Think tank - Knowledge

68: 170:, while the term "think tank" is modern, with its origin "traced to the humanist academies and scholarly networks of the 16th and 17th centuries," Soll writes that, "in Europe, the origins of think tanks go back to the 800s when emperors and kings began arguing with the Catholic Church about taxes. A tradition of hiring teams of independent lawyers to advise monarchs about their financial and political prerogatives against the church spans from Charlemagne all the way to the 17th century, when the kings of France were still arguing about whether they had the right to appoint bishops and receive a cut of their income." 54: 3172:– one of the United States' largest home builders – with a significant advantage in pursuing a US$ 8 billion revitalization project in Hunters Point, San Francisco. In 2014, Lennar's then-regional vice president in charge of the San Francisco revitalization, Kofi Bonner was named as a Brookings senior fellow – a position as 'trusted adviser' that carries some distinction. Bruce Katz, a Brookings vice president, also offered to help Lennar "engage with national media to develop stories that highlight Lennar's innovative approach." 3230:. These groups, sometimes referred to as commissions, are a form of think tank dedicated to advising the US Presidents or the Executive branch of government. They typically focus on a specific issue and as such, might be considered similar to special interest groups. However, unlike special interest groups these committees have come under some oversight regulation and are required to make formal records available to the public. As of 2002, about 1,000 of these advisory committees were described in the FACA searchable database. 3471:(ERC) is a policy-research oriented non-profit think tank established in 1999 with a mission to facilitate sustainable economic development and good governance in the new public management system of Azerbaijan. It seeks to do this by building favorable interactions between the public, private and civil society and working with different networks both in local (EITI NGO Coalition, National Budget Group, Public Coalition Against Poverty, etc.) and international levels (PWYP, IBP, ENTO, ALDA, PASOS, WTO NGO Network etc.). 3130: 40: 2015:

Union, analyzing and advocating for anti-authoritarian, transparent, and open governance ideas in Central and Eastern Europe, is an opinion leader offering an alternative opinion to the public versus populism, radicalism, and authoritarian trends, reinforcing active citizens' participation in decision making, analyzing fake news, disinformation, and offering media literacy initiatives, putting forward solutions to improve the accountability, transparency, and openness of Lithuania's

3203:(FFRDCs). FFRDCs, are unique independent nonprofit entities sponsored and funded by the United States government to meet specific long-term technical needs that cannot be met by any other single organization. FFRDCs typically assist government agencies with scientific research and analysis, systems development, and systems acquisition. They bring together the expertise and outlook of government, industry, and academia to solve complex technical problems. These FFRDCs include the 3568:(TESEV) is another leading think tank. Established in 1994, TESEV is an independent non-governmental think tank, analyzing social, political and economic policy issues facing Turkey. TESEV has raised issues about Islam and democracy, combating corruption, state reform, and transparency and accountability. TESEV serve as a bridge between academic research and policy-making. Its core program areas are democratization, good governance, and foreign policy. 3007:– The Center of Research for Development (Centro de Investigación para el Desarrollo, Asociación Civil) is a not-for-profit think tank that undertakes research and proposes viable policy options for Mexico's economic and democratic development. The organization seeks to promote open, pluralistic debate pursuing: the Rule of Law & Democracy, market economics, social development, and strengthening Mexico-United States relations. 1750:(IFRI) was founded in 1979 and is the third oldest think tank of western Europe, after Chatham House (UK, 1920) and the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (Sweden, 1960). The primary goals of IFRI are to develop applied research in the field of public policy related to international issues, and foster interactive and constructive dialogue between researchers, professionals, and opinion leaders. France also hosts the 722:. After the transfer of sovereignty to China in 1997, more think tanks were established by various groups of intellectuals and professionals. They have various missions and objectives including promoting civic education; undertaking research on economic, social and political policies; and promoting "public understanding of and participation in the political, economic, and social development of the Hong Kong 3339:, a Japanese policy institute, think tanks are "one of the main policy actors in democratic societies ..., assuring a pluralistic, open and accountable process of policy analysis, research, decision-making and evaluation". A study in early 2009 found a total of 5,465 think tanks worldwide. Of that number, 1,777 were based in the United States and approximately 350 in Washington, DC, alone. 866:('NCCD'), which serve to bring an inclusive policy change by supporting the Planning Commission and related government bodies with industry-specific inputs – in this case, set up at the behest of the government to direct cold chain development. Some think tanks have a fixed set of focus areas and they work towards finding out policy solutions to social problems in the respective areas. 1090:, think tanks are prolific and influential and are a government go-to. Think tanks are prolific in the Korean landscape. Many policy research organisations in Korea focus on economoy and most research is done in public think tanks. There is a strong emphasis on the knowledge-based economy and, according to one respondent, think tank research is generally considered high quality. 440:, both left-wing and right-wing policy institutes are often quoted and rarely identified as such. The result is that think tank "experts" are sometimes depicted as neutral sources without any ideological predispositions when, in fact, they represent a particular perspective. In the United States, think tank publications on education are subjected to expert review by the 1542:(Центр Содействия Экономическому Развитию) is a think tank whose major tasks are: analytic support in economic reforming and development in Uzbekistan; improving knowledge and skills of the subjects of economic development; assistance in productive dialogue between the government, civil society and private sectors on the economic development matters. 3385:(Getulio Vargas Foundation (FGV)) is a Brazilian higher education institution. Its original goal was to train people for the country's public- and private-sector management. Today it hosts faculties (Law, Business, Economics, Social Sciences and Mathematics), libraries, and also research centers in Rio, São Paulo and Brasilia. It is considered by 3545:) which was established in 1969 and has headquarters in Ankara. There are also branch offices of ESAM in Istanbul, Bursa, Konya and elsewhere. ESAM has strong international relationships, especially with Muslim countries and societies. Ideologically it performs policies, produces ideas and manages projects in parallel to 1990:. LIIA is a non governmental and non partisan foundation, established in 1992, and their research and advocacy mainly focuses on Latvian foreign policy; Transatlantic relations; European Union policies, including its neighborhood policy and Eastern Partnership; and multilateral and bilateral relations with Russia. 3302:

better (as in the Network Functions Approach) to describe what the organisation should do. Then the shape of the organisation should follow to allow this to happen. The following framework (based on Stephen Yeo's description of think tanks' mode of work) is described in Enrique Mendizabal's blog "onthinktanks":

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published a series on think tanks that blur the line. One of the cases the journalists cited was Brookings, where scholars paid by a seemingly independent think tank "push donors' agendas amplifying a culture of corporate influence in Washington." For example, in exchange for hundreds of thousands of

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Vilnius Institute for Policy Analysis (VIPA) is an independent non-governmental, non-profit, non-partisan policy think tank in Lithuania whose mission is to stand for the principles of open society, liberal democracy, rule of law and human rights. VIPA acts via advocacy for strong and safe European

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Centre for Public policy PROVIDUS is a non governmental and non partisan association, established in 2002. Providus focuses their work (both research and advocacy) on topics especially relevant in transition and post-transition environments and Latvia in particular: good governance; criminal justice

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This functional method addresses the inherit challenge of defining a think tank. As Simon James said in 1998, "Discussion of think tanks...has a tendency to get bogged down in the vexed question of defining what we mean by 'think tank'—an exercise that often degenerates into futile semantics." It is

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1 billion per year. Think tanks may feel more free to propose and debate controversial ideas than people within government. The progressive media watchdog Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR) has identified the top 25 think tanks by media citations, noting that from 2006 to 2007 the number

1781:. Terra Nova is an independent left-leaning think tank, although it is nevertheless considered to be close to the Socialists. It works on producing reports and analyses of current public policy issues from a progressive point of view, and contributing to the intellectual renewal of social democracy. 353:

Think tanks vary by ideological perspectives, sources of funding, topical emphasis and prospective consumers. Funding may also represent who or what the institution wants to influence; in the United States, for example, "Some donors want to influence votes in Congress or shape public opinion, others

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Located in an unassuming office building filled with boardrooms, lecture halls, and projectors in the Finnish capital, a new entity under the joint auspices of the European Union and NATO was founded with a herculean mission. In this vein, the hybrid center is more of an in-house think tank than a

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Independent research: this would be work done with core or flexible funding that allows the researchers the liberty to choose their research questions and method. It may be long term and could emphasize 'big ideas' without direct policy relevance. However, it could emphasize a major policy problem

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is a French think tank created by Gaspard Koenig in 2013, independent from all political parties, which aims at promoting freedoms in France, in terms of fundamental rights, economics and societal issues. GenerationLibre is described as being able to connect to the right on pro business freedom and

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The Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies under the President of the RK (KazISS) was established by the Decree of the President of RK on 16 June 1993. Since its foundation the main mission of the Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as a

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Modern think tanks began as a phenomenon in the United Kingdom in the 19th and early 20th centuries, with most of the rest being established in other English-speaking countries. Prior to 1945, they tended to focus on the economic issues associated with industrialization and urbanization. During the

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More independent but clearly to the left of the political spectrum are the Centro de Investigaciones de Relaciones Internacionales y Desarrollo (CIDOB) founded in 1973; and the Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior (FRIDE) established in 1999 by Diego Hidalgo and main

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Over 50 think tanks have emerged in Iraq, particularly in the Kurdistan Region. Iraq's leading think tank is the Middle East Research Institute (MERI), based in Erbil. MERI is an independent non-governmental policy research organization, established in 2014 and publishes in English, Kurdish, and

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After 1945, the number of policy institutes increased, with many small new ones forming to express various issues and policy agendas. Until the 1940s, most think tanks were known only by the name of the institution. During the Second World War, think tanks were often referred to as "brain boxes".

