812:
740:
43:
800:(IDE). For example, an IDE's "go to definition" feature may not function on a late-bound call, if the IDE has no way to know which class the call may refer to. A modern IDE easily solves this especially for object-oriented languages since a late-bound method always specifies an interface or base class, which is where "go to definition" leads, and "find all references" can be used to find all implementations or overrides.
678:
788:
For some compilers, late binding may prevent the use of static type checking. When making a late bound call, the compiler has to assume that the method exists. This means a simple spelling error can cause a run-time error to be thrown. Modern compilers avoid this by ensuring that every possible call
784:
Late binding has poorer performance than an early bound method call. Under most implementations, the correct method address must be looked up by name with each call, requiring relatively expensive dictionary search and possibly overload resolution logic. In most applications, the extra compute and
622:
Early documents on Java discussed how classes were not linked together at compile time. While types are statically checked at compile time, different implementations for classes could be swapped out just prior to runtime simply by overwriting the class file. As long as the new class definition had
610:
Visual Basic uses them whenever the variable is of type Object and the compiler directive "Option Strict Off" is in force. This is the default setting for a new VB project. Prior to version 9, only .NET and COM objects could be late bound. With VB 10, this has been extended to DLR-based objects.
583:
interface. Some COM-based languages such as Visual Basic 6 have syntactical support for calling this interface. This is done by defining the variable's type as Object. Others such as C++ require that you explicitly call GetIDsOfNames to look up a method and Invoke to call it.
606:
With C# 4, the language also added the "dynamic" pseudo-type. This would be used in place of the Object type to indicate that late binding is desired. The specific late binding mechanism needed is determined at runtime using the
Dynamic Language Runtime as a starting point.
278:
once said, "OOP to me means only messaging, local retention, and protection and hiding of state-process, and extreme late-binding of all things. It can be done in
Smalltalk and in LISP. There are possibly other systems in which this is possible, but I'm not aware of them."
641:
much in the same way it is done in COM and .NET programming. Generally speaking those who only program in Java do not call this late binding. Likewise the use of "duck typing" techniques is frowned upon in Java programming, with abstract interfaces used instead.
660:
When using late binding the timestamp check is not performed, and the stored procedure is executed via an anonymous PL/SQL block. While this can be slower, it removes the need to recompile all of the client applications when a stored procedure changes.
282:
In the early to mid-1990s, Microsoft heavily promoted its COM standard as a binary interface between different OOP programming languages. COM programming equally promoted early and late binding, with many languages supporting both at the syntax level.
294:" to refer to a similar concept, but with a different emphasis. While late binding generally focuses on implementation details, duck typing focuses on the ability to ignore types and concentrate on the methods an object currently has.
222:("v-table"). In contrast, with late binding, the compiler does not read enough information to verify the method exists or bind its slot on the v-table. Instead, the method is looked up by name at runtime.
600:
method like C++ or implementing an interface. The compiler builds virtual tables for every virtual or interface method call which is used at run-time to determine the implementation to execute.
645:
Oracle, the current owner of Java, has been known to use the term late binding in the "duck typing" sense when discussing both Java and other languages in the same documentation.
657:
has not changed since the code was compiled. This allows for faster executions and prevents the application from running against the wrong version of a stored procedure.
664:
This distinction appears to be unique to PL/SQL and Ada. Other languages that can call PL/SQL procedures, as well as other database engines, only use late binding.
233:. This makes the compilation process more resistant to version conflicts, in which the class's v-table may be accidentally modified. (This is not a concern in
748:
603:
Also like COM and Java, the Common
Language Runtime provides reflection APIs that can make late binding calls. The use of these calls varies by language.
567:, which is a look-up table for such functions that will always be consulted when they are called. Usually, the "late binding" term is used in favor of "
17:
1056:
263:. The term was widely used to describe calling conventions in languages like Lisp, though usually with negative connotations about performance.
883:
623:
the same class and method names, the code would still work. In this sense it is similar to the traditional definition of late binding.
753:
30:
This article is about associating a name with an operation. For the selection of an implementation of a polymorphic operation, see
1090:
1085:
308:
107:
79:
797:
176:
858:
721:
126:
703:
86:
1034:
229:(COM) programming is that it does not require the compiler to reference the libraries that contain the object at
653:
When using early binding between Ada and a database-stored procedure, a timestamp is checked to verify that the
631:
688:
64:
1013:
93:
215:
164:
60:
179:. In other words, a name is associated with a particular operation or object at runtime, rather than during
912:
817:
320:
271:
242:
211:
203:
75:
259:
168:
311:
languages, the list of methods on an object can be altered at runtime. This requires late binding.
