis increases the risk of obstetrical and neonatal complications".
3216:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1202:) before age five have been established. Little is currently known about how paternal smoking damages the fetus, and what window of time in which the father smokes is most harmful to offspring.
3269:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
318:
Several terms are used to describe congenital abnormalities. (Some of these are also used to describe noncongenital conditions, and more than one term may apply in an individual condition.)
8551:
6157:
No differences were found (in frequencies of birth defects, stillbirths, etc), thus allaying the immediate public concern that atomic radiation might spawn an epidemic of malformed children
7386:
Shaw, G. M.; Carmichael, S. L.; Kaidarova, Z; Harris, J. A. (2003). "Differential risks to males and females for congenital malformations among 2.5 million California births, 1989–1997".
1412:, and the resulting merged organism may die at birth when it must leave the life-sustaining environment of the womb and must attempt to sustain its biological processes independently.
8587:
3577:
6754:
Miniard L., Nichols C., Smith J., Jarrin-Yepez P., Grzeskowiak R., & Newkirk K. (2023). Schistosomus reflexus with another fetus in a beef heifer. Clinical Theriogenology, 15.
7421:
Reyes, F. I.; Boroditsky, R. S.; Winter, J. S.; Faiman, C (1974). "Studies on human sexual development. II. Fetal and maternal serum gonadotropin and sex steroid concentrations".
228:. The disabilities can range from mild to severe. Birth defects are divided into two main types: structural disorders in which problems are seen with the shape of a body part and
668:
ingestion. The compromised stress management skills of animals whose male parent was exposed to alcohol are similar to the exaggerated responses to stress that children with
1014:
is often a medium through which harmful toxins travel. Heavy metals, elements, nitrates, nitrites, and fluoride can be carried through water and cause congenital disorders.
7637:
5560:
5350:
5125:
4642:
1543:
offspring cancer was found, but further research areas close to other nuclear processing plants did not produce the same results. Later this was determined to be the
1259:
to rubella due to an outbreak in Australian army camps. These findings confirmed, to Gregg, that, in fact, environmental causes for congenital disorders could exist.
3192:
3076:
1379:
Studies with mice have found that food deprivation of the male mouse prior to conception leads to the offspring displaying significantly lower blood glucose levels.
849:/day, as it has teratogenic potential when consumed in excess. Vitamin A and similar substances can induce spontaneous abortions, premature births, defects of eyes (
3544:
2901:
2971:
8567:
6979:
2938:
5812:
Savitz, David A.; Schwingl, Pamela J.; Keels, Martha Ann (October 1991). "Influence of paternal age, smoking, and alcohol consumption on congenital anomalies".
3004:
7166:
Cui, W; Ma, C. X.; Tang, Y; Chang, V; Rao, P. V.; Ariet, M; Resnick, M. B.; Roth, J (2005). "Sex differences in birth defects: A study of opposite-sex twins".
5095:
8680:
8577:
1250:
Congenital disorders were initially believed to be the result of only hereditary factors. However, in the early 1940s, Australian pediatric ophthalmologist
8381:
7493:
8361:
8357:
7595:
6616:
Yang, Q.; Wen, S.W.; Leader, A.; Chen, X.K.; Lipson, J.; Walker, M. (7 December 2006). "Paternal age and birth defects: how strong is the association?".
5898:
8608:
5410:
4599:
Hartmann S, Brørs O, Bock J, et al. (2005). "Exposure to retinoic acids in non-pregnant women following high vitamin A intake with a liver meal".
1593:. Offspring born to fathers under the age of 20 show increased risk of being affected by patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defects, and the
5470:
2778:
331:
is an abnormality of the structure of a body part. It may or may not be perceived as a problem condition. Many, if not most, people have one or more
6093:
1396:. This finding is important for future understanding of how genetics may predispose individuals for diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cancer.
833:, is considered safe, whereas the consumption of animal liver can lead to malformation, as the liver stores lipophilic vitamins, including retinol.
9008:
2326:
Down syndrome was the most common condition with an estimated prevalence of 14.47 per 10,000 live births, implying about 6,000 diagnoses each year.
1018:
opposed to rain water, ran the risk of giving birth to children with central nervous system disorders, muscoskeletal defects, and cardiac defects.
271:, and a mother over the age of 35 years old. Many are believed to involve multiple factors. Birth defects may be visible at birth or diagnosed by
815:, several births of affected children were described in spite of the strictly required use of contraception among female patients treated by it.
5492:
798:. Because of its ability to prevent nausea, it was prescribed for pregnant women in almost 50 countries worldwide between 1956 and 1962. Until
6072:
Health risk assessment from the nuclear accident after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami based on a preliminary dose estimation
8582:
746:
694:
417:
is a condition arising from mechanical stress to normal tissue. Deformations often occur in the second or third trimester, and can be due to
5372:
9628:
7464:
6394:
1274:
in the eyes. If the mother is infected with rubella during the ninth week, a crucial week for internal ear development, destruction of the
960:
used to prevent miscarriage in the past frequently caused masculinization of the outer reproductive organs of female newborns due to their
3573:
1117:
correlation between pregnant women living near landfill sites and an increased risk of congenital disorders, such as neural tube defects,
8420:
8164:
4469:
Zurlinden, TJ; Saili, KS; Rush, N; Kothiya, P; Judson, RS; Houck, KA; Hunter, ES; Baker, NC; Palmer, JA; Thomas, RS; Knudson, TB (2020).
1585:
in offspring has been found to be correlated with advanced paternal age. Advanced paternal age has also been linked to increased risk of
1574:
mutations are passed on. This is because, as humans age, male germ cells acquire mutations at a much faster rate than female germ cells.
388:
a structural defect perceived as a problem. A typical combination of malformations affecting more than one body part is referred to as a
7098:
5440:
1877:
Congenital anomalies resulted in about 632,000 deaths per year in 2013 down from 751,000 in 1990. The types with the greatest death are
930:, characterized by craniofacial, cardiovascular, renal, and spine malformations, along with a delay in mental and physical development.
9437:
8771:
4026:
370:
3376:
5530:
2798:
7230:
6581:
Olshan, Andrew F.; Schnitzer, Patricia G.; Baird, Patricia A. (July 1994). "Paternal age and the risk of congenital heart defects".
6377:
Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident and Special Health Care Programmes: Report of the UN Chernobyl Forum, Expert Group "Health"
5007:
4890:
3951:"Offspring of male rats exposed to binge alcohol exhibit heightened ethanol intake at infancy and alterations in T-maze performance"
1608:. Recent studies have concluded that 5-9% of Down syndrome cases are due to paternal effects, but these findings are controversial.
4298:
Bracken MB, Holford TR; Holford (1981). "Exposure to prescribed drugs in pregnancy and association with congenital malformations".
1674:
3346:
999:. In some cases, the abortion did not happen, but the newborns had a fetal aminopterin syndrome consisting of growth retardation,
8806:
8670:
8572:
7588:
6701:
6290:
1476:
and other components in the tail and neck of the sperm which are important for the embryonic development, may result in defects.
973:
774:
following chemical exposure. Findings of the study published in 2020 were that 19% of the 1065 chemicals yielded a prediction of
6268:
5552:
3041:
8913:
5342:
3105:
638:
Other well-defined genetic conditions may affect the production of hormones, receptors, structural proteins, and ion channels.
5610:
Anderson, Lucy M.; Riffle, Lisa; Wilson, Ralph; Travlos, Gregory S.; Lubomirski, Mariusz S.; Alvord, W. Gregory (March 2006).
5117:
4634:
9671:
9355:
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6264:
6184:
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5594:
4548:
4471:"Profiling the ToxCast Library With a Pluripotent Human (H9) Stem Cell Line-Based Biomarker Assay for Developmental Toxicity"
4186:
3413:
2870:
1611:
There is concrete evidence that advanced paternal age is associated with the increased likelihood that a mother will have a
9126:
9001:
8639:
7120:
Lary, J. M.; Paulozzi, L. J. (2001). "Sex differences in the prevalence of human birth defects: A population-based study".
5929:
de Graaf, Johanna P.; Steegers, Eric A.P.; Bonsel, Gouke J. (April 2013). "Inequalities in perinatal and maternal health".
5677:
4102:
3750:
Clarren S, Alvord E, Sumi S, Streissguth A, Smith D (1978). "Brain malformations related to prenatal exposure to ethanol".
17:
3184:
3068:
976:. Following studies showed elevated risks for other tumors and congenital malformations of the sex organs for both sexes.
9382:
9294:
8882:
8277:
1689:. Tandem mass spectroscopy can also be used for IEM, and investigation of sudden infant death, and shaken baby syndrome.
2893:
1190:
Correlations between paternal smoking and the increased risk of offspring developing childhood cancers (including acute
829:, plays an important role as a signal molecule in the development of several tissues and organs. Its natural precursor,
8776:
8675:
8629:
7581:
6971:
4830:
Delomenie, Myriam; Schneider, Floriane; Beaudet, Joëlle; Gabriel, René; Bednarek, Nathalie; Graesslin, Olivier (2015).
3318:
2963:
1175:
Paternal smoking prior to conception has been linked with the increased risk of congenital abnormalities in offspring.
601:
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract include renal parenchyma, kidneys, and urinary collecting system.
7486:"Key Findings: Updated National Birth Prevalence Estimates for Selected Birth Defects in the United States, 2004–2006"
2930:
8975:
8267:
6902:
5326:
2996:
1092:
of those residing by the bay resulted in neurological defects in the offspring. Infants exposed to mercury poisoning
712:
398:
A malformation is associated with a disorder of tissue development. Malformations often occur in the first trimester.
7522:
4013:
Trasler, Jacquetta M.; Doerksen, Tonia (September 1999). "Teratogen update: paternal exposures—reproductive risks".
1716:
8474:
7850:
6419:
Furitsu Katsumi (2005). "Microsatellite mutations show no increases in the children of the Chernobyl liquidators".
5087:
4257:
Ji, B.-T.; Shu, X.-O.; Zheng, W.; Ying, D.-M.; Linet, M. S.; Wacholder, S.; Gao, Y.-T.; Jin, F. (5 February 1997).
1217:
1211:
252:
2322:
The CDC and National Birth Defect Project studied the incidence of birth defects in the US. Key findings include:
9061:
8994:
8877:
8413:
8249:
8192:
7782:
7485:
4832:"Carbon Monoxide Poisoning during Pregnancy: Presentation of a Rare Severe Case with Fetal Bladder Complications"
2865:(1st Canadian ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 128.
2503:
1649:
669:
652:
576:
8791:
8735:
8243:
8182:
8120:
5639:
4665:"A Review of Nitrates in Drinking Water: Maternal Exposure and Adverse Reproductive and Developmental Outcomes"
2487:
1600:
Research has found that there is a correlation between advanced paternal age and risk of birth defects such as
544:
1518:
Relatively few studies have researched the effects of paternal radiation exposure on offspring. Following the
1084:, contaminating the local water supply. This led many people in the area to develop what became known as the "
9666:
9056:
8842:
8603:
8479:
7737:
1790:
548:
6704:[Infant mortality rate and social disparity at Recife, the metropolis of the North-East of Brazil].
5402:
1456:
875:, should never be prescribed to women of reproductive age or to children, because of its negative impact on
9239:
9136:
8847:
8644:
8186:
8178:
8134:
7826:
7766:
7701:
7679:
4808:
2773:
1460:
927:
5462:
4123:
van Gelder MM, van Rooij IA, Miller RK, Zielhuis GA, de Jong-van den Berg LT, Roeleveld N (January 2010).
9542:
8649:
8624:
8453:
8377:
8365:
7745:
7632:
6769:"Effect of L-arginine and sildenafil citrate on intrauterine growth restriction fetuses: a meta-analysis"
6070:
1686:
1678:
1528:
1498:
750:
340:
3785:
Abel EL, Sokol RJ (November 1986). "Fetal alcohol syndrome is now leading cause of mental retardation".