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on the proliferation of think tanks is most evident in regions such as Africa, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and parts of Southeast Asia, where there was a concerted effort by other countries to assist in the creation of independent public policy research organizations. A survey performed by the

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are relatively new. There are at least 20 think tanks in the country, both independent and supported by government. Many of them are sister organizations of political parties, universities or companies some are independent and others are supported by government. Most Turkish think tanks provide

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or other interest groups. Think tanks range from those associated with highly academic or scholarly activities to those that are overtly ideological and pushing for particular policies, with a wide range among them in terms of the quality of their research. Later generations of think tanks have

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Private sources fund about 20 to 30 "independent" Australian think tanks. The best-known of these think tanks play a much more limited role in Australian public and business policy-making than do their equivalents in the United States. However, in the past decade the number of think tanks has

2395:, a non-governmental think tank founded in 1994. It carries out research of public policy in the following spheres: domestic policy; state administration; economic policy; energy; land relations; foreign policy; social policy; international and regional security; national security and defense. 453:

report asserted that foreign governments buy influence at many United States think tanks. According to the article: "More than a dozen prominent Washington research groups have received tens of millions of dollars from foreign governments in recent years while pushing United States government

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In 2016, in response to scrutiny about think tanks appearing to have a "conflict of interest" or lack transparency, executive vice president, Martin S. Indyk of Brookings Institution – the "most prestigious think tank in the world" admitted that they had "decided to prohibit corporations or

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Key projects: Preparation of the National human development report for Uzbekistan, Sociological "portrait" of the Uzbek businessman, Preparation of an analytical report on export procedures optimization in Uzbekistan, various industry and marketing researches in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and

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think tanks were established, which often guided government Cold War policy. Since 1991, more think tanks have been established in non-Western parts of the world. More than half of all think tanks that exist today were established after 1980. There are over 11,000 think tanks around the

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and became an independent corporation in 1948. In the 1970s, the phrase became more specifically defined in terms of RAND and others. During the 1980s and 1990s, the phrase evolved again to arrive at its broader contemporary meaning of an independent public policy research institute.

2538:'s i-eat-drink-think, engage in discussion, research and advocacy within a broader civics framework. Commercial think tanks like the Gartner Group, Access Economics, the Helmsman Institute, and others provide additional insight which complements not-for-profit organisations such as 3284:

Financial channels for political parties or other interest groups – In Ecuador and Bolivia, German foundations have been able to provide funds to think tanks that work with certain political parties. This method has provided support to the system as a whole rather than individual

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Most Malaysian think tanks are related either to the government or a political party. Historically they focused on defense, politics and policy. However, in recent years, think tanks that focus on international trade, economics, and social sciences have also been founded.

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is a conservative American think tank founded in 1961 by futurist, military strategist, and systems theorist Herman Kahn and his colleagues at the RAND Corporation. Recent members include Mike Pompeo, the former secretary of state under Donald Trump who joined in 2021.

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In Germany all of the major parties are loosely associated with research foundations that play some role in shaping policy, but generally from the more disinterested role of providing research to support policymakers than explicitly proposing policy. These include the

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for some time, they generally lacked independence, having close associations with government ministries or corporations. There has been a veritable proliferation of "think tanks" around the world that began during the 1980s as a result of globalization, the end of the

701:, but still retain sufficient non-official status to be able to propose and debate ideas more freely. In January 2012, the first non-official think tank in mainland China, South Non-Governmental Think-Tank, was established in the Guangdong province. In 2009 the 4709: 1506:

The UAE has been a center for political oriented think tanks which concentrate on both regional and global policy. Notable think tank have emerged in the global debate on terrorism, education & economical policies in the MENA region. Think tanks include:

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Think tanks in the Philippines could be generally categorized in terms of their linkages with the national government. Several were set up by the Philippine government for the specific purpose of providing research input into the policy-making process.

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regime, and in Chile after the fall of Pinochet, think tank staff left to form part of the new governments. In the United States, the role of major think tanks is precisely that: host scholars for a few months or years and then lose them to government

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Think tanks in India are growing across the length and breadth of the country as they are no longer limited to metro cities. Think tanks for the young, like RisingIndia ThinkTank, have emerged from one of the smallest city in Rajasthan state of India.

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How a policy institute addresses these largely depends on how they work, their ideology vs. evidence credentials, and the context in which they operate including funding opportunities, the degree and type of competition they have and their staff.

2278:), a policy institute that is associated with the conservative Popular Party (PP). Also linked to the PP is the Grupo de Estudios Estratégicos (GEES), which is known for its defense- and security-related research and analysis. For its part, the 133:, but some are semi-autonomous agencies within government, and some are associated with particular political parties, businesses or the military. Think tanks are often funded by individual donations, with many also accepting government grants. 3493: 3379:. Instituto Liberdade is among the Top 40 think tanks in Latin America and the Caribbean, according to the 2009 Global Go To Think Tanks Index a report from the University of Pennsylvania's Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program (TTCSP). 279:

itself when commenting on an individual's failings (in the sense that something was wrong with that person's "think tank"). Around 1958, the first organization to be regularly described in published writings as "the Think Tank" (note the

2245:(via the Anton Tunega Foundation) – Belgium-based think tank and political foundation of the European People's Party (EPP) which embodies a pan-European mindset and promotes Christian-democratic and liberal-conservative political values. 3281:, during the Pinochet dictatorship, many left wing intellectuals and researchers found 'asylum' in think tanks. In Ecuador, think tanks are seen as spaces where politicians can test the soundness of their policies and government plans. 6228: 1417:

There are several think tanks in Singapore that advise the government on various policies and as well as private ones for corporations within the region. Many of them are hosted within the local public educational institutions.

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In addition to specific independent think tanks, the largest political parties have their own think tank organizations. This is mainly due to support granted by state for such activity. Examples of such think tanks are the

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Research done by Enrique Mendizabal shows that South American think tanks play various roles depending on their origins, historical development and relations to other policy actors. In this study, Orazio Bellettini from

1766:. There are also a number of pro-business think tanks, notably the Paris-based Fondation Concorde. The foundation focuses on increasing the competitiveness of French SME's and aims to revive entrepreneurship in France. 1035: 400:

rating index. However, this method of the study and assessment of policy institutes has been criticized by researchers such as Enrique Mendizabal and Goran Buldioski, Director of the Think Tank Fund, assisted by the

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Influencing/advocacy: this would be work done by communications, capacity development, networking, campaigns, lobbying, etc. It is likely to be based on research based evidence emerging from independent research or

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In Hong Kong, early think tanks established in the late 1980s and early 1990s focused on political development, including the first direct Legislative Council members election in 1991 and the political framework of

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In Britain, think tanks play a similar role to the United States, attempting to shape policy, and indeed there is some cooperation between British and American think tanks. For example, the London-based think tank

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For most of the 20th century, such institutes were found primarily in the United States, along with much smaller numbers in Canada, the United Kingdom, and Western Europe. Although think tanks had also existed in

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is a think tank working across the Asia-Pacific on regulatory and policy issues. Their main focus is the ICT sector, although they do work in other sectors, such as agriculture and health, which can benefit from

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was created in 2003. IWEP activities aimed at research problems of the world economy, international relations, geopolitics, security, integration and Eurasia, as well as the study of the First President of the

292:. However, the Center does not count itself as and is not perceived to be a think tank in the contemporary sense. During the 1960s, the phrase "think tank" was attached more broadly to meetings of experts, 6259: 2063:(OSW), which specializes in the countries neighboring Poland and in the Baltic Sea region, the Balkans, Turkey, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Among the private think tanks notable organizations include the 1392: 4231: 1163:

has over 100 think tanks, most of which cover not only policy research but also economy, technology and so on. Some are government related, but most of the think tanks are sponsored by the private sector.

4282:"Researchers or Corporate Allies? Think Tanks Blur the Line; Think tanks are seen as independent, but their scholars often push donors' agendas, amplifying a culture of corporate influence in Washington" 2258:

was created in 2001 following the example of the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House) in the UK, although it is closely linked to (and receives funding from) the government in power.

3270:) and other research institutes to do the same. However, in Chile, many think tanks during the 1990s seemed to endorse and maintain the legitimacy of policies implemented during the previous decade by 3101:

of citations declined 17%. The FAIR report reveals the ideological breakdown of the citations: 37% conservative, 47% centrist, and 16% liberal. Their data show that the most-cited think tank was the

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Think tanks help shape both foreign and domestic policy. They receive funding from private donors, and members of private organizations. By 2013, the largest 21 think tanks in the US spent more than

3013:– The Center of Research and Economics Teaching (Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas) is a think tank institute focussing on "public policies", "public choice", "democracy", and "economy". 482:, set up various state-supported think tanks in the 1960s. By the 1990s, a variety of policy research centers sprang up in Africa set up by academics who sought to influence public policy in Ghana. 994: 2623: 2436:, founded in 1951, is the oldest centre-right think tank and many of its members have gone on to serve as Members of Parliament or Members of the European Parliament. Past chairmen have included 193:, active in Paris between 1723 and 1731, was another prominent example of an early independent think tank focusing on public policy and current affairs, especially economics and foreign affairs. 2803: 2002:

Centre for European and transition studies is a think tank working under the auspices of the University of Latvia, the largest public university in the country. CETS was established in 2000.

5526: 1342:. One such think tank is the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI), which focuses on policy advocacy and research particularly in the area of environment and social development. 433:(EPA), "The credibility of the EPA is defeatable, but not on the basis of ETS alone,... It must be part of a larger mosaic that concentrates all the EPA's enemies against it at one time." 6220: 5063: 3180:

Government think tanks are also important in the United States, particularly in the security and defense field. These include the Center for Technology and National Security Policy at the

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and its contribution to the establishment and strengthening of Kazakhstan as an independent state, the development of international cooperation and the promotion of peace and stability.

1302: 6647: 723: 1917:(ESRI) is an independent research institute in Dublin, Ireland. Its research focuses on Ireland's economic and social development to inform policy-making and societal understanding. 1539: 413:

In some cases, corporate interests, military interests and political groups have found it useful to create policy institutes, advocacy organizations, and think tanks. For example,

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All major political parties in the Netherlands have state-sponsored research foundations that play a role in shaping policy. The Dutch government also has its own think tank: the

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While think tanks are not widespread in Latvia, as opposed to single-issue advocacy organizations, there are several noticeable institutions in the Latvian think tank landscape:

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Pakistan's think tanks mainly revolve around social policy, internal politics, foreign security issues, and regional geo-politics. Most of these are centered on the capital,

318:, and the emergence of transnational problems. Two-thirds of all the think tanks that exist today were established after 1970 and more than half were established since 1980. 5377: 4289: 1290: 501:. It has also been involved in bringing political parties together to engage in dialogue. In particular it has organised Presidential debates every election year since the 4484: 5484:

The Finnish Institute of International Affairs is a research institute whose mission is to produce high quality, topical information on international relations and the EU.

