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222:
with the disappearance of the thermal energy and its entropy content. Otherwise, only a part of that thermal energy may be converted to other kinds of energy (and thus useful work). This is because the remainder of the heat must be reserved to be transferred to a thermal reservoir at a lower temperature. The increase in entropy for this process is greater than the decrease in entropy associated with the transformation of the rest of the heat into other types of energy.
213:, and its defining feature is that the entropy of an isolated system never decreases. One cannot take a high-entropy system (like a hot substance, with a certain amount of thermal energy) and convert it into a low entropy state (like a low-temperature substance, with correspondingly lower energy), without that entropy going somewhere else (like the surrounding air). In other words, there is no way to concentrate energy without spreading out energy somewhere else.
1888:
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396:. Such a fusion process is triggered by heat and pressure generated from the gravitational collapse of hydrogen clouds when they produce stars, and some of the fusion energy is then transformed into starlight. Considering the solar system, starlight, overwhelmingly from the Sun, may again be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth. This occurs in the case of
221:
states that the entropy of a closed system can never decrease. For this reason, thermal energy in a system may be converted to other kinds of energy with efficiencies approaching 100% only if the entropy of the universe is increased by other means, to compensate for the decrease in entropy associated
225:
In order to make energy transformation more efficient, it is desirable to avoid thermal conversion. For example, the efficiency of nuclear reactors, where the kinetic energy of the nuclei is first converted to thermal energy and then to electrical energy, lies at around 35%. By direct conversion of
200:
around another body converts its kinetic energy (speed) into gravitational potential energy (distance from the other object) as it moves away from its parent body. When it reaches the furthest point, it will reverse the process, accelerating and converting potential energy into kinetic. Since space
391:
of hydrogen in the Sun releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang. At that time, according to one theory, space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements. This resulted in hydrogen representing a
204:
Thermal energy is unique because it in most cases (willow) cannot be converted to other forms of energy. Only a difference in the density of thermal/heat energy (temperature) can be used to perform work, and the efficiency of this conversion will be (much) less than 100%. This is because thermal
438:
stored at the time of the Big Bang is later released by intermediate events, sometimes being stored in several different ways for long periods between releases, as more active energy. All of these events involve the conversion of one kind of energy into others, including heat.
328:, for example, such heat from the continued collapse of the planets' large gas atmospheres continue to drive most of the planets' weather systems. These systems, consisting of atmospheric bands, winds, and powerful storms, are only partly powered by sunlight. However, on
423:, when carbon dioxide and water are converted into a combustible combination of carbohydrates, lipids, and oxygen. The release of this energy as heat and light may be triggered suddenly by a spark, in a forest fire; or it may be available more slowly for animal or human
205:
energy represents a particularly disordered form of energy; it is spread out randomly among many available states of a collection of microscopic particles constituting the system (these combinations of position and momentum for each of the particles are said to form a
487:
In such a system, the first and fourth steps are highly efficient, but the second and third steps are less efficient. The most efficient gas-fired electrical power stations can achieve 50% conversion efficiency. Oil- and coal-fired stations are less efficient.
216:
Thermal energy in equilibrium at a given temperature already represents the maximal evening-out of energy between all possible states because it is not entirely convertible to a "useful" form, i.e. one that can do more than just affect temperature. The
187:
Conversions to thermal energy from other forms of energy may occur with 100% efficiency. Conversion among non-thermal forms of energy may occur with fairly high efficiency, though there is always some energy dissipated thermally due to
415:, which occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement. Sunlight is also captured by plants as a chemical
339:, a significant portion of the heat output from the interior of the planet, estimated at a third to half of the total, is caused by the slow collapse of planetary materials to a smaller size, generating heat.
226:
kinetic energy to electric energy, effected by eliminating the intermediate thermal energy transformation, the efficiency of the energy transformation process can be dramatically improved.
912:
Shinn, Eric; HĂĽbler, Alfred; Lyon, Dave; Perdekamp, Matthias Grosse; Bezryadin, Alexey; Belkin, Andrey (January 2013). "Nuclear energy conversion with stacks of graphene nanocapacitors".
817:
Katinas, Vladislovas; MarÄŤiukaitis, Mantas; Perednis, Eugenijus; DzenajaviÄŤienÄ—, Eugenija Farida (1 March 2019). "Analysis of biodegradable waste use for energy generation in
Lithuania".
130:
347:
Familiar examples of other such processes transforming energy from the Big Bang include nuclear decay, which releases energy that was originally "stored" in heavy
312:
A direct transformation of energy occurs when hydrogen produced in the Big Bang collects into structures such as planets, in a process during which part of the
799:
304:, later being "released" (that is, transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) by a triggering mechanism.
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Energy transformations in the universe over time are usually characterized by various kinds of energy, which have been available since the
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171:, lighting or performing mechanical work to operate machines. For example, to heat a home, the furnace burns fuel, whose
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The energy in many of its forms may be used in natural processes, or to provide some service to society such as heating,
75:
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Mechanical energy of the turbine is converted to electrical energy by the generator, which is the ultimate output
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and similar processes. Sometimes the efficiency is close to 100%, such as when potential energy is converted to
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bombs. In both cases, a portion of the energy binding the atomic nuclei together is released as heat.