883:. The "tetracycline teeth" have brown or grey colour as a result of a defective development of both the
9234:
8918:
8710:
8546:
8458:
8406:
8124:
7822:
7818:
1502:
1035:
623:
613:
9304:
7492:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Birth Defects Prevention Network.
718:
A review published in 2010 identified six main teratogenic mechanisms associated with medication use:
9613:
9229:
9096:
8634:
8489:
8291:
8253:
8052:
7887:
6079:
2334:
Adjusted National Prevalence Estimates and Estimated Number of Cases in the United States, 2004–2006
1697:
1644:
Folate supplements decrease the risk of neural tube defects. Tentative evidence supports the role of
1039:
919:
837:(13-cis-retinoic-acid; brand name Roaccutane), vitamin A analog, which is often used to treat severe
674:
521:
6932:
5500:
604:
Defects can be bilateral or unilateral, and different defects often coexist in an individual child.
9623:
9146:
8811:
8786:
7741:
7545:
4259:"Paternal Cigarette Smoking and the Risk of Childhood Cancer Among Offspring of Nonsmoking Mothers"
2264:
1670:
1582:
907:
799:
630:, usually heritable. Many affect the structure of body parts, but some simply affect the function.
513:
503:
332:
291:
225:
106:
7212:
Darwin C. (1871) The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. London, John Murray, 1st ed.
1786:
9141:
8925:
8872:
8867:
8796:
8307:
8299:
8285:
8271:
8229:
8150:
7862:
7517:
5380:
2804:
1878:
1544:
1354:
1236:
880:
862:
583:
509:
221:
102:
7456:
6511:
Lean, Samantha C.; Derricott, Hayley; Jones, Rebecca L.; Heazell, Alexander E. P. (2017-10-17).
6375:
5318:
664:
Very few studies have investigated the links between paternal alcohol use and offspring health.
9372:
8908:
8801:
7753:
7604:
6464:"Quantifying the effect of population mixing on childhood leukaemia risk: the Seascale cluster"
1448:
1126:
953:
775:
686:
627:
499:
248:
6702:"Taux de mortalité infantile et disparités sociales à Recife, métropole du Nord-Est du Brésil"
5899:"Men may contribute to infertility through newly discovered part of sperm | UToledo News"
5432:
2860:
335:
if examined carefully. Examples of minor anomalies can include curvature of the fifth finger (
9131:
8499:
6513:"Advanced maternal age and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
6170:
4211:
Zhu, J. L.; Madsen, K. M.; Vestergaard, M; Olesen, A. V.; Basso, O; Olsen, J (15 July 2005).
2793:
2783:
1629:
1567:
1557:
1532:
1138:
956:
is considered harmless for the embryo. Peterka and Novotná do, however, state that synthetic
451:
264:
4722:"Maternal Exposure to Nitrate from Drinking Water and Diet and Risk for Neural Tube Defects"
2348:
Estimated National Prevalence per 10,000 Live Births (Adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity)
9350:
9289:
9189:
9163:
8832:
8816:
8781:
8715:
8108:
8033:
7972:
7778:
6524:
6428:
6332:
6176:
6130:
6040:
5522:
4770:
3368:
2685:
2274:
2200:
1947:
1669:
were introduced in the early 1960s and initially dealt with just two disorders. Since then
1597:. It is hypothesized that this may be due to environmental exposures or lifestyle choices.
1485:
1291:
996:
727:
517:
287:
268:
237:
180:
7050:
Fernando, J; Arena, P; Smith, D. W. (1978). "Sex liability to single structural defects".
4099:
Understanding Genetics: A District of Columbia Guide for Patients and Health Professionals
8:
9618:
9603:
8965:
8484:
8281:
8094:
7728:
7222:
7063:
5015:
4923:
3949:
Hollander, Jessica; McNivens, Megan; Pautassi, Ricardo M.; Nizhnikov, Michael E. (2019).
3830:"Ophthalmic involvement in the fetal alcohol syndrome: clinical and animal model studies"
3429:
Tayel, SM; Fawzia, MM; Al-Naqeeb, Niran A; Gouda, Said; Al Awadi, SA; Naguib, KK (2005).
2471:
1882:
1616:
1594:
1561:
1072:
Industrial pollution can also lead to congenital defects. Over a period of 37 years, the
1023:
525:
430:
295:
229:
217:
98:
6528:
6432:
6336:
6134:
4807:(Report). Greater Boston Physicians for Social Responsibility. May 2000. pp. 90–2.
4774:
3338:
1522:
disaster, it was assumed in the 1990s that the germ line of irradiated fathers suffered
1403:, the physical interference or presence of other similarly developing organisms such as
661:
The prevalence of children affected is estimated at least 1% in U.S. as well in Canada.
9111:
8898:
8720:
8448:
8385:
8373:
8369:
8333:
8328:
8263:
7877:
7657:
7027:
7002:
6920:
6795:
6768:
6677:
6652:
6555:
6512:
6488:
6463:
6356:
6233:
6208:
6151:
6118:
6052:
6004:
5954:
5875:
5848:
5734:
5699:
5311:
5275:
5240:
5216:
5183:
5068:
4974:
4965:
4949:
4866:
4831:
4697:
4664:
4495:
4470:
4411:
4386:
4362:
4335:
4076:
3983:
3950:
3887:
3870:
3810:
3692:
3657:
3633:
3600:
3520:
3487:
3463:
3430:
3293:
3268:
3240:
3215:
3158:
3133:
2567:
2100:
1338:
1315:
965:
708:
690:
233:
93:
7277:
6300:
5849:"The Role of Sperm Centrioles in Human Reproduction – The Known and the Unknown - PMC"
5700:"Cloning and Embryo Splitting in Mammalians: Brief History, Methods, and Achievements"
4782:
3798:
3763:
3284:
3231:
3149:
1893:
all children will require extensive medical care to diagnose or treat a birth defect.
9325:
9264:
9086:
8852:
8755:
8705:
8516:
8347:
7964:
7883:
7838:
7806:
7794:
7556:
7438:
7403:
7281:
7183:
7137:
7102:
7067:
7032:
6908:
6898:
6867:
6827:
6800:
6713:
6682:
6633:
6598:
6560:
6542:
6493:
6444:
6384:
6348:
6256:
6238:
6180:
6142:
6083:
6044:
5996:
5946:
5880:
5829:
5791:
5739:
5721:
5669:
5631:
5590:
5322:
5280:
5262:
5221:
5203:
5164:
5060:
4979:
4915:
4871:
4853:
4786:
4743:
4702:
4684:
4616:
4581:
4544:
4500:
4451:
4447:
4416:
4367:
4307:
4280:
4234:
4182:
4156:
4068:
4030:
3988:
3970:
3931:
3892:
3851:
3802:
3767:
3732:
3697:
3679:
3638:
3620:
3525:
3507:
3468:
3450:
3409:
3298:
3245:
3163:
3033:
2866:
2305:
Data obtained on opposite-sex twins. ** — Data were obtained in the period 1983–1994.
1666:
1661:
1358:
1330:
can also be transmitted from the pregnant mother to her baby and cause microcephaly.
1279:
1089:
1063:
1043:
841:, is such a strong teratogen that just a single dose taken by a pregnant woman (even
723:
719:
572:
272:
256:
77:
7203:
World Health Organization reports. "Congenital malformations", Geneve, 1966, p. 128.
6056:
6008:
5958:
4387:"Review of recent epidemiological studies on paternal occupations and birth defects"
4080:
3814:
3101:
1539:
doses of X-ray irradiation of male mice resulted in birth defects of the offspring.
9219:
9194:
8945:
8940:
8837:
8750:
8494:
8342:
8338:
8235:
8112:
8080:
7711:
7430:
7395:
7273:
7175:
7129:
7094:
7059:
7022:
7014:
6890:
6859:
6790:
6780:
6672:
6664:
6625:
6590:
6550:
6532:
6483:
6475:
6440:
6436:
6360:
6340:
6228:
6220:
6209:"Sex ratio among offspring of childhood cancer survivors treated with radiotherapy"
6207:
Winther, J F; Boice, J D; Thomsen, B L; Schull, W J; Stovall, M; j h Olsen (2003).
6146:
6138:
6036:
5988:
5938:
5870:
5860:
5821:
5781:
5729:
5711:
5623:
5270:
5252:
5211:
5195:
5156:
5072:
5050:
4969:
4961:
4905:
4861:
4843:
4778:
4733:
4692:
4676:
4608:
4573:
4490:
4482:
4443:
4406:
4398:
4357:
4347:
4270:
4224:
4146:
4136:
4060:
4022:
3978:
3962:
3927:
3923:
3882:
3841:
3794:
3759:
3724:
3687:
3669:
3628:
3612:
3515:
3499:
3458:
3442:
3288:
3280:
3235:
3227:
3153:
3145:
2245:
1693:
1421:
1180:
1085:
1003:, hydrocephalus, facial dismorphities, intellectual disability, or leg deformities
1000:
987:
is usually recommended when pregnancy is discovered during or before chemotherapy.
821:
is the sole vitamin that is embryotoxic even in a therapeutic dose, for example in
808:
731:
276:
244:
82:
35:
5241:"Rubella Virus Infection, the Congenital Rubella Syndrome, and the Link to Autism"
3966:
1183:
may result in epigenetic or genetic modifications of the father's germline. Fetal
1163:, causing a 30% higher risk for congenital malformations and a 50% higher risk of
9643:
9593:
9522:
9497:
9467:
9377:
9284:
9224:
8654:
8352:
7941:
7550:
6537:
6291:"Nuclear crisis: Hiroshima and Nagasaki cast long shadows over radiation science"
5942:
4540:
4064:
3503:
3322:
1682:
1409:
1393:
1389:
1311:
1287:
1113:
972:
used from the 1940s to 1971, when the prenatal exposition has been linked to the
950:
have recently also been reported as a result of intrauterine valproate exposure.
895:
888:
749:
studied 1,065 chemical and drug substances in their ToxCast program (part of the
418:
405:
is a disorder at the organ level that is due to problems with tissue development.
232:
in which problems exist with how a body part works. Functional disorders include
55:
Congenital disorder, congenital disease, congenital deformity, congenital anomaly
4577:
4094:
1531:
increase was also seen by independent researchers analyzing the children of the
1187:
have been damaged as a result of a father's smoking habits prior to conception.
355:). Some minor anomalies may be clues to more significant internal abnormalities.
9633:
9517:
9457:
9121:
9116:
9106:
9101:
9066:
8903:
8511:
8026:
7992:
7987:
7662:
7561:
6894:
5661:
5199:
4612:
3446:
2788:
2420:
2219:
2170:
1590:
1586:
1275:
1271:
1142:
1097:
1066:
1011:
850:
568:
560:
556:
531:
Congenital anomalies of the nervous system include neural tube defects such as
475:
369:, and which is significant enough to be considered a problem. According to the
6863:
6785:
5627:
5612:"Preconceptional fasting of fathers alters serum glucose in offspring of mice"
1076:
Corporation, a petrochemical and plastics company, contaminated the waters of
30:
This article is about congenital disorders in humans. Not to be confused with
9660:
9638:
9608:
9588:
9447:
9422:
9345:
9259:
9249:
9244:
9158:
9051:
8740:
8506:
8221:
8021:
7982:
7977:
7905:
7891:
7867:
7855:
7843:
7831:
7811:
7716:
7694:
7689:
7667:
6651:
Wiener-Megnazi, Zofnat; Auslender, Ron; Dirnfeld, Martha (12 December 2011).
6546:
5865:
5725:
5266:
5207:
5182:
Arora, Nitin; Sadovsky, Yoel; Dermody, Terence S.; Coyne, Carolyn B. (2017).