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The Center for Strategic Studies under the President of Azerbaijan is a governmental, non-profit think tank founded in 2007. It focusses on domestic and foreign policy.

1662: 1320: 877:(NKN) (for data and resource sharing amongst education and research institutions), if implemented properly, should help improve the quality of work done by think tanks. 267:

Before the 1950s, the phrase "think tank" did not refer to organizations. From its first appearances in the 1890s up to the 1950s, the phrase was most commonly used in

3372: 823:. Most are based in New Delhi, and a few are government-sponsored. There are few think tanks that promote environmentally responsible and climate resilient ideas like 3313:

Consultancy: this would be work done by commission with specific clients and addressing one or two major questions. Consultancies often respond to an existing agenda.

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driving force behind projects such as the Club de Madrid, a group of democratic former heads of state and government, the Foreign Policy Spanish Edition and

1907: 1173: 655: 587: 3486:, Russia has 112 think tanks, while Russian think tanks claimed four of the top ten spots in 2011's "Top Thirty Think Tanks in Central and Eastern Europe". 6544: 6369: 1453: 289: 4827: 3464:, Azerbaijan. The center was established in 2005. CESD focuses on policy advocacy and reform, and is involved with policy research and capacity building. 6414: 3887: 2941: 661: 245:

and was conceived as a bipartisan "research center modeled on academic institutions and focused on addressing the questions of the federal government."

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Europe and its think tanks; a promise to be fulfilled. An analysis of think tanks specialised in European policy issues in the enlarged European Union

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want to position themselves or the experts they fund for future government jobs, while others want to push specific areas of research or education."

6894: 5694: 3059:(1923). The Great Depression and its aftermath spawned several economic policy organizations, such as the National Planning Association (1934), the 1699: 1073: 698: 603: 333:

underscores the significance of this effort and documents the fact that most of the think tanks in these regions have been established since 1992.

6735: 6668: 6559: 5518: 4570: 4312: 6444: 5059: 4209: 4187: 3418:, a government-affiliated think tank, in 2018 after almost two decades of operation. However, other think tanks continue to operate, include the 2618: 2539: 1921: 1706:, which acts as think tank in addition to negotiating salaries with workers unions. Furthermore, there is the Finnish Business and Policy Forum ( 773: 6518: 5403: 3262:. New governments in Ecuador and Peru have approached policy institutes for support for already defined policies. In Bolivia, the government of 3689: 3565: 3445: 3118: 2901: 1987: 890: 7064: 6780: 6492: 6404:

Mendizabal, Enrique y Kristen Sample (eds) (2009) Dime a quien escuchas... Think Tanks y Partidos Politicos en America Latina, ODI/IDEA: Lima

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and the Center for Research on Educational Access and Leadership (CREAL). The organization has close ties to former United States President

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Stone, Diane. Knowledge actors and transnational governance: The private-public policy nexus in the global agora. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.

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AMAQUEN, founded in 2003, is a think tank in the field of education through its publications (rapports), international scientific journal

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As of 2014, there were more than 11,000 of these institutions worldwide. Many of the more established think tanks, created during the

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hosts most of the European Institutions, hence a large number of international think tanks are based there. Notable think tanks are

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and the Centre for Policy Development. In recent years regionally-based independent and non-partisan think tanks have emerged.

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A new trend, resulting from globalization, is collaboration between policy institutes in different countries. For instance, the

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Afghanistan has a number of think tanks that are in the form of governmental, non-governmental, and corporate organizations.

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Bangladesh has a number of think tanks that are in the form of governmental, non-governmental, and corporate organizations.

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Canada has many notable think tanks (listed in alphabetical order). Each has specific areas of interest with some overlaps.

1710:, EVA). Agricultural and regional interests, associated with The Central Union of Agricultural Producers and Forest Owners ( 296:, and independent military planning organizations. The prototype and most prominent example of the third category was the 3048: 2736: 2386: 1810: 1426: 555: 502: 490: 140:

on particular matters of policy or society. This information is then used by governments, businesses, media organizations,

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research and ideas, yet they play less important roles in policy making than American think tanks. Turksam, Tasam and the

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Sri Lanka has a number of think tanks that are in the form of governmental, non-governmental and corporate organizations.

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The only French Think Tank mentioned in the "think tanks to watch" list of the 2014 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report

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Think Tanks and the National Security Strategy Formulation Process: A Comparison of Current American and French Patterns

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regulations issues but also to the left on issues such as basic income, gay marriage and the legalization of marijuana.

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In 2017 Taiwan had 58 think tanks. As in most countries there is a mix of government- and privately-funded think tanks.

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There is a large pool of think tanks in Poland on a wide variety of subjects. The oldest state-sponsored think tank is

1818: 1731: 1693: 1568: 1062: 824: 437: 6591: 5146: 2158:– Global think tank committed to enhancing security, prosperity and sustainability in Europe and throughout the world. 6342: 5979: 4425: 4399: 4123: 4048: 3483: 2921: 2885: 2870: 2835: 2663: 2380: 2264: 2179: 2064: 1826: 1623: 1193: 753: 327: 2176:) – Central-european think tank which specializes in broadly defined labor issues, labour markets, and labor policy. 1971: 1648:

Finland has several small think tanks that provide expertise in very specific fields. Notable think tanks include:

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Roberts, Priscilla (1 December 2015). "A century of international affairs think tanks in historical perspective".

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This article is about a type of organisation. For The decision production by special knowledge or specialist, see

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According to research done by the University of Pennsylvania, there are a total of 12 think tanks in Azerbaijan.

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organization set up as a joint project of Atlantische Initiative e.V. and Atlantic Initiative United States. The

1846: 1473: 1463: 1099: 768: 202: 6884: 6380: 5780: 4739: 4736:"CPR retains spot as leading India climate think tank for third year in a row | Centre for Policy Research" 3035:, founded in 1910. The Institute for Government Research, which later merged with two organizations to form the 6171: 5901: 5552: 5015: 4823: 3591:

A poll by the British firm Cast From Clay found that only 20 percent of Americans trusted think tanks in 2021.

3227: 3212: 2880: 2756: 2746: 2603: 2068: 1966: 1048: 1039: 974: 719: 598: 130: 6418: 6133: 5750: 5260: 3894: 2035:, or Clingendael Institute, an independent think tank and diplomatic academy which studies various aspects of 5810: 3110: 2608: 2398: 2337: 2287: 1218: 965: 3039:, was formed in 1916. Other early twentieth century organizations now classified as think tanks include the 67: 6848:– issues covered by Think Tanks and methodology for reviewing trends, impact on policy 2003): Profile Books 5954: 4007: 3549:

and also influences political parties and international strategies. The founder and leader of Milli Görüş,

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The oldest and most influential think tank in Turkey is ESAM (The Center for Economic and Social Research;

3382: 3106: 3086: 3052: 2751: 2426: 2422: 2324:, founded in 1999 by fifteen of the largest Swiss companies. It is supported by over 130 companies to date. 1842: 1759: 1668: 1604: 1468: 1278: 836: 820: 629: 6700: 5441: 4936: 4631: 6907:

The Gauntlet: Think Tanks and Federal Research Centers Misrepresent and Suppress Other Education Research

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Kelstrup, Jesper Dahl (2016): The Politics of Think Tanks in Europe. Abingdon & New York: Routledge.

2092: 396:, annually rates policy institutes worldwide in a number of categories and presents its findings in the 6931:

Roberts, Priscilla (2015). "A century of international affairs think tanks in historical perspective".

6727: 6675: 6566: 4562: 4353: 4202: 3920: 2906: 2239:– US-based think tank with an aim of advancing justice, education, public health and independent media. 2060: 1881: 1617: 1114: 955: 908: 874: 870: 828: 667: 389: 7085:, Budapest, Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative Washington DC., Urban Institute 2002 6440: 6891: 5923: 5411: 3530: 2678: 2633: 2578: 2563: 2475: 2107: 1893: 1850: 1572: 1262:

national think tank, is to maintain analytical and research support for the President of Kazakhstan.

847: 832: 493:. The IEA undertakes and publishes research on a range of economic and governance issues confronting 7041: 6043: 5672: 4954: 4857: 4313:"Constructing "Sound Science" and "Good Epidemiology": Tobacco, Lawyers, and Public Relations Firms" 3681: 3016:

COMEXI – The Mexican Council of International Affairs (Consejo Mexicano de Asuntos Internacionales).

2286:(PSOE) created Fundación Ideas in 2009 and dissolved it in January 2014. Also in 2009, the centrist 2279: 1832: 6793:

Cotton, James (2016). "Chatham House and Africa c1920–1960: The Limitations of the Curtis Vision".

6496: 4228:"Another year, another ranking of think tanks (and surprise surprise, Brookings is still the best)" 3468: 2550:

to provide more targeted policy in defence, program governance, corporate governance and similar.

2232: 1814: 1806: 840: 788: 715: 679: 402: 5286: 4514: 3580: 1770: 6126:"Parkland Institute :: Research and Education for the Common Good :: Edmonton, Alberta" 5642: 3600: 3453: 3114: 2936: 2891: 2731: 2713: 2613: 2573: 2500: 2437: 2036: 1940:

Transhuman Corporation is a research think tank that focuses on cyber and technology development.

1822: 1778: 778: 582: 426: 57: 5229: 5037: 1884:

is a think tank on the role of corporate and political corruption in international development.

