484:
125:'s relatively primitive equipment, the fact that the streets of Vester Kvarter were too narrow for the fire pumps, the strange dispositions of those fighting the fire, and a series of unlucky events, the fight was nearly hopeless. The wind blew from the southwest that evening, carrying the fire along Lille Sankt Clemens Stræde, Store Sankt Clemens Stræde, Vombadstuestræde, Antiquitetsstræde and Hellig-Kors Stræde. By 9:00 p.m the main street of Vestergade was burning on both sides. From here the fire spread along Store Lars Bjørns Stræde, Lille Lars Bjørns Stræde and Studiestræde.
459:
129:
92:
355:
20:
118:. Among the widow's tenants were restaurant manager Peder Rasmussen and his wife, Anne Iversdatter. It was on the second floor of the restaurateur's apartment that the fire started. At the inquiries held after the fire was over, both he and his wife stated that their seven-year-old son had started the fire by accidentally upsetting a candle, but it is more likely that it was the result of carelessness on behalf of the parents while casting candles and that they blamed the child to avoid punishment.
151:, where people fought to keep the fire back. For that reason, help was sent late to deal with the new fire. Around midnight the wind shifted to the west, and the situation on Nørregade turned critical as the fire was driven towards the street along a wide front. At first people sought to keep the fire on the western side of Nørregade, but nevertheless it spread to the eastern side during the night. Simultaneously, the fire moved from present day Nørre Voldgade towards Nørreport (North Gate).
230:'s home, where both he and his possessions found temporary safety. But now the fire reached Gram's home next to Vor Frue Kirke (lot "Klædebo Kvarter 245"), and there was not enough time to save Steenbuch's possessions, although Gram saved most of his own from destruction. Along Kannikestræde, one by one University of Copenhagen professors' homes fell prey to the flames. Several more student dormitories were lost but along Købmagergade a wing of buildings were saved including the church
331:
opposite side of the street were blown up with black powder. The outcome was hardly any better than that of the earlier attempt at the wine cellar, though. The gunpowder went off, people had to run for their lives and the vice mayor's house was set afire and burned to the ground. After the failed attempt to save the house, the fire was stopped from spreading further, though, and among other things the weigh station of
221:
When the fire had consumed Vor Frue Kirke, the
University of Copenhagen saw one building after another burn. The Community Building (Kommunitetsbygningen), which was used to help support students by giving them free meals; the university's head building (Studiegården/The Study Courtyard), at the same
474:
This plan was not followed in the reconstruction. Although half-timbered houses were banned at first, the ban was lifted in 1731 as brick houses were considerably more expensive. Medieval
Copenhagen, however, had changed permanently when the reconstruction was complete by 1737. Streets and alleys no
466:
When the reconstruction of
Denmark's capital was begun a number of changes were introduced. A commission was appointed to regulate the streets. After surveyings among the ruins this commission submitted a suggestion to create 12 to 15-metre wide main streets with 10-metre wide side streets with none
283:
Friday morning the wind shifted again, this time to the north. The firefighting finally started to show some semblance of organization, and efforts were waged to stop the fire in the neighborhood around Magstræde. This failed, though, when the fire took the soap factory on Magstræde around noon. The
274:
From
Trinitatis Church, the fire continued down Landemærket towards Gothersgade. Here, the fire met up with the other branch of the fire which ate its way down present day Nørre Voldgade. Around midnight, the church Reformert Kirke was ablaze. The only place in the city where there was some control
237:
The next notable victim of the fire was the church
Trinitatis Kirke, which housed the University Library in its attic. The flames got a hold the church around 5 p.m. and when the ceiling gave around 10 p.m., the entire library's collection was delivered into a sea of flames. Rundetårn was
167:
charges. The building housing the wine cellar known as "Blasen" on the corner of
Vestergade and Nørregade was to be the first demolition, but this dangerous undertaking failed when the gunpowder blew up while men were still carrying in the charges. While the building did go down, people were killed
105:
The exact time that the fire started is unknown. Various sources mention times between 6:00 and 8:00 p.m., and 7:30 p.m. is the best estimate. However, the exact location of the origin of the fire is known. Almost directly across the street from
Vesterport (the West Gate) was Lille Sankt
374:
The magistrate also made a survey of the spared parts of town from which it appears that 8,749 former residents of the parts touched by fire had found new lodgings. It is estimated that as many as 15,000 had become homeless. This is about 20% of the population, which is estimated at 70,000.
