1720:.) During this compression, the volume is reduced, the pressure and temperature both rise. At or slightly before 2 (TDC) fuel is injected and burns in the compressed hot air. Chemical energy is released and this constitutes an injection of thermal energy (heat) into the compressed gas. Combustion and heating occur between 2 and 3. In this interval the pressure remains constant since the piston descends, and the volume increases; the temperature rises as a consequence of the energy of combustion. At 3 fuel injection and combustion are complete, and the cylinder contains gas at a higher temperature than at 2. Between 3 and 4 this hot gas expands, again approximately adiabatically. Work is done on the system to which the engine is connected. During this expansion phase the volume of the gas rises, and its temperature and pressure both fall. At 4 the exhaust valve opens, and the pressure falls abruptly to atmospheric (approximately). This is unresisted expansion and no useful work is done by it. Ideally the adiabatic expansion should continue, extending the line 3–4 to the right until the pressure falls to that of the surrounding air, but the loss of efficiency caused by this unresisted expansion is justified by the practical difficulties involved in recovering it (the engine would have to be much larger). After the opening of the exhaust valve, the exhaust stroke follows, but this (and the following induction stroke) are not shown on the diagram. If shown, they would be represented by a low-pressure loop at the bottom of the diagram. At 1 it is assumed that the exhaust and induction strokes have been completed, and the cylinder is again filled with air. The piston-cylinder system absorbs energy between 1 and 2 – this is the work needed to compress the air in the cylinder, and is provided by mechanical kinetic energy stored in the flywheel of the engine. Work output is done by the piston-cylinder combination between 2 and 4. The difference between these two increments of work is the indicated work output per cycle, and is represented by the area enclosed by the pV loop. The adiabatic expansion is in a higher pressure range than that of the compression because the gas in the cylinder is hotter during expansion than during compression. It is for this reason that the loop has a finite area, and the net output of work during a cycle is positive.
424:
burning or igniting point. To make this more clear, let it be assumed that the subsequent combustion shall take place at a temperature of 700°. Then in that case the initial pressure must be sixty-four atmospheres, or for 800° centigrade the pressure must be ninety atmospheres, and so on. Into the air thus compressed is then gradually introduced from the exterior finely divided fuel, which ignites on introduction, since the air is at a temperature far above the igniting-point of the fuel. The characteristic features of the cycle according to my present invention are therefore, increase of pressure and temperature up to the maximum, not by combustion, but prior to combustion by mechanical compression of air, and there upon the subsequent performance of work without increase of pressure and temperature by gradual combustion during a prescribed part of the stroke determined by the cut-oil.
552:, albeit that Diesel substantially improved the system. On 17 February 1894, the redesigned engine ran for 88 revolutions – one minute; with this news, Maschinenfabrik Augsburg's stock rose by 30%, indicative of the tremendous anticipated demands for a more efficient engine. On 26 June 1895, the engine achieved an effective efficiency of 16.6% and had a fuel consumption of 519 g·kW·h. However, despite proving the concept, the engine caused problems, and Diesel could not achieve any substantial progress. Therefore, Krupp considered rescinding the contract they had made with Diesel. Diesel was forced to improve the design of his engine and rushed to construct a third prototype engine. Between 8 November and 20 December 1895, the second prototype had successfully covered over 111 hours on the test bench. In the January 1896 report, this was considered a success.
3160:
1736:, and the lack of intake air restrictions (i.e. throttle valves). Theoretically, the highest possible efficiency for a diesel engine is 75%. However, in practice the efficiency is much lower, with efficiencies of up to 43% for passenger car engines, up to 45% for large truck and bus engines, and up to 55% for large two-stroke marine engines. The average efficiency over a motor vehicle driving cycle is lower than the diesel engine's peak efficiency (for example, a 37% average efficiency for an engine with a peak efficiency of 44%). That is because the fuel efficiency of a diesel engine drops at lower loads, however, it does not drop quite as fast as the Otto (spark ignition) engine's.
1681:
in the combustion chamber, the droplets continue to vaporise from their surfaces and burn, getting smaller, until all the fuel in the droplets has been burnt. Combustion occurs at a substantially constant pressure during the initial part of the power stroke. The start of vaporisation causes a delay before ignition and the characteristic diesel knocking sound as the vapour reaches ignition temperature and causes an abrupt increase in pressure above the piston (not shown on the P-V indicator diagram). When combustion is complete the combustion gases expand as the piston descends further; the high pressure in the cylinder drives the piston downward, supplying power to the crankshaft.
354:
2021:
a four-stroke diesel engine: As the piston passes through bottom centre and starts upward, compression commences, culminating in fuel injection and ignition. Instead of a full set of valves, two-stroke diesel engines have simple intake ports, and exhaust ports (or exhaust valves). When the piston approaches bottom dead centre, both the intake and the exhaust ports are "open", which means that there is atmospheric pressure inside the cylinder. Therefore, some sort of pump is required to blow the air into the cylinder and the combustion gasses into the exhaust. This process is called
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start and usually require the use of glow plugs. IDI engines may be cheaper to build but generally require a higher compression ratio than the DI counterpart. IDI also makes it easier to produce smooth, quieter running engines with a simple mechanical injection system since exact injection timing is not as critical. Most modern automotive engines are DI which have the benefits of greater efficiency and easier starting; however, IDI engines can still be found in the many ATV and small diesel applications. Indirect injected diesel engines use pintle-type fuel injectors.
53:
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1995:
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2384:, especially turbocharging is commonly used on diesel engines because it greatly increases efficiency and torque output. Diesel engines are well suited for forced induction setups due to their operating principle which is characterised by wide ignition limits and the absence of fuel during the compression stroke. Therefore, knocking, pre-ignition or detonation cannot occur, and a lean mixture caused by excess supercharging air inside the combustion chamber does not negatively affect combustion.
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341:
330:
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1921:
2151:(CR) direct injection systems do not have the fuel metering, pressure-raising and delivery functions in a single unit, as in the case of a Bosch distributor-type pump, for example. A high-pressure pump supplies the CR. The requirements of each cylinder injector are supplied from this common high pressure reservoir of fuel. An Electronic Diesel Control (EDC) controls both rail pressure and injections depending on engine operating conditions. The injectors of older CR systems have
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881:
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electric generators that put out an alternating current, usually operate with alternating load, but fixed rotational frequency. This is due to the mains' fixed frequency of either 50 Hz (Europe), or 60 Hz (United States). The engine's crankshaft rotational frequency is chosen so that the mains' frequency is a multiple of it. For practical reasons, this results in crankshaft rotational frequencies of either 25 Hz (1500 per minute) or 30 Hz (1800 per minute).
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2003:
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1700:
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3414:. Fuel efficiency, reliability and ease of maintenance are very important for such engines, whilst high power output and quiet operation are negligible. Therefore, mechanically controlled fuel injection and air-cooling are still very common. The common power outputs of non-road diesel engines vary a lot, with the smallest units starting at 3 kW, and the most powerful engines being heavy duty lorry engines.
1069:
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with combustion chamber parts lined with ceramic thermal barrier coatings. Some make use of pistons and other parts made of titanium which has a low thermal conductivity and density. Some designs are able to eliminate the use of a cooling system and associated parasitic losses altogether. Developing lubricants able to withstand the higher temperatures involved has been a major barrier to commercialization.
1716:. Starting at 1, the piston is at bottom dead centre and both valves are closed at the start of the compression stroke; the cylinder contains air at atmospheric pressure. Between 1 and 2 the air is compressed adiabatically – that is without heat transfer to or from the environment – by the rising piston. (This is only approximately true since there will be some heat exchange with the
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4994:
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injection significantly improved the smooth torque generation, and starting in the early 1990s, car manufacturers began offering their high-end luxury vehicles with diesel engines. Passenger car diesel engines usually have between three and twelve cylinders, and a displacement ranging from 0.8 to 6.0 litres. Modern powerplants are usually turbocharged and have direct injection.
1979:. There are two different types of low-speed engines that are commonly used: Two-stroke engines with a crosshead, and four-stroke engines with a regular trunk-piston. Two-stroke engines have a limited rotational frequency and their charge exchange is more difficult, which means that they are usually bigger than four-stroke engines and used to directly power a ship's propeller.
1964:
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position, resulting in the engine not having any compression and thus allowing for turning the crankshaft over with significantly less resistance. When the crankshaft reaches a higher speed, flipping the decompression lever back into its normal position will abruptly re-activate the outlet valves, resulting in compression − the flywheel's
1986:, meaning the bore is smaller than the stroke. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) often have an effective efficiency of up to 55%. Like medium-speed engines, low-speed engines are started with compressed air, and they use heavy oil as their primary fuel.
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2286:
3252:. They installed it in various aircraft of the era—some of which were used in record-breaking distance or endurance flights, and in the first successful demonstration of ground-to-air radiophone communications (voice radio having been previously unintelligible in aircraft equipped with spark-ignition engines, due to
2014:
complicated and expensive built-in lubrication systems and scavenging measures. The cost effectiveness (and proportion of added weight) of these technologies has less of an impact on larger, more expensive engines, while engines intended for shipping or stationary use can be run at a single speed for long periods.
1932:, ship propulsion and mechanical drive applications such as large compressors or pumps. Medium speed diesel engines operate on either diesel fuel or heavy fuel oil by direct injection in the same manner as low-speed engines. Usually, they are four-stroke engines with trunk pistons; a notable exception being the
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underfloor installation. Usually, the engine was mated with a pneumatically operated mechanical gearbox, due to the low size, mass, and production costs of this design. Some DMUs used hydraulic torque converters instead. Diesel–electric transmission was not suitable for such small engines. In the 1930s, the
1312:. The car, called 320d, is powered by a 2-litre, straight-four diesel engine with direct injection and a helix-controlled distributor injection pump (Bosch VP 44), producing 180 kW (240 hp). The fuel consumption is 23 L/100 km, only half the fuel consumption of a similar Otto-powered car.
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The requirements for marine diesel engines vary, depending on the application. For military use and medium-size boats, medium-speed four-stroke diesel engines are most suitable. These engines usually have up to 24 cylinders and come with power outputs in the one-digit
Megawatt region. Small boats may
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can pump the fuel to the injection nozzles without causing damage to itself or corrosion of the fuel line. At injection, the fuel should form a good fuel spray, and it should not have a coking effect upon the injection nozzles. To ensure proper engine starting and smooth operation, the fuel should be
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in a manifold injection system atomizing fuel into the intake manifold or intake runners as in a petrol engine). Because only air is inducted into the cylinder in a diesel engine, the compression ratio can be much higher as there is no risk of pre-ignition provided the injection process is accurately
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pressures can be lower. Most IDI systems use a single orifice injector. The pre-chamber has the disadvantage of lowering efficiency due to increased heat loss to the engine's cooling system, restricting the combustion burn, thus reducing the efficiency by 5–10%. IDI engines are also more difficult to
2020:
use a combustion cycle which is completed in two strokes instead of four strokes. Filling the cylinder with air and compressing it takes place in one stroke, and the power and exhaust strokes are combined. The compression in a two-stroke diesel engine is similar to the compression that takes place in
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pV diagram for the ideal diesel cycle (which follows the numbers 1–4 in clockwise direction). The horizontal axis is the cylinder volume. In the diesel cycle the combustion occurs at almost constant pressure. On this diagram the work that is generated for each cycle corresponds to the area within the
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Quality torque control. The amount of torque a diesel engine produces is not controlled by throttling the intake air (unlike a traditional spark-ignition petrol engine, where the airflow is reduced in order to regulate the torque output), instead, the volume of air entering the engine is maximised at
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The first diesel engines for ships were made by A. B. Diesels
Motorer Stockholm in 1903. These engines were three-cylinder units of 120 PS (88 kW) and four-cylinder units of 180 PS (132 kW) and used for Russian ships. In World War I, especially submarine diesel engine development
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then starts the engine. Other diesel engines, such as the precombustion chamber engine XII Jv 170/240 made by Ganz & Co., have a valve timing changing system that is operated by adjusting the inlet valve camshaft, moving it into a slight "late" position. This will make the inlet valves open with
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in German) combines the injector and fuel pump into a single component, which is positioned above each cylinder. This eliminates the high-pressure fuel lines and achieves a more consistent injection. Under full load, the injection pressure can reach up to 220 MPa. Unit injectors are operated by
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in the plunger which rotates only a few degrees releasing the pressure and is controlled by a mechanical governor, consisting of weights rotating at engine speed constrained by springs and a lever. The injectors are held open by the fuel pressure. On high-speed engines the plunger pumps are together
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Crossflow scavenging is incomplete and limits the stroke, yet some manufacturers used it. Reverse flow scavenging is a very simple way of scavenging, and it was popular amongst manufacturers until the early 1980s. Uniflow scavenging is more complicated to make but allows the highest fuel efficiency;
1947:
The power output of medium-speed diesel engines can be as high as 21,870 kW, with the effective efficiency being around 47-48% (1982). Most larger medium-speed engines are started with compressed air direct on pistons, using an air distributor, as opposed to a pneumatic starting motor acting on
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is used to also reduce the amount of intake air as part of regulating the engine's torque output. Controlling the timing of the start of injection of fuel into the cylinder is similar to controlling the ignition timing in a petrol engine. It is therefore a key factor in controlling the power output,
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depending upon the design of the engine. The fuel injector ensures that the fuel is broken down into small droplets, and that the fuel is distributed evenly. The heat of the compressed air vaporises fuel from the surface of the droplets. The vapour is then ignited by the heat from the compressed air
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June 12, 2012 – After a week-long meeting of international experts, the
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), which is part of the World Health Organization (WHO), today classified diesel engine exhaust as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on sufficient evidence that exposure is
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In mid-2010s literature, main development goals for future diesel engines are described as improvements of exhaust emissions, reduction of fuel consumption, and increase of lifespan (2014). It is said that the diesel engine, especially the diesel engine for commercial vehicles, will remain the most
2225:. Although the engine was also required to drive an air compressor used for air-blast injection, the efficiency was nonetheless better than other combustion engines of the time. However the system was heavy and it was slow to react to changing torque demands, making it unsuitable for road vehicles.
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or some form of compressor to charge the cylinders with air and assist in scavenging. Roots-type superchargers were used for ship engines until the mid-1950s, however since 1955 they have been widely replaced by turbochargers. Usually, a two-stroke ship diesel engine has a single-stage turbocharger
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Additionally, avgas is a specialty fuel in very low (and declining) demand, compared to other fuels, and its makers are susceptible to costly aviation-crash lawsuits, reducing refiners' interest in producing it. Outside the United States, avgas has already become increasingly difficult to find at
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By June 1893, Diesel had realised his original cycle would not work, and he adopted the constant pressure cycle. Diesel describes the cycle in his 1895 patent application. Notice that there is no longer a mention of compression temperatures exceeding the temperature of combustion. Now it is simply
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has been developed over several decades with the goal of improving efficiency by reducing heat loss. These engines are variously called adiabatic engines; due to better approximation of adiabatic expansion; low heat rejection engines, or high temperature engines. They are generally piston engines
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system, by which any excess fuel from the injector pump and injectors is returned to the fuel tank. Once the engine has warmed, returning warm fuel prevents waxing in the tank. Before direct injection diesel engines, some manufacturers, such as BMW, recommended mixing up to 30% petrol in with the
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were two of the most prominent critics of Diesel's time. Köhler had published an essay in 1887, in which he describes an engine similar to the engine Diesel describes in his 1893 essay. Köhler figured that such an engine could not perform any work. Emil
Capitaine had built a petroleum engine with
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1. In an internal-combustion engine, the combination of a cylinder and piston constructed and arranged to compress air to a degree producing a temperature above the igniting-point of the fuel, a supply for compressed air or gas; a fuel-supply; a distributing-valve for fuel, a passage from the air
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Inline mechanical injector pumps generally tolerate poor-quality or bio-fuels better than distributor-type pumps. Also, indirect injection engines generally run more satisfactorily on fuels with a high ignition delay (for instance, petrol) than direct injection engines. This is partly because an
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Most direct injection diesel engines have a combustion cup in the top of the piston where the fuel is sprayed. Many different methods of injection can be used. Usually, an engine with helix-controlled mechanic direct injection has either an inline or a distributor injection pump. For each engine
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pure atmospheric air is compressed, according to curve 1 2, to such a degree that, before ignition or combustion takes place, the highest pressure of the diagram and the highest temperature are obtained-that is to say, the temperature at which the subsequent combustion has to take place, not the
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In the 1940s, road vehicle diesel engines with power outputs of 150–200 metric horsepower (110–150 kW; 150–200 hp) were considered reasonable for DMUs. Commonly, regular truck powerplants were used. The height of these engines had to be less than 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) to allow
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Diesel engines do not suffer from intake-air throttling, resulting in very low fuel consumption especially at low partial load (for instance: driving at city speeds). One fifth of all passenger cars worldwide have diesel engines, with many of them being in Europe, where approximately 47% of all
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Stationary diesel engines are commonly used for electricity generation, but also for powering refrigerator compressors, or other types of compressors or pumps. Usually, these engines either run continuously with partial load, or intermittently with full load. Stationary diesel engines powering
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In the diesel engine, only air is initially introduced into the combustion chamber. The air is then compressed with a compression ratio typically between 15:1 and 23:1. This high compression causes the temperature of the air to rise. At about the top of the compression stroke, fuel is injected
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burn, which enables heat dissipation by excess air. A small efficiency loss is also avoided compared with non-direct-injection gasoline engines, as unburned fuel is not present during valve overlap, and therefore no fuel goes directly from the intake/injection to the exhaust. Low-speed diesel
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in Europe since the 1980s. They were popular in larger cars earlier, as the weight and cost penalties were less noticeable. Smooth operation as well as high low-end torque are deemed important for passenger cars and small commercial vehicles. The introduction of electronically controlled fuel
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was supposed to utilise a constant temperature cycle (with isothermal compression) that would require a much higher level of compression than that needed for compression ignition. Diesel's idea was to compress the air so tightly that the temperature of the air would exceed that of combustion.
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so that atomised diesel fuel injected into the combustion chamber ignites. With the fuel being injected into the air just before combustion, the dispersion of fuel is uneven; this is called a heterogeneous air-fuel mixture. The torque a diesel engine produces is controlled by manipulating the
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into the inlet manifold to start combustion. Instead of glowplugs, some diesel engines are equipped with starting aid systems that change valve timing. The simplest way this can be done is with a decompression lever. Activating the decompression lever locks the outlet valves in a slight down
2013:
use the combustion cycle described earlier. Most smaller diesels, for vehicular use, for instance, typically use the four-stroke cycle. This is due to several factors, such as the two-stroke design's narrow powerband which is not particularly suitable for automotive use and the necessity for
307:
Though aviation has traditionally avoided using diesel engines, aircraft diesel engines have become increasingly available in the 21st century. Since the late 1990s, for various reasons—including the diesel's inherent advantages over gasoline engines, but also for recent issues peculiar to
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reported that a diesel engine model for general aviation aircraft is "approaching the finish line." By late 2022, Continental was reporting that its "Jet-A" fueled engines had exceeded "2,000... in operation today," with over "9 million hours," and were being "specified by major OEMs" for
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rely on fuel condensing on the combustion chamber walls. The fuel starts vaporising only after ignition sets in, and it burns relatively smoothly. Therefore, such engines also tolerate fuels with poor ignition delay characteristics, and, in general, they can operate on petrol rated 86
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The distinctive noise of a diesel engine, particularly at idling speeds, is sometimes called "diesel clatter". This noise is largely caused by the sudden ignition of the diesel fuel when injected into the combustion chamber, which causes a pressure wave that sounds like knocking.
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An indirect diesel injection system (IDI) engine delivers fuel into a small chamber called a swirl chamber, precombustion chamber, pre chamber or ante-chamber, which is connected to the cylinder by a narrow air passage. Generally the goal of the pre chamber is to create increased
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in cold weather; both are terms for the solidification of diesel oil into a partially crystalline state. The crystals build up in the fuel system (especially in fuel filters), eventually starving the engine of fuel and causing it to stop running. Low-output electric heaters in
1955:) ferries, passenger ships or small freight ships. Using medium-speed engines reduces the cost of smaller ships and increases their transport capacity. In addition to that, a single ship can use two smaller engines instead of one big engine, which increases the ship's safety.
8850:"FLIES 700 MILES; FUEL COST $ 4.68; Diesel-Motored Packard Plane Goes From Michigan to Langley Field in Under Seven Hours. ENGINE HAS NINE CYLINDERS Oil Burner Is Exhibited Before Aviation Leaders, Met for Conference. Woolson Reports on Flight. Packard Motor Stocks Rise,"
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used to be common, due to the relatively low engine mass the V configuration provides. Recently, the V configuration has been abandoned in favour of straight engines. These engines are usually straight-6 for heavy and medium duties and straight-4 for medium duty. Their
2076:, for instance, a gaseous fuel and diesel engine fuel. The diesel engine fuel auto-ignites due to compression ignition, and then ignites the gaseous fuel. Such engines do not require any type of spark ignition and operate similar to regular diesel engines.