53: 6073: 3498: 3220: 3044: 2860: 2808: 2783: 2718: 2653: 2598: 2355: 2255: 2136: 2119: 1774: 1715: 1580: 1526: 1516: 1371: 1255: 577: 572: 180: 7092:, Bratislava, UNDP Regional Bureau for Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, 2003 6281: 4914: 4624:"The main determinants of improving learning outcomes: Analysis of PISA, TIMSS and PIRLS data" 3746: 3223:, and other organizations supporting various departments within the United States Government. 5120: 5117:"NIRA Review Winter 1999: A Look at Think Tanks in the Philippines by Herman Joseph S. Kraft" 4113: 3778: 3712: 3426:(CRRC-Armenia) (which publishes the "Caucasus Barometer" annual public opinion survey of the 3216: 3193: 3102: 3036: 2971: 2095:

was founded in 2008. Contraditório is a non-profit, independent and non-partisan think tank.

1998:

Several think tanks are established and operate under the auspices of Universities, such as:

1950: 1838: 1592: 1564: 1124: 998: 238: 190: 43: 6971:

The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite, New York: The Free Press

6470: 6095: 6013: 5016:"Официальный сайт КИСИ при Президенте Республики Казахстан: Краткая информация об Институте" 2330:, the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, founded in 2000 to research 1738:, PT). Each of these organizations often release forecasts concerning the national economy. 907:

Arabic. It was listed in the global ranking by the United States's Lauder Institute of the

7106: 5060:"King and People are Inseparable: Proactive Constitutional Monarch in Parliamentary System" 3610: 3085:

More recently, progressive and liberal think tanks have been established, most notably the

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Spaces of debate – In this case think tanks serve as sounding boards for new policies. In

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Thomas Medvetz, "'Think Tanks in America" (2012) Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press

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According to a 2020 report, there are 32 think tanks or similar institutions in Armenia.

3368: 2991: 2845: 2698: 2558: 2479: 2345: 2019:, building a network of open society values oriented experts, civil activists and NGO's. 2005:

or Defense research centre in 1992 under the auspices of the National Academy of Defense.

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Bulgaria has a number of think tanks providing expertise and shaping policies, including

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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In Greece there are many think tanks, also called research organisations or institutes.

6998:"Rapid knowledge: 'Bridging research and policy' at the Overseas Development Institute" 6976: 6958: 6810: 4479: 4340: 3865: 3635: 3630: 3419: 3163: 3040: 2976: 2360: 2206:) – Think tank focusing on ethnic minorities living in Slovakia, especially Hungarians. 2191: 1865: 1854: 1790: 1702:. The corporate world has focused their efforts to central representative organization 855: 498: 253: 110: 94: 75: 6441:"on the business model and how this affects what think tanks do « on think tanks" 5338: 3031:

As the classification is most often used today, the oldest American think tank is the

1405: 7060: 6962: 6843: 6814: 6538: 6221:"Center for American Progress, group tied to Obama, under fire from Israel advocates" 5840:. TTCSP Global Go To Think Tank Index Reports. 12. (12). University of Pennsylvania. 4537: 4447: 4345: 4119: 4077: 4054: 4044: 3869: 3857: 3784: 3754: 3718: 3650: 3645: 3550: 3208: 3185: 2981: 2648: 2464: 2445: 2048: 1934: 1068: 798: 783: 418: 285: 6787:

Thinking the unthinkable: think tanks and the economic counter revolution; 1931–1983

6415:""Think Tanks as an Emergent Field" — Publication — Social Science Research Council" 2470:

Since 2000, a number of influential centre-right think tanks have emerged including

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Goodman, John C. "What is a Think Tank?" National Center for Policy Analysis, 2005.

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corporate-backed foundations from making anonymous contributions." In August 2016,

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The Foundation for the Advancement of Economics (FREN) was founded in 2005 by the

1349:(I-SAPS) which works in the fields of education, health, disaster risk reduction, 6987: 6913: 6898: 6651: 4710:"CSE top environment policy think tank in India; 16th in the world: Global Index" 3448:, or CESD; in Azeri, Azerbaijan, İqtisadi və Sosial İnkişaf Mərkəzi (İSİM) is an 2788: 2471: 2460: 2392: 2226: 2203: 2173: 851: 234: 141: 4255:"Mirror, mirror on the wall... tell me who is the best think tank in the world?" 697:

In China a number of think tanks are sponsored by governmental agencies such as

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task force dedicated to debunking propaganda or tracking hackers in cyberspace.

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increased substantially. Prominent Australian conservative think tanks include

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was formed in the mid-1990s to dispute research finding an association between

210: 79: 4592: 3430:, the "Enlight" Public Research Center, and the AMBERD research center at the 3305:

First, policy institutes may work in or base their funding on one or more of:

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Expert cadres of policy-makers and politicians – In Peru after the end of the

2059:(PISM) established in 1947. Another notable state-sponsored think tank is the 1393:

Lakshman Kadirgamar Institute of International Relations and Strategic Studies

345:, are focused on international affairs, security studies, and foreign policy. 39: 7100: 6944: 6854: 6838: 5932: 5833: 5316: 4472: 3861: 3843: 3398:

is a Brazilian think tank focusing on public, climate, and digital security.

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issues. Argentina ranks fifth in the number of these institutions worldwide.

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In collaboration with the Douglas Aircraft Company, the Air Force set up the

2449: 2418: 2321: 2124: 2016: 1376: 479: 322: 222: 154: 106: 5863: 5143:"Singapore Institute of International Affairs top local think tank: Ranking" 4331: 4058: 6885:

Dime a quien escuchas... Think Tanks y Partidos Politicos en America Latina

6583: 4349: 3558: 3449: 3376: 3090: 1955: 1869: 393: 272: 6821:

Dickson, Paul. "Think Tanks". New York: Ballantine Books, 1972. 397 pages.

6346: 5983: 4421: 4395: 1937:(Think tank for Action on Social Change) is an Irish left-wing think tank. 5496: 4654: 4038: 3554: 3263: 2495:

Most Australian think tanks are based at universities – for example, the

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Do Think Tanks Matter? Assessing the Impact of Public Policy Institutes.

4538:"Rapport sur la qualité du système d'éducation et de formation au Maroc" 3852: 3199:

The government funds, wholly or in part, activities at approximately 30

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is a policy-studies institute that is often referred to as a think tank.

454:

officials to adopt policies that often reflect the donors' priorities."

201:

Several major current think tanks were founded in the 19th century. The

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Capturing the Political Imagination: Think Tanks and the Policy Process

5720: 5434:"Activities in a nutshell: Research, forecasting and policy assessment" 4074:

Capturing the Political Imagination: Think Tanks and the Policy Process

3240: 1873: 1350: 1178: 758: 281: 167: 122: 6370:"Think tanks and political parties in Latin America, Background Paper" 5463: 4473:

Eric Lipton; Brooke Williams; Nicholas Confessore (6 September 2014).

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A Short History of the Netherlands: From Prehistory to the Present Day

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in 1946 to develop weapons technology and strategic defense analysis.

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presides over the Fundación para el Analisis y los Estudios Sociales (

2110:(SAR), founded in 1996, is a Romanian think tank for policy research. 6674:(Report). University of Pennsylvania. 18 January 2012. Archived from 6252:"The Inner Workings of Think Tanks: Transparify Gives Us a Good Look" 6167: 5772: 4735: 3605: 3356: 2535: 2433: 2306: 1588: 1398: 1339: 1228: 114: 7013: 5893: 5548: 5019: 3682:"Intelligence Contract Funneled to Pro-War Think Tank Establishment" 2091:

is one of the oldest Portuguese civic associations and think tanks.

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is a classic liberal/free-market conservative think tank in Denmark.

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Managing Think Tanks: Practical Guidance for Maturing Organizations

5746: 5665:"Centre for European and Transition Studies – University of Latvia" 5252: 4986:"Central Asian Cooperation: Experts Outline the Benefits and Risks" 4448:"Think Tank Review Project | National Education Policy Center" 3625: 2568: 1560: 1251:

the Foundation of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan

374: 342: 315: 150: 118: 102: 98: 5928:"Onward – the Tory think tank on a mission to remake conservatism" 5802: 4911:"Think Tanks in Israel | Jewish Federations of North America" 1994:

policy; tolerance and inclusive public policy and European policy.

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Think Tank Traditions: Policy Research and the Politics of Ideas.

6933:

International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis

6779:, Studies and Research No 35, October, Paris, Notre Europe, 2004 4816: 4686:. Lauder Institute, University of Pennsylvania. 31 January 2018. 3751:

Handbook of Public Policy Analysis: Theory, Politics, and Methods

3255: 3251: 2373: 2351: 2229:) – Australian-based think tank focusing on public policy issues. 2155: 366: 249: 126: 5803:"avenir suisse | think tank for economic and social issues" 4507:"The Think Tank of Quality Education - AMAQUEN Higher Education" 3994:

Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements.

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and think tank researching security issues of relevance for the

1734:

are associated with the Labour Institute for Economic Research (

6704: 6194:"Scoop: Pompeo to stay in DC and join Hudson Institute - Axios" 6125: 5433: 4623: 3780:

What Should Think Tanks Do?: A Strategic Guide to Policy Impact

3714:

Think Tanks and Civil Societies: Catalysts for Ideas and Action

3321:

Second, policy institutes may base their work or arguments on:

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The Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research

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Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace

422: 378: 370: 206: 6525:. 25 January 2009. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012 5608: 4761: 4684:

Think Tanks and Civil Societies Programs Univ. of Pennsylvania

3494:

Analytical Center for the Government of the Russian Federation

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magazine to be a top-five "policymaker think tank" worldwide.