370:
of
Copenhagen finished a second, made according to a royal request of 12 December 1728. The differences between the two surveys are limited to the extent of the damages on 43 lots, so it is fairly certain that 1,227 lots containing about 1,600 buildings were lost in flames. All of
327:, which did stop the fire at the corner of Store Regnegade and Gothersgade. Further west, Amagertorv and the church Sankt Nicolai Kirke had been threatened, but the blaze was stopped close to Amagertorv, where only the three houses furthest north ("Frimands Kvarter" lots 8, 10 and 11) were lost.
330:
The fire on Magstræde at the soap factory was still a threat. The fire ate its way along
Snaregade. At the end of Snaregade was the house (lot "Snarens Kvarter 2") of the vice mayor, Christian Berregaard, which the people tried to save. The houses around it were torn down, and the houses on the
438:
containing collections of zoological and botanical oddities. The burned-out observatory in Rundetårn had contained instruments and records by Tycho Brahe and Ole Rømer. The professors
Horrebow, Steenbuch and the two Bartholins lost practically everything. Additionally, a large part of the city
378:
While the human and property losses were staggering, the cultural loss is still felt today. The University of Copenhagen library was without a doubt the greatest and the most frequently mentioned of such. 35,000 texts and a large archive of historical documents disappeared in the flames.
95:
Section of Joachim Hassing's map color-coded to illustrate the approximate progress of the fire, showing the origin of the fire (bright yellow) and the area affected by midnight on Wednesday (dark yellow), by midnight on Thursday (orange), by midnight on Friday (red) and by Saturday
144:, who lived at the dormitory, lost most of his possessions. Presumably simultaneously, the fire also reached Professor Hans Steenbuch's room on Studiestræde (lot "Nørre Kvarter 60"). Around midnight, the fire reached the priest's residence by the church Sankt Petri Kirke.
198:– then located between Nytorv and Gammeltorv – was now in peril. Around 10 a.m., the flames had taken hold of the building and it was soon added to the list of buildings lost. From Gammeltorv the inferno made its way down Klædeboderne,
66:
Although the number of dead and wounded was relatively low compared to the extent of the fire, the cultural losses were huge. In addition to several private book collections, 35,000 texts including a large number of unique works were lost with the
217:
New fires were reported: Count Adam Christoffer Knuth's house in Pustervig, a cellar in Købmagergade (Market Street) and a haystack at Nørreport (Northern Gate) all broke out in flames; the latter likely ignited by embers carried by the wind.
375:
However the number of dead and wounded is unknown. It is possible to deduce some information from parish registers and other sources, but the number remains uncertain. It is probably low in comparison with the extent of the fire, though.
172:. By 9:30 a.m. the church spire had fallen into the street, and soon after the whole church was engulfed in flames; the personal property that people had brought to the church to keep them safe from the fire was lost.
43:. It began on the evening of 20 October 1728 and continued to burn until the morning of the 23rd of October 1728. It destroyed approximately 28% of the city (measured by counting the number of destroyed
509:. The façade towards the street is in brick while the rest of the house has timber framing. They are typically painted in bright colours. Well-preserved examples are today found in locations such as
497:(English: 'fire houses') today refer to a type of townhouses that was built in large numbers in the years immediately after the fire. Many of them were modelled on generic renderings made by
346:
introduced on 23 October as a new annual holiday in 1731 on which every church in Copenhagen held a service of thanksgiving. This holiday was abolished at the holiday reform of 1770.
358:
Old statistics attached to the back of the map by Joachim Hassing, according to which 1640 houses burned and another 39 were "ruined". The number is probably a bit too high.
222:
location as the current head building; and the Anatomy Building (Domus Anatomica) and Anatomy Theatre (Theatrum Anatomicum) were all lost. Aforementioned, Professor
645:
Kjøbenhavns huse og indvaanere efter branden 1728 / udgivet efter samtidige Fortegnelser af Kjøbenhavns Brandforsikring til Minde om Anledningen til dens Oprettelse
371:
Copenhagen consisted of about 4,500 lots (per the cadastre of 1699), so about 28% of the lots were lost. For the medieval part of town the ratio is 47%.
642:
Lunde, G. L.; et al. (1906). "DEL III Fortegnelse af 13. April over de i Kjøbenhavns Ildebrand 1728 afbrændte Gaarde og Huse". In Lunde, G. L. (ed.).