4857:
4688:
4486:
4352:
3974:
3683:
3624:
3511:
3454:
3315:
2728:
2653:
2393:
2118:
1705:
1605:
1578:
1523:
1299:
1154:
1130:
1081:
1055:
923:
911:
903:
858:
854:
838:
826:
595:
564:
552:
536:
483:
352:
260:
7376:
Riley M., Halliday J. (2002) Birth Defects in Victoria 1999–2000, Melbourne.
6629:
6594:
5825:
5786:
5769:
4738:
4721:
4275:
4258:
4229:
4212:
4141:
4124:
3846:
3829:
3728:
3674:
830:
9477:
9472:
9452:
9432:
9418:
9362:
9091:
9041:
8857:
8725:
8685:
8016:
7923:
7919:
7799:
7787:
7771:
7759:
7749:
7652:
7573:
7407:
7187:
7141:
7099:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19970331)69:3<225::AID-AJMG1>3.0.CO;2-K
7036:
6912:
6871:
6831:
6804:
6717:
6686:
6637:
6564:
6497:
6479:
6448:
6242:
6224:
6048:
6000:
5950:
5884:
5795:
5743:
5716:
5673:
5635:
5284:
5257:
5225:
5168:
5064:
4983:
4919:
4910:
4875:
4790:
4747:
4706:
4620:
4504:
4420:
4371:
4238:
4160:
4101:. Genetic Alliance; District of Columbia Department of Health. 2010-02-17.
4072:
4034:
3992:
3935:
3896:
3855:
3701:
3642:
3529:
3472:
3302:
3249:
3167:
2526:
2416:
2376:
2086:
2060:
1512:
1334:
1307:
1295:
1251:
1195:
1077:
1059:
1058:, hip subluxation, agenesis of a limb, and inferior maxillary atresia with
980:
868:
834:
822:
735:
532:
479:
455:
374:
336:
307:
7442:
7434:
7350:
Montagu A. (1968) Natural Superiority of Women, The, Altamira Press, 1999.
7285:
7106:
7018:
6602:
6352:
5833:
4848:
4585:
4455:
4311:
4284:
4027:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199909)60:3<161::AID-TERA12>3.0.CO;2-A
3806:
3736:
3601:"Developmental pathology of congenital kidney and urinary tract anomalies"
3574:"Overview of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT)"
9583:
9578:
9552:
9442:
9427:
9408:
9367:
9335:
9330:
9168:
9046:
8986:
8935:
8038:
8009:
8004:
7901:
7071:
6295:
5055:
5038:
4402:
3771:
3616:
2669:
2360:
1961:
1701:
1612:
1368:
1342:
1319:
1118:
1031:
988:
939:
842:
787:
760:
540:
467:
306:
Much of the language used for describing congenital conditions antedates
147:
6668:
4891:"Ambient Air Pollution and Risk of Birth Defects in Southern California"
1451:. Single-gene defects may arise from abnormalities of both copies of an
910:, which may typically include broad nose base, cleft lip and/or palate,
441:
9562:
9507:
9502:
9492:
9487:
9340:
9214:
9076:
9071:
9027:
8930:
8745:
8443:
8429:
8158:
8154:
7960:
7706:
7684:
7674:
7399:
7179:
7085:
Lubinsky, M. S. (1997). "Classifying sex biased congenital anomalies".
6755:
6257:"Birth defects among the children of atomic-bomb survivors (1948–1954)"
5992:
5160:
4051:
Abel, E. L. (2004). "Paternal contribution to fetal alcohol syndrome".
3339:"Facts about Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate | Birth Defects | NCBDDD | CDC"
2768:
2745:
2724:
2708:
1645:
1464:
always produce effects on many different body parts and organ systems.
1364:
1327:
1184:
1109:
935:
915:
872:
804:
795:
790:. It was developed near the end of the 1950s by Chemie Grünenthal as a
771:
704:
495:
471:
459:
366:
348:
344:
282:
Treatment varies depending on the defect in question. This may include
240:. Some birth defects include both structural and functional disorders.
213:
209:
153:
86:
61:
31:
7537:
7133:
4151:
429:
When multiple effects occur in a specified order, they are known as a
9547:
9413:
9392:
9274:
9199:
9151:
9081:
9036:
8730:
7999:
7955:
7647:
7642:
7523:
CDC's National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities
6344:
4889:
Ritz, B.; Yu, F.; Fruin, S.; Chapa, G.; Shaw, G.; Harris, J. (2002).
4680:
2543:
1519:
1507:
1473:
1439:
1323:
1267:
1221:
1122:
957:
931:
899:
818:
763:
755:
738:
disruption, and specific receptor- or enzyme-mediated teratogenesis.
463:
414:
402:
140:
136:
70:
5611:
4663:
Manassaram, Deana M.; Backer, Lorraine C.; Moll, Deborah M. (2006).
9598:
9537:
9527:
9462:
9299:
9279:
9204:
8862:
8115:
8065:
8061:
7933:
7612:
6947:"Newborn screening for DMD shows promise as an international model"
6321:
5847:
Avidor-Reiss, T.; Mazur, M.; Fishman, E. L.; Sindhwani, P. (2019).
5304:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5146:
2608:
2585:
2329:
About 7,000 babies are born with a cleft palate, cleft lip or both.
1601:
1452:
1435:
1427:
1303:
1233:
1225:
1199:
1191:
1164:
984:
969:
961:
791:
700:
587:
487:
447:
434:
165:
132:
8588:
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
7457:"Birth Defects: Saving Pediatric Patients from Congenital Defects"
6699:
6421:
Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis
6027:
Bradley, Robert H.; Corwyn, Robert F. (February 2002). "S S C D".
3948:
3658:"Inborn errors of metabolism in the 21st century: past to present"
1104:, inhibited psychomotor development, and intellectual disability.
9557:
9532:
9309:
8541:
8168:
7951:
7624:
5846:
5245:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
4176:
4122:
1337:, microphthalmus (abnormally small eyeballs), retinal dysplasia,
1262:
884:
812:
767:
591:
491:
283:
176:
161:
157:
7388:
Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology
7168:
Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology
6374:
Bennett, Burton; Repacholi, Michael; Carr, Zhanat, eds. (2006).
5291:
4829:
4804:
3871:"Estimating the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome. A summary"
339:), a third nipple, tiny indentations of the skin near the ears (
275:. A number of defects can be detected before birth by different
9482:
9269:
9254:
9017:
6650:
3431:"A morpho-etiological description of congenital limb anomalies"
3406:
Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Deformation, 3rd Edition
1240:
1101:
1073:
992:
947:
543:. Other congenital anomalies of the nervous system include the
6767:
Chen, J; Gong, X; Chen, P; Luo, K; Zhang, X (16 August 2016).
4537:Úvod do teratologie: příčiny a mechanizmy vzniku vrozených vad
3912:
2862:
Porth pathophysiology : concepts of altered health states
9387:
8398:
8257:
8196:
8172:
8102:
7385:
7252:
Robbins and Cotran's Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th edition
6743:
Robbins and Cotran's Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th edition
5660:
Bhandari, Jenish; Thada, Pawan K.; Sergent, Shane R. (2022),
4434:
King CR (1986). "Genetic counseling for teratogen exposure".
4334:
Anderson, Diana; Schmid, ThomasE; Baumgartner, Adolf (2014).
4297:
1708:
scans can give detailed information of structural anomalies.
1404:
1244:
1229:
1160:
6949:. Nationwide Children's Hospital. 2012-03-19. Archived from
5696:
3749:
2997:"How many people are affected by/at risk for birth defects?"
846:
9173:
8303:
8295:
8239:
8225:
8200:
8128:
8098:
8088:
7420:
6850:
Wilcken, B; Wiley, V (February 2008). "Newborn screening".
5609:
5317:(5th ed.). Baltimore: William & Wilkins. pp.
4564:
Hunt JR (1996). "Teratogenicity of high vitamin A intake".
1431:
1400:
876:
251:, exposure to certain medications or chemicals, or certain
5978:
4210:
1367:, a B vitamin, in the diet of a mother can cause cellular
8084:
7007:
American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health
6510:
6206:
5181:
4468:
4333:
3428:
1793:
for congenital anomalies per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004:
1720:
Congenital anomalies deaths per million persons in 2012:
1027:
7264:
Dicke JM (1989). "Teratology: principles and practice".
6700:
Bezerra Guimarães MJ, Marques NM, Melo Filho DA (2000).
6119:"The Children of Atomic Bomb Survivors: A Genetic Study"
5184:"Microbial Vertical Transmission during Human Pregnancy"
4601:
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research
4530:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4514:
3373:
American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
395:
Some conditions are due to abnormal tissue development:
135:, exposure to certain medications or chemicals, certain
6383:. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). p. 79.
3715:
Jones K, Smith D (1975). "The fetal alcohol syndrome".
1900:
The sex ratio of patients with congenital malformations
1408:
various structures. This results in conditions such as
943:
770:
developmental intoxicants based on changes in cellular
365:
a congenital, physical anomaly that is recognizable at
212:, regardless of its cause. Birth defects may result in
7423:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
6461:
5928:
3403:
3185:"How do health care providers diagnose birth defects?"
3131:
995:
effect, was used during the 1950s and 1960s to induce
707:, and include certain pharmaceutical and recreational
450:. These include all forms of limbs anomalies, such as
8578:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
6123:
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
6022:
6020:
6018:
4511:
3827:
1472:
Non-genetic defects in sperm cells, such as deformed
1376:, aids the development of the foetal nervous system.
853:), ears, thymus, face deformities, and neurological (
442:
Examples of primarily structural congenital disorders
361:
is a widely used term for a congenital malformation,
7527:
6580:
6373:
5659:
4662:
4627:
4172:
4170:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
1566:
Certain birth complications can occur more often in
942:
closure-related defects such as spina bifida. Lower
7372:
7370:
7368:
7366:
7364:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7356:
5811:
5008:"Methylmercury Contamination in Fish and Shellfish"
3213:
7049:
6015:
5768:Sartorius, G. A.; Nieschlag, E. (20 August 2009).
5767:
5589:. London: Health Education Authority. p. 11.
5310:
3868:
786:Probably, the most well-known teratogenic drug is
424:A disruption involves breakdown of normal tissues.
410:Conditions also can arise after tissue is formed:
6615:
4805:In Harm's Way: Toxic Threats to Child Development
4760:
4720:Croen, Lisa; Todoroff, Karen; Shaw, Gary (2001).
4719:
4598:
4167:
3390:
2779:List of ICD-9 codes 740-759: Congenital anomalies
1306:. Maternal exposure to cytomegalovirus can cause
9658:
7353:
7000:
6653:"Advanced paternal age and reproductive outcome"
5497:Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired
5403:"Hepatosplenomegaly-Symptoms, Causes, Treatment"
5140:
4888:
2233:Congenital anomalies of the genitourinary system
1179:embryonic and fetal stages of development. This
7199:
7197:
6766:
6418:
6162:
5668:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
4012:
1278:can occur, causing deafness. In the heart, the
7165:
4534:
4256:
3545:"Congenital Anomalies of the Digestive System"
3179:
3177:
2858:
1535:. Animal studies have shown that incomparably
1459:disorder) or of only one of the two copies (a
1434:from the mother or the father, as well as new
1399:For multicellular organisms that develop in a
926:taken during pregnancy is responsible for the
902:, also known as diphenylhydantoin, along with
781:
27:Condition present at birth regardless of cause
9512:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot')
9002:
8583:Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons
8414:
8343:46,XX testicular disorders of sex development
7589:
7329:
7327:
7325:
7323:
7321:
7319:
7317:
7315:
6026:
5981:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
5373:"Cerebral calcification, nonarteriosclerotic"
5239:Mawson, Anthony R.; Croft, Ashley M. (2019).
5149:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
4954:British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
4948:Aubard, Yves; Magne, Isabelle (12 Aug 2005).