862:. Think tanks with a development focus include those like the 489:, which was founded in 1989 when the country was ruled by the 136:

Think tanks publish articles and studies, and sometimes draft

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Globalisation, Policy Transfer And Policy Research Institutes

6830:

Fan, Maureen. "Capital Brain Trust Puts Stamp on the World",

6565:. the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program. Archived from 3375:, located in the South Region of the country, in the city of 3278: 3004: 2504: 2088: 1755: 1636: 1576: 1291:

Institute for Pioneering of Education and Economic Excellence

1160: 1002: 494: 310: 6316:"Researchers or Corporate Allies? Think Tanks Blur the Line" 5370:"Inside a European Center to Combat Russia's Hybrid Warfare" 3813:"Think Tanks and the Transnationalization of Foreign Policy" 2033:

Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael

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Another policy research institute based in Islamabad is the

1008:

IPCRI – Israel/Palestine Center for Research and Information

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is independent but close to left-wing ideas. The Socialist

2275: 1960: 1663:

European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats

6519:"Argentina, quinto país en el mundo en centros de estudio" 6467:"NIRA's World Directory of Think Tanks 2002: Introduction" 5638: 5202:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of China (Taiwan). 3226:

Similar to the above quasi-governmental organizations are

6315: 5664: 4962: 4849: 4563:"Nearly half of respondents in study admit to plagiarism" 3457: 3267: 1018:

Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies

6035: 5253:"Think Tank and Policy Discourses in the Czech Republic" 5226:"Центр содействия экономическому развитию в Узбекистане" 3747:"Public Policy Analysis and Think Tanks, by Diane Stone" 3711:

McGann, James G.; Weaver, Robert Kent (1 January 2002).

3310:

that requires a thorough research and action investment.

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Global Industrial and Social Progress Research Institute

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Working on public policies, Brazil hosts, for example,

2290:(UPyD) created Fundación Progreso y Democracia (FPyD). 1963:– Italian Institute for International Political Studies 1862:

German Institute for International and Security Affairs

1315:

Malaysian Industry-Government Group for High Technology

568:

Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa

27:

Organization that performs policy research and advocacy

6645:

Armenian Think Tanks Are Facing Old and New Challenges

6153: 6151: 4955:"Об ИМЭП | Институт мировой экономики и политики" 4194: 3745:

Fischer, Frank; Miller, Gerald J. (21 December 2006).

3577:

Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research

3509:

Institute of World Economy and International Relations

2383:(CPLR), a non-governmental think tank founded in 1996. 919:

There are many think tank teams in Israel, including:

6977:

Snider, J.H. "Strengthen Think Tank Accountability",

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FIIA – The Finnish Institute of International Affairs

5225: 5033: 4655:"Nongovernmental think-tank inaugurated in Guangdong" 4184:"Washington's Think Tanks: Factories to Call Our Own" 3373:

Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul

3047:(1919, and now known as the Century Foundation), the 2210:

International think tanks with presence in Slovakia:

1924:(IIEA) focuses on European and International affairs. 1908:

Category:Think tanks based in the Republic of Ireland

1174:

Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry

656:

Bangladesh Institute of Law and International Affairs

588:

Institute for Democratic Alternatives in South Africa

6065: 5313:Åland Islands Peace Institute - Ålands fredsinstitut 3949:"How Think Tanks Became Engines of Royal Propaganda" 3266:

has been working with Non-Government Organizations (

1769:

On the left, the main think tanks in France are the

1454:

Institute for National Defense and Security Research

1249:

Institute of World Economics and Politics (IWEP) at

850:

is a global think tank that works on issues such as

290:

Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences

6877:

Comparative Think Tanks, Politics And Public Policy

6148: 5282: 5145:. Channel NewsAsia. 2 February 2016. Archived from 3815:. Foreign Policy Research Institute. Archived from 3371:, a University-based Center at Tecnopuc inside the 2942:

International Institute for Sustainable Development

2523:. Prominent leftist Australian think tanks include 183:and Jacques Dupuy and also known after 1635 as the 6770:Think Tanks, the Brain Trusts of US Foreign Policy 6726:Rojansky, Matthew; Shapiro, Jeremy (28 May 2021). 6367: 6309: 6307: 5034:"Jauhar Academy of Social Sciences (JASS) 柔佛社会科学院" 4043:(4th ed.). Amersfoort: Bekking. p. 141. 2724:New South Wales Institute for Educational Research 2372:There are more than 100 registered think tanks in 1577:European Centre of International Political Economy 1036:The Center for the Study of Philanthropy in Israel 739:Business and Professionals Federation of Hong Kong 662:Bangladesh Institute of Peace and Security Studies 6005: 3514:Moscow State Institute of International Relations 3351:is home to 122 think tanks, many specializing in 3201:Federally Funded Research and Development Centers 2779:Child Poverty Action Group (Aotearoa New Zealand) 1140:Korea Institute for International Economic Policy 703:China Center for International Economic Exchanges 7098: 6765:Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002. 6701:"TESEV Türkiye Ekonomik ve Sosyal Etüdler Vakfı" 6543:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6314:Lipton, Eric; Williams, Brooke (7 August 2016). 5087:"KP continues to increase spending on education" 4280:Lipton, Eric; Williams, Brooke (7 August 2016). 2401:, a non-governmental think tank founded in 2021. 2389:, a non-governmental think tank founded in 1994. 1718:, are researched by Pellervo Economic Research ( 699:Development Research Center of the State Council 604:South African Institute of International Affairs 6883:Mendizabal, Enrique and Kristen Sample (2009) " 6725: 6304: 4977: 4961:(in Russian). 17 September 2014. Archived from 4208:. the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program. 3250:Legitimize policies – This has been clearer in 2619:Committee for Economic Development of Australia 1922:Institute of International and European Affairs 179:, created in Paris around 1620 by the brothers 7078:Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004. 6862:: What Conservatives Know That Liberals Don't. 6689:– via Foreign Policy Research Institute. 6313: 5980:"AIMS - Atlantic Institute for Market Studies" 4279: 3566:Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation 3446:The Center for Economic and Social Development 3184:, the Center for Naval Warfare Studies at the 3175: 3119:Center for Strategic and International Studies 2902:Centre for International Governance Innovation 2499:– or are government-funded – for example, the 2317:Think tanks based within Switzerland include: 1988:the Latvian Institute of International Affairs 1408:is an interdisciplinary think tank in Colombo. 891:Centre for Strategic and International Studies 300:, which was founded in 1946 as an offshoot of 6096:"Institute on Governance – Leading Expertise" 4475:"Foreign Powers Buy Influence at Think Tanks" 4379:"How Big Tobacco Helped Create 'the Junkman'" 3999: 3744: 3573:International Strategic Research Organisation 3233: 2820: 2584:Australian Institute of International Affairs 1752:European Union Institute for Security Studies 1444:Taiwanese think tanks in alphabetical order: 1431:S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies 1130:The Economic Information and Education Center 986:International Institute for Counter-Terrorism 835:. There are other prominent think tanks like 431:United States Environmental Protection Agency 275:or especially in a pejorative context to the 6901:", Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 6615:"2020 Global Go To Think Tanks Index Report" 4941:A Global Consultancy and Platform for Change 3893:. University of Pennsylvania. Archived from 3710: 2589:Australian Institute of Policy & Science 1878:Institute for Media and Communication Policy 1830: 1724:Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions 1423:Singapore Institute of International Affairs 1285:Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs 1189:Institute for International Monetary Affairs 774:Hong Kong People's Council on Housing Policy 444:'s "Think Twice" think tank review project. 436:According to the progressive media watchdog 184: 174: 7088:UNDP – United Nations Development Program. 6864:Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. 6619:University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons 5838:TTCSP Global Go to Think Tank Index Reports 5834:"2016 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report" 5695:"Latvijas Nacionālā aizsardzības akadēmija" 5576:"2014 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report" 5573: 5519:"Perussuomalaiset aloitti jättiselvityksen" 5170:"2017 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report" 4983: 4885:TTCSP Global Go to Think Tank Index Reports 4881:"2016 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report" 4680:"2017 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report" 3916:"2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report" 3888:"2013 Global Go to Think Tank Index Report" 3337:National Institute for Research Advancement 3168:dollars the Brookings Institution provided 2987:Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics 2629:Crowther Centre for Learning and Innovation 2527:, Per Capita, the Australia Institute, the 1748:French Institute of International Relations 1449:Chung-Hua Institution for Economic Research 1224:National Institute for Research Advancement 873:(to automate administrative processes) and 650:Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies 6880:, Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing 5200:"Taiwan-Asia Exchange Foundation launched" 4311:Ong, Elisa K.; Glantz, Stanton A. (2001). 4219: 4145: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4036: 3571:Other notable Turkish think tanks are the 3033:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 2814:New Zealand Institute of Economic Research 2768:Think tanks based in New Zealand include: 1773:, which is organizationally linked to the 1712:Maa- ja metsätaloustuottajain Keskusliitto 1681:Finnish Institute of International Affairs 864:National Centre for Cold-chain Development 794:One Country Two Systems Research Institute 415:The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition 359:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 241:was founded shortly thereafter in 1916 by 227:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 145:tended to be more ideologically oriented. 6952: 6661: 6218: 4339: 4310: 4246: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4005: 3913: 3885: 3851: 3783:. Stanford University Press. p. 41. 3424:Caucasus Research Resource Center-Armenia 2548:Australian Institute of Company Directors 2412:List of think tanks in the United Kingdom 2162:Central European Labour Studies Institute 2057:Polish Institute of International Affairs 1675:Research Institute of the Finnish Economy 1309:Jeffrey Cheah Institute on Southeast Asia 1274:Notable think tanks in Malaysia include: 1209:Japan Institute for National Fundamentals 610:South African Institute of Race Relations 6669:The Global Go To Think Tanks Report 2011 6493:"Foreign Policy, January/February, 2009" 5955:"Who are Australia's major think tanks?" 5516: 5367: 4118:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 3992:Edmund Jan Osmanczyk and Anthony Mango, 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3621:List of think tanks in the United States 3402:Transcontinental countries (Asia-Europe) 3328:Applied, empirical or synthesis research 3027:List of think tanks in the United States 2876:Canadian Institute for Advanced Research 2799:Motu Economic and Public Policy Research 2774:Centre for Strategic Studies New Zealand 2429:and have remained sister organisations. 2170:Stredoeurópsky inštitút pre výskum práce 2031:. The Netherlands furthermore hosts the 2029:Scientific Council for Government Policy 1214:Japan Institute of International Affairs 1145:Korea Institute of Public Administration 804:Policy Innovation and Co-ordination Unit 764:Hong Kong Christian Industrial Committee 594:Institute for Justice and Reconciliation 518:The Institute of Economic Affairs, Ghana 487:The Institute of Economic Affairs, Ghana 66: 52: 38: 6930: 6243: 4913:. Jewishfederations.org. Archived from 4850:"MERI - Middle East Research Institute" 4652: 4111: 4090: 3829: 3543:Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Merkezi 2932:Institute for Research on Public Policy 2866:Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives 2694:Lowy Institute for International Policy 2485: 2305:think tank and book publisher based in 1931:is a conservative, Catholic think tank. 1550: 1501: 1491:Thailand Development Research Institute 1347:Institute of Social and Policy Sciences 1334:List of research institutes in Pakistan 1204:Japan Center for International Exchange 1074:Institute for National Security Studies 995:Israel Center for Third Sector Research 961:Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research 946:The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 386:Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program 331:Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program 14: 7099: 7074:Stone, Diane, and Andrew Denham, eds. 6792: 6738:from the original on 28 September 2022 6612: 5831: 5232:from the original on 21 September 2011 4984:Bulatkulova, Saniya (19 August 2022). 4937:"Think tank landscape scan 2022 Korea" 4878: 4428:from the original on 21 September 2012 4225: 4181: 4170: 3717:. Transaction Publishers. p. 51. 3432:Armenian State University of Economics 2804:New Zealand Centre for Global Studies 2624:Consumer Policy Research Centre (CPRC) 1915:Economic and Social Research Institute 1728:Suomen Ammattiliittojen Keskusjärjestö 1076:, affiliated with Tel Aviv University. 930:Jerusalem Institute for Market Studies 686:Bangladesh Institute of Labour Studies 508:Notable think tanks in Ghana include: 468: 7039: 7002:Public Administration and Development 6995: 6282:"The Incredible Shrinking Think Tank" 6262:from the original on 16 December 2014 6249: 6231:from the original on 21 December 2013 5922: 5727:from the original on 14 November 2020 5474:from the original on 22 February 2018 5444:from the original on 22 February 2018 5349:from the original on 4 September 2021 5263:from the original on 28 December 2021 4860:from the original on 13 February 2018 4593:"The Journal of Quality in Education" 4536:Naji, Abdennasser (1 December 2010). 4422:"The Incredible Shrinking Think Tank" 4402:from the original on 8 September 2012 4252: 4071: 3959:from the original on 12 December 2021 3797: 3776: 3581:Wise Men Center for Strategic Studies 3534:are the leading information sources. 3504:Institute for US and Canadian Studies 3489:Notable Russian think tanks include: 2841:Atlantic Institute for Market Studies 2689:Laboratory for Visionary Architecture 2684:Issues Deliberation Australia/America 2659:Infrastructure Partnerships Australia 2594:Australian Strategic Policy Institute 2544:Australian Strategic Policy Institute 2332:security sector governance and reform 2151:Think tanks originating in Slovakia: 1512:Al Mesbar Studies and Research Centre 1479:Taiwan Institute of Economic Research 1120:Korea International Trade Association 1105:The Asan Institute for Policy Studies 1045:Israel Institute for Advanced Studies 819:India has the world's second-largest 635:Centre for Conflict and Peace Studies 551:Heritage Institute for Policy Studies 513:IMANI Centre for Policy and Education 457: 381:, where it was closed in April 2022. 7070:from the original on 9 October 2022. 6594:from the original on 25 January 2022 6447:from the original on 7 November 2010 6219:Wallstein, Peter (19 January 2012). 6200:from the original on 8 November 2021 6016:from the original on 21 October 2011 5753:from the original on 1 November 2022 5619:from the original on 8 February 2013 5404:"Crisis Management Initiative (CMI)" 5380:from the original on 18 January 2018 5206:from the original on 6 November 2018 5097:from the original on 12 October 2022 5084: 5078: 4891:from the original on 30 October 2019 4784: 4573:from the original on 26 October 2022 4555: 4535: 4487:from the original on 5 November 2014 4454:from the original on 1 November 2011 4215:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4190:from the original on 21 August 2010. 4018:from the original on 26 January 2013 3946: 3914:G. McGann, James (28 January 2022). 3909: 3907: 3886:G. McGann, James (22 January 2014). 3881: 3879: 3772: 3770: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3679: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3247:Seek political support for policies. 