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glow-tube ignition in the early 1890s; he claimed against his own better judgement that his glow-tube ignition engine worked the same way Diesel's engine did. His claims were unfounded and he lost a patent lawsuit against Diesel. Other engines, such as the
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allows conversion of much more of the heat energy into work by means of isothermal change in condition. According to Diesel, this ignited the idea of creating a highly efficient engine that could work on the Carnot cycle. Diesel was also introduced to a
3294:, and resulting pressures for greater fuel economy, reduced carbon and lead in the atmosphere, and other issues, there was a resurgence of interest in diesel engines for aircraft. High-compression piston aircraft engines that run on aviation gasoline ("
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540:. On 10 August 1893, the first ignition took place, the fuel used was petrol. In winter 1893/1894, Diesel redesigned the existing engine, and by 18 January 1894, his mechanics had converted it into the second prototype. During January that year, an
125:
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2338:. The minimum starting temperature that allows starting without pre-heating is 40 °C (104 °F) for precombustion chamber engines, 20 °C (68 °F) for swirl chamber engines, and 0 °C (32 °F) for direct injected engines.
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3329:, began developing diesel engines to replace the 100 horsepower (75 kW) - 350 horsepower (260 kW) gasoline/piston engines in common light aircraft use. First successful application of the Theilerts to production aircraft was in the
567:'s test on 17 February 1897 was the main test of Diesel's engine. The engine was rated 13.1 kW with a specific fuel consumption of 324 g·kW·h, resulting in an effective efficiency of 26.2%. By 1898, Diesel had become a millionaire.
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output. Also, the mass of a diesel engine is typically higher, since the higher operating pressure inside the combustion chamber increases the internal forces, which requires stronger (and therefore heavier) parts to withstand these forces.
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standardised its first DMU engine. It was a 30.3 litres (1,850 cu in), 12-cylinder boxer unit, producing 275 metric horsepower (202 kW; 271 hp). Several German manufacturers produced engines according to this standard.
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design causes lower overall piston speeds which results in increased lifespan of up to 1,200,000 kilometres (750,000 mi). Compared with 1970s diesel engines, the expected lifespan of modern lorry diesel engines has more than doubled.
1825:(ECU) or electronic control module (ECM) to control the fuel delivery. The ECM/ECU uses various sensors (such as engine speed signal, intake manifold pressure and fuel temperature) to determine the amount of fuel injected into the engine.
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Diesel engines for locomotives are built for continuous operation between refuelings and may need to be designed to use poor quality fuel in some circumstances. Some locomotives use two-stroke diesel engines. Diesel engines have replaced
2294:
1554:
air-fuel mixture: In diesel engines, there is no even dispersion of fuel and air inside the cylinder. That is because the combustion process begins at the end of the injection phase, before a homogeneous mixture of air and fuel can be
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that are very precise spring-loaded valves that open and close at a specific fuel pressure. Separate high-pressure fuel lines connect the fuel pump with each cylinder. Fuel volume for each single combustion is controlled by a slanted
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standard was established in May 1993; the modern version of the NATO F 54 standard is mostly identical with it. The DIN 51628 biodiesel standard was rendered obsolete by the 2009 version of the EN 590; FAME biodiesel conforms to the
1828:
Due to the amount of air being constant (for a given RPM) while the amount of fuel varies, very high ("lean") air-fuel ratios are used in situations where minimal torque output is required. This differs from a petrol engine, where a
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Modern diesel engines for lorries have to be both extremely reliable and very fuel efficient. Common-rail direct injection, turbocharging and four valves per cylinder are standard. Displacements range from 4.5 to 15.5 litres, with
3195:
use lorry diesel engines. Large ships use extremely efficient, low-speed two-stroke diesel engines. They can reach efficiencies of up to 55%. Unlike most regular diesel engines, two-stroke watercraft engines use highly viscous
2314:(EGR). Common rail diesel injection systems permit multiple injection events as an aid to noise reduction. Through measures such as these, diesel clatter noise is greatly reduced in modern engines. Diesel fuels with a higher
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in one unit. The length of fuel lines from the pump to each injector is normally the same for each cylinder in order to obtain the same pressure delay. Direct injected diesel engines usually use orifice-type fuel injectors.
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Early diesel engines injected fuel with the assistance of compressed air, which atomised the fuel and forced it into the engine through a nozzle (a similar principle to an aerosol spray). The nozzle opening was closed by a
1816:
adjusts the amount of fuel injected into the engine. Mechanical governors have been used in the past, however electronic governors are more common on modern engines. Mechanical governors are usually driven by the engine's
1187:, (anyfuel direct-injection), for its diesel engines. AD-diesels can operate on virtually any kind of liquid fuel, but they are fitted with an auxiliary spark plug that fires if the ignition quality of the fuel is too low.
126:
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563:", had finished the drawings by 30 April 1896. During summer that year the engine was built, it was completed on 6 October 1896. Tests were conducted until early 1897. First public tests began on 1 February 1897.
2330:). However, many diesel engines include some form of preheating for the combustion chamber, to assist starting in cold conditions. Engines with a displacement of less than 1 litre per cylinder usually have
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434:
supply to the cylinder in communication with the fuel-distributing valve, an inlet to the cylinder in communication with the air-supply and with the fuel-valve, and a cut-oil, substantially as described.
919:
1929: The first passenger car with a diesel engine appears. Its engine is an Otto engine modified to use the diesel principle and Bosch's injection pump. Several other diesel car prototypes follow.
1789:
In principle, a diesel engine does not require any sort of electrical system. However, most modern diesel engines are equipped with an electrical fuel pump, and an electronic engine control unit.
2972:, which is an indication of evaporation rate. The Material Safety Data Sheet for ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel indicates a vapour explosion hazard for diesel fuel indoors, outdoors, or in sewers.
1688:
greatly increases the engine's efficiency. Increasing the compression ratio in a spark-ignition engine where fuel and air are mixed before entry to the cylinder is limited by the need to prevent
300:
and overall emissions are more difficult to control in diesel engines compared to gasoline engines, and the use of diesel auto engines in the U.S. is now largely relegated to larger on-road and
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important vehicle powerplant until the mid-2030s. Editors assume that the complexity of the diesel engine will increase further (2014). Some editors expect a future convergency of diesel and
1774:
emissions, because motor vehicle diesel fuel has been sulfur-free since 2003. Helmut Tschöke argues that particulate matter emitted from motor vehicles has negative impacts on human health.
6892:
Hemmerlein, Norbert; Korte, Volker; Richter, Herwig; Schröder, Günter (February 1, 1991). "Performance, Exhaust
Emissions and Durability of Modern Diesel Engines Running on Rapeseed Oil".
2652:
depositions can condense on the cylinder walls of a direct-injection engine if combustion temperatures are too low (such as starting the engine from cold). Direct-injected engines with an
2623:
diesel engine is a petrol engine (designed to run on NATO F 46/F 50 petrol), but it also runs on jet fuel, (NATO F 40/F 44), kerosene, (NATO F 58), and diesel engine fuel (NATO F 54/F 75)
292:, demand for higher fuel efficiency has resulted in most major automakers, at some point, offering diesel-powered models, even in very small cars. According to Konrad Reif (2012), the
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produced diesel-powered passenger cars starting in 1936. The popularity of diesel-powered passenger cars in markets such as India, South Korea and Japan is increasing (as of 2018).
477:
Diesel was attacked and criticised over several years. Critics claimed that Diesel never invented a new motor and that the invention of the diesel engine is fraud. Otto Köhler and
127:
454:
for "Method of and
Apparatus for Converting Heat into Work". In 1894 and 1895, he filed patents and addenda in various countries for his engine; the first patents were issued in
6435:
Stock, Dieter; Bauder, Richard (February 1, 1990). "The New Audi 5-Cylinder Turbo Diesel Engine: The First
Passenger Car Diesel Engine with Second Generation Direct Injection".
1912:. On bigger ships, high-speed diesel engines are often used for powering electric generators. The highest power output of high-speed diesel engines is approximately 5 MW.
246:(Brayton and Rankine cycle) is a combustion engine that is more efficient than a diesel engine, but due to its mass and dimensions, is unsuitable for many vehicles, including
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2159:
actuators that have less moving mass and therefore allow even more injections in a very short period of time. Early common rail system were controlled by mechanical means.
3267:. However, noxious exhaust fumes, cold-start and vibration problems, engine structural failures, the death of its developer, and the industrial economic contraction of the
2478:
787:
2465:
2272:
The average diesel engine has a poorer power-to-mass ratio than an equivalent petrol engine. The lower engine speeds (RPM) of typical diesel engines results in a lower
983:, the first mass-produced diesel engine for passenger cars, and one of the few marketable passenger car diesel engines of its time. It is rated 45 PS (33 kW).
944:
1933: General Motors uses its new roots-blown, unit-injected two-stroke Winton 201A diesel engine to power its automotive assembly exhibit at the
Chicago World's Fair (
308:
aviation—development and production of diesel engines for aircraft has surged, with over 5,000 such engines delivered worldwide between 2002 and 2018, particularly for
3091:
In 1893, Rudolf Diesel suggested that the diesel engine could possibly power "wagons" (lorries). The first lorries with diesel engines were brought to market in 1924.
1692:, which would cause engine damage. Since only air is compressed in a diesel engine, and fuel is not introduced into the cylinder until shortly before top dead centre (
419:
However, such an engine could never perform any usable work. In his 1892 US patent (granted in 1895) #542846, Diesel describes the compression required for his cycle:
373:
6973:
2310:
Engine designers can reduce diesel clatter through: indirect injection; pilot or pre-injection; injection timing; injection rate; compression ratio; turbo boost; and
1821:
or a gear-drive system and use a combination of springs and weights to control fuel delivery relative to both load and speed. Electronically governed engines use an
518:
990:, the biggest aircraft ever made, takes off for the first time. It is powered by four V16 Daimler-Benz LOF 6 diesel engines, rated 1,200 PS (883 kW) each.
8098:
4108:
2648:
indirect injection engine has a much greater 'swirl' effect, improving vaporisation and combustion of fuel, and because (in the case of vegetable oil-type fuels)
6701:"EPA, California Notify Volkswagen of Clean Air Act Violations / Carmaker allegedly used software that circumvents emissions testing for certain air pollutants"
1770:
pollutants. About 90 per cent of the pollutants can be removed from the exhaust gas using exhaust gas treatment technology. Road vehicle diesel engines have no
8830:
Flugmotoren und
Strahltriebwerke: Entwicklungsgeschichte der deutschen Luftfahrtantriebe von den Anfängen bis zu den internationalen Gemeinschaftsentwicklungen
3608:
1109:
211:; instead of throttling the intake air, the diesel engine relies on altering the amount of fuel that is injected, and thus the air-fuel ratio is usually high.
344:
Diesel's second prototype. It is a modification of the first experimental engine. On 17 February 1894, this engine ran under its own power for the first time.
667:
1898: March, the first commercial diesel engine, rated 2×30 PS (2×22 kW), is installed in the
Kempten plant of the Vereinigte Zündholzfabriken A.G.
254:. The world's largest diesel engines put in service are 14-cylinder, two-stroke marine diesel engines; they produce a peak power of almost 100 MW each.
202:, "EGR"). Air is inducted into the chamber during the intake stroke, and compressed during the compression stroke. This increases air temperature inside the
2691:
and kerosene for further testing purposes, as petroleum proved to be too viscous. In addition to kerosene and petrol, Diesel's engine could also operate on
2127:
cylinder, the corresponding plunger in the fuel pump measures out the correct amount of fuel and determines the timing of each injection. These engines use
9735:
242:
engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) can reach effective efficiencies of up to 55%. The
8028:
6744:
6391:
Kawai, Mitsuo; Miyagi, Hideo; Nakano, Jiro; Kondo, Yoshihiko (1985). "Toyota's New Microprocessor-Based Diesel Engine Control System for Passenger Cars".
2564:
Diesel engines can combust a huge variety of fuels, including several fuel oils that have advantages over fuels such as petrol. These advantages include:
4181:, U.S. Patent number 608845, Filed Jul 15 1895, Issued August 9, 1898, Inventor Rudolf Diesel, Assigned to the Diesel Motor Company of America (New York)
1544:: At combustion, oxygen first has to diffuse into the flame, rather than having oxygen and fuel already mixed before combustion, which would result in a
9008:
1712:(pV) diagram is a simplified and idealised representation of the events involved in a diesel engine cycle, arranged to illustrate the similarity with a
10404:
8849:
3387:
In recent years (2016), diesel engines have also found use in unmanned aircraft (UAV), due to their reliability, durability, and low fuel consumption.
1796:(which can interfere with navigation and communication equipment), which is why only diesel-powered vehicles are allowed in some parts of the American
2058:
since the early 1980s, manufacturers such as MAN and Sulzer have switched to this system. It is standard for modern marine two-stroke diesel engines.
6563:
Employability – Herausforderungen für die strategische Personalentwicklung: Konzepte für eine flexible, innovationsorientierte Arbeitswelt von morgen
3203:
advanced quickly. By the end of the War, double acting piston two-stroke engines with up to 12,200 PS (9 MW) had been made for marine use.
1112:, a 4.6 litre straight-6 series-production industrial diesel engine with a turbocharger, rated 115 PS (85 kW). It proves to be unreliable.
7577:
4934:
4164:
2671:
1599:
1119:
produces a small batch series of 200 units of a turbocharged version of the TD 96 engine. This 9.6 litre engine is rated 136 kW (185 PS).
587:
478:
407:
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1982:
Four-stroke engines on ships are usually used to power an electric generator. An electric motor powers the propeller. Both types are usually very
690:
An MAN DM trunk piston diesel engine built in 1906. The MAN DM series is considered to be one of the first commercially successful diesel engines.
6583:
2189:
for better air / fuel mixing. This system also allows for a smoother, quieter running engine, and because fuel mixing is assisted by turbulence,
1256:
is the first passenger car in the world with a turbocharged, intercooled, direct-injected, and electronically controlled diesel engine. It has a
720:
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Diesel fuel can create an explosive air/vapour mix under the right conditions. However, compared with petrol, it is less prone due to its lower
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than petrol, because its flash point is 55 °C, leading to a lower risk of fire caused by fuel in a vehicle equipped with a diesel engine.
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timed. This means that cylinder temperatures are much higher in a diesel engine than a petrol engine, allowing less volatile fuels to be used.
896:
with a direct-injected diesel engine is tested by MAN. The same year, Benz builds a lorry with a pre-combustion chamber injected diesel engine.
800:
1911: The Germania shipyard in Kiel builds 850 PS (625 kW) diesel engines for German submarines. These engines are installed in 1914.
6700:
3898:
1471:
1149:, one of the first direct injected Mercedes-Benz diesel engines. It was introduced in 1963, but mass production only started in summer 1964.
7249:
889:
1923: At the Königsberg DLG exhibition, the first agricultural tractor with a diesel engine, the prototype Benz-Sendling S6, is presented.
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7289:
5184:
World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection
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because they use an electric transmission: the diesel engine drives an electric generator which powers electric traction motors. While
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Electronic control of the fuel injection transformed the direct injection engine by allowing much greater control over the combustion.
1410:
1320:
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Therefore, diesel engines can operate on a huge variety of different fuels. In general, fuel for diesel engines should have a proper
2452:
638:
1895: November 8 – December 20, a series of tests with the second prototype is conducted. In total, 111 operating hours are recorded.
6674:
5709:
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3256:). Additional advantages cited, at the time, included a lower risk of post-crash fire, and superior performance at high altitudes.
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1894: January 18, after the first prototype was modified to become the second prototype, testing with the second prototype begins.
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3751:
3632:"Critical evaluation of the European diesel car boom - global comparison, environmental effects and various national strategies,"
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1893: April 24, both Krupp and the Maschinenfabrik Augsburg decide to collaborate and build just a single prototype in Augsburg.
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Theorie und Konstruktion eines rationellen Wärmemotors zum Ersatz der Dampfmaschine und der heute bekannten Verbrennungsmotoren
7946:
Hans-Hermann Braess (ed.), Ulrich Seiffert (ed.): Vieweg Handbuch Kraftfahrzeugtechnik, 6th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2012,
4808:
Theorie und Konstruktion eines rationellen Wärmemotors zum Ersatz der Dampfmaschine und der heute bekannten Verbrennungsmotoren
3352:
3333:
light twin, which exhibited exceptional fuel efficiency surpassing anything in its class, and its single-seat predecessor, the
3167:. This was the highest powered diesel engine yet (1920) installed in a ship. Note man standing lower right for size comparison.
9159:
7219:
3351:
has reported that "by 2007, various jet-fueled piston aircraft had logged well over 600,000 hours of service". In early 2019,
284:, agricultural equipment and electricity generation plants followed later. In the 1930s, they slowly began to be used in some
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7750:"Diesel injection pumps, Diesel injectors, Diesel fuel pumps, turbochargers, Diesel trucks all at First Diesel Injection LTD"
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diesel by fuelling diesel cars with petrol to prevent the fuel from gelling when the temperatures dropped below −15 °C.
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2544:
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1985: December, road testing of a common rail injection system for lorries using a modified 6VD 12,5/12 GRF-E engine in an
620:
1893: November 30, Diesel applies for a patent (RP 82168) for a modified combustion process. He obtains it on 12 July 1895.
8913:
3163:
One of the eight-cylinder 3200 I.H.P. Harland and Wolff – Burmeister & Wain diesel engines installed in the motorship
3138:
have replaced the diesel locomotive for passenger services in many areas diesel traction is widely used for cargo-hauling
594:
1893: February 21, Diesel and the Maschinenfabrik Augsburg sign a contract that allows Diesel to build a prototype engine.
11355:
11341:
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2718:, as well as mixtures of these fuels, were used. Typical fuels specifically intended to be used for diesel engines were
2603:
In diesel engines, a mechanical injector system atomizes the fuel directly into the combustion chamber (as opposed to a
1523:
Internal mixture formation. In diesel engines, the mixture of air and fuel is only formed inside the combustion chamber.
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Diesel engines work by compressing only air, or air combined with residual combustion gases from the exhaust (known as
8096:
6131:
4150:, United States Patent No. 542,846, Filed Aug 26, 1892, Issued July 16, 1895, Inventor Rudolf Diesel of Berlin Germany
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As well as the high level of compression allowing combustion to take place without a separate ignition system, a high
1531:
208:
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However, there is no high-voltage electrical ignition system present in a diesel engine. This eliminates a source of
1617:
811:
384:. Linde explained that steam engines are capable of converting just 6–10% of the heat energy into work, but that the
3618:
357:
First fully functional diesel engine, designed by Imanuel Lauster, built from scratch, and finished by October 1896.
3490:
3340:
In subsequent years, several other companies have developed aircraft diesel engines, or have begun to—most notably
3283:
co-designer Karl H. Bergey argued that "the likelihood of a general aviation diesel in the near future is remote."
3159:
2984:
1732:
of diesel engines is better than most other types of combustion engines, due to their high compression ratio, high
1162:
4787:
9074:
3348:
3279:
From then, until the late 1970s, there had not been many applications of the diesel engine in aircraft. In 1978,
1261:
166:; thus, the diesel engine is called a compression-ignition engine (CI engine). This contrasts with engines using
9455:
6600:
At the recent Frankfurt motor show, Siemens, Bosch and Delphi all launched piezoelectric fuel injection systems.
11455:
9920:
8988:
3131:
2425:
1416:
2008: Volkswagen starts series production of the biggest passenger car diesel engine, the Audi 6-litre V12 TDI.
651:
1897: February 1, Diesel's prototype engine is running and finally ready for efficiency testing and production.
11212:
10159:
8506:
7187:
6254:
Der VW-Konzern präsentiert seine neuesten Golf-Variante – den ersten Wolfsburger Personenwagen mit Dieselmotor
1733:
536:. Contracts were signed in April 1893, and in early summer 1893, Diesel's first prototype engine was built in
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1983:
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Nicolaus August Otto Rudolf Diesel, Biographien hervorragender Naturwissenschaftler, Techniker und Mediziner
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Nicolaus August Otto Rudolf Diesel, Biographien hervorragender Naturwissenschaftler, Techniker und Mediziner
3929:
Nicolaus August Otto Rudolf Diesel, Biographien hervorragender Naturwissenschaftler, Techniker und Mediziner
3310:
can, theoretically, provide a net reduction in atmospheric carbon compared to avgas. For these reasons, the
2252:
and the quantity of fuel injected is controlled either mechanically (by a rack or lever) or electronically.
11114:
9801:
7475:. ASME 1951 Annual Meeting. Atlantic City, New Jersey: Electro-Motive Division, General Motors Corporation.
3325:
By the late 1990s / early 2000s, diesel engines were beginning to appear in light aircraft. Most notably,
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1793:
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willing to ignite and hence not cause a high ignition delay, (this means that the fuel should have a high
613:
1893: August 10, Diesel injects fuel (petrol) for the first time, resulting in combustion, destroying the
11486:
3264:
2483:
1709:
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in Germany start production of the most successful mass-produced aviation diesel engine of all time, the
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1842:
There are several different ways of categorising diesel engines, as outlined in the following sections.
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2587:) which can run directly in many diesel engines, while gasoline engines either need adaptation to run
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diesel engine to be fitted to a passenger car. It is a 2-litre common rail engine, rated 110 kW.
1198:
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199:
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4160:
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2155:-driven plungers for lifting the injection needle, whilst newer CR injectors use plungers driven by
2067:
1238:
1987: Daimler-Benz introduces the electronically controlled injection pump for lorry diesel engines.
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11103:
11059:
10561:
10348:
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Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff
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Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff
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2017:
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313:
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Nanlin, Zhang; Shengyuan, Zhong; Jingtu, Feng; Jinwen, Cai; Qinan, Pu; Yuan, Fan (March 1, 1993).