4263:JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute
3485:
3325:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
3132:Wang, Haidong; et al. (8 October 2016).
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
2991:
2989:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
1167:being under-sized for their gestational age.
1088:". Because methylmercury is a teratogen, the
747:United States Environmental Protection Agency
695:environmental toxicants and fetal development
7603:
7313:
7311:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7297:
7295:
7257:
7194:
7119:
6849:
6693:
6172:Teratology in the Twentieth Century Plus Ten
5931:Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology
5763:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5753:
4592:
3096:
3094:
3069:"What are the treatments for birth defects?"
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
1604:, syndromes involving multiple systems, and
208:is an abnormal condition that is present at
8165:Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation
7346:
7344:
7342:
7340:
6845:
6843:
6841:
5853:Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
5580:
5578:
5238:
4947:
4557:
4535:Peterka, Miroslav; Novotná, Božena (2010).
4427:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4291:
4213:"Paternal age and congenital malformations"
3908:
3906:
3174:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3063:
3061:
3059:
2958:
2956:
384:is a physical anomaly that is deleterious,
9016:
9009:
8995:
8971:
8772:Augmentative and alternative communication
8421:
8407:
7596:
7582:
7227:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
7223:"Diagnosis | Birth Defects | NCBDDD | CDC"
6972:"WHO Disease and injury country estimates"
5527:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4639:United States National Library of Medicine
4008:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3714:
3549:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3366:
3333:
3331:
3207:
3038:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3019:
2986:
2916:
1247:, or baby during pregnancy or childbirth.
703:can cause congenital disorders are called
371:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
60:
7292:
7026:
6811:
6794:
6784:
6676:
6576:
6574:
6554:
6536:
6487:
6232:
6150:
5874:
5864:
5807:
5805:
5785:
5750:
5733:
5715:
5603:
5274:
5256:
5215:
5054:
4973:
4909:
4865:
4847:
4836:Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology
4737:
4696:
4494:
4410:
4361:
4351:
4274:
4228:
4150:
4140:
4125:"Teratogenic mechanisms of medical drugs"
3982:
3886:
3845:
3784:
3691:
3673:
3632:
3519:
3492:CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology
3462:
3292:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3239:
3214:Vos, Theo; et al. (8 October 2016).
3157:
3091:
2879:
2799:National Birth Defects Prevention Network
1577:Around a 5% increase in the incidence of
861:) and cardiovascular defects, as well as
7337:
7263:
7084:
7052:American Journal of Diseases of Children
6838:
6817:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5575:
4950:"Carbon monoxide poisoning in pregnancy"
4318:
4177:Ronan O'Rahilly; Fabiola Müller (2001).
3903:
3598:
3120:
3056:
2953:
1785:
1715:
1681:(IEM)), and genetic disorders including
1426:Genetic causes of birth defects include
1034:, interfere with the development of the
351:bones, or dimples over the lower spine (
8807:Disproportionality in special education
7161:
7159:
7157:
7155:
7153:
7151:
6315:
5036:
4635:"Search Jablonski's Syndromes Database"
4563:
4433:
4391:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
4384:
4046:
4044:
3999:
3599:Jain, Sanjay; Chen, Feng (2018-12-01).
3328:
974:clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
433:. When the order is not known, it is a
313:
14:
9659:
6982:from the original on November 11, 2009
6735:
6644:
6571:
6288:
6168:
6041:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135233
5974:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5802:
5308:
5005:
4811:from the original on 24 September 2015
4385:Chia, S-E; Shi, L. M. (1 March 2002).
4336:"Male-mediated developmental toxicity"
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4198:
3655:
3256:
2931:"What are the types of birth defects?"
2894:"Birth Defects: Condition Information"
1310:, cerebral calcifications, blindness,
607:
8990:
8402:
7577:
7496:from the original on October 28, 2014
6878:
6265:Radiation Effects Research Foundation
6116:
5917:
5584:
5563:from the original on 24 December 2014
5533:from the original on 10 December 2014
5413:from the original on 10 November 2014
5353:from the original on 21 December 2014
5128:from the original on 21 December 2014
5039:"Health hazards and waste management"
4252:
4250:
4248:
4095:"Teratogens/Prenatal Substance Abuse"
3408:. Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 3.
3195:from the original on 22 December 2017
3079:from the original on 20 December 2017
3007:from the original on 17 December 2017
2974:from the original on 17 December 2017
2941:from the original on 22 December 2017
2904:from the original on 22 December 2017
1382:
1006:
9127:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
7148:
7087:American Journal of Medical Genetics
7064:10.1001/archpedi.1978.02120350034004
7003:"Statistical Study of Twins—Methods"
6939:
6884:
6818:Simonsen, H (25 November 2002). "".
6756:https://doi.org/10.58292/ct.v15.9609
6609:
5905:from the original on January 8, 2023
4378:
4050:
4041:
3828:Strömland K, Pinazo-Durán M (2002).
3486:Gaitanis, John; Tarui, Tomo (2018).
1675:gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
898:are known to be highly teratogenic.
267:during pregnancy, poorly controlled
8914:Disability in children's literature
8278:Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor
6400:from the original on 12 August 2011
5965:
5443:from the original on 5 January 2015
5085:
4195:
3576:. UpToDate – Wolters Kluer Health.
3542:
3309:
2584:Rectal and large intestinalatresia/
1333:The herpes simplex virus can cause
1159:Endometriosis can impact a woman's
680:
646:
24:
8777:Emotional or behavioral disability
6889:. Vol. 73. pp. 195–250.
5473:from the original on 22 April 2015
5098:from the original on 29 March 2015
4966:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11078.x
4245:
3279:(9963): 117–71. 17 December 2014.
1692:Screening can also be carried out
1467:
25:
9683:
7511:
7001:Gittelsohn, A; Milham, S (1964).
4669:Environmental Health Perspectives
4179:Human embryology & teratology
3580:from the original on 27 June 2012
3108:from the original on 18 June 2018
3044:from the original on 15 June 2018
2048:Hypoplasia of the tibia and femur
1479:
713:environmental toxins in pregnancy
301:
8970:
8961:
8960:
7851:22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome
7478:
7449:
7414:
7379:
7244:
7215:
7206:
7113:
7078:
7043:
6994:
6964:
6143:10.1001/jama.1992.03490050109039
5437:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
4898:American Journal of Epidemiology
4763:Science of the Total Environment
4726:American Journal of Epidemiology
4448:10.1097/00006250-198606000-00020
3662:Annals of Translational Medicine
2639:Reduction deformity, lower limbs
2625:Reduction deformity, upper limbs
2345:Estimated Annual Number of Cases
2317:
1915:Defects with female predominance
1286:Other infectious agents include
1218:vertically transmitted infection
1212:Vertically transmitted infection
1148:
1112:site near Niagara Falls and the
9062:Breastfeeding and mental health
8250:Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
8193:Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia
8121:Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma
7783:Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome
7518:WHO fact sheet on birth defects
7467:from the original on 2021-02-13
7250:Kumar, Abbas and Fausto, eds.,
7233:from the original on 2018-11-07
6760:
6748:
6741:Kumar, Abbas and Fausto, eds.,
6724:from the original on 2021-08-28
6504:
6462:Dickinson HO, Parker L (1999).
6455:
6412:
6367:
6282:
6271:from the original on 2018-05-20
6249:
6200:
6110:
6099:from the original on 2017-12-15
6063:
5891:
5840:
5770:"Paternal age and reproduction"
5690:
5680:from the original on 2023-03-16
5653:
5642:from the original on 2020-07-27
5545:
5515:
5485:
5455:
5425:
5395:
5365:
5335:
5232:
5175:
5110:
5088:"Environmental Justice for All"
5079:
5030:
4999:
4990:
4941:
4882:
4823:
4797:
4754:
4713:
4656:
4645:from the original on 2017-05-04
4462:
4116:
4105:from the original on 2019-12-20
4087:
3942:
3862:
3821:
3778:
3743:
3708:
3649:
3592:
3566:
3555:from the original on 2022-10-31
3536:
3479:
3422:
3404:Graham, John Whichello (2007).
3379:from the original on 2016-03-21
3360:
3349:from the original on 2015-05-08
2817:
2504:Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
2457:Transposition of great arteries
1711:
1650:intrauterine growth restriction
1551:
1348:
1239:directly from the mother to an
922:, and intellectual disability.
920:intrauterine growth restriction
653:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
577:agenesis of the corpus callosum
343:pits), shortness of the fourth
8792:Disability and LGBT identities
8428:
6441:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.11.002
6289:Voosen, Paul (11 April 2011).
3928:10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.06.003
3656:Arnold, Georgianne L. (2018).
3488:"Nervous System Malformations"
2852:
2488:Atrioventricular septal defect
2354:Central nervous system defects
2133:Defects with male predominance
321:
243:Birth defects may result from
13:
1:
9057:Breastfeeding and medications
8604:Services for mental disorders
7973:Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY)
7738:1q21.1 copy number variations
7278:10.1016/S0025-7125(16)30658-7
4783:10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00169-9
3967:10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.07.013
3869:May PA.; Gossage JP. (2001).
3799:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92234-8
3764:10.1016/S0022-3476(78)80072-9
3285:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
3232:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
3150:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1
2846:
2546:with and without cleft palate
2015:Diverticulum of the esophagus
1791:Disability-adjusted life year
1639:
1581:, atrial septal defects, and
1314:(which can cause blindness),
1205:
1080:with an estimated 27 tons of
991:, a cytostatic drug with anti
9672:Animal developmental biology
9619:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
9240:Infant cognitive development
9137:Neonatal intensive care unit
8609:Services for disabled people
8179:Acute promyelocytic leukemia
8135:Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
7827:17q12 microdeletion syndrome
7702:22q11.2 duplication syndrome
7680:16p11.2 duplication syndrome
6773:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
6538:10.1371/journal.pone.0186287
5943:10.1097/GCO.0b013e32835ec9b0
5313:Langman's Medical Embryology
4065:10.1080/13556210410001716980
3504:10.1212/CON.0000000000000561
3369:"Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate"
2964:"What causes birth defects?"
2774:List of congenital disorders
1655:
1492:
928:fetal trimethadione syndrome
620:congenital metabolic disease
582:Congenital anomalies of the
7:
9543:Supplemental nursing system
8892:Arts, media, culture, sport
7746:1q21.1 duplication syndrome
7633:1q21.1 duplication syndrome
6887:Inborn Errors of Metabolism
6029:Annual Review of Psychology
4578:10.1056/NEJM199605023341814
4539:(1. vyd. ed.). Praha:
2762:
1687:Duchenne muscular dystrophy
1679:inborn errors of metabolism
1529:statistically insignificant
1499:atomic bombing of Hiroshima
1415:
782:Medications and supplements
751:CompTox Chemicals Dashboard
594:, and perforation, such as
446:A limb anomaly is called a
329:congenital physical anomaly
253:infections during pregnancy
168:, mother over the age of 35
10:
9688:
9295:Prenatal development table
9235:Irritant diaper dermatitis
8919:Disability in horror films
8711:Activities of daily living
6895:10.1016/bs.acc.2015.12.001
6657:Asian Journal of Andrology
5407:Symptoms and Treatment RSS
5200:10.1016/j.chom.2017.04.007
5092:National Humanities Center
5014:. CSA 2007. Archived from
4613:10.1024/0300-9831.75.3.187
4340:Asian Journal of Andrology
3447:10.5144/0256-4947.2005.219
2074:Atresia of small intestine
1923:Congenital hip dislocation
1700:to give scans such as the
1659:
1648:in decreasing the risk of
1622:
1579:ventricular septal defects
1555:
1419:
1352:
1255:cataracts had been exposed
1209:
1170:
1152:
1096:showed predispositions to
1036:female reproductive system
825:, because its metabolite,
684:
675:ventricular septal defects
650:
624:inborn error of metabolism
622:is also referred to as an
614:Inborn error of metabolism
611:
586:include numerous forms of
545:Arnold–Chiari malformation
286:, medication, surgery, or
29:
9614:Prenatal cocaine exposure
9571:
9402:Infant care and equipment
9401:
9319:Socialization and Culture
9318:
9230:Infant visual development
9182:
9097:Infant and toddler safety
9025:
8956:
8891:
8825:
8764:
8698:
8663:
8617:
8596:
8560:
8534:
8527:
8467:
8436:
8321:
8292:Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
8214:
8143:
8073:
8060:
8051:
8027:XYYYY syndrome (49,XYYYY)
7993:XXXXY syndrome (49,XXXXY)
7988:XXXYY syndrome (49,XXXYY)
7950:
7932:
7918:
7727:
7620:
7611:
7531:
6976:World Health Organization
6864:10.1080/00313020701813743
6786:10.1186/s12884-016-1009-6
6468:British Journal of Cancer
6213:British Journal of Cancer
6080:World Health Organization
5774:Human Reproduction Update
5628:10.1016/j.nut.2005.09.006
5523:"Facts about Anencephaly"
4436:Obstetrics and Gynecology
4300:Obstetrics and Gynecology
3034:"What are Birth Defects?"