147:
On Nørregade, another fire started at a brewery Wednesday evening – possibly between 10 p.m. and 11 p.m. Just prior to that the original fire had reached
423:
106:
Clemens Stræde. On the corner facing Vestervold, there was a small house on lot "Vester Kvarter 146" (according to the cadastre of 1699) owned by Signe,
159:
Early Thursday morning, a final desperate attempt to keep the flames from spreading was made at Gammeltorv. Already-burning houses were fired upon with
51:) and left 20% of the population homeless. The reconstruction lasted until 1737. No less than 47% of the section of the city, which dates back to the
400:
323:
Over the course of the night the wind settled and stopped the forward march of the fire. Thirty-six homes were selected for demolition to create a
223:
179:'s residence (lot "Nørre Kvarter 112"), which burned to the ground. The bishop who was travelling, was left with the clothes on his back and three
1342:
132:
Map of Vester Kvarter where the fire started with the lot numbers from the cadastre of 1699. The numbers of the burned lots are underlined in red.
231:
312:
1411:
362:
Property losses from the fire can be accounted for with relative certainty as detailed surveys were made immediately afterwards. City
419:
went up in flames as well. The archive of the diocese had been moved to the university library the very same day the fire started.
1257:
250:
299:. Poul Fechtels Hospital on Møntergade was drowned in flames with some of the residents still inside. Close by, Professor
110:
of Boye Hansen. The lot is almost identical to the one on the corner of present-day Frederiksberggade (the western end of
1406:
1253:
I Bibliotheket oven på Trinitatis Kirke vare mange Ting, som Verden nu ikke mere eier; hvilken Skade kan ikke afhielpes.
1053:
976:
929:
806:
586:
443:
In the library on top of Trinitatis Church were many things which the world no longer owns; the damage cannot be helped.
759:
682:
1386:
1330:
626:
838:
558:
338:
In line with Christian interpretation of the day, the slowdown of the fire during Saturday was seen as a result of
115:
169:
1401:
1297:
430:
lost all his books, notes and records, but did manage to rescue much of his valuable collection of handwritten
537:
175:
At Nørregade, the fire reached Sankt Petri Kirke around 8 a.m. By 9 a.m., the flames reached bishop
1381:
404:
1396:
246:
44:
1391:
68:
384:
284:
wind was now blowing northwest and the firefighting moved via Snaregade to Nybrogade, Naboløs and
498:
343:
191:
56:
23:
Buildings which burned are shown in yellow on this map of Copenhagen in 1728 by Joachim Hassing.
332:
227:
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to make them collapse. When that did not work, an order was given to blow up the houses with
137:
36:
458:
363:
195:
128:
483:
91:
8:
427:
521:
525:
510:
416:
412:
242:
840:
Historiske Beskrivelsse over den mærkværdige og meget fyrgterlige store Ildebrand 1728
560:
Historiske Beskrivelsse over den mærkværdige og meget fyrgterlige store Ildebrand 1728
1326:
622:
563:(in Danish) (3. ed.). Copenhagen: H.P. Møllers forlag. p. 5. Archived from
502:
354:
249:
lost a few letters in the heat. A few hours later, the fire closed in on the church
366:
Søren Balle submitted the first survey on 1 November 1728 and on 13 April 1729 the
1261:
392:
19:
505:. The houses are two or three storeys high, five bays wide and have a prominent
304:
300:
194:(The Royal Orphanage) (now the location of the Copenhagen District Court). The
141:
1063:
986:
939:
816:
596:
514:
1375:
1357:
1344:
1057:
980:
933:
810:
769:
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made the mistake of bringing his possessions to safety in Trinitatis Church.
285:
238:
left for the most part undamaged, but the observatory at the top burned out.
176:
168:
and injured and the explosion ignited nearby buildings, including the church
540:– Denmark's first fire insurance company, established shortly after the fire
296:
763:
686:
380:
292:
258:
164:
122:
462:
Map of Vester Kvarter after the fire with new cadastre numbers and streets
434:
manuscripts. At Borchs Kollegium 3,150 volumes burned along with its
80:
72:
506:
468:
211:
199:
180:
76:
52:
844:
564:
388:
367:
203:
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524:–9, for example. An example of an eight-bay fire house is situated at
140:
dormitory (lot "Nørre Kvarter 122") was engulfed in flames. Professor
111:
324:
308:
307:(lot "Købmager Kvarter 18"). Around midnight, the blaze was close to
210:
the fire found fuel on Rådhusstræde towards Frederiksholms Canal and
136:
Later that evening, the fire reached Sankt Peders Stræde, where the
396:
254:
48:
691:(in Danish). Copenhagen: G. E. C. Gad. p. 480. Archived from
643:
475:
longer followed the original paths and some even ceased to exist.