9283:"Low Heat Rejection From High Output Ceramic Coated Diesel Engine and Its Impact on Future Design"
1535:
629:
1895: March 30, Diesel applies for a patent (RP 86633) for a starting process with compressed air.
11476:
11184:
11159:
10778:
10123:
8875:
8542:
Pirotte, Marcel (July 5, 1984). "Gedetailleerde Test: Citroën BX19 TRD" [Detailed Test].
6552:, in MTZ – Motortechnische Zeitschrift, Springer, September 2002, Volume 63, Issue 9, pp. 696–704
3426:
Three English Electric 7SRL diesel-alternator sets being installed at the Saateni Power Station;
3222:
Diesel engines had been used in aircraft before World War II, for instance, in the rigid airship
2888:
2101:
1822:
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187:
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Diesel engines have long been popular in bigger cars and have been used in smaller cars such as
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using coal dust (as well as liquid fuels and gas); his actual engine was designed to operate on
1527:
all times, and the torque output is regulated solely by controlling the amount of injected fuel.
1305:
1281:
1993: First passenger car diesel engine with four valves per cylinder, the Mercedes-Benz OM 604.
661:
1897: 29 October, Rudolf Diesel obtains a patent (DRP 95680) on supercharging the diesel engine.
604:
1893: April 10, Diesel and Krupp sign a contract that allows Diesel to build a prototype engine.
414:
Diesel was heavily criticised for his essay, but only a few found the mistake that he made; his
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standard. Watercraft diesel engines usually operate on diesel engine fuel that conforms to the
2351:
2088:, "swirl chamber" or "pre-chamber," unlike petrol engines where the fuel is often added in the
1166:
353:
10505:
8513:
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Heating oil: 10,000 kcal·kg (41.8 MJ·kg) up to 10,200 kcal·kg (42.7 MJ·kg)
1781:
or "probable carcinogen" and is known to increase the risk of heart and respiratory diseases.
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Diesel oil: 10,200 kcal·kg (42.7 MJ·kg) up to 10,250 kcal·kg (42.9 MJ·kg)
2537:
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that incorporates separate components for generating injection pressure and injection timing.
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163:
86:
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airports (and generally), than less-expensive, diesel-compatible fuels like Jet-A and other
2028:
Due to the lack of discrete exhaust and intake strokes, all two-stroke diesel engines use a
1211:
1979: First prototype of a low-speed two-stroke crosshead engine with common rail injection.
1098:, a design that incorporates a central sphere combustion chamber in the piston (DBP 865683).
950:). The engine is offered in several versions ranging from 600–900 hp (447–671 kW).
709:
1903: Two first diesel-powered ships are launched, both for river and canal operations: The
11402:
11366:
10057:
9829:
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6013:
Fleet Owner, Volume 59, Primedia Business Magazines & Media, Incorporated, 1964, p. 107
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1968:
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becomes the first compact passenger sedan/saloon to be offered with a diesel engine option.
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argues that, it can be presumed that Diesel copied the concept of air-blast injection from
35:
9108:
6655:
Brian Long: Zero Carbon Car: Green Technology and the Automotive Industry, Crowood, 2013,
2072:
So-called dual-fuel diesel engines or gas diesel engines burn two different types of fuel
1808:
To control the torque output at any given time (i.e. when the driver of a car adjusts the
1672:
directly into the compressed air in the combustion chamber. This may be into a (typically
1287:
1996: First diesel engine with direct injection and four valves per cylinder, used in the
405:. After several years of working on his ideas, Diesel published them in 1893 in the essay
296:
average for diesel cars at the time accounted for half of newly registered cars. However,
8:
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3899:"Origin of Diesel Engine is in Fire Piston of Mountainous People Lived in Southeast Asia"
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Stationary 12 cylinder turbo-diesel engine coupled to a generator set for auxiliary power
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76:
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Advanced Direct Injection Combustion Engine Technologies and Development: Diesel Engines
6505:
Advanced Direct Injection Combustion Engine Technologies and Development: Diesel Engines
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Due to increased performance requirements, unit injectors have been largely replaced by
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Diesel engines are combustion engines and, therefore, emit combustion products in their
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Der Aufbau schnellaufender Verbrennungskraftmaschinen für Kraftfahrzeuge und Triebwagen
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Der Aufbau schnellaufender Verbrennungskraftmaschinen für Kraftfahrzeuge und Triebwagen
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Der Aufbau schnellaufender Verbrennungskraftmaschinen für Kraftfahrzeuge und Triebwagen
7927:
7022:
6723:"'It Was Installed For This Purpose,' VW's U.S. CEO Tells Congress About Defeat Device"
5952:
Der Aufbau schnellaufender Verbrennungskraftmaschinen für Kraftfahrzeuge und Triebwagen
5910:
Der Aufbau schnellaufender Verbrennungskraftmaschinen für Kraftfahrzeuge und Triebwagen
5887:
Kevin EuDaly, Mike Schafer, Steve Jessup, Jim Boyd, Andrew McBride, Steve Glischinski:
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2010:
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1978: Daimler-Benz produces the first passenger car diesel engine with a turbocharger (
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832:
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says that the diesel engine is Diesel's "very own work" and that any "Diesel myth" is "
238:
215:
9432:
Thermodynamik des Kraftfahrzeugs: Grundlagen und Anwendungen – mit Prozesssimulationen
8105:"Detroit Diesel Introduces DDEC Ether Start", March 13, 1995, accessed March 14, 2011.
6249:
2162:
The injection pressure of modern CR systems ranges from 140 MPa to 270 MPa.
1660:
by using highly compressed hot air to ignite the fuel rather than using a spark plug (
1394:
2006: Daimler-Chrysler launches the first series-production passenger car engine with
1387:, equipped with a 5.5-litre V12-TDI engine, rated 476 kW (638 hp), wins the
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9414:
9393:
9207:
8833:
8812:
8791:
8770:
8749:
8725:
8704:
8678:
8657:
8631:
8607:
8586:
8565:
8457:
8419:
8395:
8374:
8353:
8328:
8300:
8276:
8252:
8227:
8202:
8177:
8153:
8132:
8079:
7989:
7968:
7947:
7915:
7905:
7883:
7850:
7829:
7782:
7732:
7690:
7669:
7648:
7627:
7606:
7556:
7535:
7511:
7490:
7452:
7428:
7407:
7386:
7362:
7336:
7309:
7269:
7169:
7159:
7136:
7126:
7103:
7093:
7071:
7050:
7010:
7000:
6923:
6874:
6864:
6842:
6821:
6800:
6779:
6656:
6639:
6616:
6566:
6530:
6509:
6486:
6462:
6404:
6374:
6350:
6329:
6232:
6211:
6168:
6113:
6077:
6049:
5997:
5976:
5955:
5934:
5913:
5892:
5868:
5844:
5820:
5799:
5763:
5739:
5689:
5661:
5618:
5594:
5570:
5530:
5506:
5482:
5461:
5440:
5419:
5371:
5350:
5326:
5305:
5284:
5263:
5239:
5215:
5188:
5164:
5143:
5122:
5098:
5077:
5056:
5035:
4977:
4953:
4913:
4889:
4865:
4841:
4812:
4769:
4745:
4719:
4698:
4677:
4653:
4632:
4608:
4584:
4560:
4539:
4518:
4497:
4470:
4463:
4444:
4423:
4402:
4375:
4351:
4330:
4309:
4288:
4264:
4243:
4222:
4198:
4128:
4038:
3998:
3974:
3953:
3932:
3880:
3853:
3829:
3805:
3778:
3724:
3652:
3590:
3566:
3480:
3224:
3123:
3099:
of 2.5–3.5 kg·kW for heavy duty and 2.0–3.0 kg·kW for medium duty engines.
3043:
2527:
2437:
2051:
1929:
1813:
1809:
1717:
1685:
1491:
1438:
1005:
987:
913:
847:
614:
549:
483:
258:
220:
203:
31:
9310:"Thermomechanical Stress Analysis of Novel Low Heat Rejection Cylinder Head Designs"
8790:. In: Hans List (ed.): Die Verbrennungskraftmaschine. Vol. 11. Springer, Wien 1942,
8769:. In: Hans List (ed.): Die Verbrennungskraftmaschine. Vol. 11. Springer, Wien 1942,
8131:. In: Hans List (ed.): Die Verbrennungskraftmaschine. Vol. 11. Springer, Wien 1942,
6941:"Medium and Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicle Modeling Using a Fuel Consumption Methodology"
5912:. In: Hans List (ed.): Die Verbrennungskraftmaschine. Vol. 11. Springer, Wien 1942,
3314:
community has begun to fear the possible banning or discontinuance of leaded avgas.
3015:
The characteristics of diesel have different advantages for different applications.
2341:
In the past, a wider variety of cold-start methods were used. Some engines, such as
1850:
Günter Mau categorises diesel engines by their rotational speeds into three groups:
1347:
797:
1911: November 27, the Allgemeine Gesellschaft für Dieselmotoren A.-G. is dissolved.
513:
Diesel sought out firms and factories that would build his engine. With the help of
52:
11222:
11169:
11099:
10996:
10873:
10703:
10222:
10179:
10138:
10087:
10052:
9973:
9960:
9481:
9371:
9344:
9317:
9290:
9263:
9254:
Schwarz, Ernest; Reid, Michael; Bryzik, Walter; Danielson, Eugene (March 1, 1993).
9163:
7212:
6901:
6440:
6396:
3510:
3365:
3311:
3268:
3260:
3234:
3119:
2604:
2533:
2434:
2422:
2381:
2327:
2326:
In warmer climates, diesel engines do not require any starting aid (aside from the
2156:
1952:
1479:
934:
856:
1914: MAN builds 900 PS (662 kW) two-stroke engines for Dutch submarines.
670:
1898: September 17, the Allgemeine Gesellschaft für Dieselmotoren A.-G. is founded.
523:
301:
10823:
9308:
Danielson, Eugene; Turner, David; Elwart, Joseph; Bryzik, Walter (March 1, 1993).
9232:
8933:
1940, reproduced at Aviation Engine Historical Society, retrieved December 5, 2022
5954:. In: Hans List (ed.): Die Verbrennungskraftmaschine. V. 11. Springer, Wien 1942,
3071:
1445:
1.8 L DOHC I4, the world's first passenger car diesel engine that features a
1221:
1981/82: Uniflow scavenging for two-stroke marine diesel engines becomes standard.
11412:
11237:
11227:
11217:
10848:
10333:
10044:
9893:
9850:
9652:
9580:
9523:
8980:
8944:
8917:
8474:
8102:
7470:
6634:
6504:
6139:
5638:
5612:
4022:
3403:
3373:
3369:
3357:
3303:
3299:
2943:
and around fuel lines were used to solve this problem. Also, most engines have a
2740:: 9,150 kcal·kg (38.3 MJ·kg) up to 9,250 kcal·kg (38.7 MJ·kg)
2715:
2540:
2273:
2249:
2206:
Typical early 20th century air-blast injected diesel engine, rated at 59 kW.
2202:
2096:. Engines where the fuel is injected into the main combustion chamber are called
2029:
1994:
1975:
Low-speed diesel engines are usually very large in size and mostly used to power
1951:
Medium-speed engines intended for marine applications are usually used to power (
1818:
1767:
1755:
1729:
1696:), premature detonation is not a problem and compression ratios are much higher.
1693:
1541:
1045:
1027:
993:
1936: Manufacture of the first mass-produced passenger car with a diesel engine (
903:
843:
711:
642:
556:
490:
281:
234:
9362:
Kamo, Lloyd; Kleyman, Ardy; Bryzik, Walter; Schwarz, Ernest (February 1, 1995).
2355:
a delay, forcing the inlet air to heat up when entering the combustion chamber.
1777:
The particulate matter in diesel exhaust emissions is sometimes classified as a
674:
11163:
10953:
10928:
10913:
10818:
10765:
10447:
10199:
10169:
10024:
9791:
9590:
8923:
8910:
8854:
7866:
3674:
3500:
3361:
3280:
3245:
2992:
2980:
2969:
2632:
2608:
2588:
2507:
2342:
2128:
1890:
1771:
1745:
1545:
1452:
2012: BMW introduces dual-stage turbocharging with three turbochargers for the
1020:
1016:
959:
864:
655:
545:
498:
494:
402:
381:
309:
293:
9498:
9487:
8956:
8954:
7919:
7173:
2100:(DI) engines, while those which use a swirl chamber or pre-chamber are called
1122:
1955: Turbocharging for MAN two-stroke marine diesel engines becomes standard.
738:
1905: January 14: Diesel applies for a patent on unit injection (L20510I/46a).
664:
1898: February 1, the Diesel Motoren-Fabrik Actien-Gesellschaft is registered.
497:, also use an operating cycle that is different from the diesel engine cycle.
11470:
11450:
11432:
11144:
10991:
10943:
10933:
10683:
10637:
10533:
10472:
10371:
10262:
10255:
10077:
10009:
9968:
9885:
9825:
9786:
9776:
9713:
9662:
9640:
9625:
8894:
8647:
8292:
8268:
7140:
7107:
7014:
6878:
6408:
4969:
4905:
4881:
4857:
4833:
4802:
4394:
4178:
4147:
3872:
3845:
3821:
3797:
3770:
3515:
3444:
3344:
which, by 2018, was reporting it had sold over 5,000 such engines worldwide.
3249:
3139:
3130:
soon after. Nearly all modern diesel locomotives are more correctly known as
2823:
2711:
2637:
2346:
2315:
2299:
2234:
1638:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1534:. Diesel engines run at global air-fuel ratios significantly leaner than the
1360:
1324:
899:
1923: The first two-stroke diesel engine with counterflow scavenging appears.
839:
791:
582:
560:
471:
451:
439:
369:
340:
333:
329:
297:
171:
144:
96:
10898:
9104:
9102:
8897:(reproductions of early media articles and photos, with added information),
6400:
6186:
Vorkammer Adieu: Im Jahr 1964 kommen erste Direkteinspritzer bei Lkw und Bus
2363:
1920:
1169:
and nicknamed the "Jake Brake", is invented and patented by Clessie Cummins.
1129:
becomes the first mass-produced passenger sedan/saloon manufactured outside
916:
introduces the first inline injection pump for motor vehicle diesel engines.
632:
1895: June 26, the second prototype passes brake testing for the first time.
10893:
10888:
10798:
10642:
10617:
10467:
9988:
9983:
9950:
9855:
9845:
9781:
9765:
9675:
9635:
9281:
Bryzik, Walter; Schwarz, Ernest; Kamo, Roy; Woods, Melvin (March 1, 1993).
9256:"Combustion and Performance Characteristics of a Low Heat Rejection Engine"
9147:
8951:
7986:
Handbuch Maschinenbau – Grundlagen und Anwendungen der Maschinenbau-Technik
6384:
6136:
The 403, launched half a century ago, established Peugeot as a global brand
5657:
Medium/Heavy Duty Truck Engines, Fuel & Computerized Management Systems
5614:
The History of J & H McLaren of Leeds: Steam & Diesel Engine Makers
3662:
3495:
3039:
2962:
2524:
2376:
2218:
2170:
1763:
1759:
1713:
1647:
1630:
1406:
1384:
1130:
1059:(KHD) introduces an air-cooled mass-production diesel engine to the market.
976:
954:
938:
909:
1925: Sendling starts mass-producing a diesel-powered agricultural tractor.
880:
742:
696:
385:
269:
268:. They were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary
9517:
Method of and Apparatus for Converting Heat into Work. # 542846 filed 1892
9411:
Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren – Funktionsweise · Simulation · Messtechnik
9390:
Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren – Funktionsweise · Simulation · Messtechnik
9364:"Recent Development of Tribological Coatings for High Temperature Engines"
8746:
Handbuch Verbrennungsmotor: Grundlagen, Komponenten, Systeme, Perspektiven
8722:
Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren – Funktionsweise · Simulation · Messtechnik
8675:
Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren – Funktionsweise · Simulation · Messtechnik
8628:
Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren – Funktionsweise · Simulation · Messtechnik
8416:
Handbuch Verbrennungsmotor: Grundlagen, Komponenten, Systeme, Perspektiven
7893:
7880:
Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren – Funktionsweise · Simulation · Messtechnik
7532:
Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren – Funktionsweise · Simulation · Messtechnik
7472:
History and Development of the 567 Series General Motors Locomotive Engine
6920:
Handbuch Verbrennungsmotor: Grundlagen, Komponenten, Systeme, Perspektiven
6347:
Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren – Funktionsweise · Simulation · Messtechnik
6326:
Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren – Funktionsweise · Simulation · Messtechnik
5502:
Icons of Invention: The Makers of the Modern World from Gutenberg to Gates
5347:
Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren – Funktionsweise · Simulation · Messtechnik
2726:
such as the following; these fuels have specific lower heating values of:
1356:
2000: Peugeot introduces the diesel particulate filter for passenger cars.
941:, over 900 examples are produced. Its rated take-off power is 645 kW.
11445:
11387:
11382:
11199:
11139:
11124:
11079:
11011:
10948:
10903:
10808:
10693:
10678:
10673:
10668:
10556:
10462:
10366:
10250:
10067:
10019:
9978:
9935:
9865:
9680:
9600:
9585:
9564:
9099:
9080:
8890:
8888:
8871:
8869:
8867:
8865:
6549:
Neues Common-Rail-Einspritzsystem mit Piezo-Aktorik für Pkw-Dieselmotoren
6257:
3505:
3458:
3105:
2988:
2771:
2559:
2502:
2442:
2256:
2148:
1906:
1751:
1487:
1460:
1331:
1298:
1288:
1191:
1126:
818:
803:
1912: MAN builds the first double-acting piston two-stroke diesel engine.
746:
443:
394:
390:
277:
262:
183:
156:
3638:
volume 25, Article number: 15, retrieved December 5, 2022
3625:
2486:, Mitsui Mazda IHI Kawasaki Honda Suzuki Subaru Isuzu Nissan plus others
2002:
1656:
The diesel internal combustion engine differs from the gasoline powered
159:
is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to
11041:
11026:
11021:
10788:
10627:
10609:
10520:
10482:
10457:
10338:
10298:
10277:
10272:
10174:
10082:
10014:
9940:
9880:
9811:
9620:
9595:
8843:
8371:
Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren: Funktionsweise, Simulation, Messtechnik
3461:
operating principles due to Otto engine development steps made towards
2514:
2398:
2186:
2112:
2093:
1882:
1778:
1657:
1316:
1242:
807:
555:
In February 1896, Diesel considered supercharging the third prototype.
285:
247:
179:
167:
152:
9142:
Rik D Meininger et al.: "Knock criteria for aviation diesel engines",
9136:
8885:
8862:
7965:
Basiswissen Verbrennungsmotor: Fragen – rechnen – verstehen – bestehen
3070:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
1928:
Medium-speed engines are used in large electrical generators, railway
11189:
11129:
11069:
11036:
10938:
10923:
10883:
10878:
10858:
10838:
10783:
10751:
10746:
10741:
10736:
10731:
10726:
10721:
10716:
10711:
10622:
10599:
10495:
10452:
10293:
10034:
10029:
9816:
9796:
9645:
9459:
8948:, Report for U.S. Department of Transportation, September 1978, p. 19
3694:
3307:
3183:
3030:
2940:
2684:
2676:
2628:
2580:
1905:. Many modern engines, particularly in on-highway applications, have
1245:
becomes the first mass-produced passenger car in the world to have a
1024:
728:
398:
273:
160:
132:
9003:
9001:
8512:. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Archived from
1754:. Due to incomplete combustion, diesel engine exhaust gases include
429:
stated that the compression must be sufficient to trigger ignition.
11427:
11422:
11397:
11134:
10863:
10853:
10843:
10828:
10803:
10647:
10632:
10594:
10566:
10510:
10500:
10437:
10316:
10312:
10184:
9915:
9840:
9806:
9375:
9348:
9321:
9294:
9267:
7902:
Dieselmotor-Management Systeme, Komponenten, Steuerung und Regelung
6905:
6444:
3613:
3427:
3326:
3319:
3196:
3100:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2743:
2737:
2723:
2703:
2653:
2620:
2403:
2222:
2190:
2152:
1830:
1253:
1094:
1073:
648:
1896: October 6, the third and final prototype engine is completed.
601:" (Working Methods and Techniques for Internal Combustion Engines).
537:
251:
175:
5796:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
5591:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
5479:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
5458:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
5437:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
5302:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
5260:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
5212:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
5161:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
5140:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
5119:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
5095:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
5074:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
5053:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
5032:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
5017:. Busch–Sulzer Bros. Diesel Engine Company, St. Louis Busch. 1913.
4950:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
4766:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
4695:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
4674:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
4650:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
4629:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
4605:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
4581:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
4557:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
4536:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
4515:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
4441:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
4420:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
4372:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
4327:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
4306:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
4285:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
4261:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
4240:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
4219:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
4195:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
4035:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
3995:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
3971:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
3903:
First International Conference on Business and technology Transfer
3600:
11074:
11064:
11031:
11006:
11001:
10868:
10833:
10652:
10548:
10490:
10442:
10343:
10227:
9014:. Final. United States Department of Energy. 2003. Archived from
8998:
7899:
7147:
4350:(in German), 32 (4th ed.), Leipzig, DDR: Springer (BSB Teubner),
3952:(in German), 32 (4th ed.), Leipzig, DDR: Springer (BSB Teubner),
3931:(in German), 32 (4th ed.), Leipzig, DDR: Springer (BSB Teubner),
3715:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3377:
3187:
2707:
2692:
2615:
2596:
2592:
2577:
Low risk of catching fire, as they do not form a flammable vapour
2493:
2461:
2413:
2368:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1878:
1699:
1453:
1370:
1309:
1232:
868:
752:
1906: The Diesel Motoren-Fabrik Actien-Gesellschaft is dissolved.