2700:
2600:
2570:/tracheoeophageal fistula
2559:
2518:
2435:
2408:
2352:
1698:obstetric ultrasonography
1497:For the survivors of the
1040:congenital hypothyroidism
906:, is responsible for the
673:the offspring displaying
641:
549:Dandy–Walker malformation
522:ventricular septal defect
194:
186:
172:
146:
128:
120:
112:
92:
76:
68:
59:
51:
46:
9624:Parental child abduction
9147:Oral rehydration therapy
8812:Sexuality and disability
8787:Disability and disasters
8699:Structural and assistive
7767:Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome
7742:1q21.1 deletion syndrome
7605:Chromosome abnormalities
6117:Heath, Clark W. (1992).
6082:. 2013. pp. 23–24.
5866:10.3389/fcell.2019.00188
5704:Stem Cells International
5043:British Medical Bulletin
5037:Rushton, Lesley (2003).
4353:10.4103/1008-682X.122342
4181:. New York: Wiley-Liss.
3435:Annals of Saudi Medicine
2810:
2561:Gastrointestinal defects
2141:Diverticula of the colon
1879:congenital heart defects
1671:tandem mass spectrometry
1583:patent ductus arteriosus
1137:Another issue regarding
908:fetal hydantoin syndrome
766:-based assay to predict
633:
514:patent ductus arteriosus
510:Congenital heart defects
504:cleidocranial dysostosis
333:minor physical anomalies
292:congenital heart disease
107:developmental disability
9629:Parental responsibility
9142:Newborn care and safety
8926:Disability in the media
8797:Disability and religion
8736:Personal Care Assistant
8151:Philadelphia chromosome
8022:XYYY syndrome (48,XYYY)
7983:XXXY syndrome (48,XXXY)
7978:XXYY syndrome (48,XXYY)
7863:22q13 deletion syndrome
7638:2q31.1 microduplication
6595:10.1002/tera.1420500111
6169:Kalter, Harold (2010).
5826:10.1002/tera.1420440409
5587:Changing Preconceptions
5585:Raats, Monique (1998).
5188:Cell Host & Microbe
3916:Reproductive Toxicology
3729:10.1002/tera.1420120102
3675:10.21037/atm.2018.11.36
3605:Clinical Kidney Journal
2859:Ruth A. Hannon (2010).
2805:Supernumerary body part
2602:Musculoskeletal defects
1881:(323,000), followed by
1667:Newborn screening tests
1505:, who are known as the
1363:For example, a lack of
1355:Nutrition and pregnancy
983:are strong teratogens;
863:intellectual disability
584:gastrointestinal system
382:congenital malformation
294:(303,000), followed by
255:. Risk factors include
179:, medication, surgery,
103:intellectual disability
9373:Grandparent visitation
8909:Disability in the arts
8802:Disability and poverty
8741:Physical accessibility
8010:Pentasomy X (49,XXXXX)
7942:Turner syndrome (45,X)
7823:Smith–Magenis syndrome
7819:Miller–Dieker syndrome
7754:1p36 deletion syndrome
6480:10.1038/sj.bjc.6690664
6225:10.1038/sj.bjc.6600748
5258:10.3390/ijerph16193543
4487:10.1093/toxsci/kfaa014
4475:Toxicological Sciences
3316:Birth Defects Research
2437:Cardiovascular defects
1874:
1783:
1127:abdominal wall defects
954:Hormonal contraception
776:developmental toxicity
687:Developmental toxicity
670:fetal alcohol syndrome
500:amniotic band syndrome
238:degenerative disorders
124:Structural, functional
9132:Infant sleep training
8500:driver rehabilitation
8017:XYY syndrome (47,XYY)
8005:Tetrasomy X (48,XXXX)
7888:Prader–Willi syndrome
7435:10.1210/jcem-38-4-612
7019:10.2105/ajph.54.2.286
6630:10.1093/humrep/del453
5787:10.1093/humupd/dmp027
5309:Sadler, T.W. (1985).
4739:10.1093/aje/153.4.325
4276:10.1093/jnci/89.3.238
4230:10.1093/humrep/dei186
4142:10.1093/humupd/dmp052
3847:10.1093/alcalc/37.1.2
2794:Mitochondrial disease
2784:Malformative syndrome
2702:Chromosomal anomalies
2265:Meckel's diverticulum
2153:Atresia of the rectum
1789:
1719:
1630:chromosomal anomalies
1568:advanced maternal age
1558:Advanced maternal age
1353:Further information:
1139:environmental justice
997:therapeutic abortions
759:modeling and a human
685:Further information:
390:malformation syndrome
249:chromosomal disorders
9667:Congenital disorders
9290:Prenatal development
9190:Attachment parenting
9164:Shaken baby syndrome
8833:Models of disability
8817:Youth and disability
8782:Invisible disability
8731:Orthotics and braces
8716:Assistive technology
8528:Rights, law, support
8109:Mantle cell lymphoma
7779:Cri du chat syndrome
6820:Ugeskrift for Laeger
6177:Springer Netherlands
5717:10.1155/2021/2347506
4911:10.1093/aje/155.1.17
4403:10.1136/oem.59.3.149
3226:(10053): 1545–1602.
3144:(10053): 1459–1544.
3040:. 7 September 2017.
2833:congenital deformity
2686:Diaphragmatic hernia
2279:More common in boys
2275:Congenital megacolon
2269:More common in boys
2201:Cleft lip and palate
1486:socioeconomic status
1292:herpes simplex virus
1232:, or in rare cases,
1030:was shown to induce
938:effects, leading to
914:, nails and fingers
881:teeth mineralization
728:endocrine disruption
626:. Most of these are
518:atrial septal defect
314:Primarily structural
288:assistive technology
230:functional disorders
181:assistive technology
164:, poorly controlled
18:Congenital anomalies
9604:Infant ear piercing
8485:Learning disability
8095:Follicular lymphoma
7266:Med. Clin. North Am
6669:10.1038/aja.2011.69
6529:2017PLoSO..1286287L
6433:2005MRGTE.581...69F
6337:1996Natur.380..683D
6135:1992RadR..131..229A
5503:on 17 November 2014
5018:on 13 December 2014
5006:Griesbauer, Laura.
4849:10.1155/2015/687975
4775:2002ScTEn.300...23C
2825:congenital disorder
2472:Tetralogy of Fallot
2379:without anencephaly
2335:
1902:
1883:neural tube defects
1871: more than 950
1805: less than 160
1595:tetralogy of Fallot
1562:Paternal age effect
1449:chromosomal defects
1024:endocrine disruptor
879:mineralization and
628:single-gene defects
608:Primarily metabolic
526:tetralogy of Fallot
296:neural tube defects
190:3% of newborns (US)
99:Physical disability
9112:Infant food safety
8899:Disability culture
8826:Disability studies
8721:Independent living
8449:Disability studies
8334:Uniparental disomy
8329:Fragile X syndrome
8264:Myxoid liposarcoma
8116:t(11 CCND1:14 IGH)
8000:Trisomy X (47,XXX)
7878:genomic imprinting
7658:Distal trisomy 10q
7400:10.1002/bdra.10129
7180:10.1002/bdra.20196
6618:Human Reproduction
5993:10.1111/aogs.12430
5409:. 22 August 2011.
5161:10.1111/aogs.13111
5056:10.1093/bmb/ldg034
4996:congenital defects
4217:Human Reproduction
3875:Alcohol Res Health
3617:10.1093/ckj/sfy112
3543:CDC (2021-03-31).
3321:2015-09-24 at the
3191:. September 2017.
3075:. September 2017.
2970:. September 2017.
2937:. September 2017.
2900:. September 2017.
2837:congenital anomaly
2829:congenital disease
2568:Esophageal atresia
2333:
2101:Esophageal atresia
1906:Congenital anomaly
1898:
1875:
1784:
1383:Physical restraint
1339:hepatosplenomegaly
1316:hepatosplenomegaly
1042:, and suspectably
966:Diethylstilbestrol
792:sleep-inducing aid
711:, as well as many
709:drugs in pregnancy
691:drugs in pregnancy
9654:
9653:
9514:
9351:Children's rights
9265:Object permanence
9087:Failure to thrive
8984:
8983:
8853:Neuroqueer theory
8756:Web accessibility
8706:Accessible toilet
8694:
8693:
8547:Disability rights
8542:Ableism/disablism
8396:
8395:
8348:Marker chromosome
8317:
8316:
8210:
8209:
8047:
8046:
7914:
7913:
7884:Angelman syndrome
7839:DiGeorge syndrome
7807:Jacobsen syndrome
7795:Williams syndrome
7571:
7570:
7134:10.1002/tera.1070
6390:978-92-4-159417-2
6331:(6576): 683–686.
6186:978-90-481-8820-8
6089:978-92-4-150513-0
5662:"Potter Syndrome"
5596:978-0-7521-1231-2
5086:Bullard, Robert.
4572:(18): 1197–1200.
4550:978-80-246-1780-0
4223:(11): 3173–3177.
4188:978-0-471-38225-6
4129:Hum Reprod Update
4053:Addiction Biology
3415:978-0-7216-1489-2
3189:www.nichd.nih.gov
3073:www.nichd.nih.gov
3001:www.nichd.nih.gov
2968:www.nichd.nih.gov
2935:www.nichd.nih.gov
2898:www.nichd.nih.gov
2872:978-1-60547-781-7
2760:
2759:
2529:without cleft lip
2520:Orofacial defects
2300:
2299:
2003:Spinal herniation
1909:Sex ratio, ♂♂:♀♀
1662:Newborn screening
1359:folate deficiency
1280:ductus arteriosus
1090:mercury poisoning
1044:childhood obesity
724:neural crest cell
720:folate antagonism
699:Substances whose
573:holoprosencephaly
257:folate deficiency
202:
201:
41:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
9679:
9510:
9195:Baby-led weaning
9011:
9004:
8997:
8988:
8987:
8974:
8973:
8964:
8963:
8946:Special Olympics
8838:Inspiration porn
8751:Universal design
8552:Pejorative terms
8532:
8531:
8495:Physical therapy
8423:
8416:
8409:
8400:
8399:
8339:XX male syndrome
8236:Synovial sarcoma
8113:Multiple myeloma
8081:Burkitt lymphoma
8071:
8070:
8058:
8057:
7961:other karyotypes
7930:
7929:
7712:Cat-eye syndrome
7618:
7617:
7598:
7591:
7584:
7575:
7574:
7529:
7528:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7501:
7482:
7476:
7475:
7473:
7472:
7453:
7447:
7446:
7418:
7412:
7411:
7383:
7377:
7374:
7351:
7348:
7335:
7331:
7290:
7289:
7261:
7255:
7248:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7238:
7219:
7213:
7210:
7204:
7201:
7192:
7191:
7163:
7146:
7145:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7082:
7076:
7075:
7047:
7041:
7040:
7030:
6998:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6968:
6962:
6961:
6959:
6958:
6943:
6937:
6936:
6930:
6926:
6924:
6916:
6885:Ezgu, F (2016).