431:
339:
40:
1260:(in Danish). Copenhagen University Library North. Archived from
648:(in Danish). Copenhagen: Kjøbenhavns Brandforsikring. p. 1
257:
bells came to life as they did every half-hour – playing
207:
187:
160:
977:"VI - Ildebranden af 1728 og Fred. IV's sidste Regjeringsaar."
930:"VI - Ildebranden af 1728 og Fred. IV's sidste Regjeringsaar."
807:"VI - Ildebranden af 1728 og Fred. IV's sidste Regjeringsaar."
587:"VI - Ildebranden af 1728 og Fred. IV's sidste Regjeringsaar."
1054:"VI - Ildebranden af 1728 og Fred. IV's sidste Regjeringsaar"
107:
760:"VI - Kjøbenhavn under Kong Frederik den Fjerde (1699-1730)"
683:"VI - Kjøbenhavn under Kong Frederik den Fjerde (1699-1730)"
595:(in Danish). Copenhagen: Thiele. p. 586. Archived from
422:
Several other book collections were lost as well. Professor
241:
From Gammeltorv, the fire spread out to Ulfeldts Plads, now
520:
An example of the fire houses can be seen at Gråbrødretorv
32:
121:
The watchmen were quick to sound the alarm, but given the
717:(in Danish). Copenhagen: Forlaget Historia. p. 259.
271:) – just before they crashed into the fire below.
59:, it is the main reason that few traces of medieval
245:, around 4 p.m. The monument that shamed traitor
1373:
621:(in Danish). Copenhagen: Gyldendal. p. 31.
202:, Skoubogade and Vimmelskaftet, heading towards
1323:Byen brænder - den store brand i København 1728
619:Byen brænder - den store brand i København 1728
439:archive of records burnt along with city hall.
1142:
1140:
641:
492:
487:One of Johan Cornelius Krieger's fire houses
262:
1137:
923:
921:
399:, Ole Rømer, Tycho Brahe and the brothers
291:Further east, the fire proceeded south to
71:library, and at the observatory on top of
55:, was completely lost, and along with the
482:
457:
353:
127:
90:
18:
1320:
918:
680:
616:
100:
1374:
556:
275:over the fire was around Vandkunsten.
264:Vreden din afvend, herre Gud, af Naade
712:
1325:(in Danish). Copenhagen: Gyldendal.
584:
16:Historic fire in Copenhagen, Denmark
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1236:
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1098:
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765:Kjøbenhavns Historie og Beskrivelse
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688:Kjøbenhavns Historie og Beskrivelse
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379:Original works from the historians
13:
1258:"DNLB's historie - nogle milepæle"
1062:. pp. 601–602. Archived from
836:
768:. pp. 481–482. Archived from
478:
75:, instruments and records made by
14:
1423:
1412:18th-century disasters in Denmark
1176:
1128:
1006:
557:Reiser, Carl Friederich (1858) .
63:can be found in the modern city.
1051:
974:
927:
843:. pp. 24–29. Archived from
804:
467:of the surrounding houses being
288:, but failed to save Nybrogade.
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269:Turn your anger, Lord, by mercy
226:had sought refuge at Professor
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1:
1314:
1251:The literal quote in Danish:
985:. p. 598. Archived from
938:. p. 597. Archived from
815:. p. 593. Archived from
7:
538:Kjøbenhavns Brandforsikring
531:
318:
154:
86:
10:
1428:
1407:18th century in Copenhagen
837:Reiser, Carl Friederich.
349:
278:
1387:1728 disasters in Europe
544:
69:University of Copenhagen
499:Johan Cornelius Krieger
415:and the archive of the
196:City Hall of Copenhagen
192:Det Kongelige Vajsenhus
57:Copenhagen Fire of 1795
29:Copenhagen Fire of 1728
1321:Lauring, Kåre (2003).
1300:(in Danish). Gyldendal
681:Nielsen, Oluf (1892).
670:. pp. 10, 15, 30.
617:Lauring, Kåre (2003).