715:
686:
467:
463:
9363:
9336:
9309:
9282:
9255:
6852:
4169: "Perfeccionamientos en los motores de combustión interior."
3682:
3395:
3142:
and on tracks where electrification is not economically viable.
1482:
after it was found that Volkswagen had intentionally programmed
1012:
tanks, widely regarded as the best tank chassis of World War II.
957:
builds the first diesel–electric passenger train in the US, the
626:
1894: February 17, The second prototype runs for the first time.
11084:
10154:
10133:
9910:
9860:
9533:
9458:. Association for Emissions Control by Catalyst. Archived from
9118:
9063:
9061:
9059:
9057:
8962:
Congressman urges FAA to expand use of existing unleaded fuel,"
6197:
US Patent #3,220,392, filed June 4, 1962, granted Nov 30, 1965.
6143:
2998:
2768:
2699:
2688:
1673:
1420:
1275:
1068:
703:
533:
459:
377:
8984:
6891:
6096:
Die Geburt einer Legende: Die Baureihe 300 ist ein großer Wurf
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3702:
2033:
with a turbine that has an axial inflow and a radial outflow.
1294:
1996: First radial piston distributor injection pump by Bosch.
794:. Unlike Diesel, he successfully built working unit injectors.
597:
1893: February 23, Diesel obtains a patent (RP 67207) titled "
10958:
10813:
10382:
8976:
8974:
7749:
6022:
US Patent #2,408,298, filed April 1943, awarded Sept 24, 1946
3897:
Ogata, Masanori; Shimotsuma, Yorikazu (October 20–21, 2002).
3295:
2649:
2518:
1971:
marine diesel engine on board a 29,000 tonne chemical carrier
1886:
1870:
1558:
Preference for the fuel to have a high ignition performance (
1402:. It is fully complying with the Tier2Bin8 emission standard.
1366:
2003: Piezoelectric injector technology by Bosch, and Delphi.
1284:
1994: Unit injector system by Bosch for lorry diesel engines.
1116:
893:
759:
599:
Arbeitsverfahren und Ausführungsart für Verbrennungsmaschinen
529:
455:
9217:
9054:
7188:"What Are Diesel Emissions? Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions"
6745:"Abgasaffäre: VW-Chef Müller spricht von historischer Krise"
2583:
is an easily synthesised, non-petroleum-based fuel (through
1224:
1982: August, Toyota introduces a microprocessor-controlled
1050:
fuel feeding and injection apparatus for oil-burning engines
773:. He later builds the first diesel engine with this system.
57:
Diesel engine built by Langen & Wolf under licence, 1898
10308:
9334:
9307:
9088:"FLIGHT TEST: Diamond Aircraft DA42 - Sparkling performer,"
7154:
Tschöke, Helmut; Mollenhauer, Klaus; Maier, Rudolf (2018).
3732:
2521:
2318:
are more likely to ignite and hence reduce diesel clatter.
1998:
Schematic of a two-stroke diesel engine with a roots blower
1976:
1894:
1257:
1009:
906:
introduces the two-stroke Y-VA (later renamed to Model 32).
706:
had produced 77 diesel engine cylinders for commercial use.
658:
licenses rights to the diesel engine for the US and Canada.
635:
1895: Diesel applies for a second patent US Patent # 608845
544:
system was added to the engine's cylinder head and tested.
135:
film showing the development of the diesel engine from 1877
9253:
8971:
8945:
Assessment of New Technology for General Aviation Aircraft
7066:
Karl-Heinrich Grote, Beate Bender, Dietmar Göhlich (ed.):
3585:
Karl-Heinrich Grote, Beate Bender, Dietmar Göhlich (ed.):
3233:
diesel engines, or in several Junkers aircraft, which had
2698:
Before diesel engine fuel was standardised, fuels such as
2041:
In general, there are three types of scavenging possible:
1948:
the flywheel, which tends to be used for smaller engines.
1334:
three-cylinder diesel engine used in a passenger car (the
1323:(1.9 TDI), with Bosch-developed electronically controlled
1089:
becomes the air-cooled diesel engine global market leader.
11118:
10688:
10576:
10413:
9755:
9225:"Browse Papers on Adiabatic engines : Topic Results"
8325:
Leistung und Weg: Zur Geschichte des MAN Nutzfahrzeugbaus
8249:
Leistung und Weg: Zur Geschichte des MAN Nutzfahrzeugbaus
6974:"The Challenge Of CVTs In Current Heavy-Duty Powertrains"
6859:
Pischinger, Rudolf; Kell, Manfred; Sams, Theodor (2009).
6527:
Dieselmotor-Management – Systeme Komponenten und Regelung
6483:
Dieselmotor-Management – Systeme Komponenten und Regelung
6074:
Leistung und Weg: Zur Geschichte des MAN Nutzfahrzeugbaus
5865:
Dieselmotor-Management – Systeme Komponenten und Regelung
5736:
Leistung und Weg: Zur Geschichte des MAN Nutzfahrzeugbaus
5281:
Ottomotor-Management: Steuerung, Regelung und Überwachung
3649:
Dieselmotor-Management – Systeme Komponenten und Regelung
3122:
on all non-electrified railroads in the world. The first
2792:
2767:, which appeared after World War II. The modern European
2511:
2472:
2025:. The pressure required is approximately 10-30 kPa.
1963:
1874:
1142:
9361:
8809:
Handbuch Dieselmotoren im Kraftwerks- und Schiffsbetrieb
8467:
7666:
Handbuch Dieselmotoren im Kraftwerks- und Schiffsbetrieb
7645:
Handbuch Dieselmotoren im Kraftwerks- und Schiffsbetrieb
7624:
Handbuch Dieselmotoren im Kraftwerks- und Schiffsbetrieb
7603:
Handbuch Dieselmotoren im Kraftwerks- und Schiffsbetrieb
7553:
Handbuch Dieselmotoren im Kraftwerks- und Schiffsbetrieb
7508:
Handbuch Dieselmotoren im Kraftwerks- und Schiffsbetrieb
7487:
Handbuch Dieselmotoren im Kraftwerks- und Schiffsbetrieb
7449:
Handbuch Dieselmotoren im Kraftwerks- und Schiffsbetrieb
7425:
Handbuch Dieselmotoren im Kraftwerks- und Schiffsbetrieb
7404:
Handbuch Dieselmotoren im Kraftwerks- und Schiffsbetrieb
7333:
Handbuch Dieselmotoren im Kraftwerks- und Schiffsbetrieb
6428:
6371:
Handbuch Dieselmotoren im Kraftwerks- und Schiffsbetrieb
5760:
Handbuch Dieselmotoren im Kraftwerks- und Schiffsbetrieb
5368:
Handbuch Dieselmotoren im Kraftwerks- und Schiffsbetrieb
4742:
Handbuch Dieselmotoren im Kraftwerks- und Schiffsbetrieb
9202:
Helmut Tschöke, Klaus Mollenhauer, Rudolf Maier (ed.):
8602:
Helmut Tschöke, Klaus Mollenhauer, Rudolf Maier (ed.):
8581:
Helmut Tschöke, Klaus Mollenhauer, Rudolf Maier (ed.):
7845:
Helmut Tschöke, Klaus Mollenhauer, Rudolf Maier (ed.):
7381:
Helmut Tschöke, Klaus Mollenhauer, Rudolf Maier (ed.):
7153:
6997:
Elektromobilität Grundlagen und Praxis; mit 21 Tabellen
6770:
6768:
6766:
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6044:
Helmut Tschöke, Klaus Mollenhauer, Rudolf Maier (ed.):
5525:
Helmut Tschöke, Klaus Mollenhauer, Rudolf Maier (ed.):
5414:
Helmut Tschöke, Klaus Mollenhauer, Rudolf Maier (ed.):
4714:
Helmut Tschöke, Klaus Mollenhauer, Rudolf Maier (ed.):
4492:
Helmut Tschöke, Klaus Mollenhauer, Rudolf Maier (ed.):
3905:. Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers. Archived from
3306:; but diesel engines do not require leaded fuel. Also,
1369:
2004: BMW introduces dual-stage turbocharging with the
9280:
8442:
8338:
8212:
8187:
7158:(in German). Wiesbaden: Springer Vieweg. p. 813.
7123:
Diesel engine management : systems and components
7090:
Diesel engine management : systems and components
6863:(in German). Wien: Springer-Verlag. pp. 137–138.
6390:
6242:
3244:
developed America's first aircraft diesel engine, the
2084:
The fuel is injected at high pressure into either the
673:
1899: The first two-stroke diesel engine, invented by
6221:
5986:
4148:
Method Of and Apparatus For Converting Heat Into Work
2280:
1463:
systems working with pressures of 2,500 bar launched.
1076:
centre sphere combustion chamber type diesel engine (
401:
compression principles which Linde had acquired from
8530:
associated with an increased risk for bladder cancer
7900:
Reif, Konrad; Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden (2020).
7377:
7375:
6763:
6200:
6007:
5835:
5833:
5773:
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as fuel for the diesel engine. However, Diesel just
2358:
2345:
engines used a system to introduce small amounts of
1301:
diesel engine for a passenger car, the Fiat 1.9 JTD.
9162:. Army News Service. August 5, 2005. Archived from
8878:"First in Flight," "Diesel Engines," May 24, 2019,
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7213:"NRAO Green Bank Site RFI Regulations for Visitors"
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6320:
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6314:
6312:
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6308:
6306:
6304:
6302:
5883:
5881:
5631:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5404:
3670:"Every New 2021 Diesel for Sale in the U.S. Today,"
3263:—first ever for an aircraft diesel engine—from the
2591:or else use them as an additive to gasoline (e.g.,
2036:
1590:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
1376:2006: The world's most powerful diesel engine, the
645:
completes the third and final prototype's drawings.
9500:"The Engine That Powers the World" BBC Documentary
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7510:, Vieweg (Springer), Braunschweig/Wiesbaden 1984,
7489:, Vieweg (Springer), Braunschweig/Wiesbaden 1984,
7451:, Vieweg (Springer), Braunschweig/Wiesbaden 1984,
7427:, Vieweg (Springer), Braunschweig/Wiesbaden 1984,
7406:, Vieweg (Springer), Braunschweig/Wiesbaden 1984,
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5341:
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783:1910: MAN starts making two-stroke diesel engines.
9489:"Introduction to Two Stroke Marine Diesel Engine"
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8346:Die Betriebsstoffe für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen
8220:Die Betriebsstoffe für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen
8195:Die Betriebsstoffe für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen
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7839:
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4488:
4486:
4390:
4388:
3793:
3791:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3443:A special class of prototype internal combustion
3327:Frank Thielert and his Austrian engine enterprise
2568:Low fuel costs, as fuel oils are relatively cheap
2553:
1967:The MAN B&W 5S50MC, a two-stroke, low-speed,
11468:
9403:
9126:EPS gives certification update on diesel engine,
8780:
8759:
8740:
8738:
8714:
8695:
8693:
8691:
8617:
8410:
8408:
8286:
8262:
8168:
8166:
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6885:
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5204:
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5111:
5026:
5024:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4789:Theory and Construction of a Rational Heat Motor
4760:
4758:
4668:
4666:
4623:
4621:
4599:
4597:
4575:
4573:
4366:
4364:
4340:
4279:
4277:
4213:
4211:
4189:
4187:
3989:
3987:
3942:
3921:
3868:
3866:
3581:
3579:
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2262:
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588:Theory and Construction of a Rational Heat Motor
408:Theory and Construction of a Rational Heat Motor
9382:
9301:
9160:"Army awards 'Warrior' long-range UAV contract"
8667:
8641:
7978:
7597:
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7468:
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5889:The Complete Book of North American Railroading
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5710:"History of the DLG – Agritechnica's organizer"
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5323:Ein Jahrhundert Automobiltechnik: Personenwagen
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559:, who was ordered to draw the third prototype "
9743:
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8007:"Engine & fuel engineering – Diesel Noise"
7768:
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3759:
3749:December 30, 2020 Updated: December 31, 2020,
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3399:Air-cooled diesel engine of a 1959 Porsche 218
1351:Audi R10 TDI, 2006 24 Hours of Le Mans winner.
1019:forms the GM Diesel Division, later to become
831:diesels are installed on commercial ships and
10398:
9729:
9549:
9529:Internal Combustion Engine #608845 filed 1895
9247:
8895:"Packard-Diesel Powered Buhl Air Sedan, 1930"
8735:
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8554:
8405:
8384:
8163:
8142:
8089:
7818:
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7679:
7658:
7545:
7500:
7479:
7346:
6831:
6789:
6737:
6666:
6626:
6191:
6178:
6016:
5923:
5788:
5583:
5562:
5540:
5471:
5450:
5429:
5294:
5273:
5252:
5201:
5153:
5132:
5108:
5087:
5066:
5045:
5021:
4942:
4851:
4822:
4796:
4755:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4687:
4663:
4642:
4618:
4594:
4570:
4549:
4528:
4507:
4433:
4412:
4361:
4319:
4298:
4274:
4253:
4232:
4208:
4184:
4172:
4027:
3984:
3963:
3863:
3576:
3438:
2991:and is associated with an increased risk for
2746:: up to 10,400 kcal·kg (43.5 MJ·kg)
1516:, instead of an ignition apparatus such as a
1441:developed and started mass production of its
859:1919: Prosper L'Orange obtains a patent on a
610:1893: July, the first prototype is completed.
170:-ignition of the air-fuel mixture, such as a
9337:"Development of Model 6105 Adiabatic Engine"
9328:
9274:
8911:Aircraft Engine Historical Society – Diesels
8319:Hans Christian Graf von Seherr-Thoß (auth):
8243:Hans Christian Graf von Seherr-Thoß (auth):
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2999:Engine runaway (uncontrollable overspeeding)
2787:). Also, some diesel engines can operate on
1105:passenger car diesel engine (Borgward/Fiat).
466:(No. 113,139) in December 1894, and in
9409:Günter P. Merker, Rüdiger Teichmann (ed.):
9388:Günter P. Merker, Rüdiger Teichmann (ed.):
9152:
9072:Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge,
8876:"The Packard DR-980 Radial Aircraft Diesel"
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3298:") generally require the addition of toxic
1901:. As of 2018, most high-speed engines have
1562:), rather than a high knocking resistance (
1508:The characteristics of a diesel engine are
257:Diesel engines may be designed with either
10405:
10391:
9736:
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9556:
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7988:, 23rd edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017,
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5994:T-34: The Red Army's Legendary Medium Tank
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3536:Reactivity controlled compression ignition
3390:
3199:. Submarines are usually diesel–electric.
1409:for passenger car diesel engines with the
1380:, is produced. It is rated 80,080 kW.
1330:1999: Daimler-Chrysler presents the first
1133:to be offered with a diesel engine option.
810:with a diesel engine is used on the Swiss
508:
272:. Since the 1910s, they have been used in
51:
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9392:, 7th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2014,
9206:, 8th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2018,
9144:International Journal of Engine Research,
8748:, 8th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017,
8724:, 7th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2014,
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7849:, 8th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2018,
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6048:, 8th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2018,
5867:, 5th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2012,
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3587:Dubbel – Taschenbuch für den Maschinenbau
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3521:History of the internal combustion engine
3259:On March 6, 1930, the engine received an
3112:
2755:The first diesel fuel standards were the
2068:Bi-fuel vehicle § Diesel conversions
1857:Medium-speed engines (300–1,000 rpm), and
1618:Learn how and when to remove this message
1602:, without removing the technical details.
1486:(TDI) diesel engines to activate certain
1154:1964: Summer, Daimler-Benz switches from
727:1904: The French launch the first diesel
10809:Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe
9802:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
8310:
8237:
7999:
7578:"Could Our Cars Get Two Stroke Diesels?"
7237:
6287:. Crain Communications, Inc., Detroit MI
6165:Unimog 406 – Typengeschichte und Technik
6059:
3421:
3394:
3170:
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3086:Lifespan of Mercedes-Benz diesel engines
2614:
2362:
2334:, whilst larger heavy-duty engines have
2321:
2284:
2201:
2174:Ricardo Comet indirect injection chamber
2169:
2111:
2001:
1993:
1962:
1919:
1834:fuel consumption and exhaust emissions.
1698:
1652:Reciprocating internal combustion engine
1637:
1629:
1346:
1141:
1067:
1008:diesel engine, later used in the Soviet
879:
695:1901: Imanuel Lauster designs the first
685:
352:
339:
328:
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11155:Homogeneous charge compression ignition
9178:"ERMP Extended-Range Multi-Purpose UAV"
8585:8th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2018,
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8174:Grundlagen Fahrzeug- und Motorentechnik
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6281:"How Volkswagen built a diesel dynasty"
5556:
5225:
4083:Diesel's Rational Heat Motor: A Lecture
3463:homogeneous charge compression ignition
2687:, which was soon replaced with regular
2640:). Diesel fuel should also have a high
1566:) that is preferred for petrol engines.
1165:, eventually to be manufactured by the
336:'s 1893 patent on a rational heat motor
14:
11469:
8535:
8499:
8369:Christian Schwarz, Rüdiger Teichmann:
7800:"Diesel Fuel Injection – How-It-Works"
7576:Shriber, Sterling (January 11, 2015).
7314:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
7274:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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5779:
4785:
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4079:
3451:
2387:
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9717:
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8828:Kyrill von Gersdorff, Kurt Grasmann:
8327:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 1991.
8251:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 1991.
7904:(in German). Wiesbaden. p. 393.
7756:from the original on February 3, 2011
7469:Kettering, E.W. (November 29, 1951).
7205:
6994:
6953:from the original on October 10, 2006
6673:Jordans, Frank (September 21, 2015).
6076:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 1991.
5780:Pearce, William (September 1, 2012).
5738:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 1991.
5005:
3890:
3606:
3182:Hand-cranking a boat diesel motor in
2165:
1869:High-speed engines are used to power
1676:) void in the top of the piston or a
1600:make it understandable to non-experts
1246:
1158:to helix-controlled direct injection.
842:dies mysteriously while crossing the
265:
9434:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 2017,
9070:, in Chapter 7: "Aircraft Systems,"
8882:magazine, retrieved December 5, 2022
8321:Die Technik des MAN Nutzfahrzeugbaus
8245:Die Technik des MAN Nutzfahrzeugbaus
7120:
7087:
6776:Vieweg Handbuch Kraftfahrzeugtechnik
6070:Die Technik des MAN Nutzfahrzeugbaus
5933:, The Crowood Press, Ramsbury 2014,
5798:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
5593:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
5481:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
5460:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
5439:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
5304:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
5262:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
5214:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
5163:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
5142:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
5121:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
5097:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
5076:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
5055:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
5034:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
4952:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
4768:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
4697:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
4676:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
4652:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
4631:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
4607:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
4583:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
4559:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
4538:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
4517:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
4443:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
4422:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
4374:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
4329:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
4308:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
4287:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
4263:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
4242:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
4221:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
4197:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
4086:. Progressive Age Publishing Company
4037:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
3997:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
3973:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962,
3617:, Hearst Autos, Inc., archived from
3056:
2956:
2654:MAN centre sphere combustion chamber
2243:system, also known as "Pumpe-Düse" (
1854:High-speed engines (> 1,000 rpm),
1784:
1574:
1474:issued a notice of violation of the
1278:emission standard comes into effect.
975:diesel engine for testing purposes.
438:In 1892, Diesel received patents in
9231:. SAE International. Archived from
8989:"Diesels are the Way for GA to Go,"
8701:Dieselmotor-Management im Überblick
8562:Dieselmotor-Management im Überblick
8392:Dieselmotor-Management im Überblick
8150:Dieselmotor-Management im Überblick
8076:Dieselmotor-Management im Überblick
7826:Dieselmotor-Management im Überblick
7779:Dieselmotor-Management im Überblick
7729:Dieselmotor-Management im Überblick
7359:Dieselmotor-Management im Überblick
6839:Dieselmotor-Management im Überblick
6797:Dieselmotor-Management im Überblick
6459:Dieselmotor-Management im Überblick
5817:Dieselmotor-Management im Überblick
4465:Rudolf Diesel and the Diesel Engine
4080:Diesel, Rudolf (October 28, 1897).
3563:Dieselmotor-Management im Überblick
3240:In 1929, in the United States, the
3038:passenger cars are diesel-powered.
2930:DIN 51601 diesel fuel was prone to
2107:
1989:
1944:engines, which are all two-stroke.
1194:injection begins at the ETH Zürich.
24:
11482:Internal combustion piston engines
9694:Timeline of heat engine technology
9113:Continental Aerospace Technologies
8487:from the original on July 15, 2011
8118:, Odhams Press, London 1939, p. 73
7984:Alfred Böge, Wolfgang Böge (ed.):
7584:. Babcox Media Inc. Archived from
6999:(in German). München. p. 53.
5660:. Cengage Learning. pp. 97–.
5235:Turbocharging Performance Handbook
5232:Jeff Hartman (September 9, 2023).
4786:Diesel, Rudolf (August 23, 1894).
3747:"Diamond Rolls Out 500th DA40 NG,"
3342:Continental Aerospace Technologies
2302:two-cylinder diesel engine at idle
1860:Slow-speed engines (< 300 rpm).