6882:
6876:
6875:
6847:
6836:
6835:
6815:
6809:
6808:
6798:
6788:
6764:
6758:
6752:
6746:
6739:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6729:
6697:
6691:
6690:
6680:
6648:
6642:
6641:
6613:
6607:
6606:
6578:
6569:
6568:
6558:
6540:
6523:(10): e0186287.
6508:
6502:
6501:
6491:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6416:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6399:
6382:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6345:10.1038/380683a0
6319:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6299:. Archived from
6286:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6236:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6193:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6098:
6077:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6024:
6013:
6012:
5976:
5963:
5962:
5926:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5901:. June 7, 2018.
5895:
5889:
5888:
5878:
5868:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5809:
5800:
5799:
5789:
5765:
5748:
5747:
5737:
5719:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5582:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5519:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5499:. Archived from
5493:"Microphthalmus"
5489:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5379:. Archived from
5369:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5316:
5306:
5289:
5288:
5278:
5260:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5219:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5118:"Lead Poisoning"
5114:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5058:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5003:
4997:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4977:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4929:on 30 April 2015
4928:
4922:. Archived from
4913:
4895:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4869:
4851:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4741:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4700:
4681:10.1289/ehp.8407
4660:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4532:
4509:
4508:
4498:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4414:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4365:
4355:
4331:
4316:
4315:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4278:
4254:
4243:
4242:
4232:
4208:
4193:
4192:
4174:
4165:
4164:
4154:
4144:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4048:
4039:
4038:
4010:
3997:
3996:
3986:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3910:
3901:
3900:
3890:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3849:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3695:
3677:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3636:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3523:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3466:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3401:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3367:communications.
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3335:
3326:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3296:
3265:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3161:
3129:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3104:. Dec 15, 2015.
3098:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3065:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3030:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2927:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2890:
2877:
2876:
2856:
2840:
2823:Also known as a
2821:
2342:Cases per Births
2336:
2332:
2246:Pyloric stenosis
1903:
1897:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1696:and can include
1545:Seascale cluster
1422:Genetic disorder
1181:oxidative damage
1108:done around the
1086:Minamata disease
1007:Toxic substances
1001:craniosynostosis
809:multiple myeloma
732:oxidative stress
681:Toxic substances
647:Alcohol exposure
261:drinking alcohol
116:Present at birth
83:Medical genetics
64:
44:
43:
36:genetic disorder
21:
9687:
9686:
9682:
9681:
9680:
9678:
9677:
9676:
9657:
9656:
9655:
9650:
9644:Paternity fraud
9594:Closed adoption
9567:
9523:Infant clothing
9498:Haberman Feeder
9468:Car seat safety
9397:
9378:Infant swimming
9356:UN Child rights
9314:
9225:Gestational age
9178:
9021:
9015:
8985:
8980:
8952:
8887:
8821:
8760:
8690:
8664:Activist groups
8659:
8613:
8592:
8556:
8523:
8463:
8432:
8427:
8397:
8392:
8353:Ring chromosome
8313:
8206:
8139:
8043:
7959:
7946:
7910:
7723:
7622:
7607:
7602:
7572:
7567:
7566:
7540:
7514:
7509:
7499:
7497:
7484:
7483:
7479:
7470:
7468:
7455:
7454:
7450:
7419:
7415:
7394:(12): 953–958.
7384:
7380:
7375:
7354:
7349:
7338:
7332:
7293:
7262:
7258:
7249:
7245:
7236:
7234:
7221:
7220:
7216:
7211:
7207:
7202:
7195:
7174:(11): 876–880.
7164:
7149:
7118:
7114:
7083:
7079:
7058:(10): 970–972.
7048:
7044:
6999:
6995:
6985:
6983:
6970:
6969:
6965:
6956:
6954:
6945:
6944:
6940:
6928:
6927:
6918:
6917:
6905:
6883:
6879:
6848:
6839:
6826:(48): 5607–12.
6816:
6812:
6765:
6761:
6753:
6749:
6740:
6736:
6727:
6725:
6698:
6694:
6649:
6645:
6614:
6610:
6579:
6572:
6509:
6505:
6474:(1): 144–151 .
6460:
6456:
6417:
6413:
6403:
6401:
6397:
6391:
6380:
6372:
6368:
6320:
6316:
6306:
6304:
6303:on 5 April 2012
6287:
6283:
6274:
6272:
6255:
6254:
6250:
6205:
6201:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6167:
6163:
6115:
6111:
6102:
6100:
6096:
6090:
6075:
6069:
6068:
6064:
6025:
6016:
5977:
5966:
5927:
5918:
5908:
5906:
5897:
5896:
5892:
5845:
5841:
5810:
5803:
5766:
5751:
5695:
5691:
5683:
5681:
5658:
5654:
5645:
5643:
5608:
5604:
5597:
5583:
5576:
5566:
5564:
5553:"Hydrocephalus"
5551:
5550:
5546:
5536:
5534:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5506:
5504:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5476:
5474:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5446:
5444:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5416:
5414:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5386:
5384:
5377:MedicineNet.com
5371:
5370:
5366:
5356:
5354:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5329:
5307:
5292:
5237:
5233:
5180:
5176:
5145:
5141:
5131:
5129:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5101:
5099:
5084:
5080:
5035:
5031:
5021:
5019:
5004:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4946:
4942:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4893:
4887:
4883:
4828:
4824:
4814:
4812:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4759:
4755:
4718:
4714:
4661:
4657:
4648:
4646:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4597:
4593:
4566:N. Engl. J. Med
4562:
4558:
4551:
4541:Karolinum Press
4533:
4512:
4467:
4463:
4432:
4428:
4383:
4379:
4332:
4319:
4296:
4292:
4255:
4246:
4209:
4196:
4189:
4175:
4168:
4121:
4117:
4108:
4106:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4049:
4042:
4011:
4000:
3947:
3943:
3911:
3904:
3867:
3863:
3834:Alcohol Alcohol
3826:
3822:
3783:
3779:
3748:
3744:
3713:
3709:
3654:
3650:
3597:
3593:
3583:
3581:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3558:
3556:
3541:
3537:
3484:
3480:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3402:
3391:
3382:
3380:
3365:
3361:
3352:
3350:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3323:Wayback Machine
3314:
3310:
3267:
3266:
3257:
3212:
3208:
3198:
3196:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3130:
3121:
3111:
3109:
3102:"Birth Defects"
3100:
3099:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3067:
3066:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3032:
3031:
3020:
3010:
3008:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2962:
2961:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2929:
2928:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2892:
2891:
2880:
2873:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2765:
2614:1 in 250 ~ 1000
2320:
2040:Neutral defects
1991:Aplasia of lung
1873:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1714:
1683:cystic fibrosis
1664:
1658:
1642:
1625:
1564:
1556:Main articles:
1554:
1495:
1482:
1470:
1468:Defective sperm
1424:
1418:
1410:conjoined twins
1394:oligohydramnios
1390:Potter syndrome
1385:
1375:
1361:
1351:
1312:chorioretinitis
1288:cytomegalovirus
1214:
1208:
1173:
1157:
1151:
1114:Lipari Landfill
1009:
968:is a synthetic
896:anticonvulsants
889:enamel of teeth
800:William McBride
784:
697:
683:
655:
649:
644:
636:
616:
610:
444:
419:oligohydramnios
324:
316:
304:
273:screening tests
42:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9685:
9675:
9674:
9669:
9652:
9651:
9649:
9648:
9647:
9646:
9636:
9634:Parenting plan
9631:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9575:
9573:
9569:
9568:
9566:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9518:Infant carrier
9515:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9458:Baby transport
9455:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9416:
9411:
9405:
9403:
9399:
9398:
9396:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9359:
9358:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9322:
9320:
9316:
9315:
9313:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9272:
9267:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9186:
9184:
9180:
9179:
9177:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9155:
9154:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9122:Infant massage
9119:
9117:Infant formula
9114:
9109:
9107:Infant feeding
9104:
9102:Infant bathing
9099:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9067:Bottle feeding
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9033:
9031:
9023:
9022:
9020:and their care
9014:
9013:
9006:
8999:
8991:
8982:
8981:
8979:
8978:
8968:
8957:
8954:
8953:
8951:
8950:
8949:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8928:
8923:
8922:
8921:
8916:
8906:
8904:Disability art
8901:
8895:
8893:
8889:
8888:
8886:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8829:
8827:
8823:
8822:
8820:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8768:
8766:
8762:
8761:
8759:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8702:
8700:
8696:
8695:
8692:
8691:
8689:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8667:
8665:
8661:
8660:
8658:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8621:
8619:
8615:
8614:
8612:
8611:
8606:
8600:
8598:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8564:
8562:
8558:
8557:
8555:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8538:
8536:
8529:
8525:
8524:
8522:
8521:
8520:
8519:
8514:
8504:
8503:
8502:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8471:
8469:
8465:
8464:
8462:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8440:
8438:
8434:
8433:
8426:
8425:
8418:
8411:
8403:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8390:
8389:
8388:
8350:
8345:
8336:
8331:
8325:
8323:
8319:
8318:
8315:
8314:
8312:
8311:
8289:
8275:
8261:
8247:
8233:
8218:
8216:
8212:
8211:
8208:
8207:
8205:
8204:
8190:
8176:
8162:
8147:
8145:
8141:
8140:
8138:
8137:
8132:
8118:
8106:
8092:
8077:
8075:
8068:
8055:
8053:Translocations
8049:
8048:
8045:
8044:
8042:
8041:
8036:
8030:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8013:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7996:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7969:
7967:
7948:
7947:
7945:
7944:
7938:
7936:
7927:
7916:
7915:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7908:
7898:
7897:
7896:
7895:
7873:
7872:
7871:
7870:
7860:
7859:
7858:
7848:
7847:
7846:
7836:
7835:
7834:
7816:
7815:
7814:
7804:
7803:
7802:
7792:
7791:
7790:
7776:
7775:
7774:
7764:
7763:
7762:
7733:
7731:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7721:
7720:
7719:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7698:
7697:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7671:
7670:
7663:Patau syndrome
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7629:
7627:
7615:
7609:
7608:
7601:
7600:
7593:
7586:
7578:
7569:
7568:
7565:
7564:
7553:
7541:
7536:
7535:
7533:
7532:Classification
7526:
7525:
7520:
7513:
7512:External links
7510:
7508:
7507:
7477:
7463:. 2021-01-31.
7448:
7429:(4): 612–617.
7413:
7378:
7352:
7336:
7291:
7256:
7243:
7229:. 2017-12-04.
7214:
7205:
7193:
7147:
7128:(5): 237–251.
7112:
7093:(3): 225–228.
7077:
7042:
7013:(2): 286–294.
6993:
6963:
6938:
6929:|journal=
6903:
6877:
6837:
6810:
6759:
6747:
6734:
6692:
6643:
6624:(3): 696–701.
6608:
6570:
6503:
6454:
6427:(1–2): 69–82.
6411:
6389:
6366:
6314:
6281:
6248:
6199:
6185:
6179:. p. 21.
6161:
6129:(5): 633–634.
6109:
6088:
6062:
6035:(1): 371–399.
6014:
5987:(8): 727–740.
5964:
5916:
5890:
5839:
5820:(4): 429–440.
5801:
5749:
5689:
5652:
5622:(3): 327–331.