234:
891:
699:
53:
226:
971:
559:
In C++, late binding (also called "dynamic binding") refers to what normally happens when the
626:
Currently, it is popular to use the term late binding in Java programming as a synonym for
564:
324:
219:
160:
100:
8:
760:
156:
638:
695:
854:
764:
593:
950:
916:
654:
627:
568:
257:
The term "late binding" dates back to at least the 1960s, where it can be found in
31:
793:
246:
199:
152:
492:; FOO now calls the new function, there is no need to recompile/link/load FOO
323:, late bound global function calls are efficiently looked up at runtime via a
302:
249:
against the libraries as they are being loaded into the running application.)
1079:
937:
287:
195:
188:
873:
Booch, Grady. Object-oriented
Analysis and Design. Addison-Wesley, 1994. p71
845:
825:
230:
992:
291:
759:
Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections
563:
keyword is used in a method's declaration. C++ then creates a so-called
1035:"Early and Late Binding, Oracle SQL *Module for Ada Programmer's Guide"
331:
172:
887:
580:
267:
207:
140:
811:
706:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
42:
579:
In COM programming a late-bound method call is performed using the
275:
218:. This is usually stored in the compiled program as an offset in a
180:
637:
Finally, Java can use late binding using its reflection APIs and
27:
When called functions or methods are looked up by name at runtime
951:"Dr. Alan Kay on the Meaning of "Object-Oriented Programming""
1014:"Calling into WebLogic Server from a COM Client Application"
913:"The Structure of the Java Virtual Machine: Dynamic Linking"
648:
303:
Late binding in dynamically-typed object-oriented languages
238:
187:
is sometimes used, but is more commonly used to refer to
327:'s function cell. These function bindings are mutable.
940:, NATO Science Committee, NATO Science Committee, 1970
619:
There are three definitions for late binding in Java.
432:; calling foo and it uses the recent definition of BAR
175:
being called with arguments, is looked up by name at
993:"Using early binding and late binding in Automation"
884:"Using early binding and late binding in Automation"
807:
245:, because the v-table is created at runtime by the
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
785:time required is negligible on modern computers.
1077:
789:must have an implementation during compilation.
574:
1054:
936:Software engineering techniques, J. N. Buxton,
297:
225:The primary advantage of using late binding in
366:; a still undefined function BAR gets called
972:"12.5 — The virtual table « Learn C"
843:
722:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
649:Early vs. late binding in PL/SQL and Ada
1057:"Early and Late Binding - Visual Basic"
847:Object-Oriented Programming With ANSI-C
614:
587:
534:; the symbol BAR has a function binding
314:
14:
1078:
630:. Specifically, this refers to Java's
554:
1055:KathleenDollard (15 September 2021).
634:mechanism used with virtual methods.
749:"criticism" or "controversy" section
733:
671:
151:—though not an identical process to
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
24:
798:integrated development environment
792:Late binding may prevent forms of
372:; In FOO: Undefined function BAR
206:, the compilation phase fixes all
25:
18:Dynamic binding (computer science)
1102:
810:
738:
676:
592:In .NET, late binding refers to
274:(OOP) and with it late binding.
41:
1048:
1027:
844:Schreiner, Axel-Tobias (1994).
52:needs additional citations for
1006:
985:
964:
943:
930:
905:
876:
867:
853:. Munich: Hanser. p. 15.
837:
13:
1:
1091:Programming language concepts
1086:Method (computer programming)
831:
752:may compromise the article's
575:Late binding in COM languages
330:Example using an interactive
890:. 2003-09-06. Archived from
667:
298:Late binding implementations
7:
818:Computer programming portal
803:
702:the claims made and adding
272:object-oriented programming
10:
1107:
974:. Learncpp.com. 2008-02-08
252:
29:
369:;Compiler warnings :
260:Communications of the ACM
953:. Purl.org. 23 July 2003
336:
204:object-oriented language
995:. Support.microsoft.com
163:mechanism in which the
227:Component Object Model
1037:. Download.oracle.com
1016:. Download.oracle.com
540:<Compiled-function
459:; now we redefine BAR
235:just-in-time compiled
167:being called upon an
615:Late binding in Java
588:Late binding in .NET
315:Late binding in Lisp
220:virtual method table
161:computer programming
61:improve this article
1061:learn.microsoft.com
555:Late binding in C++
495:3141.592653589793D0
435:6.283185307179586D0
332:Clozure Common Lisp
153:dynamically linking
919:. 1999. sec. 3.6.3
761:through discussion
687:possibly contains
639:type introspection
513:; BAR is a symbol