501:with inspiration from
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488:
463:
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333:Christoffer Valkendorf
263:
190:, the flames consumed
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97:
24:
1402:Urban fires in Europe
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385:Anders Sørensen Vedel
357:
342:. To thank God, king
138:Valkendorfs Kollegium
131:
94:
37:history of Copenhagen
22:
1286:. pp. 102, 108.
116:The City Hall Square
101:Wednesday 20 October
1382:Fires in Copenhagen
1358:55.6766°N 12.5693°E
1354: /
713:Schou, Kai (1960).
585:Brun, Carl (1890).
395:and the scientists
340:divine intervention
1397:18th-century fires
526:Valkendorfsgade 36
489:
464:
417:Diocese of Zealand
413:Peder Hansen Resen
360:
253:and at 8 p.m. its
134:
98:
25:
1241:. pp. 56–57.
1211:. pp. 86–88.
1179:Ukuelige menneske
1151:. pp. 85–86.
1131:Ukuelige menneske
1103:. pp. 68–69.
1059:Kjøbenhavn del II
1041:. pp. 63–66.
1009:Ukuelige menneske
982:Kjøbenhavn del II
964:. pp. 54–56.
935:Kjøbenhavn del II
899:. pp. 50–51.
869:. pp. 48–49.
812:Kjøbenhavn del II
794:. pp. 41–42.
747:. pp. 44–46.
732:. pp. 32–33.
715:Ukuelige menneske
592:Kjøbenhavn del II
503:Christof Marselis
424:Mathias Anchersen
303:left his home on
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1363:55.6766; 12.5693
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436:Museum Rarirorum
405:Caspar Bartholin
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251:Helligåndskirken
83:were destroyed.
31:was the largest
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1392:1728 in Denmark
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1298:"Ildebrandshus"
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1282:Lauring, Kåre.
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1237:Lauring, Kåre.
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1222:Lauring, Kåre.
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1037:Lauring, Kåre.
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1022:Lauring, Kåre.
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960:Lauring, Kåre.
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910:Lauring, Kåre.
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895:Lauring, Kåre.
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865:Lauring, Kåre.
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835:
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790:Lauring, Kåre.
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758:Nielsen, Oluf.
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743:Lauring, Kåre.
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728:Lauring, Kåre.
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479:The fire houses
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247:Corfitz Ulfeldt
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123:fire department
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428:Árni Magnússon
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224:Hans Steenbuch
170:Vor Frue Kirke
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1226:. p. 58.
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914:. p. 53.
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847:on 2005-08-25
846:
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511:Gråbrødretorv
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469:half-timbered
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1302:. Retrieved
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1284:Byen brænder
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1277:
1266:. Retrieved
1262:the original
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1064:the original
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991:. Retrieved
987:the original
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817:the original
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454:Consequences
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344:Christian VI
337:
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305:Købmagergade
293:Klareboderne
290:
282:
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259:Thomas Kingo
240:
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232:Regenskirken
220:
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185:
181:prayer books
174:
165:black powder
158:
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515:Gammel Mønt
507:wall dormer
407:were lost.
335:was saved.
212:Slotsholmen
200:Skindergade
77:Tycho Brahe
53:Middle Ages
1376:Categories
1349:12°34′09″E
1346:55°40′36″N
1315:References
1304:2013-11-13
1268:2006-08-26
1070:2006-08-27
993:2006-08-27
946:2006-08-27
851:2006-08-26
823:2006-08-26
776:2006-08-22
699:2006-08-22
652:2006-08-20
603:2006-08-20
571:2006-08-20
389:Niels Krag
368:Magistrate
311:and Store
297:Møntergade
204:Amagertorv
149:Gammeltorv
61:Copenhagen
491:The term
432:Icelandic
325:firebreak
313:Regnegade
309:Silkegade
228:Hans Gram
96:(purple).
81:Ole Rømer
73:Rundetårn
47:from the
1255:Source:
532:See also
446:—
397:Ole Worm
364:surveyor
319:Saturday
255:carillon
155:Thursday
87:Timeline
49:cadastre
161:cannons
112:Strøget
41:Denmark
35:in the
1329:
625:
391:, and
350:Losses
279:Friday
267:(Eng.
208:Nytorv
188:Nytorv
114:) and
545:Notes
522:No. 1
108:widow
1327:ISBN
623:ISBN
513:and
403:and
401:Hans
295:and
79:and
45:lots
33:fire
27:The
411:by
261:'s
186:At
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574:.
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