5602:
5595:
5574:
5544:
5514:
5484:
5454:
5424:
5394:
5383:on 3 July 2015
5364:
5343:"Microcephaly"
5334:
5327:
5290:
5231:
5194:(5): 561–567.
5174:
5155:(6): 751–760.
5139:
5109:
5078:
5029:
4998:
4989:
4940:
4881:
4822:
4796:
4769:(1–3): 23–35.
4753:
4712:
4675:(3): 320–327.
4655:
4626:
4591:
4556:
4549:
4510:
4481:(2): 189–209.
4461:
4426:
4397:(3): 149–155.
4377:
4317:
4290:
4269:(3): 238–243.
4244:
4194:
4187:
4166:
4115:
4086:
4059:(2): 127–133.
4040:
4021:(3): 161–172.
3998:
3941:
3902:
3861:
3820:
3793:(8517): 1222.
3777:
3742:
3707:
3648:
3611:(3): 382–399.
3591:
3565:
3535:
3478:
3441:(3): 219–227.
3421:
3414:
3389:
3359:
3327:
3308:
3255:
3206:
3173:
3119:
3090:
3055:
3018:
2985:
2952:
2915:
2878:
2871:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2801:, founded 1997
2796:
2791:
2789:March of Dimes
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2605:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2564:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2523:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2443:Common truncus
2440:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2421:microphthalmia
2413:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2319:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2249:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2220:renal agenesis
2215:
2214:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2173:
2171:renal agenesis
2166:
2165:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1710:
1660:Main article:
1657:
1654:
1641:
1638:
1624:
1621:
1602:limb anomalies
1591:Apert syndrome
1587:achondroplasia
1553:
1550:
1494:
1491:
1481:
1480:Socioeconomics
1478:
1469:
1466:
1438:in one of the
1420:Main article:
1417:
1414:
1384:
1381:
1373:
1350:
1347:
1276:organ of Corti
1272:microphthalmia
1210:Main article:
1207:
1204:
1172:
1169:
1153:Main article:
1150:
1147:
1143:lead poisoning
1098:cerebral palsy
1067:encephalopathy
1012:Drinking water
1008:
1005:
851:microphthalmia
783:
780:
682:
679:
651:Main article:
648:
645:
643:
640:
635:
632:
612:Main article:
609:
606:
569:polymicrogyria
561:megalencephaly
557:microencephaly
488:achondroplasia
476:polysyndactyly
443:
440:
439:
438:
427:
426:
425:
422:
408:
407:
406:
399:
393:
378:
356:
353:sacral dimples
323:
320:
315:
312:
308:genome mapping
303:
302:Classification
300:
277:prenatal tests
200:
199:
198:628,000 (2015)
196:
192:
191:
188:
184:
183:
174:
170:
169:
150:
144:
143:
130:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
96:
90:
89:
80:
74:
73:
66:
65:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9684:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9664:
9662:
9645:
9642:
9641:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9609:Open adoption
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9589:Child neglect
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9576:
9574:
9570:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9513:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9423:Hidden camera
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9406:
9404:
9400:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9357:
9354:
9353:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9346:Child custody
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9323:
9321:
9317:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9260:Nursery rhyme
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9250:Kangaroo care
9248:
9246:
9245:Infant crying
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9187:
9185:
9181:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9159:Preterm birth
9157:
9153:
9150:
9149:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9052:Breastfeeding
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9012:
9007:
9005:
9000:
8998:
8993:
8992:
8989:
8977:
8969:
8967:
8959:
8958:
8955:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8933:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8911:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8896:
8894:
8890:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8830:
8828:
8824:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8769:
8767:
8765:Social issues
8763:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8703:
8701:
8697:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8668:
8666:
8662:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8622:
8620:
8616:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8601:
8599:
8595:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8565:
8563:
8559:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8539:
8537:
8533:
8530:
8526:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8509:
8508:
8507:Special needs
8505:
8501:
8498:
8497:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8490:Mainstreaming
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8472:
8470:
8466:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8454:Medical model
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8435:
8431:
8424:
8419:
8417:
8412:
8410:
8405:
8404:
8401:
8387:
8383:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8326:
8324:
8320:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8290:
8287:
8283:
8279:
8276:
8273:
8269:
8265:
8262:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8248:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8234:
8231:
8227:
8223:
8222:Ewing sarcoma
8220:
8219:
8217:
8213:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8191:
8188:
8184:
8180:
8177:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8163:
8160:
8156:
8152:
8149:
8148:
8146:
8142:
8136:
8133:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8110:
8107:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8093:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8079:
8078:
8076:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8050:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8031:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8014:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7997:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7968:
7966:
7962:
7957:
7953:
7949:
7943:
7940:
7939:
7937:
7935:
7931:
7928:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7907:
7906:Proximal 18q-
7903:
7900:
7899:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7882:
7881:
7880:
7879:
7875:
7874:
7869:
7866:
7865:
7864:
7861:
7857:
7854:
7853:
7852:
7849:
7845:
7842:
7841:
7840:
7837:
7833:
7830:
7829:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7817:
7813:
7810:
7809:
7808:
7805:
7801:
7798:
7797:
7796:
7793:
7789:
7786:
7785:
7784:
7780:
7777:
7773:
7770:
7769:
7768:
7765:
7761:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7751:
7747:
7743:
7739:
7735:
7734:
7732:
7730:
7726:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7696:
7693:
7692:
7691:
7690:Down syndrome
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7669:
7666:
7665:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7626:
7621:Duplications,
7619:
7616:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7599:
7594:
7592:
7587:
7585:
7580:
7579:
7576:
7563:
7559:
7558:
7554:
7552:
7548:
7547:
7543:
7542:
7539:
7534:
7530:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7481:
7466:
7462:
7458:
7452:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7417:
7409:
7405:
7401:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7382:
7373:
7371:
7369:
7367:
7365:
7363:
7361:
7359:
7357:
7347:
7345:
7343:
7341:
7330:
7328:
7326:
7324:
7322:
7320:
7318:
7316:
7314:
7312:
7310:
7308:
7306:
7304:
7302:
7300:
7298:
7296:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7272:(3): 567–82.
7271:
7267:
7260:
7253:
7247:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7218:
7209:
7200:
7198:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7162:
7160:
7158:
7156:
7154:
7152:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7116:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7081:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7046:
7038:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
6997:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6967:
6953:on 2015-10-15
6952:
6948:
6942:
6934:
6922:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6904:9780128046906
6900:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6881:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6858:(2): 104–15.
6857:
6853:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6814:
6806:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6763:
6757:
6751:
6744:
6738:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6712:(2): 117–21.
6711:
6708:(in French).
6707:
6703:
6696:
6688:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6647:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6612:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6577:
6575:
6566:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6507:
6499:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6458:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6415:
6396:
6392:
6386:
6379:
6378:
6370:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6318:
6302:
6298:
6297:
6292:
6285:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6252:
6244:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6203:
6188:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6173:
6165:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6113:
6095:
6091:
6085:
6081:
6074:
6073:
6066:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5975:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5937:(2): 98–108.
5936:
5932:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5904:
5900:
5894:
5886:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5843:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5808:
5806:
5797:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5745:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5693:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5656:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5606:
5598:
5592:
5588:
5581:
5579:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5548:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5518:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5488:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5458:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5433:"Kernicterus"
5428:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5338:
5330:
5328:9780683074901
5324:
5320:
5315:
5314:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5286:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5227:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5178:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5143:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5049:(1): 183–97.
5048:
5044:
5040:
5033:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5002:
4993:
4985:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4944:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4877:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4826:
4810:
4806:
4800:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4757:
4749:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4732:(4): 325–31.
4731:
4727:
4723:
4716:
4708:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4659:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4607:(3): 187–94.
4606:
4602:
4595:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4560:
4552:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4506:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4465:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4430:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4381:
4373:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4313:
4309:
4306:(3): 336–44.
4305:
4301:
4294:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4190:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4171:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4135:(4): 378–94.
4134:
4130:
4126:
4119:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4045:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3909:
3907:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3881:(3): 159–67.
3880:
3876:
3872:
3865:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3746:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3417:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2874:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2729:Down syndrome
2726:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2654:Gastroschisis
2652:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2611:, lower limbs
2610:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2394:Encephalocele
2392:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2339:Birth Defects
2338:
2337:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2318:United States
2315:
2311:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2295:1.29 : 1
2292:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2188:Schistocystis
2187:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2119:Hydrocephalus
2117:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1865: 900–950
1859: 800–900
1853: 720–800
1847: 640–720
1841: 560–640
1835: 480–560
1829: 400–480
1823: 320–400
1817: 240–320
1811: 160–240
1799: no data
1792:
1788:
1780: 177–396
1774: 156–176
1768: 135–155
1762: 112–134
1718:
1709:
1707:
1706:3D ultrasound
1703:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1606:Down syndrome
1603:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1524:minisatellite
1521:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1380:
1377:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:toxoplasmosis
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1155:Endometriosis
1149:Endometriosis
1146:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1131:gastroschisis
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:methylmercury
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:hip dysplasia
1051:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:Trimethadione
921:
917:
913:
912:microcephalia
909:
905:
904:carbamazepine
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
864:
860:
859:microcephalia
856:
855:hydrocephalus
852:
848:
844:
843:transdermally
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:retinoic acid
824:
823:multivitamins
820:
816:
814:
810:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
762:
758:
757:
752:
748:
743:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
696:
692:
688:
678:
676:
671:
665:
662:
659:
654:
639:
631:
629:
625:
621:
615:
605:
602:
599:
597:
596:gastroschisis
593:
589:
585:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:lissencephaly
562:
558:
554:
553:hydrocephalus
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:encephalocele
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
490:, congenital
489:
485:
484:brachydactyly
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
436:
432:
428:
423:
420:
416:
412:
411:
409:
404:
400:
397:
396:
394:
391:
387:
383:
379:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
357:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:
319:
311:
309:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:developmental
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:Insufficient
151:
149:
145:
142:
138:
134:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:
104:
100:
97:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
79:
75:
72:
67:
63:
58:
54:
50:
45:
37:
33:
19:
9572:Other topics
9511:
9478:Cradle board
9473:Cloth diaper
9433:Baby shampoo
9419:Baby monitor
9409:Baby bouncer
9363:Circumcision
9210:Birth defect
9209:
9092:Immunization
9042:Birth weight
8868:Anthropology
8858:Deaf studies
8848:Crip as verb
8726:Mobility aid
8686:Reach Canada
8459:Social model
7876:
7750:TAR syndrome
7653:Tetrasomy 9p
7555:
7544:
7498:. Retrieved
7489:
7480:
7469:. Retrieved
7460:
7451:
7426:
7422:
7416:
7391:
7387:
7381:
7269:
7265:
7259:
7251:
7246:
7235:. Retrieved
7226:
7217:
7208:
7171:
7167:
7125:
7121:
7115:
7090:
7086:
7080:
7055:
7051:
7045:
7010:
7006:
6996:
6984:. Retrieved
6975:
6966:
6955:. Retrieved
6951:the original
6941:
6886:
6880:
6855:
6851:
6823:
6819:
6813:
6776:
6772:
6762:
6750:
6742:
6737:
6726:. Retrieved
6709:
6705:
6695:
6663:(1): 69–76.
6660:
6656:
6646:
6621:
6617:
6611:
6589:(1): 80–84.
6586:
6582:
6520:
6516:
6506:
6471:
6467:
6457:
6424:
6420:
6414:
6402:. Retrieved
6376:
6369:
6328:
6324:
6317:
6305:. Retrieved
6301:the original
6296:E&E News
6294:
6284:
6273:. Retrieved
6260:
6251:
6219:(3): 382–7.
6216:
6212:
6202:
6190:. Retrieved
6171:
6164:
6156:
6126:
6122:
6112:
6101:. Retrieved
6071:
6065:
6032:
6028:
5984:
5980:
5934:
5930:
5907:. Retrieved
5893:
5856:
5852:
5842:
5817:
5813:
5780:(1): 65–79.