399:; now we define it
237:platforms such as
782:
781:
732:
731:
724:
689:original research
309:dynamically-typed
290:coined the term "
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
1098:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
989:
983:
982:
980:
979:
968:
962:
961:
959:
958:
947:
941:
934:
928:
927:
925:
924:
917:Sun Microsystems
909:
903:
902:
900:
899:
880:
874:
871:
865:
864:
852:
841:
820:
815:
814:
777:
774:
768:
742:
741:
734:
727:
720:
716:
713:
707:
704:inline citations
680:
679:
672:
655:stored procedure
628:dynamic dispatch
599:
569:dynamic dispatch
562:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
32:Dynamic dispatch
21:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1065:
1063:
1053:
1049:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1007:
998:
996:
991:
990:
986:
977:
975:
970:
969:
965:
956:
954:
949:
948:
944:
935:
931:
922:
920:
911:
910:
906:
897:
895:
882:
881:
877:
872:
868:
861:
850:
842:
838:
834:
816:
809:
806:
794:static analysis
778:
772:
769:
758:
747:This article's
743:
739:
728:
717:
711:
708:
693:
681:
677:
670:
651:
632:single dispatch
617:
597:
590:
577:
560:
557:
552:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
525:symbol-function
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
317:
305:
300:
255:
247:virtual machine
185:dynamic binding
149:dynamic linkage
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1104:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1073:
1072:
1047:
1026:
1005:
984:
963:
942:
929:
904:
875:
866:
859:
835:
833:
830:
829:
828:
822:
821:
805:
802:
780:
779:
746:
744:
737:
730:
729:
684:
682:
675:
669:
666:
650:
647:
616:
613:
589:
586:
576:
573:
556:
553:
546:#x302000D1B21F
337:
316:
313:
304:
301:
299:
296:
254:
251:
200:static binding
155:imported code
135:
134:
76:"Late binding"
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1103:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1036:
1030:
1015:
1009:
994:
988:
973:
967:
952:
946:
939:
938:Brian Randell
933:
918:
914:
908:
894:on 2014-06-27
893:
889:
885:
879:
870:
862:
860:3-446-17426-5
856:
849:
848:
840:
836:
827:
824:
823:
819:
813:
808:
801:
799:
796:needed by an
795:
790:
786:
776:
766:
762:
756:
755:
750:
745:
736:
735:
726:
723:
715:
705:
701:
697:
691:
690:
685:This section
683:
674:
673:
665:
662:
658:
656:
646:
643:
640:
635:
633:
629:
624:
620:
612:
608:
604:
601:
595:
585:
582:
572:
570:
566:
565:virtual table
335:
333:
328:
326:
322:
312:
310:
295:
293:
289:
288:Alex Martelli
284:
280:
277:
273:
269:
266:In the 1980s
264:
262:
261:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:early binding
192:
190:
189:dynamic scope
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
1064:. Retrieved
1060:
1050:
1039:. Retrieved
1029:
1018:. Retrieved
1008:
997:. Retrieved
987:
976:. Retrieved
966:
955:. Retrieved
945:
932:
921:. Retrieved
907:
896:. Retrieved
892:the original
878:
869:
846:
839:
826:Name binding
791:
787:
783:
770:
751:
718:
709:
686:
663:
659:
652:
644:
636:
625:
621:
618:
609:
605:
602:
591:
578:
558:
329:
318:
306:
285:
281:
270:popularized
265:
258:
256:
231:compile time
224:
193:
184:
148:
145:late binding
144:
138:
123:
117:January 2011
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
292:duck typing
216:expressions
183:. The name
181:compilation
1080:Categories
1066:2023-04-12
1041:2011-01-15
1020:2013-08-16
999:2011-01-15
978:2013-08-16
957:2013-08-16
923:2013-09-21
898:2014-06-27
832:References
754:neutrality
696:improve it
594:overriding
87:newspapers
888:Microsoft
765:talk page
712:July 2019
700:verifying
668:Criticism
581:IDispatch
334:session:
286:In 2000,
268:Smalltalk
212:variables
171:, or the
157:libraries
141:computing
804:See also
773:May 2024
528:'bar
507:'bar
307:In most
276:Alan Kay
202:, in an
173:function
763:on the
694:Please
598:virtual
561:virtual
504:type-of
253:History
177:runtime
101:scholar
857:
516:SYMBOL
325:symbol
169:object
165:method
159:—is a
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
851:(PDF)
444:defun
384:defun
345:defun
208:types
198:, or
194:With
108:JSTOR
94:books
855:ISBN
549:>
471:1000
321:Lisp
243:Java
239:.NET
214:and
80:news
698:by
571:".
543:BAR
486:foo
477:BAR
447:bar
426:foo
417:BAR
387:bar
375:FOO
357:bar
348:foo
319:In
241:or
210:of
147:or
139:In
63:by
1082::
1059:.
915:.
886:.
596:a
474:))
414:))
363:))
360:pi
351:()
191:.
143:,
1069:.
1044:.
1023:.
1002:.
981:.
960:.
926:.
901:.
863:.
775:)
771:(
767:.
757:.
725:)
719:(
714:)
710:(
692:.
537:#
531:)
522:(
519:?
510:)
501:(
498:?
489:)
483:(
480:?
468:x
465:*
462:(
456:)
453:x
450:(
441:(
438:?
429:)
423:(
420:?
411:2
408:x
405:*
402:(
396:)
393:x
390:(
381:(
378:?
354:(
342:(
339:?
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.