3123: 3049:National Bureau of Economic Research 2737:Strategic and Defence Studies Centre 2448:'s longest-serving Cabinet Minister 2387:Center for Policy Studies in Ukraine 1427:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 982:, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 615: 556:Puntland Development Research Center 537:and international events (CIMQUSEF). 503:Ghanaian presidential election, 1996 491:Provisional National Defence Council 438:Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting 78:, founded in 1919 by U.S. President 6495:. Foreignpolicy.com. Archived from 6066:"Frontier Centre For Public Policy" 6046:from the original on 10 August 2019 5904:from the original on 18 August 2016 5874:from the original on 28 August 2016 5747:"O nadácií – Nadácia Antona Tunegu" 5675:from the original on 20 August 2016 5517:Tamminen, Jenni (28 October 2012). 5283:"Prague Security Studies Institute" 4996:from the original on 7 October 2022 4824:"Why think tanks struggle in India" 4030: 4008:"No More Thinking With Think Tanks" 3940: 3692:from the original on 6 October 2021 2639:Doctors Reform Society of Australia 1986:The oldest think tank in Latvia is 1704:Confederation of Finnish Industries 1110:Samsung Economic Research Institute 941:Israel Council on Foreign Relations 734:Bauhinia Foundation Research Centre 328:Foreign Policy Research Institute's 173:Soll cites as an early example the 24: 6754: 6557: 6345:. 18 November 2002. Archived from 6292:from the original on 18 April 2018 6174:from the original on 14 April 2015 5368:Standish, Reid (18 January 2018). 5361: 5289:from the original on 19 March 2022 5180:from the original on 30 March 2019 5167: 5040:from the original on 15 March 2022 4830:from the original on 29 March 2014 4690:from the original on 30 March 2019 4234:from the original on 11 March 2023 4200: 4158:from the original on 17 April 2020 4146:Fetherling, George (12 May 2008). 3810: 3777:Selee, Andrew Dan (31 July 2013). 3065:Committee for Economic Development 2962:Mowat Centre for Policy Innovation 2856:Caledon Institute of Social Policy 2553:Think tanks in Australia include: 2513:the Centre for Independent Studies 1583:(EPC), the Friends of Europe, the 1569:Centre for European Policy Studies 1063:The Jewish People Policy Institute 825:Centre for Science and Environment 729:Think tanks in Hong Kong include: 25: 7118: 6136:from the original on 28 July 2016 6070:Frontier Centre For Public Policy 5813:from the original on 22 July 2016 5697:. 5 November 2013. Archived from 5645:from the original on 24 July 2016 5555:from the original on 29 July 2016 5410:. 23 January 2017. Archived from 5250: 4742:from the original on 25 June 2020 4716:from the original on 25 June 2020 4634:from the original on 16 June 2021 4603:from the original on 16 June 2021 4517:from the original on 16 June 2021 4385:, Third Quarter 2000, PRWatch.com 4377:Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber 4320:American Journal of Public Health 4292:from the original on 11 July 2019 4257:. Goran's Musings. Archived from 3904: 3876: 3767: 3731: 3668: 3586: 3484:Foreign Policy Research Institute 2922:Frontier Centre for Public Policy 2886:Canadian Policy Research Networks 2871:Canadian Global Affairs Institute 2836:Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada 2664:Institute for Economics and Peace 2405: 2381:Centre of Policy and Legal Reform 2284:Partido Socialista Obrero Español 2180:Forum Minority Research Institute 2065:Institute for Structural Research 1880:deals with media-related issues. 1624:Prague Security Studies Institute 1610: 1303:Jauhar Academy of Social Sciences 1194:Institute of Developing Economies 754:The Global Institute for Tomorrow 7061:10.1111/j.1467-9299.2007.00649.x 6795:South African Historical Journal 6728:"Why Everyone Hates Think Tanks" 6719: 6693: 6637: 6625:from the original on 22 May 2021 6606: 6576: 6560:"The Global "Go-To Think Tanks"" 6511: 6250:Cohen, Rick (12 December 2014). 6076:from the original on 12 May 2022 5844:from the original on 6 June 2017 5529:from the original on 14 May 2021 5018:. 3 January 2007. Archived from 4772:from the original on 7 July 2020 4621: 4203:"The Global "Go-To Think Tanks"" 4182:Singer, Peter (13 August 2010). 4037:Rietbergen, P. J. A. N. (2000). 3982:, Paris: Belin, pp. 112–115 3980:La France des Lumières 1715-1789 3978:Pierre-Yves Beaurepaire (2011), 3928:from the original on 22 May 2021 3331:Theoretical or academic research 3128: 3020: 2196:Fórum inštitút pre výskum menšín 2075:(ISP) on social policy, and the 1864:is a foreign policy think tank. 1199:The International Academic Forum 1169:Asian Development Bank Institute 925:Shaharit - Creating Common Cause 442:National Education Policy Center 6917:New Educational Foundations, 4. 6703:. 25 April 2001. Archived from 6485: 6459: 6433: 6407: 6398: 6361: 6335: 6274: 6212: 6186: 6160: 6118: 6088: 6058: 6028: 6006:"Canada West Foundation |" 5998: 5982:. 7 August 2010. Archived from 5972: 5947: 5916: 5886: 5856: 5825: 5795: 5783:from the original on 8 May 2020 5765: 5739: 5713: 5687: 5657: 5631: 5601: 5589:from the original on 7 May 2021 5567: 5541: 5510: 5489: 5456: 5426: 5396: 5331: 5301: 5275: 5244: 5218: 5192: 5161: 5135: 5109: 5066:from the original on 6 May 2021 5052: 5026: 5008: 4947: 4929: 4903: 4872: 4842: 4754: 4728: 4702: 4672: 4653:Linping, He (18 January 2012). 4646: 4615: 4585: 4529: 4499: 4466: 4440: 4414: 4388: 4371: 4304: 4273: 4139: 4065: 3986: 3971: 3947:Soll, Jacob (1 February 2017). 3753:. CRC Press. pp. 149–157. 3680:Fang, Lee (15 September 2021). 3093:and other prominent Democrats. 3057:Social Science Research Council 2927:Institute for Quantum Computing 1540:Center for Economic Development 1474:Taiwan Foundation for Democracy 1464:Taiwan Asia Exchange Foundation 1100:National Assembly Budget Office 769:Hong Kong Democratic Foundation 561: 336: 216: 203:Royal United Services Institute 196: 153:, many more American and other 6772:. Wiesbaden: VS Springer 2013. 6443:. Onthinktanks.wordpress.com. 5176:. University of Pennsylvania. 4887:. University of Pennsylvania. 3823: 3704: 3213:Institute for Defense Analyses 2881:Canadian International Council 2763: 2757:Western Australia Policy Forum 2747:Transport and Logistics Centre 2604:Centre for Independent Studies 2534:Some think tanks, such as the 2312: 2069:The Casimir Pulaski Foundation 2022: 1967:Istituto Affari Internazionali 1356: 1297:Maritime Institute of Malaysia 1081: 1049:Hebrew University of Jerusalem 1040:Hebrew University of Jerusalem 975:Hebrew University of Jerusalem 720:Sino-British Joint Declaration 620: 599:Institute for Security Studies 131:non-governmental organizations 13: 1: 6807:10.1080/02582473.2016.1182206 4186:. the Brookings Institution. 3661: 3437: 3325:Ideology, values or interests 3111:American Enterprise Institute 2609:Centre for Policy Development 2399:Transatlantic Dialogue Center 2338:Gottlieb Duttweiler Institute 2288:Union, Progress and Democracy 2184:Fórum Kisebbségkutató Intézet 1847:Free Democratic Party-aligned 1653:Åland Islands Peace Institute 1532: 1244: 1219:Mitsubishi Research Institute 966:Myers-JDC-Brookdale Institute 724:Special Administrative Region 640: 271:to colloquially refer to the 6846:– Six Faces of Global Change 6469:. 2 May 2006. Archived from 5119:. Nira.or.jp. Archived from 5085:Khan, Javed (14 July 2016). 3342: 3107:Council on Foreign Relations 3087:Center for American Progress 3053:Council on Foreign Relations 2752:United States Studies Centre 2490: 2427:Paris Peace Conference, 1919 2423:Council on Foreign Relations 2055:). The second oldest is the 2009: 1843:Friedrich Naumann Foundation 1760:agency of the European Union 1736:Palkansaajien tutkimuslaitos 1708:Elinkeinoelämän valtuuskunta 1669:Crisis Management Initiative 1605:Institute of Modern Politics 1469:Taiwan Competitiveness Forum 1412: 1382: 1279:Academy of Sciences Malaysia 911:as 46th in the Middle East. 884: 837:Observer Research Foundation 708: 630:Afghanistan Analysts Network 233:, in 1910 by philanthropist 7: 6904:Phelps, Richard P. (2015). 6368:Mendizabal Enrique (2009). 4006:Tevi Troy (May–June 2012). 3594: 3477: 3228:Federal Advisory Committees 3190:Strategic Studies Institute 3182:National Defense University 3176:U.S. government think tanks 2967:National Citizens Coalition 2957:Montreal Economic Institute 2952:Macdonald–Laurier Institute 2674:International Energy Centre 2669:Institute of Public Affairs 2521:Institute of Public Affairs 2454:Chancellor of the Exchequer 2425:were both conceived at the 2219:Inštitút pre verejné otázky 2215:Institute of Public Affairs 2146: 2113: 2082: 2073:Institute of Public Affairs 1598: 1585:Global Governance Institute 1484: 1327: 1265: 1095:Korea Development Institute 860:Foresight (futures studies) 839:, Tillotoma Foundation and 674:International Growth Centre 408: 32:Think tank (disambiguation) 10: 7123: 7036:, London: Frank Cass, 1996 6775:Boucher, Stephen, et al., 6417:. Ssrc.org. Archived from 5408:Institute for NGO Research 4424:. FAIR. 22 February 1999. 4398:. FAIR. 22 February 1999. 3921:University of Pennsylvania 3414:The government closed the 3406: 3234:South American think tanks 3045:The Twentieth Century Fund 3024: 2947:International Policy Forum 2907:Conference Board of Canada 2821:North American think tanks 2409: 2367: 2101: 2067:(IBS) on economic policy, 2061:Centre for Eastern Studies 1905: 1901: 1891: 1882:Transparency International 1811:Christian Democratic Union 1799: 1643: 1630: 1618:European Values Think-Tank 1555: 1331: 1115:Center for Free Enterprise 956:Israel Democracy Institute 909:University of Pennsylvania 875:National Knowledge Network 871:National e-Governance Plan 829:Centre for Policy Research 668:Centre for Policy Dialogue 544: 524: 461: 390:University of Pennsylvania 161: 105:concerning topics such as 29: 4879:McGann, James G. (2017). 3531:Journal of Turkish Weekly 3519: 3362: 3272:the military dictatorship 3137:This article needs to be 2998: 2825: 2679:International WaterCentre 2634:Development Policy Centre 2579:Australian Fabian Society 2564:Asia Education Foundation 2476:Centre for Social Justice 2354:, which hosts the annual 2293: 2130: 2108:Romanian Academic Society 2042: 1977: 1894:List of Greek think tanks 1887: 1851:Rosa Luxemburg Foundation 1831: 1741: 1573:Centre for the New Europe 1436: 1365: 1321:Islamic Renaissance Front 914: 848:Strategic Foresight Group 833:World Resources Institute 478:Ghana's first president, 176:Académie des frères Dupuy 7090:Thinking the Unthinkable 6945:10.1177/0020702015590591 6890:Medvetz, Thomas (2012) " 6789:, London: Fontana, 1995. 6613:McGann, James G (2020). 4112:Medvetz, Thomas (2012). 4076:. Routledge. p. 9. 3996:London: Routledge, 2004. 3844:10.1177/0020702015590591 3469:Economic Research Center 2340:(GDI), conceived by the 2249: 2233:Open Society Foundations 2093:Contraditório think tank 1944: 1815:Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 1807:Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung 1720:Pellervon taloustutkimus 1155: 841:Centre for Civil Society 814: 789:Our Hong Kong Foundation 716:One Country, Two Systems 692: 680:Making Our Economy Right 485:One such think tank was 473: 398:Global Go-To Think Tanks 348: 256:think tanks appeared in 186:cabinet des frères Dupuy 6912:9 February 2015 at the 6897:11 October 2012 at the 6656:SSRN Electronic Journal 6650:3 December 2022 at the 6100:Institute on Governance 5723:. vilniusinstitute.lt. 4332:10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1749 3601:Collective intelligence 3454:non-profit organization 3383:Fundação Getulio Vargas 3115:The Heritage Foundation 2937:Institute on Governance 2892:Canadian Tax Foundation 2732:Samuel Griffith Society 2714:Menzies Research Centre 2614:Chifley Research Centre 2574:The Australia Institute 2501:Productivity Commission 2071:on foreign policy, the 2037:international relations 1839:aligned with the Greens 1819:Social Democratic Party 1732:Social Democratic Party 901: 779:The Lion Rock Institute 583:Helen Suzman Foundation 427:Philip Morris Companies 225:-based think tank, the 205:was founded in 1831 in 166:According to historian 129:. Most think tanks are 58:The Heritage Foundation 18:Conservative think tank 6892:Think Tanks in America 5832:McGann, James (2017). 5551:. Fondation Concorde. 