5777:
5773:
5707:
5703:
5692:
5682:, retrieved
5665:
5655:
5644:. Retrieved
5619:
5615:
5605:
5586:
5565:. Retrieved
5556:
5547:
5535:. Retrieved
5526:
5517:
5505:. Retrieved
5501:the original
5496:
5487:
5475:. Retrieved
5466:
5457:
5445:. Retrieved
5436:
5427:
5415:. Retrieved
5406:
5397:
5385:. Retrieved
5381:the original
5376:
5367:
5355:. Retrieved
5346:
5337:
5312:
5251:(19): 3543.
5248:
5244:
5234:
5191:
5187:
5177:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5130:. Retrieved
5121:
5112:
5100:. Retrieved
5091:
5081:
5046:
5042:
5032:
5020:. Retrieved
5016:the original
5011:
5001:
4992:
4960:(7): 833–8.
4957:
4953:
4943:
4931:. Retrieved
4924:the original
4904:(1): 17–25.
4901:
4897:
4884:
4839:
4835:
4825:
4813:. Retrieved
4799:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4729:
4725:
4715:
4672:
4668:
4658:
4647:. Retrieved
4638:
4629:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4536:
4478:
4474:
4464:
4442:(6): 843–6.
4439:
4435:
4429:
4394:
4390:
4380:
4343:
4339:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4266:
4262:
4220:
4216:
4178:
4132:
4128:
4118:
4107:. Retrieved
4098:
4089:
4056:
4052:
4018:
4014:
3958:
3954:
3944:
3922:(1): 42–46.
3919:
3915:
3878:
3874:
3864:
3837:
3833:
3823:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3665:
3661:
3651:
3608:
3604:
3594:
3582:. Retrieved
3568:
3557:. Retrieved
3548:
3538:
3498:(1): 72–95.
3495:
3491:
3481:
3438:
3434:
3424:
3405:
3381:. Retrieved
3372:
3362:
3351:. Retrieved
3342:
3311:
3276:
3272:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3197:. Retrieved
3188:
3141:
3137:
3110:. Retrieved
3081:. Retrieved
3072:
3046:. Retrieved
3037:
3009:. Retrieved
3000:
2976:. Retrieved
2967:
2943:. Retrieved
2934:
2906:. Retrieved
2897:
2861:
2854:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2701:
2601:
2560:
2527:Cleft palate
2519:
2436:
2417:Anophthalmia
2409:
2377:Spina bifida
2353:
2321:
2312:
2308:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2256:
2252:
2248:, congenital
2237:
2225:
2210:
2206:
2192:
2180:
2176:
2161:
2157:
2145:
2132:
2124:
2110:
2106:
2092:
2087:Microcephaly
2078:
2066:
2061:Spina bifida
2052:
2039:
2031:
2019:
2007:
1995:
1983:
1971:
1967:
1953:
1948:Cleft palate
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1914:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1876:
1756: 92–111
1712:Epidemiology
1691:
1665:
1643:
1634:
1626:
1619:will occur.
1610:
1599:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1552:Parent's age
1541:
1536:
1517:
1513:radiotherapy
1506:
1496:
1483:
1471:
1445:
1430:of abnormal
1425:
1398:
1386:
1378:
1362:
1349:Malnutrition
1335:microcephaly
1332:
1308:microcephaly
1296:hyperthermia
1285:
1261:
1256:
1252:Norman Gregg
1249:
1215:
1196:brain tumors
1189:
1177:
1174:
1158:
1136:
1106:
1093:
1078:Minamata Bay
1071:
1060:glossoptosis
1052:
1048:
1038:, cause the
1032:miscarriages
1020:
1016:
1010:
978:
952:
893:
869:Tetracycline
867:
835:Isotretinoin
817:
785:
754:
744:
740:
726:disruption,
717:
698:
666:
663:
660:
656:
637:
619:
617:
603:
600:
581:
533:spina bifida
530:
508:
480:oligodactyly
456:ectrodactyly
445:
389:
385:
381:
375:cleft palate
362:
359:Birth defect
358:
341:preauricular
337:clinodactyly
328:
317:
305:
281:
242:
222:intellectual
216:that may be
214:disabilities
206:birth defect
205:
203:
148:Risk factors
47:Birth defect
9584:Babywearing
9579:Baby shower
9553:Swim diaper
9443:Baby walker
9428:Baby powder
9368:Foster care
9336:Child abuse
9331:Babysitting
9183:Development
9169:Soy formula
9047:Breast pump
8941:Paralympics
8936:Deaflympics
8746:Prosthetics
8437:Main topics
8039:46,XX/46,XY
7956:tetrasomies
7902:Distal 18q-
5710:: 2347506.
5557:Mayo Clinic
5467:Mayo Clinic
5463:"Petechiae"
5347:Mayo Clinic
5122:Mayo Clinic
4346:(1): 81–8.
3758:(1): 64–7.
3723:(1): 1–10.
3668:(24): 467.
3343:www.cdc.gov
2670:Omphalocele
2446:1 in 13,876
2410:Eye defects
2398:1 in 12,235
2361:Anencephaly
2285:All defects
2169:Unilateral
1962:Anencephaly
1750: 73–91
1744: 47–72
1738: 35–46
1732: 27–34
1702:nuchal scan
1617:fetal death
1613:miscarriage
1533:liquidators
1428:inheritance
1369:neural tube
1343:anencephaly
1320:kernicterus
1237:transmitted
1185:lymphocytes
1119:hypospadias
989:Aminopterin
981:cytostatics
940:neural tube
788:thalidomide
761:pluripotent
541:anencephaly
468:polydactyly
415:deformation
322:Terminology
156:, drinking
113:Usual onset
69:Incomplete
52:Other names
9661:Categories
9563:Travel cot
9508:Infant bed
9503:High chair
9493:Baby wipes
9488:Diaper bag
9453:Baby swing
9341:Child care
9326:Attachment
9215:Childbirth
9077:Cradle cap
9028:Pediatrics
8931:Parasports
8468:Approaches
8444:Disability
8430:Disability
8034:45,X/46,XY
7934:Monosomies
7707:Trisomy 22
7685:Trisomy 18
7675:Trisomy 16
7623:including
7557:DiseasesDB
7500:October 1,
7471:2021-02-09
7461:MDforLives
7237:2018-11-07
7122:Teratology
6957:2018-04-02
6728:2013-11-10
6583:Teratology
6307:28 October
6275:2013-11-21
6192:28 October
6103:2013-11-21
5909:January 8,
5814:Teratology
5684:2022-10-31
5666:StatPearls
5646:2019-09-12
5567:7 December
5537:7 December
5507:7 December
5477:7 December
5447:7 December
5417:7 December
5387:7 December
5357:7 December
5132:9 December
5102:9 December
5022:7 December
4933:7 December
4842:: 687975.
4815:7 December
4649:2016-04-07
4152:2066/89039
4109:2018-11-07
4015:Teratology
3840:(1): 2–8.
3717:Teratology
3584:29 October
3559:2022-10-31
3383:2016-03-16
3353:2016-03-16
3199:8 December
3083:8 December
3011:8 December
2978:8 December
2945:8 December
2908:8 December
2847:References
2769:Idiopathic
2750:1 in 3,762
2746:Trisomy 18
2725:Trisomy 21
2713:1 in 7,906
2709:Trisomy 13
2690:1 in 3,836
2674:1 in 5,386
2658:1 in 2,229
2642:1 in 5,949
2628:1 in 2,869
2590:1 in 2,138
2573:1 in 4,608
2532:1 in 1,574
2508:1 in 4,344
2492:1 in 2,122
2476:1 in 2,518
2460:1 in 3,333
2425:1 in 5,349
2382:1 in 2,858
2365:1 in 4,859
2218:Bilateral
1979:Craniocele
1885:(69,000).
1726: 0–26
1694:prenatally
1646:L-arginine
1640:Prevention
1474:centrioles
1440:germ cells
1365:folic acid
1328:Zika virus
1224:caused by
1206:Infections
1129:, such as
1110:Love Canal
964:activity.
962:androgenic
958:progestins
936:antifolate
916:hypoplasia
873:antibiotic
831:β-carotene
805:Phocomelia
796:antiemetic
772:metabolism
705:teratogens
677:at birth.
496:hypoplasia
472:syndactyly
460:phocomelia
349:metatarsal
345:metacarpal
298:(65,000).
154:folic acid
137:infections
87:pediatrics
32:teratology
9639:Paternity
9548:Swaddling
9414:Baby gate
9393:Wet nurse
9383:Milk bank
9275:Parenting
9200:Baby talk
9152:Pedialyte
9082:Esotropia
9037:Baby food
8878:Education
8873:Geography
8517:education
8480:Inclusion
7952:Trisomies
7729:Deletions
7648:Trisomy 9
7643:Trisomy 8
7625:trisomies
7613:Autosomal
6931:ignored (
6921:cite book
6852:Pathology
6547:1932-6203
6404:20 August
5726:1687-966X
5616:Nutrition
5267:1660-4601
5208:1931-3128
4858:2090-6684
4689:0091-6765
3975:0741-8329
3961:: 65–71.
3752:J Pediatr
3684:2305-5839
3625:2048-8505
3512:1080-2371
3455:0256-4947
2544:Cleft lip
1656:Screening
1520:Chernobyl
1508:Hibakusha
1493:Radiation
1457:recessive
1453:autosomal
1436:mutations
1324:petechiae
1268:cataracts
1234:parasites
1222:infection
1123:epispadia
932:Valproate
900:Phenytoin
819:Vitamin A
764:stem cell
756:in silico
464:polymelia
403:dysplasia
234:metabolic
187:Frequency
173:Treatment
141:pregnancy
78:Specialty
71:cleft lip
9599:Cry room
9538:Stroller
9528:Pacifier
9463:Bassinet
9438:Baby toy
9300:Teething
9280:Peekaboo
9220:Crawling
9205:Babbling
9026:Health (
8966:Category
8883:Journals
8863:Eugenics
8843:Bodymind
8650:Students
8597:Services
8074:Lymphoid
8066:lymphoma
8062:Leukemia
7494:Archived
7465:Archived
7408:14745913
7334:170–181.
7254:, p.470.
7231:Archived
7188:16265641
7142:11745830
7037:14115496
6980:Archived
6978:. 2009.
6913:26975974
6872:18203033
6832:12523003
6805:27528012
6745:, p.473.
6722:Archived
6718:10960809
6687:22157982
6638:17164268
6565:29040334
6517:PLOS ONE
6498:10487626
6449:15725606
6395:Archived
6269:Archived
6243:12569380
6094:Archived
6057:43766257
6049:11752490
6009:39860659
6001:24834960
5959:41767750
5951:23425665
5903:Archived
5885:31632960
5796:19696093
5744:34887927
5678:archived
5674:32809693
5640:Archived
5636:16500559
5561:Archived
5531:Archived
5471:Archived
5441:Archived
5411:Archived
5351:Archived
5285:31546693
5226:28494237
5169:28181672
5126:Archived
5096:Archived
5065:14757717
4984:10901551
4920:11772780
4876:25834750
4809:Archived
4791:12685468
4748:11207149
4707:16507452
4643:Archived
4621:16028634
4505:32073639
4421:11886946
4372:24369136
4239:16006461
4161:20061329
4103:Archived
4081:22202776
4073:15223537
4035:10471901
3993:30583252
3936:18598753
3897:11810953
3856:11825849
3815:42708464
3702:30740398
3643:31198539
3578:Archived
3553:Archived
3530:29432238
3473:16119523
3377:Archived
3347:Archived
3319:Archived
3303:25530442
3250:27733282
3193:Archived
3168:27733281
3106:Archived
3077:Archived
3048:14 April
3042:Archived
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