1108:1954: Daimler-Benz introduces the
528:, he succeeded in convincing both
470:(No. 86,633) in 1895 and the
214:The diesel engine has the highest
143:, named after the German engineer
27:Type of internal combustion engine
25:
11508:
10819:Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville
9448:
8323:, in MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG (ed.):
8247:, in MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG (ed.):
6072:, in MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG (ed.):
3609:"10 Diesel Cars That Time Forgot"
3018:
2371:passenger car turbo-diesel engine
2359:Supercharging & turbocharging
2228:
2079:
1837:
1803:
1163:diesel compression braking system
364:Fuel consumption 324 g·kW·h.
9563:
8936:
8822:
7700:
7462:
7225:from the original on May 4, 2006
7180:
6130:Andrew Roberts (July 10, 2007).
5973:Die Hindenburg: Gigant der Lüfte
5569:. Voyageur Press. pp. 34–.
3271:, combined to kill the program.
3061:
2675:, Rudolf Diesel considers using
2037:Scavenging in two-stroke engines
1579:
1490:controls only during laboratory
1405:2008: Volkswagen introduces the
349:Fuel consumption 519 g·kW·h
324:
9904:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
9075:Federal Aviation Administration
8475:"MSDS Low Sulfur Diesel #2.doc"
8456:. Vol. 1. Springer, Wien 1939,
8352:. Vol. 1. Springer, Wien 1939,
8297:Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors
8273:Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors
8226:. Vol. 1. Springer, Wien 1939,
8201:. Vol. 1. Springer, Wien 1939,
7049:. Vol. 2. Springer, Wien 1939,
6681:. CBS Detroit. Associated Press
6565:, 2nd edition, Springer, 2005,
4974:Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors
4923:
4910:Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors
4886:Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors
4862:Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors
4838:Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors
4460:
4399:Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors
4153:
3877:Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors
3850:Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors
3826:Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors
3802:Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors
3775:Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors
3720:"Inside the Diesel Revolution,"
3349:Federal Aviation Administration
3050:Commercial vehicles and lorries
3010:
2455:Doosan infracore, Doosan Marine
2116:Different types of piston bowls
1642:Diesel engine model, right side
1363:injector technology by Siemens.
1156:precombustion chamber injection
771:precombustion chamber injection
762:) with a diesel engine appears.
193:
11456:Template:EC car classification
10412:
8832:, Bernard & Graefe, 1985,
8116:How it works and how it's done
6227:Richard van Basshuysen (ed.):
6206:Richard van Basshuysen (ed.):
5734:, in: Nutzfahrzeuge AG (ed.):
3636:Environmental Sciences Europe,
2804:Modern diesel fuel properties
2554:Fuel and fluid characteristics
1734:air–fuel equivalence ratio (λ)
1634:Diesel engine model, left side
1002:Konstantin Fyodorovich Chelpan
863:insert incorporating a needle
755:1908: Diesel's patents expire.
741:1905: The first diesel engine
13:
1:
9133:. Retrieved November 1, 2019.
9009:"Biodiesel – Just the Basics"
8454:Die Verbrennungskraftmaschine
8350:Die Verbrennungskraftmaschine
8224:Die Verbrennungskraftmaschine
8199:Die Verbrennungskraftmaschine
7047:Die Verbrennungskraftmaschine
6972:Michael Soimar (April 2000).
6751:. Reuters. September 28, 2015
6703:. US: EPA. September 18, 2015
6112:, Springer, Heidelberg 1987,
5843:, Springer, Düsseldorf 1986,
5643:. Automobile Quarterly. 1974.
5325:, Springer, Düsseldorf 1986,
3607:Ramey, Jay (April 13, 2021),
3542:
3531:Partially premixed combustion
3154:
2799:Modern diesel fuel properties
2664:
2263:Diesel engine particularities
1723:
1484:turbocharged direct injection
1396:selective catalytic reduction
1030:high-speed medium-horsepower
892:1923: December 15, the first
812:Winterthur–Romanshorn railway
9115:, retrieved December 5, 2022
9077:, retrieved December 5, 2022
8550:(125). Brussels, Belgium: 6.
8448:A. v. Philippovich (auth.):
8373:. Springer. Wiesbaden 2012,
8344:A. v. Philippovich (auth.):
8218:A. v. Philippovich (auth.):
8193:A. v. Philippovich (auth.):
7967:. Springer, Wiesbaden 2014,
6260:(online). September 27, 1976
5931:Citroën – The Complete Story
5283:, Springer, Wiesbaden 2014,
5187:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1506–.
4014:US patent (granted in 1895)
3491:Diesel–electric transmission
3254:electromagnetic interference
2061:
1739:
1468:Volkswagen emissions scandal
1167:Jacobs Manufacturing Company
474:(No. 608,845) in 1898.
233:engine due to its very high
7:
9378:– via papers.sae.org.
9351:– via papers.sae.org.
9324:– via papers.sae.org.
9297:– via papers.sae.org.
9270:– via papers.sae.org.
8101:September 13, 2017, at the
6675:"EPA: Volkswagon [
6439:. Vol. 1. p. 87.
6425:, magazine 06/2013, pp. 100
6279:Georg Auer (May 21, 2001).
5566:American Diesel Locomotives
5505:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 245–.
4096:diesel rational heat motor.
3468:
3304:pre-ignition and detonation
3265:U.S. Department of Commerce
3248:—an air-cooled, 9-cylinder
3206:
3132:diesel–electric locomotives
2571:Good lubrication properties
1916:Medium-speed diesel engines
1503:
1398:exhaust gas treatment, the
1185:Allstoff-Direkteinspritzung
986:1936: March 4, the airship
867:. First diesel engine from
570:
380:, attended the lectures of
372:, who was a student at the
362:Effective efficiency 26.2%
347:Effective efficiency 16.6%
182:(using a gaseous fuel like
34:. For the game engine, see
10:
11513:
11145:Gasoline / petrol
10909:Roadster / Spider / Spyder
9745:Internal combustion engine
9510:
9368:SAE Technical Paper Series
9341:SAE Technical Paper Series
9314:SAE Technical Paper Series
9287:SAE Technical Paper Series
9260:SAE Technical Paper Series
9109:"Certified Jet-A Engines,"
9096:retrieved December 5, 2022
8995:retrieved December 6, 2022
8968:retrieved December 6, 2022
8931:"Diesel Aviation Engines,"
8920:Retrieved: 30 January 2009
8901:retrieved December 5, 2022
8859:retrieved December 5, 2022
8541:
8031:: Slide 37. Archived from
6894:SAE Technical Paper Series
6437:SAE Technical Paper Series
6167:. Geramond, München 2016,
5181:Spencer C. Tucker (2014).
4346:Sittauer, Hans L. (1990),
4179:Internal-Combustion Engine
3948:Sittauer, Hans L. (1990),
3927:Sittauer, Hans L. (1990),
3756:retrieved December 5, 2022
3729:retrieved December 5, 2022
3699:retrieved December 5, 2022
3679:retrieved December 5, 2022
3439:Low heat rejection engines
3302:to avgas, to avoid engine
3229:which was powered by four
3210:
3022:
2983:has been classified as an
2925:
2557:
2374:
2232:
2209:
2177:
2119:
2065:
1743:
1645:
1321:VW EA188 Pumpe-Düse engine
1297:1997: First mass-produced
1206:Mercedes-Benz OM617 engine
1101:1953: First mass-produced
749:are manufactured by Büchi.
319:
244:combined cycle gas turbine
149:internal combustion engine
67:Internal combustion engine
29:
11441:
11365:
11285:(engine / drive)
11279:
11251:
11198:
11050:
10972:
10764:
10702:
10661:
10608:
10575:
10547:
10519:
10481:
10430:
10421:
10362:
10326:
10286:
10241:
10213:Diesel particulate filter
10198:
10165:Idle air control actuator
10147:
10114:
10106:Engine control unit (ECU)
10096:
10043:
9997:
9959:
9879:
9764:
9751:
9702:
9689:
9671:
9571:
8656:, Springer, Berlin 1893,
8299:, Springer, Berlin 1913,
8275:, Springer, Berlin 1913,
5688:. St. James Press. 1996.
5499:John W. Klooster (2009).
4976:, Springer, Berlin 1913,
4912:, Springer, Berlin 1913,
4888:, Springer, Berlin 1913,
4864:, Springer, Berlin 1913,
4840:, Springer, Berlin 1913,
4811:, Springer, Berlin 1893,
4401:, Springer, Berlin 1913,
3879:, Springer, Berlin 1913,
3852:, Springer, Berlin 1913,
3828:, Springer, Berlin 1913,
3804:, Springer, Berlin 1913,
3777:, Springer, Berlin 1913,
3418:Stationary diesel engines
3335:Diamond DA40 Diamond Star
3274:
3261:Approved Type Certificate
3025:History of the diesel car
2975:
2951:
2312:exhaust gas recirculation
1865:High-speed diesel engines
1798:National Radio Quiet Zone
1794:radio frequency emissions
1190:1976: Development of the
1179:1972: KHD introduces the
979:starts manufacturing the
200:exhaust gas recirculation
108: (131 years ago)
102:
92:
82:
72:
62:
50:
45:
10924:Sedan delivery/Panel van
10278:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
10190:Throttle position sensor
9899:Overhead camshaft layout
9456:"Diesel Information Hub"
8981:Hanke, Kurt F., engineer
8899:Early Birds of Aviation,
7687:Dual-fuel Diesel engines
7192:www.NettTechnologies.com
5730:Wilfried Lochte (auth):
4469:. London: Priory Press.
4016:#542846 pdfpiw.uspto.gov
3486:Diesel automobile racing
3217:
2877:Viscosity at 40 °C
2298:Engine noise of a 1950s
2281:Noise ("diesel clatter")
1959:Low-speed diesel engines
1431:
1389:2006 24 Hours of Le Mans
1342:
1268:
1215:
1173:
1137:
1063:
1038:
971:is fitted with an early
964:, using a Winton engine.
923:
884:Fairbanks Morse model 32
875:
790:applies for a patent on
777:
769:applies for a patent on
681:
575:
534:Maschinenfabrik Augsburg
503:falsification of history
360:Rated power 13.1 kW
314:unmanned aerial vehicles
30:For the locomotive, see
11185:Liquified petroleum gas
10997:Driverless (autonomous)
9817:Core plug (freeze plug)
9522:April 26, 2021, at the
9477:The Diesel Story (1952)
9146:Vol 18, Issue 7, 2017,
8960:Wood, Janice (editor):
8452:. In: Hans List (ed.):
8348:. In: Hans List (ed.):
8222:. In: Hans List (ed.):
8197:. In: Hans List (ed.):
7045:. In: Hans List (ed.):
6401:10.1109/TIE.1985.350099
6108:Olaf von Fersen (ed.):
5996:, Pen and Sword, 2015,
5839:Olaf von Fersen (ed.):
5321:Olaf von Fersen (ed.):
4021:April 26, 2021, at the
3668:Huffman, John Pearley:
3404:Non-road diesel engines
3391:Non-road diesel engines
2985:IARC Group 1 carcinogen
2267:
2052:Reverse flow scavenging
1823:electronic control unit
1710:pressure–volume diagram
1378:Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C
1260:of 1.35 MPa and a
1057:Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz
758:1908: The first lorry (
509:The first diesel engine
462:(No. 243,531) and
188:liquefied petroleum gas
11090:Compressed natural gas
11017:Personal rapid transit
9204:Handbuch Dieselmotoren
9042:Cite journal requires
8993:Ge eral Aviation News,
8966:General Aviation News,
8786:Hans Kremser (auth.):
8765:Hans Kremser (auth.):
8604:Handbuch Dieselmotoren
8583:Handbuch Dieselmotoren
8437:BMW E28 owner's manual
8127:Hans Kremser (auth.):
8056:Cite journal requires
7847:Handbuch Dieselmotoren
7383:Handbuch Dieselmotoren
7156:Handbuch Dieselmotoren
6725:. NPR. October 8, 2015
6613:Handbuch Dieselmotoren
6395:. IE-32 (4): 289–293.
6285:Automotive News Europe
6046:Handbuch Dieselmotoren
5992:Anthony Tucker-Jones:
5950:Hans Kremser (auth.):
5908:Hans Kremser (auth.):
5563:Brian Solomon (2000).
5552:. 1921. pp. 590–.
5527:Handbuch Dieselmotoren
5416:Handbuch Dieselmotoren
4792:. E. & F. N. Spon.
4716:Handbuch Dieselmotoren
4494:Handbuch Dieselmotoren
4461:Moon, John F. (1974).
3476:Aircraft diesel engine
3431:
3412:agricultural machinery
3408:construction equipment
3406:are commonly used for
3400:
3331:Diamond DA42 Twin Star
3292:environmental movement
3213:Aircraft diesel engine
3191:
3168:
3126:appeared in 1913, and
3113:Railroad rolling stock
2833:Density at 15 °C
2814:EN 14214 (as of 2010)
2624:
2607:in a carburetor, or a
2372:
2352:mass moment of inertia
2303:
2207:
2175:
2117:
2007:
1999:
1972:
1925:
1705:
1643:
1635:
1352:
1150:
1110:Mercedes-Benz OM 312 A
1103:swirl chamber injected
1081:
1048:obtains a patent on a
973:swirl chamber injected
885:
699:diesel engine (DM 70).
691:
365:
350:
337:
136:
11356:Dual motor-four-wheel
10954:Town (Coupé de Ville)
9636:Steam (reciprocating)
9021:on September 18, 2007
8519:on September 12, 2012
7121:Reif, Konrad (2014).
7088:Reif, Konrad (2014).
6995:Karle, Anton (2015).
6256:. Vol. 40/1976.
6184:Daimler Media :
6035:. MTZ 8, 33–38 (1946)
5654:Sean Bennett (2016).
3425:
3398:
3242:Packard Motor Company
3181:
3162:
3128:diesel multiple units
3005:diesel engine runaway
2819:Ignition performance
2720:petroleum distillates
2618:
2448:Sulzer (manufacturer)
2366:
2322:Cold weather starting
2297:
2205:
2173:
2122:Direct fuel injection
2115:
2006:Detroit Diesel timing
2005:
1997:
1966:
1923:
1899:electrical generators
1702:
1641:
1633:
1447:variable valve timing
1423:introduces the first
1350:
1308:race with a modified
1264:of 198 g/(kW·h).
1145:
1071:
1023:, and introduces the
947:A Century of Progress
937:. By the outbreak of
883:
861:precombustion chamber
689:
356:
343:
332:
130:
87:Energy transformation
11367:Engine configuration
10058:Compression ignition
9462:on February 24, 2020
9129:, January 23, 2019,
8929:Wilkinson, Paul H.:
8439:, 1985, section 4–20
7588:on December 9, 2022.
6984:on December 7, 2008.
6590:on February 24, 2019
5891:, Book Sales, 2016,
5640:Automobile Quarterly
3136:electric locomotives
3097:power-to-mass ratios
3042:in conjunction with
2961:Diesel fuel is less
2913:Lower heating value
2883:3.5...5.0 mm·s
2880:2.0...4.5 mm·s
2839:860...900 kg·m
2836:820...845 kg·m
2811:EN 590 (as of 2009)
2724:coal-tar distillates
2048:Crossflow scavenging
1969:inline five-cylinder
1662:compression ignition
1536:stoichiometric ratio
1514:compression ignition
1425:horizontally opposed
1400:Mercedes-Benz OM 642
1306:24 Hours Nürburgring
1147:Mercedes-Benz OM 352
981:Mercedes-Benz OM 138
931:Junkers Motorenwerke
838:1913: September 29,
36:Diesel (game engine)
11373:internal combustion
11175:Internal combustion
10982:All-terrain vehicle
10904:Retractable hardtop
10208:Catalytic converter
9705:Thermodynamic cycle
9616:Pistonless (Rotary)
9606:Photo-Carnot engine
9166:on January 2, 2007.
8699:Konrad Reif (ed.):
8560:Konrad Reif (ed.):
8390:Konrad Reif (ed.):
8172:Konrad Reif (ed.):
8148:Konrad Reif (ed.):
8074:Konrad Reif (ed.):
7824:Konrad Reif (ed.):
7777:Konrad Reif (ed.):
7752:. Firstdiesel.com.
7727:Konrad Reif (ed.):
7357:Konrad Reif (ed.):
7256:on January 23, 2010
6837:Konrad Reif (ed.):
6795:Konrad Reif (ed.):
6525:Konrad Reif (ed.):
6481:Konrad Reif (ed.):
6457:Konrad Reif (ed.):
6423:Auto Service Praxis
6163:Carl-Heinz Vogler:
5863:Konrad Reif (ed.):
5815:Konrad Reif (ed.):
5611:John Pease (2003).
5279:Konrad Reif (ed.):
3647:Konrad Reif (ed.):
3621:on December 6, 2022
3561:Konrad Reif (ed.):
3452:Future developments
3347:The United States'
3288:1970s energy crisis
3237:engines installed.
3231:Daimler-Benz DB 602
3148:Deutsche Reichsbahn
2805:
2642:lower heating value
2585:transesterification
2574:High energy density
2388:Major manufacturers
2336:flame-start systems
2259:injection systems.