4115:Think Tanks in America 3542: 3499:Carnegie Moscow Center 3221:MIT Lincoln Laboratory 2861:Canada West Foundation 2809:New Zealand Initiative 2784:Helen Clark Foundation 2719:National Civic Council 2654:H. R. Nicholls Society 2599:The Brisbane Institute 2356:Horasis Global Meeting 2280:Fundación Alternativas 2270:Former Prime Minister 2256:Elcano Royal Institute 2120:Valdai Discussion Club 1833:Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung 1827:Christian Social Union 1775:French Socialist Party 1689:Green Think Tank Visio 1581:European Policy Centre 1527:Orient Research Centre 1517:Dubai Economic Council 1372:Valdai Discussion Club 1256:Republic of Kazakhstan 1054:The Jewish Arab Center 1027:The Begin-Sadat Center 578:FW de Klerk Foundation 573:Free Market Foundation 403:Open Society Institute 185: 175: 82: 64: 50: 7049:Public Administration 7040:Stone, Diane (2007). 6996:Stone, Diane (2009). 6986:23 April 2009 at the 6874:McGann, James (2006) 6871:, Edward Elgar, 2005. 5773:"About Chatham House" 5721:"vilniusinstitute.lt" 4659:People's Daily Online 4567:University World News 4450:. Nepc.colorado.edu. 4226:Mendizabal, Enrique. 4072:Stone, Diane (2013). 3832:International Journal 3217:Aerospace Corporation 3194:U.S. Army War College 3103:Brookings Institution 3037:Brookings Institution 2972:North-South Institute 2087:Founded in 1970, the 2049:The Western Institute 1951:Bruno Leoni Institute 1823:Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung 1771:Fondation Jean-Jaurès 1593:Sport and Citizenship 1125:The Yeouido Institute 999:Ben Gurion University 821:number of think tanks 718:", manifested in the 535:Quality in Education, 239:Brookings Institution 70: 60:, founded in 1973 in 56: 46:, founded in 1916 in 44:Brookings Institution 42: 6768:Arin, Kubilay Yado: 6130:Parklandinstitute.ca 6106:on 11 September 2014 5583:Repository.upenn.edu 5549:"Fondation Concorde" 5062:. 24 November 2020. 4738:. 21 December 2021. 4396:"What's in a Label?" 3611:Internet think tanks 3243:suggests that they: 2912:Council of Canadians 2794:McGuinness Institute 2704:The McKell Institute 2525:the McKell Institute 2486:Oceanian think tanks 2141:Faculty of Economics 1551:European think tanks 1522:Gulf Research Center 1502:United Arab Emirates 1135:Jeju Peace Institute 1013:The Milken Institute 971:Floersheimer Studies 869:Initiatives such as 809:Professional Commons 361:operates offices in 294:electronic computers 248:In the early 1920s, 7081:Struyk, Raymond J. 7020:on 20 February 2010 6834:(16 May 2005): B01. 6761:Abelson, Donald E. 6572:on 19 October 2011. 6349:on 18 November 2002 6256:Nonprofit Quarterly 6225:The Washington Post 5123:on 11 November 2012 4943:. 18 November 2022. 4804:on 22 February 2014 4622:Naji, Abdennasser. 4597:journal.amaquen.org 3900:on 12 January 2016. 3616:List of think tanks 3525:Turkish think tanks 3416:Noravank Foundation 3369:Instituto Liberdade 3274:headed by Pinochet. 2992:Public Policy Forum 2851:C.D. Howe Institute 2846:Broadbent Institute 2699:The Green Institute 2559:Air Power Australia 2497:Melbourne Institute 2346:Gottlieb Duttweiler 2137:Belgrade University 2051:in Poznań (Polish: 1868:is an independent, 1459:Prospect Foundation 1421:Among them are the 1058:University of Haifa 1031:Bar Ilan University 1022:Tel Aviv University 744:Central Policy Unit 469:African think tanks 464:List of think tanks 284:and the use of the 243:Robert S. Brookings 72:Stanford University 6981:(3 February 2009). 6785:Cockett, Richard, 6170:. Tax Foundation. 5864:"GDI – Geschichte" 5701:on 5 November 2013 5497:"Ajatuspaja Visio" 5414:on 24 January 2018 5345:. On Think Tanks. 5149:on 3 February 2016 5022:on 3 January 2007. 4917:on 3 February 2012 4480:The New York Times 4286:The New York Times 4261:on 13 January 2012 4253:Buldioski, Goran. 4230:. On Think Tanks. 3636:Mass communication 3631:Mass collaboration 3420:Caucasus Institute 3164:The New York Times 3105:, followed by the 3041:Hoover Institution 2977:Parkland Institute 2478:and most recently 2438:Conservative Party 2363:, founded in 1979. 2077:Sobieski Institute 1866:Atlantic Community 856:Peace and Conflict 499:Sub-Saharan Africa 458:Global think tanks 191:Club de l'Entresol 111:political strategy 95:research institute 83: 76:Hoover Institution 65: 51: 6969:Smith, James. A. 6920:Ranquet, Robert. 6887:", ODI/IDEA: Lima 6588:Igarapé Institute 6499:on 7 January 2010 6386:on 8 October 2010 5959:www.govconnex.com 5574:James G. McGann. 5168:McGann, James G. 4762:"About WRI India" 4381:, Vol. 7, No. 3, 4326:(11): 1749–1757. 3790:978-0-8047-8929-5 3760:978-1-4200-1700-7 3724:978-1-4128-3989-1 3651:Strategic studies 3646:School of thought 3551:Necmettin Erbakan 3482:According to the 3396:Igarapé Institute 3335:According to the 3209:MITRE Corporation 3186:Naval War College 3158: 3157: 2982:Pembina Institute 2649:Grattan Institute 2465:Christopher Bland 2446:Margaret Thatcher 2361:Liberal Institute 2053:Instytut Zachodni 1972:Trinità dei Monti 1429:(ISEAS), and the 1069:The Shalem Center 799:Path of Democracy 784:New Century Forum 616:Asian think tanks 429:referring to the 419:second-hand smoke 229:, was founded in 16:(Redirected from 7114: 7071: 7069: 7046: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7016:. Archived from 6966: 6956: 6818: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6723: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6707:on 25 April 2001 6697: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6681:on 24 March 2012 6680: 6673: 6665: 6659: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6564: 6555: 6549: 6548: 6542: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6463: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6437: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6411: 6405: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6385: 6379:. Archived from 6374: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6311: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6288:. 1 March 2008. 6278: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6164: 6158: 6155: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6102:. Archived from 6092: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5986:on 7 August 2010 5976: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5860: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5807:Avenir-suisse.ch 5799: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5580: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5479: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5387: 5385: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5343:onthinktanks.org 5339:"Demos Helsinki" 5335: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5319:on 25 March 2013 5315:. Archived from 5305: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4990:The Astana Times 4981: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4803: 4797:. Archived from 4796: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4392: 4386: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4359:on 11 April 2003 4358: 4352:. 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formerly in 363:Washington, D.C. 302:Douglas Aircraft 298:RAND Corporation 286:definite article 269:American English 231:Washington, D.C. 188: 178: 142:social movements 91:policy institute 62:Washington, D.C. 48:Washington, D.C. 21: 7122: 7121: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7111: 7097: 7096: 7095: 7067: 7044: 7023: 7021: 7014:10.1002/pad.540 6988:Wayback Machine 6914:Wayback Machine 6899:Wayback Machine 6832:Washington Post 6757: 6755:Further reading 6752: 6751: 6741: 6739: 6724: 6720: 6710: 6708: 6699: 6698: 6694: 6684: 6682: 6678: 6671: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6652:Wayback Machine 6643:Vardan Atoyan, 6642: 6638: 6628: 6626: 6611: 6607: 6597: 6595: 6584:"About Igarapé" 6582: 6581: 6577: 6569: 6562: 6558:McGann, James. 6556: 6552: 6536: 6535: 6528: 6526: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6502: 6500: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6476: 6474: 6465: 6464: 6460: 6450: 6448: 6439: 6438: 6434: 6424: 6422: 6421:on 25 June 2010 6413: 6412: 6408: 6403: 6399: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6372: 6366: 6362: 6352: 6350: 6341: 6340: 6336: 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5352: 5350: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5322: 5320: 5307: 5306: 5302: 5292: 5290: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5266: 5264: 5251:Cisar, Ondrej. 5249: 5245: 5235: 5233: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5209: 5207: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5183: 5181: 5166: 5162: 5152: 5150: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5126: 5124: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5100: 5098: 5083: 5079: 5069: 5067: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5014: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4997: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4966: 4953: 4952: 4948: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4877: 4873: 4863: 4861: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4826:. 21 May 2013. 4822: 4821: 4817: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4792:"NeGP overview" 4790: 4789: 4785: 4775: 4773: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4745: 4743: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4719: 4717: 4708: 4707: 4703: 4693: 4691: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4651: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4620: 4616: 4606: 4604: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4576: 4574: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4546: 4544: 4534: 4530: 4520: 4518: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4488: 4471: 4467: 4457: 4455: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4429: 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1802: 1788: 1786:GenerationLibre 1744: 1730:, SAK) and the 1714:, MTK) and the 1691: 1646: 1633: 1613: 1601: 1558: 1553: 1535: 1504: 1487: 1439: 1415: 1406:Verité Research 1385: 1368: 1359: 1336: 1330: 1268: 1247: 1234:Shōwa Kenkyūkai 1158: 1084: 1079: 917: 904: 887: 852:Water Diplomacy 817: 711: 695: 643: 623: 618: 564: 547: 541: 527: 476: 471: 466: 460: 411: 388:(TTCSP) at the 351: 339: 258:the Netherlands 235:Andrew Carnegie 219: 199: 164: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7120: 7110: 7109: 7094: 7093: 7086: 7079: 7072: 7055:(2): 259–278. 7037: 7032:Stone, Diane. 7030: 7008:(4): 303–315. 6993: 6990: 6974: 6967: 6939:(4): 535–555. 6928: 6918: 6902: 6888: 6881: 6872: 6867:Ladi, Stella. 6865: 6860:Moral Politics 6855:Lakoff, George 6852: 6849: 6836: 6827: 6822: 6819: 6801:(2): 147–162. 6790: 6783: 6773: 6766: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6732:Foreign Policy 6718: 6692: 6660: 6636: 6605: 6575: 6550: 6510: 6484: 6458: 6432: 6406: 6397: 6360: 6334: 6321:New York Times 6303: 6273: 6242: 6211: 6185: 6159: 6147: 6117: 6087: 6057: 6027: 5997: 5971: 5946: 5915: 5885: 5855: 5824: 5794: 5764: 5738: 5712: 5686: 5656: 5630: 5600: 5566: 5540: 5509: 5488: 5464:"Introduction" 5455: 5425: 5395: 5374:Foreign Policy 5360: 5330: 5300: 5274: 5243: 5217: 5191: 5160: 5134: 5108: 5077: 5051: 5025: 5007: 4976: 4965:on 13 May 2014 4946: 4928: 4902: 4871: 4854:www.meri-k.org 4841: 4815: 4783: 4753: 4727: 4701: 4671: 4645: 4614: 4584: 4554: 4528: 4498: 4465: 4439: 4413: 4387: 4370: 4303: 4272: 4245: 4218: 4193: 4169: 4138: 4124: 4089: 4083:978-1136309045 4082: 4064: 4049: 4029: 3998: 3985: 3970: 3939: 3903: 3875: 3838:(4): 535–555. 3822: 3796: 3789: 3766: 3759: 3730: 3723: 3703: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3641:Overton window 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3596: 3593: 3588: 3587:Public opinion 3585: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3479: 3476: 3439: 3436: 3428:South Caucasus 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3388:Foreign Policy 3364: 3361: 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Jauhar.my. 5035: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5011: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4845: 4829: 4825: 4819: 4800: 4793: 4787: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4675: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4618: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4469: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4307: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4211: 4204: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4148:"In the Tank" 4142: 4127: 4125:9780226517292 4121: 4117: 4116: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4085: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4050:90-6109-440-2 4046: 4042: 4041: 4033: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4002: 3995: 3989: 3981: 3974: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3927: 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