2212:Air-blast injection
2198:Air-blast injection
2011:Four-stroke engines
1846:RPM operating range
1571:Thermodynamic cycle
1499:Operating principle
1304:1998: BMW wins the
1226:engine control unit
995:Mercedes-Benz 260 D
786:1910: November 26,
542:air-blast injection
458:(No. 16,654),
416:rational heat motor
290:1970s energy crisis
231:external combustion
11487:1893 introductions
10334:Knocking / pinging
9926:Combustion chamber
9235:on August 23, 2017
8964:October 24, 2012,
8916:2012-02-12 at the
8035:on August 16, 2005
8009:. November 9, 2005
7296:on January 7, 2009
6638:, Elsevier, 2009,
6508:, Elsevier, 2009,
5712:. November 2, 2017
5549:Rivers and Harbors
3526:Indirect injection
3432:
3401:
3286:However, with the
3192:
3169:
3124:diesel locomotives
2803:
2625:
2531:Iran Khodro Diesel
2373:
2304:
2208:
2180:Indirect injection
2176:
2166:Indirect injection
2118:
2102:indirect injection
2086:combustion chamber
2045:Uniflow scavenging
2018:Two-stroke engines
2008:
2000:
1973:
1930:diesel locomotives
1926:
1764:particulate matter
1706:
1644:
1636:
1353:
1274:1992: 1 July, the
1151:
1082:
1078:4 VD 14,5/12-1 SRW
886:
692:
366:
351:
338:
276:and ships. Use in
216:thermal efficiency
209:air-fuel ratio (λ)
137:
11497:German inventions
11464:
11463:
10760:
10759:
10529:Compact executive
10380:
10379:
10349:Stratified charge
10116:Electrical system
10098:Engine management
9931:Compression ratio
9871:Starter ring gear
9770:rotating assembly
9711:
9710:
9440:978-3-662-53722-0
9419:978-3-658-03194-7
9398:978-3-658-03194-7
9212:978-3-658-07696-2
8817:978-3-528-14889-8
8796:978-3-7091-5016-0
8775:978-3-7091-5016-0
8754:978-3-658-10901-1
8730:978-3-658-03194-7
8709:978-3-658-06554-6
8683:978-3-658-03194-7
8662:978-3-642-64949-3
8636:978-3-658-03194-7
8612:978-3-658-07696-2
8591:978-3-658-07696-2
8570:978-3-658-06554-6
8462:978-3-662-27981-6
8424:978-3-658-10901-1
8400:978-3-658-06554-6
8379:978-3-8348-1987-1
8358:978-3-662-27981-6
8333:978-3-642-93490-2
8305:978-3-642-64940-0
8281:978-3-642-64940-0
8257:978-3-642-93490-2
8232:978-3-662-27981-6
8207:978-3-662-27981-6
8182:978-3-658-12635-3
8158:978-3-658-06554-6
8137:978-3-7091-5016-0
8095:The Free Library
8084:978-3-658-06554-6
7994:978-3-658-12528-8
7973:978-3-658-06187-6
7963:Klaus Schreiner:
7952:978-3-8348-8298-1
7911:978-3-658-25072-0
7888:978-3-658-03194-7
7855:978-3-658-07696-2
7834:978-3-658-06554-6
7787:978-3-658-06554-6
7737:978-3-658-06554-6
7695:978-1-4987-0309-3
7674:978-3-528-14889-8
7653:978-3-528-14889-8
7632:978-3-528-14889-8
7611:978-3-528-14889-8
7561:978-3-528-14889-8
7540:978-3-658-03194-7
7516:978-3-528-14889-8
7495:978-3-528-14889-8
7457:978-3-528-14889-8
7433:978-3-528-14889-8
7412:978-3-528-14889-8
7391:978-3-658-07696-2
7367:978-3-658-06554-6
7341:978-3-528-14889-8
7165:978-3-658-07697-9
7132:978-3-658-03981-3
7099:978-3-658-03981-3
7076:978-3-662-54804-2
7055:978-3-7091-5197-6
7006:978-3-446-44339-6
6928:978-3-658-10901-1
6870:978-3-211-99277-7
6847:978-3-658-06554-6
6826:978-3-662-28196-3
6805:978-3-658-06554-6
6784:978-3-658-09528-4
6621:978-3-658-07696-2
6535:978-3-8348-1715-0
6491:978-3-8348-1715-0
6467:978-3-658-06554-6
6379:978-3-528-14889-8
6355:978-3-658-03194-7
6334:978-3-658-03194-7
6173:978-3-86245-576-8
6118:978-3-662-01120-1
6082:978-3-642-93490-2
6054:978-3-658-07696-2
5960:978-3-7091-5016-0
5939:978-1-84797-660-4
5918:978-3-7091-5016-0
5873:978-3-8348-1715-0
5849:978-3-642-95773-4
5825:978-3-658-06554-6
5804:978-3-662-11843-6
5768:978-3-528-14889-8
5744:978-3-642-93490-2
5695:978-1-55862-327-9
5667:978-1-305-57855-5
5624:978-1-84306-105-2
5599:978-3-662-11843-6
5576:978-1-61060-605-9
5535:978-3-658-07696-2
5512:978-0-313-34743-6
5487:978-3-662-11843-6
5466:978-3-662-11843-6
5445:978-3-662-11843-6
5424:978-3-658-07696-2
5376:978-3-528-14889-8
5355:978-3-658-03194-7
5331:978-3-642-95773-4
5310:978-3-662-11843-6
5289:978-3-8348-1416-6
5268:978-3-662-11843-6
5245:978-1-61059-231-4
5220:978-3-662-11843-6
5194:978-1-85109-965-8
5169:978-3-662-11843-6
5148:978-3-662-11843-6
5127:978-3-662-11843-6
5103:978-3-662-11843-6
5082:978-3-662-11843-6
5061:978-3-662-11843-6
5040:978-3-662-11843-6
5014:The Diesel engine
4982:978-3-642-64940-0
4958:978-3-662-11843-6
4918:978-3-642-64940-0
4894:978-3-642-64940-0
4870:978-3-642-64940-0
4846:978-3-642-64940-0
4817:978-3-642-64949-3
4774:978-3-662-11843-6
4750:978-3-528-14889-8
4724:978-3-658-07696-2
4703:978-3-662-11843-6
4682:978-3-662-11843-6
4658:978-3-662-11843-6
4637:978-3-662-11843-6
4613:978-3-662-11843-6
4589:978-3-662-11843-6
4565:978-3-662-11843-6
4544:978-3-662-11843-6
4523:978-3-662-11843-6
4502:978-3-658-07696-2
4476:978-0-85078-130-4
4449:978-3-662-11843-6
4428:978-3-662-11843-6
4407:978-3-642-64940-0
4380:978-3-662-11843-6
4356:978-3-322-00762-9
4335:978-3-662-11843-6
4314:978-3-662-11843-6
4293:978-3-662-11843-6
4269:978-3-662-11843-6
4248:978-3-662-11843-6
4227:978-3-662-11843-6
4203:978-3-662-11843-6
4043:978-3-662-11843-6
4003:978-3-662-11843-6
3979:978-3-662-11843-6
3958:978-3-322-00762-9
3937:978-3-322-00762-9
3885:978-3-642-64940-0
3858:978-3-642-64940-0
3834:978-3-642-64940-0
3810:978-3-642-64940-0
3783:978-3-642-64940-0
3657:978-3-8348-1715-0
3595:978-3-662-54804-2
3571:978-3-658-06554-6
3481:Diesel locomotive
3225:LZ 129 Hindenburg
3179:
3101:V6 and V8 engines
3083:
3082:
3044:Robert Bosch GmbH
2957:Fuel flammability
2923:
2922:
2669:In his 1893 work
2528:Steyr Motors GmbH
2510:MaK Deutz AG MWM
2503:Zvezda Energetika
2438:GE Transportation
2295:
1810:accelerator pedal
1785:Electrical system
1686:compression ratio
1628:
1627:
1620:
1492:emissions testing
1411:VW 2.0 TDI engine
1072:Piston of an MAN
988:LZ 129 Hindenburg
654:1897: October 9,
550:George B. Brayton
532:in Essen and the
302:off-road vehicles
280:, buses, trucks,
266:combustion cycles
225:of any practical
221:engine efficiency
128:
120:
119:
32:Diesel locomotive
16:(Redirected from
11504:
11376:
11335:Front-four-wheel
11286:
11149:direct injection
11060:Alternative fuel
10874:Multi-stop truck
10428:
10427:
10407:
10400:
10393:
10384:
10383:
10223:Exhaust manifold
10088:Spark plug wires
9974:Boost controller
9961:Forced induction
9738:
9731:
9724:
9715:
9714:
9558:
9551:
9544:
9535:
9534:
9501:
9490:
9482:Internet Archive
9471:
9469:
9467:
9443:
9428:
9422:
9407:
9401:
9386:
9380:
9379:
9359:
9353:
9352:
9332:
9326:
9325:
9305:
9299:
9298:
9278:
9272:
9271:
9251:
9245:
9244:
9242:
9240:
9221:
9215:
9200:
9194:
9193:
9191:
9189:
9174:
9168:
9167:
9156:
9150:
9140:
9134:
9122:
9116:
9106:
9097:
9086:Collins, Peter:
9084:
9078:
9065:
9052:
9051:
9045:
9040:
9038:
9030:
9028:
9026:
9020:
9013:
9005:
8996:
8985:Turbocraft, Inc.
8978:
8969:
8958:
8949:
8942:Karl H. Bergey:
8940:
8934:
8927:
8921:
8908:
8902:
8892:
8883:
8873:
8860:
8847:
8841:
8826:
8820:
8805:
8799:
8784:
8778:
8763:
8757:
8742:
8733:
8718:
8712:
8697:
8686:
8671:
8665:
8645:
8639:
8624:
8615:
8600:
8594:
8579:
8573:
8558:
8552:
8551:
8539:
8533:
8532:
8526:
8524:
8518:
8511:
8503:
8497:
8496:
8494:
8492:
8486:
8479:
8471:
8465:
8446:
8440:
8433:
8427:
8412:
8403:
8388:
8382:
8367:
8361:
8342:
8336:
8317:
8308:
8290:
8284:
8266:
8260:
8241:
8235:
8216:
8210:
8191:
8185:
8170:
8161:
8146:
8140:
8125:
8119:
8112:
8106:
8093:
8087:
8072:
8066:
8065:
8059:
8054:
8052:
8044:
8042:
8040:
8025:
8019:
8018:
8016:
8014:
8003:
7997:
7982:
7976:
7961:
7955:
7944:
7938:
7937:
7931:
7923:
7897:
7891:
7876:
7870:
7864:
7858:
7843:
7837:
7822:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7811:
7796:
7790:
7775:
7766:
7765:
7763:
7761:
7746:
7740:
7725:
7719:
7718:
7712:
7704:
7698:
7685:Ghazi A. Karim:
7683:
7677:
7662:
7656:
7641:
7635:
7620:
7614:
7599:
7590:
7589:
7573:
7564:
7549:
7543:
7528:
7519:
7504:
7498:
7483:
7477:
7476:
7466:
7460:
7445:
7436:
7421:
7415:
7400:
7394:
7379:
7370:
7355:
7344:
7329:
7320:
7319:
7313:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7292:. Archived from
7286:
7280:
7279:
7273:
7265:
7263:
7261:
7252:. Archived from
7246:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7230:
7224:
7217:
7209:
7203:
7202:
7200:
7198:
7184:
7178:
7177:
7151:
7145:
7144:
7118:
7112:
7111:
7085:
7079:
7078:, 1191 pp. (P79)
7064:
7058:
7039:
7033:
7032:
7026:
7018:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6980:. Archived from
6969:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6952:
6946:. US EPA. 2004.
6945:
6937:
6931:
6916:
6910:
6909:
6889:
6883:
6882:
6856:
6850:
6835:
6829:
6814:
6808:
6793:
6787:
6772:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6741:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6719:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6708:
6697:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6686:
6670:
6664:
6653:
6647:
6630:
6624:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6597:
6595:
6580:
6574:
6559:
6553:
6544:
6538:
6523:
6517:
6500:
6494:
6479:
6470:
6455:
6449:
6448:
6432:
6426:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6388:
6382:
6367:
6358:
6343:
6337:
6322:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6276:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6265:
6246:
6240:
6225:
6219:
6204:
6198:
6195:
6189:
6182:
6176:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6127:
6121:
6106:
6100:
6091:
6085:
6066:
6057:
6042:
6036:
6029:
6023:
6020:
6014:
6011:
6005:
5990:
5984:
5975:, Sutton, 2016,
5971:Barbara Waibel:
5969:
5963:
5948:
5942:
5927:
5921:
5906:
5900:
5885:
5876:
5861:
5852:
5837:
5828:
5813:
5807:
5794:Friedrich Sass:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5777:
5771:
5756:
5747:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5687:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5617:. Landmark Pub.
5608:
5602:
5589:Friedrich Sass:
5587:
5581:
5580:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5544:
5538:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5496:
5490:
5477:Friedrich Sass:
5475:
5469:
5456:Friedrich Sass:
5454:
5448:
5435:Friedrich Sass:
5433:
5427:
5412:
5379:
5364:
5358:
5343:
5334:
5319:
5313:
5300:Friedrich Sass:
5298:
5292:
5277:
5271:
5258:Friedrich Sass:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5229:
5223:
5210:Friedrich Sass:
5208:
5199:
5198:
5178:
5172:
5159:Friedrich Sass:
5157:
5151:
5138:Friedrich Sass:
5136:
5130:
5117:Friedrich Sass:
5115:
5106:
5093:Friedrich Sass:
5091:
5085:
5072:Friedrich Sass:
5070:
5064:
5051:Friedrich Sass:
5049:
5043:
5030:Friedrich Sass:
5028:
5019:
5018:
5009:
5003:
5002:
4999:Pdfpiw.uspto.gov
4991:
4985:
4967:
4961:
4948:Friedrich Sass:
4946:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4921:
4903:
4897:
4879:
4873:
4855:
4849:
4831:
4820:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4783:
4777:
4764:Friedrich Sass:
4762:
4753:
4738:
4727:
4712:
4706:
4693:Friedrich Sass:
4691:
4685:
4672:Friedrich Sass:
4670:
4661:
4648:Friedrich Sass:
4646:
4640:
4627:Friedrich Sass:
4625:
4616:
4603:Friedrich Sass:
4601:
4592:
4579:Friedrich Sass:
4577:
4568:
4555:Friedrich Sass:
4553:
4547:
4534:Friedrich Sass:
4532:
4526:
4513:Friedrich Sass:
4511:
4505:
4490:
4481:
4480:
4468:
4458:
4452:
4439:Friedrich Sass:
4437:
4431:
4418:Friedrich Sass:
4416:
4410:
4392:
4383:
4370:Friedrich Sass:
4368:
4359:
4344:
4338:
4325:Friedrich Sass:
4323:
4317:
4304:Friedrich Sass:
4302:
4296:
4283:Friedrich Sass:
4281:
4272:
4259:Friedrich Sass:
4257:
4251:
4238:Friedrich Sass:
4236:
4230:
4217:Friedrich Sass:
4215:
4206:
4193:Friedrich Sass:
4191:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4132:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4115:on July 29, 2017
4111:. Archived from
4105:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4091:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4060:Pdfpiw.uspto.gov
4052:
4046:
4033:Friedrich Sass:
4031:
4025:
4012:
4006:
3993:Friedrich Sass:
3991:
3982:
3969:Friedrich Sass:
3967:
3961:
3946:
3940:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3894:
3888:
3870:
3861:
3843:
3837:
3819:
3813:
3795:
3786:
3768:
3757:
3745:O'Connor, Kate:
3743:
3730:
3722:August 1, 2018,
3717:
3700:
3692:April 23, 2021,
3688:Gorzelany, Jim:
3686:
3680:
3666:
3660:
3645:
3639:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3604:
3598:
3597:, 1205 pp. (P93)
3583:
3574:
3559:
3511:Diesel generator
3312:general aviation
3269:Great Depression
3180:
3065:
3064:
3057:
2919:37.1 MJ·kg
2902:Molar H/C ratio
2861:≤500 mg·kg
2858:≤200 mg·kg
2806:
2802:
2534:Isotta Fraschini
2435:General Electric
2382:Forced induction
2296:
2221:actuated by the
2108:Direct injection
2098:direct injection
1990:Combustion cycle
1910:direct injection
1903:direct injection
1623:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1603:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1480:Volkswagen Group
1336:Smart City Coupé
865:injection nozzle
806:1912: The first
767:Prosper L'Orange
765:1909: March 14,
641:1896: April 30,
585:'s essay titled
527:
487:
393:, a traditional
129:
116:
114:
109:
55:
43:
42:
21:
11512:
11511:
11507:
11506:
11505:
11503:
11502:
11501:
11492:1893 in Germany
11467:
11466:
11465:
11460:
11437:
11408:Single-cylinder
11370:
11369:
11361:
11349:Rear-four-wheel
11300:Front mid-front
11284:
11283:
11275:
11253:Engine position
11247:
11194:
11180:Liquid nitrogen
11046:
10974:
10968:
10756:
10698:
10657:
10604:
10590:Crossover (CUV)
10571:
10543:
10515:
10477:
10417:
10411:
10381:
10376:
10358:
10354:Top dead centre
10322:
10282:
10237:
10194:
10143:
10117:
10110:
10099:
10092:
10039:
9993:
9955:
9911:Tappet / lifter
9894:Flathead layout
9884:
9875:
9769:
9760:
9747:
9742:
9712:
9707:
9698:
9685:
9667:
9567:
9562:
9524:Wayback Machine
9513:
9499:
9488:
9474:The short film
9465:
9463:
9454:
9451:
9446:
9429:
9425:
9408:
9404:
9387:
9383:
9370:. Vol. 1.
9360:
9356:
9343:. Vol. 1.
9333:
9329:
9316:. Vol. 1.
9306:
9302:
9289:. Vol. 1.
9279:
9275:
9262:. Vol. 1.
9252:
9248:
9238:
9236:
9223:
9222:
9218:
9201:
9197:
9187:
9185:
9176:
9175:
9171:
9158:
9157:
9153:
9141:
9137:
9123:
9119:
9107:
9100:
9090:July 12, 2004,
9085:
9081:
9066:
9055:
9043:
9041:
9032:
9031:
9024:
9022:
9018:
9011:
9007:
9006:
8999:
8991:July 21, 2006,
8979:
8972:
8959:
8952:
8941:
8937:
8928:
8924:
8918:Wayback Machine
8909:
8905:
8893:
8886:
8874:
8863:
8848:
8844:
8827:
8823:
8806:
8802:
8785:
8781:
8764:
8760:
8743:
8736:
8719:
8715:
8698:
8689:
8672:
8668:
8646:
8642:
8625:
8618:
8601:
8597:
8580:
8576:
8559:
8555:
8540:
8536:
8522:
8520:
8517:(Press release)
8516:
8509:
8505:
8504:
8500:
8490:
8488:
8484:
8477:
8473:
8472:
8468:
8447:
8443:
8434:
8430:
8413:
8406:
8389:
8385:
8368:
8364:
8343:
8339:
8318:
8311:
8291:
8287:
8267:
8263:
8242:
8238:
8217:
8213:
8192:
8188:
8171:
8164:
8147:
8143:
8126:
8122:
8114:Ellison Hawks:
8113:
8109:
8103:Wayback Machine
8094:
8090:
8073:
8069:
8057:
8055:
8046:
8045:
8038:
8036:
8027:
8026:
8022:
8012:
8010:
8005:
8004:
8000:
7983:
7979:
7962:
7958:
7945:
7941:
7925:
7924:
7912:
7898:
7894:
7877:
7873:
7865:
7861:
7844:
7840:
7823:
7819:
7809:
7807:
7798:
7797:
7793:
7776:
7769:
7759:
7757:
7748:
7747:
7743:
7726:
7722:
7710:
7708:"DFPS Brochure"
7706:
7705:
7701:
7684:
7680:
7663:
7659:
7642:
7638:
7621:
7617:
7600:
7593:
7574:
7567:
7550:
7546:
7529:
7522:
7505:
7501:
7484:
7480:
7467:
7463:
7446:
7439:
7422:
7418:
7401:
7397:
7380:
7373:
7356:
7347:
7330:
7323:
7307:
7306:
7299:
7297:
7290:"Archived copy"
7288:
7287:
7283:
7267:
7266:
7259:
7257:
7250:"Archived copy"
7248:
7247:
7238:
7228:
7226:
7222:
7215:
7211:
7210:
7206:
7196:
7194:
7186:
7185:
7181:
7166:
7152:
7148:
7133:
7119:
7115:
7100:
7086:
7082:
7065:
7061:
7040:
7036:
7020:
7019:
7007:
6993:
6989:
6970:
6966:
6956:
6954:
6950:
6943:
6939:
6938:
6934:
6917:
6913:
6890:
6886:
6871:
6857:
6853:
6836:
6832:
6815:
6811:
6794:
6790:
6773:
6764:
6754:
6752:
6743:
6742:
6738:
6728:
6726:
6721:
6720:
6716:
6706:
6704:
6699:
6698:
6694:
6684:
6682:
6671:
6667:
6654:
6650:
6631:
6627:
6610:
6606:
6593:
6591:
6584:"Perfect piezo"
6582:
6581:
6577:
6560:
6556:
6545:
6541:
6524:
6520:
6501:
6497:
6480:
6473:
6456:
6452:
6433:
6429:
6420:
6416:
6389:
6385:
6368:
6361:
6344:
6340:
6323:
6300:
6290:
6288:
6277:
6273:
6263:
6261:
6248:
6247:
6243:
6226:
6222:
6205:
6201:
6196:
6192:
6183:
6179:
6162:
6158:
6148:
6146:
6140:The Independent
6128:
6124:
6107:
6103:
6092:
6088:
6067:
6060:
6043:
6039:
6030:
6026:
6021:
6017:
6012:
6008:
5991:
5987:
5970:
5966:
5949:
5945:
5928:
5924:
5907:
5903:
5886:
5879:
5862:
5855:
5838:
5831:
5814:
5810:
5793:
5789:
5778:
5774:
5757:
5750:
5729:
5725:
5715:
5713:
5708:
5707:
5703:
5696:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5668:
5652:
5648:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5625:
5609:
5605:
5588:
5584:
5577:
5561:
5557:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5524:
5520:
5513:
5497:
5493:
5476:
5472:
5455:
5451:
5434:
5430:
5413:
5382:
5365:
5361:
5344:
5337:
5320:
5316:
5299:
5295:
5278:
5274:
5257:
5253:
5246:
5230:
5226:
5209:
5202:
5195:
5179:
5175:
5158:
5154:
5137:
5133:
5116:
5109:
5092:
5088:
5071:
5067:
5050:
5046:
5029:
5022:
5011:
5010:
5006:
4995:"Patent Images"
4993:
4992:
4988:
4968:
4964:
4947:
4943:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4904:
4900:
4880:
4876:
4856:
4852:
4832:
4823:
4801:
4797:
4784:
4780:
4763:
4756:
4739:
4730:
4713:
4709:
4692:
4688:
4671:
4664:
4647:
4643:
4626:
4619:
4602:
4595:
4578:
4571:
4554:
4550:
4533:
4529:
4512:
4508:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4459:
4455:
4438:
4434:
4417:
4413:
4393:
4386:
4369:
4362:
4345:
4341:
4324:
4320:
4303:
4299:
4282:
4275:
4258:
4254:
4237:
4233:
4216:
4209:
4192:
4185:
4177:
4173:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4146:
4142:
4126:
4125:
4118:
4116:
4109:"Archived copy"
4107:
4106:
4102:
4089:
4087:
4078:
4074:
4064:
4062:
4056:"Patent Images"
4054:
4053:
4049:
4032:
4028:
4023:Wayback Machine
4013:
4009:
3992:
3985:
3968:
3964:
3947:
3943:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3910:
3909:on May 23, 2007
3895:
3891:
3871:
3864:
3844:
3840:
3820:
3816:
3796:
3789:
3769:
3760:
3744:
3733:
3718:
3703:
3687:
3683:
3672:March 6, 2021,
3667:
3663:
3646:
3642:
3630:
3626:
3605:
3601:
3584:
3577:
3560:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3471:
3454:
3441:
3420:
3393:
3300:Tetraethyl lead
3277:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3171:
3157:
3115:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3079:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3027:
3021:
3013:
3001:
2978:
2970:vapour pressure
2959:
2954:
2928:
2850:≤10 mg·kg
2847:≤10 mg·kg
2844:Sulfur content
2801:
2667:
2589:synthetic fuels
2562:
2556:
2541:Fairbanks Morse
2390:
2379:
2361:
2324:
2285:
2283:
2270:
2265:
2237:
2231:
2214:
2200:
2182:
2168:
2124:
2110:
2104:(IDI) engines.
2082:
2070:
2064:
2039:
2030:scavenge blower
1992:
1848:
1840:
1806:
1787:
1768:nitrogen oxides
1756:carbon monoxide
1748:
1742:
1730:fuel efficiency
1726:
1654:
1624:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1596:help improve it
1593:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1542:Diffusion flame
1506:
1501:
1434:
1345:
1319:introduces the
1271:
1247:direct injected
1218:
1199:Volkswagen Golf
1176:
1140:
1066:
1046:Clessie Cummins
1041:
969:Citroën Rosalie
926:
904:Fairbanks-Morse
878:
844:English Channel
788:James McKechnie
780:
718:tanker and the
702:1901: By 1901,
684:
643:Imanuel Lauster
578:
573:
565:Moritz Schröter
557:Imanuel Lauster
521:
515:Moritz Schröter
511:
481:
374:"Polytechnikum"
363:
361:
359:
358:
348:
346:
345:
327:
322:
310:light airplanes
282:heavy equipment
235:expansion ratio
196:
122:
112:
110:
107:
58:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11510:
11500:
11499:
11494:
11489:
11484:
11479:
11477:Diesel engines
11462:
11461:
11459:
11458:
11453:
11448:
11442:
11439:
11438:
11436:
11435:
11430:
11425:
11420:
11415:
11410:
11405:
11400:
11395:
11390:
11385:
11379:
11377:
11363:
11362:
11360:
11359:
11352:
11345:
11342:Mid-four-wheel
11338:
11331:
11324:
11317:
11310:
11303:
11296:
11289:
11287:
11277:
11276:
11274:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11257:
11255:
11249:
11248:
11246:
11245:
11240:
11235:
11230:
11225:
11220:
11215:
11210:
11204:
11202:
11196:
11195:
11193:
11192:
11187:
11182:
11177:
11172:
11167:
11157:
11152:
11142:
11137:
11132:
11127:
11122:
11112:
11106:
11097:
11092:
11087:
11082:
11077:
11072:
11067:
11062:
11056:
11054:
11048:
11047:
11045:
11044:
11039:
11034:
11029:
11024:
11019:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10989:
10984:
10978:
10976:
10970:
10969:
10967:
10966:
10961:
10956:
10951:
10946:
10941:
10936:
10931:
10929:Shooting brake
10926:
10921:
10919:Saloon / Sedan
10916:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10881:
10876:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10841:
10836:
10831:
10826:
10821:
10816:
10811:
10806:
10801:
10796:
10791:
10786:
10781:
10776:
10770:
10768:
10762:
10761:
10758:
10757:
10755:
10754:
10749:
10744:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10724:
10719:
10714:
10708:
10706:
10700:
10699:
10697:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10671:
10665:
10663:
10659:
10658:
10656:
10655:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10625:
10620:
10614:
10612:
10606:
10605:
10603:
10602:
10597:
10592:
10587:
10581:
10579:
10573:
10572:
10570:
10569:
10564:
10559:
10553:
10551:
10545:
10544:
10542:
10541:
10536:
10531:
10525:
10523:
10517:
10516:
10514:
10513:
10508:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10487:
10485:
10479:
10478:
10476:
10475:
10470:
10465:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10445:
10440:
10434:
10432:
10425:
10423:Classification
10419:
10418:
10410:
10409:
10402:
10395:
10387:
10378:
10377:
10375:
10374:
10369:
10363:
10360:
10359:
10357:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10330:
10328:
10324:
10323:
10321:
10320:
10306:
10301:
10296:
10290:
10288:
10284:
10283:
10281:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10259:
10258:
10253:
10247:
10245:
10243:Cooling system
10239:
10238:
10236:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10204:
10202:
10200:Exhaust system
10196:
10195:
10193:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10177:
10172:
10170:Inlet manifold
10167:
10162:
10157:
10151:
10149:
10145:
10144:
10142:
10141:
10136:
10131:
10126:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10112:
10111:
10109:
10108:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10094:
10093:
10091:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10075:
10070:
10065:
10060:
10055:
10049:
10047:
10041:
10040:
10038:
10037:
10032:
10027:
10025:Fuel injection
10022:
10017:
10012:
10007:
10001:
9999:
9995:
9994:
9992:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9965:
9963:
9957:
9956:
9954:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9907:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9890:
9888:
9877:
9876:
9874:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9819:
9814:
9809:
9804:
9799:
9794:
9792:Connecting rod
9789:
9784:
9779:
9773:
9771:
9762:
9761:
9752:
9749:
9748:
9741:
9740:
9733:
9726:
9718:
9709:
9708:
9703:
9700:
9699:
9697:
9696:
9690:
9687:
9686:
9684:
9683:
9678:
9672:
9669:
9668:
9666:
9665:
9660:
9658:Thermoacoustic
9655:
9650:
9649:
9648:
9638:
9633:
9628:
9623:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9572:
9569:
9568:
9561:
9560:
9553:
9546:
9538:
9532:
9531:
9526:
9512:
9509:
9508:
9507:
9496:
9485:
9472:
9450:
9449:External links
9447:
9445:
9444:
9423:
9402:
9381:
9376:10.4271/950979
9354:
9349:10.4271/930984
9327:
9322:10.4271/930985
9300:
9295:10.4271/931021
9273:
9268:10.4271/930988
9246:
9229:topics.sae.org
9216:
9195:
9184:on 13 May 2008
9169:
9151:
9135:
9117:
9098:
9079:
9053:
9044:|journal=
8997:
8970:
8950:
8935:
8922:
8903:
8884:
8861:
8855:New York Times
8852:May 15, 1929,
8842:
8821:
8800:
8779:
8758:
8734:
8713:
8687:
8666:
8640:
8616:
8595:
8574:
8553:
8546:(in Flemish).
8534:
8498:
8466:
8441:
8435:BMW AG (ed.):
8428:
8404:
8383:
8362:
8337:
8309:
8285:
8261:
8236:
8211:
8186:
8162:
8141:
8120:
8107:
8088:
8067:
8058:|journal=
8020:
7998:
7977:
7956:
7939:
7910:
7892:
7871:
7859:
7838:
7817:
7791:
7767:
7741:
7720:
7699:
7678:
7657:
7636:
7615:
7591:
7582:Engine Builder
7565:
7544:
7520:
7499:
7478:
7461:
7437:
7416:
7395:
7371:
7345:
7321:
7281:
7236:
7204:
7179:
7164:
7146:
7131:
7113:
7098:
7080:
7059:
7034:
7005:
6987:
6964:
6932:
6911:
6906:10.4271/910848
6884:
6869:
6851:
6830:
6809:
6788:
6762:
6736:
6714:
6692:
6665:
6661:978-1847975140
6648:
6646:, p. 45 and 46
6644:978-1845697457
6625:
6604:
6575:
6571:978-3409226837
6554:
6539:
6518:
6514:978-1845697457
6495:
6471:
6450:
6445:10.4271/900648
6427:
6414:
6383:
6359:
6338:
6298:
6271:
6250:"Blauer Rauch"
6241:
6237:978-3658122157
6220:
6216:978-3658122157
6199:
6190:
6177:
6156:
6122:
6101:
6086:
6058:
6037:
6024:
6015:
6006:
6004:, p. 36 and 37
6002:978-1473854703
5985:
5981:978-3954007226
5964:
5943:
5922:
5901:
5897:978-0785833895
5877:
5853:
5829:
5808:
5787:
5772:
5748:
5723:
5701:
5694:
5673:
5666:
5646:
5630:
5623:
5603:
5582:
5575:
5555:
5539:
5518:
5511:
5491:
5470:
5449:
5428:
5380:
5359:
5335:
5314:
5293:
5272:
5251:
5244:
5224:
5200:
5193:
5173:
5152:
5131:
5107:
5086:
5065:
5044:
5020:
5004:
4986:
4962:
4941:
4922:
4898:
4874:
4850:
4821:
4795:
4778:
4754:
4728:
4707:
4686:
4662:
4641:
4617:
4593:
4569:
4548:
4527:
4506:
4482:
4475:
4453:
4432:
4411:
4384:
4360:
4339:
4318:
4297:
4273:
4252:
4231:
4207:
4183:
4171:
4152:
4140:
4100:
4072:
4047:
4026:
4007:
3983:
3962:
3941:
3920:
3889:
3862:
3838:
3814:
3787:
3758:
3731:
3701:
3681:
3675:Car and Driver
3661:
3640:
3624:
3599:
3575:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3501:Diesel exhaust
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3453:
3450:
3445:piston engines
3440:
3437:
3419:
3416:
3392:
3389:
3281:Piper Cherokee
3276:
3273:
3246:Packard DR-980
3219:
3216:
3211:Main article:
3208:
3205:
3156:
3153:
3140:freight trains
3114:
3111:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3069:
3067:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3020:
3019:Passenger cars
3017:
3012:
3009:
3000:
2997:
2993:bladder cancer
2981:Diesel exhaust
2977:
2974:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2855:Water content
2852:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2800:
2797:
2748:
2747:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2666:
2663:
2633:injection pump
2631:, so that the
2619:The MAN 630's
2601:
2600:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2558:Main article:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2508:Bergen Engines
2505:
2496:
2487:
2481:
2456:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2432:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2389:
2386:
2360:
2357:
2343:Detroit Diesel
2323:
2320:
2282:
2279:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2233:Main article:
2230:
2229:Unit injectors
2227:
2210:Main article:
2199:
2196:
2178:Main article:
2167:
2164:
2146:
2145:
2120:Main article:
2109:
2106:
2090:inlet manifold
2081:
2080:Fuel injection
2078:
2074:simultaneously
2066:Main article:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2038:
2035:
1991:
1988:
1961:
1960:
1918:
1917:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1838:Classification
1836:
1819:accessory belt
1805:
1804:Torque control
1802:
1786:
1783:
1772:sulfur dioxide
1746:Diesel exhaust
1741:
1738:
1725:
1722:
1718:cylinder walls
1666:spark ignition
1626:
1625:
1587:
1585:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1556:
1549:
1546:premixed flame
1539:
1532:air-fuel ratio
1528:
1524:
1521:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1417:
1414:
1403:
1392:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1357:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1328:
1325:unit injectors
1313:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1250:
1249:diesel engine.
1239:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1159:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1123:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1090:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1021:Detroit Diesel
1017:General Motors
1013:
998:
991:
984:
965:
960:Pioneer Zephyr
951:
942:
925:
922:
921:
920:
917:
910:
907:
900:
897:
890:
877:
874:
873:
872:
857:
854:
836:
825:
815:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:unit injection
784:
779:
776:
775:
774:
763:
756:
753:
750:
739:
736:
725:
707:
700:
683:
680:
679:
678:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:Adolphus Busch
652:
649:
646:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
611:
608:
605:
602:
595:
592:
577:
574:
572:
569:
546:Friedrich Sass
510:
507:
499:Friedrich Sass
495:Brayton engine
479:Emil Capitaine
448:United Kingdom
436:
435:
426:
425:
403:Southeast Asia
382:Carl von Linde
326:
323:
321:
318:
195:
192:
118:
117:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
64:
63:Classification
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11509:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11480:
11478:
11475:
11474:
11472:
11457:
11454:
11452:
11449:
11447:
11444:
11443:
11440:
11434:
11431:
11429:
11426:
11424:
11421:
11419:
11416:
11414:
11411:
11409:
11406:
11404:
11403:Reciprocating
11401:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11381:
11380:
11378:
11374:
11368:
11364:
11357:
11353:
11350:
11346:
11343:
11339:
11336:
11332:
11329:
11325:
11322:
11321:Rear mid-rear
11318:
11315:
11311:
11308:
11304:
11301:
11297:
11294:
11291:
11290:
11288:
11282:
11278:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11258:
11256:
11254:
11250:
11244:
11241:
11239:
11236:
11234:
11231:
11229:
11226:
11224:
11221:
11219:
11216:
11214:
11211:
11209:
11206:
11205:
11203:
11201:
11197:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11165:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11150:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11123:
11120:
11116:
11113:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11057:
11055:
11053:
11049:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10979:
10977:
10971:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10935:
10934:Station wagon
10932:
10930:
10927:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10824:Coupé utility
10822:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10780:
10777:
10775:
10772:
10771:
10769:
10767:
10763:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10710:
10709:
10707:
10705:
10701:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10666:
10664:
10660:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10638:Sport compact
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10619:
10616:
10615:
10613:
10611:
10607:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10588:
10586:
10583:
10582:
10580:
10578:
10574:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10554:
10552:
10550:
10549:Minivan / MPV
10546:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10532:
10530:
10527:
10526:
10524:
10522:
10518:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10488:
10486:
10484:
10480:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10446:
10444:
10441:
10439:
10436:
10435:
10433:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10420:
10415:
10408:
10403:
10401:
10396:
10394:
10389:
10388:
10385:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10364:
10361:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10331:
10329:
10325:
10318:
10314:
10310:
10307:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10291:
10289:
10285:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10260:
10257:
10256:Water cooling
10254:
10252:
10249:
10248:
10246:
10244:
10240:
10234:
10233:Oxygen sensor
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10205:
10203:
10201:
10197:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10153:
10152:
10150:
10148:Intake system
10146:
10140:
10139:Starter motor
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10121:
10119:
10113:
10107:
10104:
10103:
10101:
10095:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10079:
10078:Ignition coil
10076:
10074:
10071:
10069:
10066:
10064:
10061:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10051:
10050:
10048:
10046:
10042:
10036:
10033:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10010:Petrol engine
10008:
10006:
10005:Diesel engine
10003:
10002:
10000:
9996:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9969:Blowoff valve
9967:
9966:
9964:
9962:
9958:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9908:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9891:
9889:
9887:
9886:Cylinder head
9882:
9878:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9831:
9827:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9813:
9810:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9777:Balance shaft
9775:
9774:
9772:
9767:
9763:
9759:
9757:
9750:
9746:
9739:
9734:
9732:
9727:
9725:
9720:
9719:
9716:
9706:
9701:
9695:
9692:
9691:
9688:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9673:
9670:
9664:
9663:Manson engine
9661:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9647:
9644:
9643:
9642:
9641:Steam turbine
9639:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9576:Carnot engine
9574:
9573:
9570:
9566:
9559:
9554:
9552:
9547:
9545:
9540:
9539:
9536:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9521:
9518:
9515:
9514:
9506:
9502:
9497:
9495:
9491:
9486:
9483:
9479:
9478:
9473:
9461:
9457:
9453:
9452:
9441:
9437:
9433:
9430:Cornel Stan:
9427:
9420:
9416:
9412:
9406:
9399:
9395:
9391:
9385:
9377:
9373:
9369:
9365:
9358:
9350:
9346:
9342:
9338:
9331:
9323:
9319:
9315:
9311:
9304:
9296:
9292:
9288:
9284:
9277:
9269:
9265:
9261:
9257:
9250:
9234:
9230:
9226:
9220:
9213:
9209:
9205:
9199:
9183:
9179:
9173:
9165:
9161:
9155:
9149:
9145:
9139:
9132:
9128:
9127:
9121:
9114:
9110:
9105:
9103:
9095:
9094:
9089:
9083:
9076:
9073:
9069:
9064:
9062:
9060:
9058:
9049:
9036:
9017:
9010:
9004:
9002:
8994:
8990:
8986:
8982:
8977:
8975:
8967:
8963:
8957:
8955:
8947:
8946:
8939:
8932:
8926:
8919:
8915:
8912:
8907:
8900:
8896:
8891:
8889:
8881:
8877:
8872:
8870:
8868:
8866:
8858:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8839:
8838:9783763752836
8835:
8831:
8825:
8818:
8814:
8810:
8804:
8797:
8793:
8789:
8783:
8776:
8772:
8768:
8762:
8755:
8751:
8747:
8741:
8739:
8731:
8727:
8723:
8717:
8710:
8706:
8702:
8696:
8694:
8692:
8684:
8680:
8676:
8670:
8663:
8659:
8655:
8654:
8649:
8648:Rudolf Diesel
8644:
8637:
8633:
8629:
8623:
8621:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8599:
8592:
8588:
8584:
8578:
8571:
8567:
8563:
8557:
8549:
8545:
8538:
8531:
8515:
8508:
8502:
8483:
8476:
8470:
8463:
8459:
8455:
8451:
8445:
8438:
8432:
8425:
8421:
8417:
8411:
8409:
8401:
8397:
8393:
8387:
8380:
8376:
8372:
8366:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8341:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8322:
8316:
8314:
8306:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8293:Rudolf Diesel
8289:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8270:
8269:Rudolf Diesel
8265:
8258:
8254:
8250:
8246:
8240:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8215:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8190:
8183:
8179:
8175:
8169:
8167:
8159:
8155:
8151:
8145:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8124:
8117:
8111:
8104:
8100:
8097:
8092:
8085:
8081:
8077:
8071:
8063:
8050:
8034:
8030:
8024:
8008:
8002:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7981:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7960:
7953:
7949:
7943:
7935:
7929:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7907:
7903:
7896:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7875:
7868:
7863:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7842:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7821:
7805:
7801:
7795:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7774:
7772:
7755:
7751:
7745:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7724:
7716:
7709:
7703:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7682:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7661:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7640:
7633:
7629:
7625:
7619:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7598:
7596:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7572:
7570:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7548:
7541:
7537:
7533:
7527:
7525:
7517:
7513:
7509:
7503:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7482:
7474:
7473:
7465:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7444:
7442:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7420:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7399:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7378:
7376:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7354:
7352:
7350:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7328:
7326:
7317:
7311:
7295:
7291:
7285:
7277:
7271:
7255:
7251:
7245:
7243:
7241:
7221:
7214:
7208:
7193:
7189:
7183:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7161:
7157:
7150:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7128:
7124:
7117:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7095:
7091:
7084:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7063:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7038:
7030:
7024:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7002:
6998:
6991:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6968:
6949:
6942:
6936:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6915:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6888:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6866:
6862:
6855:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6834:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6813:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6792:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6755:September 28,
6750:
6746:
6740:
6724:
6718:
6702:
6696:
6685:September 24,
6680:
6678:
6669:
6662:
6658:
6652:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6636:
6629:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6608:
6601:
6589:
6585:
6579:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6561:Peter Speck:
6558:
6551:
6550:
6543:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6522:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6506:
6499:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6478:
6476:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6454:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6431:
6424:
6421:Peter Diehl:
6418:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6387:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6366:
6364:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6342:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6286:
6282:
6275:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6245:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6224:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6203:
6194:
6187:
6181:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6160:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6132:"Peugeot 403"
6126:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6105:
6098:
6097:
6090:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6065:
6063:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6041:
6034:
6028:
6019:
6010:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5989:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5968:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5947:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5926:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5905:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5884:
5882:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5860:
5858:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5836:
5834:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5812:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5783:
5776:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5755:
5753:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5727:
5711:
5705:
5697:
5691:
5686:
5685:
5677:
5669:
5663:
5659:
5658:
5650:
5642:
5641:
5634:
5626:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5607:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5586:
5578:
5572:
5568:
5567:
5559:
5551:
5550:
5543:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5522:
5514:
5508:
5504:
5503:
5495:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5432:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5363:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5340:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5276:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5255:
5247:
5241:
5237:
5236:
5228:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5207:
5205:
5196:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5177:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5156:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5114:
5112:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5069:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5048:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5027:
5025:
5016:
5015:
5008:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4970:Rudolf Diesel
4966:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4932:
4926:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4906:Rudolf Diesel
4902:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4882:Rudolf Diesel
4878:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4858:Rudolf Diesel
4854:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4834:Rudolf Diesel
4830:
4828:
4826:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4803:Rudolf Diesel
4799:
4791:
4790:
4782:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4759:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4690:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4598:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4574:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4531:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4478:
4472:
4467:
4466:
4457:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4395:Rudolf Diesel
4391:
4389:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4365:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4278:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4212:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4188:
4180:
4175:
4162:
4156:
4149:
4144:
4136:
4130:
4114:
4110:
4104:
4097:
4085:
4084:
4076:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4011:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3873:Rudolf Diesel
3869:
3867:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3846:Rudolf Diesel
3842:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3822:Rudolf Diesel
3818:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3798:Rudolf Diesel
3794:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3771:Rudolf Diesel
3767:
3765:
3763:
3755:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3728:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3698:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3678:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3516:Dieselisation
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3459:Otto engines'
3449:
3446:
3436:
3429:
3424:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3397:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3250:radial engine
3247:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3214:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3189:
3185:
3166:
3161:
3152:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3120:steam engines
3110:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3077:
3076:MediaWiki.org
3073:
3068:
3059:
3058:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3026:
3016:
3008:
3006:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2973:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2712:vegetable oil
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2662:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2638:cetane number
2634:
2630:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2609:fuel injector
2606:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:- RD Nevsky,
2467:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2378:
2370:
2365:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2328:starter motor
2319:
2317:
2316:cetane rating
2313:
2308:
2301:
2300:MWM AKD 112 Z
2278:
2275:
2260:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2241:unit injector
2236:
2235:Unit Injector
2226:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2157:piezoelectric
2154:
2150:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2069:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1970:
1965:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1922:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1640:
1632:
1622:
1619:
1611:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:This section
1586:
1577:
1576:
1565:
1564:octane rating
1561:
1560:Cetane number
1557:
1553:
1552:Heterogeneous
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1476:Clean Air Act
1473:
1469:
1466:2015: In the
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1361:Piezoelectric
1358:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1004:develops the
1003:
999:
996:
992:
989:
985:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
963:
961:
956:
952:
949:
948:
943:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:
918:
915:
911:
908:
905:
901:
898:
895:
891:
888:
887:
882:
870:
866:
862:
858:
855:
852:
851:
845:
841:
840:Rudolf Diesel
837:
834:
830:
826:
823:
822:
816:
813:
809:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
789:
785:
782:
781:
772:
768:
764:
761:
757:
754:
751:
748:
744:
743:turbochargers
740:
737:
734:
730:
726:
723:
722:
717:
714:
713:
708:
705:
701:
698:
694:
693:
688:
676:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
653:
650:
647:
644:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
596:
593:
590:
589:
584:
583:Rudolf Diesel
580:
579:
568:
566:
562:
561:Motor 250/400
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
525:
520:
519:Max Gutermuth
516:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:Akroyd engine
485:
480:
475:
473:
472:United States
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:United States
449:
445:
441:
432:
431:
430:
422:
421:
420:
417:
412:
410:
409:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:Rudolf Diesel
355:
342:
335:
334:Rudolf Diesel
331:
325:Diesel's idea
317:
315:
311:
305:
303:
299:
298:air pollution
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:steam engines
267:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
240:
237:and inherent
236:
232:
228:
224:
222:
217:
212:
210:
205:
201:
191:
189:
185:
181:
178:engine) or a
177:
173:
172:petrol engine
169:
165:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:Rudolf Diesel
142:
141:diesel engine
134:
105:
101:
98:
97:Rudolf Diesel
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
54:
49:
46:Diesel engine
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Diesel-engine
11243:Twelve-wheel
11200:Drive wheels
11094:
10973:Specialized
10894:Pickup truck
10799:Cabrio coach
10643:Sports sedan
10618:Grand tourer
10263:Electric fan
10063:Coil-on-plug
10004:
9989:Turbocharger
9984:Supercharger
9856:Main bearing
9846:Firing order
9836:Displacement
9782:Block heater
9766:Engine block
9754:Part of the
9753:
9676:Beale number
9631:Split-single
9565:Heat engines
9476:
9464:. Retrieved
9460:the original
9431:
9426:
9410:
9405:
9389:
9384:
9367:
9357:
9340:
9330:
9313:
9303:
9286:
9276:
9259:
9249:
9237:. Retrieved
9233:the original
9228:
9219:
9203:
9198:
9186:. Retrieved
9182:the original
9172:
9164:the original
9154:
9143:
9138:
9125:
9120:
9093:FlightGLobal
9091:
9082:
9071:
9068:"Powerplant"
9035:cite journal
9023:. Retrieved
9016:the original
8992:
8965:
8943:
8938:
8925:
8906:
8898:
8880:Diesel World
8879:
8853:
8845:
8829:
8824:
8808:
8807:Günter Mau:
8803:
8787:
8782:
8766:
8761:
8745:
8721:
8716:
8700:
8674:
8669:
8651:
8643:
8627:
8603:
8598:
8582:
8577:
8561:
8556:
8547:
8543:
8537:
8528:
8521:. Retrieved
8514:the original
8501:
8491:December 21,
8489:. Retrieved
8469:
8453:
8449:
8444:
8431:
8415:
8391:
8386:
8370:
8365:
8349:
8345:
8340:
8324:
8320:
8296:
8288:
8272:
8264:
8248:
8244:
8239:
8223:
8219:
8214:
8198:
8194:
8189:
8173:
8149:
8144:
8128:
8123:
8115:
8110:
8091:
8075:
8070:
8049:cite journal
8037:. Retrieved
8033:the original
8023:
8011:. Retrieved
8001:
7985:
7980:
7964:
7959:
7942:
7901:
7895:
7879:
7874:
7862:
7846:
7841:
7825:
7820:
7810:November 24,
7808:. Retrieved
7804:Diesel Power
7803:
7794:
7778:
7758:. Retrieved
7744:
7728:
7723:
7715:dualfuel.org
7714:
7702:
7686:
7681:
7665:
7664:Günter Mau:
7660:
7644:
7643:Günter Mau:
7639:
7623:
7622:Günter Mau:
7618:
7602:
7601:Günter Mau:
7586:the original
7581:
7552:
7551:Günter Mau:
7547:
7531:
7507:
7506:Günter Mau:
7502:
7486:
7485:Günter Mau:
7481:
7471:
7464:
7448:
7447:Günter Mau:
7424:
7423:Günter Mau:
7419:
7403:
7402:Günter Mau:
7398:
7382:
7358:
7332:
7331:Günter Mau:
7298:. Retrieved
7294:the original
7284:
7258:. Retrieved
7254:the original
7227:. Retrieved
7207:
7195:. Retrieved
7191:
7182:
7155:
7149:
7122:
7116:
7089:
7083:
7067:
7062:
7046:
7042:
7037:
6996:
6990:
6982:the original
6977:
6967:
6955:. Retrieved
6935:
6919:
6914:
6897:
6893:
6887:
6860:
6854:
6838:
6833:
6817:
6812:
6796:
6791:
6775:
6753:. Retrieved
6748:
6739:
6727:. Retrieved
6717:
6705:. Retrieved
6695:
6683:. Retrieved
6676:
6668:
6651:
6633:
6628:
6612:
6607:
6599:
6592:. Retrieved
6588:the original
6578:
6562:
6557:
6547:
6542:
6526:
6521:
6503:
6498:
6482:
6458:
6453:
6436:
6430:
6422:
6417:
6392:
6386:
6370:
6369:Günter Mau:
6346:
6341:
6325:
6291:February 28,
6289:. Retrieved
6284:
6274:
6264:February 28,
6262:. Retrieved
6253:
6244:
6228:
6223:
6218:. pp. 24, 25
6207:
6202:
6193:
6180:
6164:
6159:
6149:February 28,
6147:. Retrieved
6135:
6125:
6109:
6104:
6094:
6093:Daimler AG:
6089:
6073:
6069:
6045:
6040:
6032:
6027:
6018:
6009:
5993:
5988:
5972:
5967:
5951:
5946:
5930:
5929:Lance Cole:
5925:
5909:
5904:
5888:
5864:
5840:
5816:
5811:
5795:
5790:
5775:
5759:
5758:Günter Mau:
5735:
5731:
5726:
5716:February 19,
5714:. Retrieved
5704:
5683:
5676:
5656:
5649:
5639:
5633:
5613:
5606:
5590:
5585:
5565:
5558:
5548:
5542:
5526:
5521:
5501:
5494:
5478:
5473:
5457:
5452:
5436:
5431:
5415:
5367:
5366:Günter Mau:
5362:
5346:
5322:
5317:
5301:
5296:
5280:
5275:
5259:
5254:
5234:
5227:
5211:
5183:
5176:
5160:
5155:
5139:
5134:
5118:
5094:
5089:
5073:
5068:
5052:
5047:
5031:
5013:
5007:
4998:
4989:
4973:
4965:
4949:
4944:
4925:
4909:
4901:
4885:
4877:
4861:
4853:
4837:
4806:
4798:
4788:
4781:
4765:
4741:
4740:Günter Mau:
4715:
4710:
4694:
4689:
4673:
4649:
4644:
4628:
4604:
4580:
4556:
4551:
4535:
4530:
4514:
4509:
4493:
4464:
4456:
4440:
4435:
4419:
4414:
4398:
4371:
4347:
4342:
4326:
4321:
4305:
4300:
4284:
4260:
4255:
4239:
4234:
4218:
4194:
4174:
4155:
4143:
4119:September 4,
4117:. Retrieved
4113:the original
4103:
4095:
4088:. Retrieved
4082:
4075:
4063:. Retrieved
4059:
4050:
4034:
4029:
4010:
3994:
3970:
3965:
3949:
3944:
3928:
3923:
3911:. Retrieved
3907:the original
3902:
3892:
3876:
3849:
3841:
3825:
3817:
3801:
3774:
3750:
3723:
3693:
3684:
3673:
3664:
3648:
3643:
3635:
3627:
3619:the original
3612:
3602:
3586:
3562:
3496:Diesel cycle
3455:
3442:
3433:
3402:
3386:
3346:
3339:
3324:
3316:
3285:
3278:
3258:
3239:
3223:
3221:
3201:
3193:
3164:
3144:
3116:
3093:
3090:
3040:Daimler-Benz
3036:
3028:
3014:
3011:Applications
3002:
2987:. It causes
2979:
2967:
2960:
2945:spill return
2944:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2872:460 μm
2869:460 μm
2761:VTL 9140-001
2754:
2750:
2749:
2697:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2646:
2626:
2602:
2563:
2545:Henan Diesel
2380:
2377:Turbo-diesel
2340:
2325:
2309:
2305:
2271:
2254:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2215:
2183:
2161:
2147:
2139:
2125:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2056:
2040:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2009:
1981:
1974:
1950:
1946:
1927:
1868:
1849:
1841:
1827:
1807:
1791:
1788:
1776:
1760:hydrocarbons
1749:
1727:
1714:Carnot cycle
1707:
1690:pre-ignition
1683:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1664:rather than
1661:
1655:
1648:Diesel cycle
1614:
1605:
1589:
1507:
1407:LNT catalyst
1385:Audi R10 TDI
1235:takes place.
1184:
1131:West Germany
1093:
1049:
977:Daimler-Benz
958:
955:Budd Company
945:
939:World War II
849:
820:
747:intercoolers
719:
710:
697:trunk piston
675:Hugo Güldner
598:
586:
554:
512:
476:
437:
427:
415:
413:
406:
397:using rapid
395:fire starter
386:Carnot cycle
367:
306:
288:. Since the
256:
218:
213:
197:
194:Introduction
140:
138:
40:
11393:Four-stroke
11293:Front-front
11233:Eight-wheel
11208:Front-wheel
11140:Natural gas
11125:Fossil fuel
11080:Biogasoline
10766:Body styles
10694:Vintage car
10287:Lubrication
10251:Air cooling
10068:Distributor
10020:Fuel filter
9998:Fuel system
9979:Intercooler
9946:Timing belt
9936:Head gasket
9866:Piston ring
9681:West number
9601:Minto wheel
9586:Gas turbine
9148:doi/10.1177
8544:De AutoGids
8039:November 1,
8013:November 1,
7867:"IDI vs DI"
7806:. June 2007
7300:January 11,
7229:October 14,
7041:Hans List:
6749:Der Spiegel
6729:October 19,
6258:Der Spiegel
4090:October 28,
4065:October 28,
3506:DieselHouse
3106:undersquare
3072:Phabricator
2989:lung cancer
2772:diesel fuel
2716:mineral oil
2605:Venturi jet
2560:Diesel fuel
2490:Caterpillar
2443:Volvo Penta
2409:Rolls Royce
2257:common rail
2245:pump-nozzle
2149:Common rail
2144:Common rail
1984:undersquare
1907:common rail
1891:compressors
1873:(lorries),
1752:exhaust gas
1678:pre-chamber
1461:Common rail
1332:common rail
1299:common rail
1289:Opel Vectra
1192:common rail
1161:1962–65: A
1127:Peugeot 403
835:submarines.
677:, is built.
522: [
482: [
444:Switzerland
391:fire piston
286:automobiles
278:locomotives
263:four-stroke
184:natural gas
164:compression
83:Application
11471:Categories
11418:Two-stroke
11314:Front-rear
11307:Rear-front
11223:Four-wheel
11213:Rear-wheel
11052:Propulsion
11042:Voiturette
11027:Flying car
11022:Police car
10987:Amphibious
10899:Quad coupé
10789:Berlinetta
10506:Street rod
10448:Subcompact
10339:Power band
10299:Oil filter
10273:Thermostat
10218:EGT sensor
10180:MAF sensor
10175:MAP sensor
10160:Air filter
10124:Alternator
10083:Spark plug
10015:Carburetor
9941:Rocker arm
9881:Valvetrain
9812:Crankshaft
9756:Automobile
9621:Rijke tube
9025:August 24,
8819:. pp. 9–11
7920:1156847338
7869:Diesel hub
7260:January 8,
7174:1011252252
6632:Hua Zhao:
6502:Hua Zhao:
6031:E. Flatz:
3543:References
3384:aircraft.
3155:Watercraft
3031:superminis
3023:See also:
2941:fuel tanks
2866:Lubricity
2783:standard (
2681:considered
2665:Fuel types
2484:Mitsubishi
2375:See also:
2187:turbulence
2094:carburetor
2023:scavenging
1897:and small
1779:carcinogen
1744:See also:
1724:Efficiency
1658:Otto cycle
1646:See also:
1518:spark plug
1439:Mitsubishi
1317:Volkswagen
1252:1989: The
1243:Fiat Croma
1241:1988: The
1197:1976: The
1125:1959: The
1032:two-stroke
967:1935: The
953:1934: The
808:locomotive
450:, and the
274:submarines
259:two-stroke
248:watercraft
180:gas engine
168:spark plug
161:mechanical
77:Automotive
11328:Rear-rear
11238:Ten-wheel
11228:Six-wheel
11218:Two-wheel
11130:Fuel cell
11070:Biodiesel
11037:Tow truck
11012:Pedal car
10992:Connected
10964:Vis-à-vis
10939:Targa top
10884:Panel van
10879:Notchback
10859:Limousine
10849:Landaulet
10839:Hatchback
10784:Barchetta
10752:S-segment
10747:M-segment
10742:J-segment
10737:F-segment
10732:E-segment
10727:D-segment
10722:C-segment
10717:B-segment
10712:A-segment
10623:Hot hatch
10600:Coupe SUV
10534:Executive
10496:Lead sled
10473:Full-size
10453:Supermini
10073:Glow plug
10035:Fuel tank
10030:Fuel pump
9797:Crankcase
9646:Aeolipile
9239:April 30,
9214:, p. 1066
8756:. p. 1289
8593:, p. 1000
8426:. p. 1018
8335:. p. 436.
8259:. p. 438.
7996:, p. 1150
7928:cite book
7141:884504346
7108:884504346
7023:cite book
7015:898294813
6957:April 25,
6879:694772436
6786:. p. 348.
6623:, p. 1110
6409:0278-0046
6084:. p. 465.
3695:U.S. News
3320:jet fuels
3308:biodiesel
3184:Inle Lake
2963:flammable
2791:(such as
2765:NATO F 54
2757:DIN 51601
2736:Coal-tar
2685:petroleum
2677:coal dust
2629:viscosity
2595:added to
2581:Biodiesel
2543:, Shanxi
2499:AO Zvezda
2332:glowplugs
2219:pin valve
2129:injectors
2062:Fuel used
1740:Emissions
1608:July 2022
1488:emissions
1181:AD-System
1025:Series 71
997:) begins.
729:submarine
615:indicator
399:adiabatic
368:In 1878,
250:and some
151:in which
133:Shell Oil
11451:Category
11428:W engine
11413:Straight
11170:Hydrogen
11135:Fuel gas
11100:Electric
10975:vehicles
10914:Runabout
10864:Microvan
10854:Liftback
10844:Kammback
10829:Fastback
10804:Cab over
10794:Brougham
10539:Personal
10511:T-bucket
10501:Lowrider
10468:Mid-size
10372:Category
10317:Dry sump
10313:Wet sump
10304:Oil pump
10268:Radiator
10185:Throttle
10045:Ignition
9916:Camshaft
9841:Flywheel
9822:Cylinder
9807:Crankpin
9653:Stirling
9581:Fluidyne
9520:Archived
9466:July 25,
9442:. p. 252
9421:, p. 273
8914:Archived
8732:, p. 284
8638:, p. 264
8614:, p. 981
8523:June 12,
8482:Archived
8381:, p. 102
8307:. p. 110
8283:. p. 107
8184:. pp. 16
8099:Archived
8086:. p. 136
7975:, p. 22.
7954:. p. 225
7890:, p. 381
7857:, p. 310
7789:. p. 140
7754:Archived
7676:. p. 148
7655:. pp. 53
7563:. p. 129
7542:, p. 280
7518:. p. 121
7497:. p. 136
7393:, p. 295
7310:cite web
7270:cite web
7220:Archived
6948:Archived
6930:. p. 755
6828:, p. 712
6537:, p. 223
6493:, p. 271
6469:. p. 182
6357:, p. 276
6336:, p. 179
6239:. p. 141
6175:. p. 34.
6120:, p. 156
6056:, p. 666
5983:. p. 159
5899:, p. 160
5875:, p. 103
5851:. p. 274
5806:. p. 644
5601:. p. 541
5489:. p. 545
5468:. p. 569
5447:. p. 502
5357:, p. 382
5333:. p. 272
5312:. p. 610
5270:. p. 530
5222:. p. 501
5171:. p. 532
5150:. p. 523
5129:. p. 524
5105:. p. 493
5084:. p. 506
5063:. p. 505
5042:. p. 485
4960:. p. 408
4931:DE 82168
4776:. p. 484
4705:. p. 480
4684:. p. 479
4660:. p. 475
4639:. p. 474
4615:. p. 467
4591:. p. 466
4567:. p. 464
4546:. p. 463
4525:. p. 462
4451:. p. 415
4430:. p. 444
4382:. p. 559
4337:. p. 395
4316:. p. 518
4295:. p. 414
4271:. p. 487
4250:. p. 412
4229:. p. 400
4205:. p. 486
4161:ES 16654
4129:cite web
4045:. p. 402
4019:Archived
4005:. p. 399
3981:. p. 398
3659:, p. 286
3614:Autoweek
3469:See also
3465:(2017).
3428:Zanzibar
3235:Jumo 205
3207:Aviation
3197:fuel oil
2891:content
2828:≥ 51 CN
2785:Bunker C
2781:ISO 8217
2777:EN 14214
2744:Kerosene
2738:creosote
2704:kerosene
2621:M-System
2404:Wartsila
2223:camshaft
2191:injector
2153:solenoid
1879:tractors
1831:throttle
1814:governor
1674:toroidal
1504:Overview
1254:Audi 100
1095:M-System
1074:M-System
935:Jumo 205
848:SS
821:Selandia
733:Aigrette
591:appears.
571:Timeline
538:Augsburg
493:and the
252:aircraft
227:internal
204:cylinder
176:gasoline
153:ignition
147:, is an
103:Invented
93:Inventor
73:Industry
11423:V (Vee)
11398:H-block
11164:plug-in
11162: (
11147: (
11117: (
11115:Ethanol
11104:battery
11102: (
11075:Biofuel
11065:Autogas
11032:Taxicab
11007:Gyrocar
11002:Go-kart
10949:Touring
10944:Torpedo
10889:Phaeton
10869:Minibus
10834:Hardtop
10679:Economy
10674:Classic
10669:Antique
10653:Go-kart
10585:Compact
10562:Leisure
10557:Compact
10491:Hot rod
10463:Compact
10431:By size
10344:Redline
10228:Muffler
10129:Battery
10053:Magneto
9591:Hot air
9511:Patents
9505:YouTube
9494:YouTube
9400:, p. 58
8840:, p. 14
8711:. p. 12
8685:, p. 48
8664:. p. 91
8572:. p. 23
8464:. p. 42
8402:. p. 53
8360:. p. 43
8234:. p. 45
8209:. p. 41
8160:. p. 41
7836:. p. 70
7760:May 11,
7739:. p. 28
7634:. p. 23
7613:. p. 50
7459:. p. 33
7435:. p. 43
7414:. p. 42
7369:. p. 11
7343:. p. 15
7197:July 9,
6849:. p. 10
6807:. p. 18
6707:July 1,
6573:, p. 21
6381:. p. 16
5941:. p. 64
5827:. p. 31
5770:. p. 17
5746:. p. XI
5732:Vorwort
5426:, p. 10
4984:. p. 38
4920:. p. 21
4896:. p. 13
4409:. p. 17
4358:. p. 74
3960:. p. 71
3939:. p. 70
3913:May 28,
3860:. p. 78
3836:. p. 75
3812:. p. 64
3785:. p. 22
3573:. p. 13
3378:Glasair
3366:Diamond
3188:Myanmar
3165:Glenapp
3074:and on
2936:gelling
2926:Gelling
2897:≥96.5%
2751:Source:
2708:gas oil
2693:ligroin
2597:gasohol
2593:ethanol
2494:Cummins
2419:Kolomna
2414:Siemens
2369:BMW M21
1934:EMD 567
1594:Please
1555:formed.
1512:Use of
1456:engine.
1454:BMW N57
1449:system.
1373:engine.
1371:BMW M57
1310:BMW E36
1233:IFA W50
1085:1950s:
869:Cummins
850:Dresden
833:US Navy
829:NELSECO
716:naphtha
468:Germany
464:Belgium
440:Germany
320:History
155:of the
111: (
11446:Portal
11433:Wankel
11358:
11354:
11351:
11347:
11344:
11340:
11337:
11333:
11330:
11326:
11323:
11319:
11316:
11312:
11309:
11305:
11302:
11298:
11295:
11281:Layout
11160:Hybrid
11095:Diesel
11085:Biogas
10779:Baquet
10628:Muscle
10610:Sports
10521:Luxury
10483:Custom
10458:Family
10416:design
10367:Portal
10155:Airbox
10134:Dynamo
9861:Piston
9851:Stroke
9830:layout
9758:series
9626:Rocket
9611:Piston
9438:
9417:
9396:
9210:
9188:11 May
8836:
8815:
8794:
8773:
8752:
8728:
8707:
8681:
8660:
8634:
8610:
8589:
8568:
8460:
8422:
8398:
8377:
8356:
8331:
8303:
8279:
8255:
8230:
8205:
8180:
8156:
8139:p. 190
8135:
8082:
7992:
7971:
7950:
7918:
7908:
7886:
7853:
7832:
7785:
7735:
7697:, p. 2
7693:
7672:
7651:
7630:
7609:
7559:
7538:
7514:
7493:
7455:
7431:
7410:
7389:
7365:
7339:
7172:
7162:
7139:
7129:
7106:
7096:
7074:
7057:, p. 1
7053:
7013:
7003:
6926:
6877:
6867:
6845:
6824:
6803:
6782:
6659:
6642:
6619:
6594:May 4,
6569:
6533:
6516:, p. 8
6512:
6489:
6465:
6407:
6377:
6353:
6332:
6235:
6214:
6171:
6144:London
6116:
6080:
6052:
6000:
5979:
5962:p. 125
5958:
5937:
5916:
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