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of these elements. This process uses the gravitational potential energy released from the collapse of
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as an object falls in a vacuum. This also applies to the opposite case; for example, an object in an
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164:, energy is transferable to a different location or object, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
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and the Earth. The energy locked into uranium is released spontaneously during most types of
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Chemical energy in the fuel is converted into kinetic energy of expanding gas via combustion
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to create these heavy elements before they are incorporated into star systems such as the
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854:"Exergy analysis of an operating boiling-water-reactor nuclear power station"
541:
that convert one energy form into another. A short list of examples follows:
401:
387:
In a similar chain of transformations beginning at the dawn of the universe,
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1672:
1616:
1566:
1549:
1370:
1143:
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Rotary movement of drive wheels converted to linear motion of the vehicle
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179:, which is then transferred to the home's air to raise its temperature.
1711:
1633:
1571:
1539:
1479:
1173:
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Kinetic energy of expanding gas converted to the linear piston movement
492:
428:
424:
411:
Sunlight also drives many weather phenomena on Earth. One example is a
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129:
408:, it can be used to drive turbine/generators to produce electricity).
1721:
1648:
1522:
1502:
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1413:
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Kinetic energy of steam converted to mechanical energy in the turbine
447:
412:
775:"Energy Transfers and Transformations | National Geographic Society"
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24:
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145:
144:, is the process of changing energy from one form to another. In
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1059:
1010:
800:"Advantages and Limitations of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion"
548:(chemical energy in adenosine triphosphate → mechanical energy)
342:
329:
321:
149:
852:
Dunbar, William R.; Moody, Scott D.; Lior, Noam (March 1995).
608:, such as the internal combustion engine used in cars, or the
505:
Linear piston movement converted to rotary crankshaft movement
336:
201:
is a near-vacuum, this process has close to 100% efficiency.
508:
Rotary crankshaft movement passed into transmission assembly
1512:
1445:
1428:
1096:
972:
Energy
Transfer and Transformation | Core knowledge science
659:
577:
453:
400:, or when water evaporates from oceans and is deposited as
157:
517:
Rotary movement passed out of differential to drive wheels
456:-fired power plant involves these energy transformations:
160:. In addition to being converted, according to the law of
979:
911:
951:"Energy—Volume 3: Nuclear energy and energy policies".
404:
high above sea level (where, after being released at a
152:
is a quantity that provides the capacity to perform
511:
Rotary movement passed out of transmission assembly
392:store of potential energy which can be released by
229:
133:
Energy transformation using Energy
Systems Language
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
448:Examples of sets of energy conversions in machines
209:). The measure of this disorder or randomness is
1942:
434:Through all of these transformation chains, the
383:Release of energy from hydrogen fusion potential
851:
183:Limitations in the conversion of thermal energy
156:or moving (e.g. lifting an object) or provides
495:, the following energy transformations occur:
308:Release of energy from gravitational potential
995:
646:(electromagnetic radiation → chemical energy)
514:Rotary movement passed through a differential
359:. This energy was stored at the time of the
343:Release of energy from radioactive potential
524:
268:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
125:Fire is an example of energy transformation
1002:
988:
316:is to be converted directly into heat. In
895:The Nuclear Fuel Cycle: From Ore to Waste
877:
682:→ electrical energy or mechanical energy)
288:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
819:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
798:Pandey, Er. Akanksha (9 February 2010).
528:
128:
120:
672:(mechanical energy → electrical energy)
427:when these molecules are ingested, and
1943:
1622:Integrated gasification combined cycle
892:
797:
537:There are many different machines and
1666:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
1341:Quantum chromodynamics binding energy
983:
554:(chemical energy → electrical energy)
1899:
628:(electrical energy → heat and light)
473:of the exhaust gases converted into
266:adding citations to reliable sources
233:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1923:
1808:World energy supply and consumption
13:
944:
580:(chemical energy → heat and light)
467:in the exhaust gases of combustion
375:, and can be suddenly released in
14:
1967:
332:, little of this process occurs.
1922:
1910:
1898:
1887:
1886:
858:Energy Conversion and Management
779:education.nationalgeographic.org
238:
230:History of energy transformation
23:
739:Ocean thermal energy conversion
431:is triggered by enzyme action.
34:needs additional citations for
905:
886:
845:
810:
791:
767:
620:gravitational potential energy
477:of steam through heat exchange
463:in the coal is converted into
1:
760:
965:10.1016/0306-2619(79)90027-8
879:10.1016/0196-8904(94)00054-4
652:(strain → electrical energy)
219:second law of thermodynamics
7:
686:
634:(sound → electrical energy)
442:
10:
1972:
1009:
831:10.1016/j.rser.2018.11.022
724:Groundwater energy balance
640:(heat → electrical energy)
612:(heat → mechanical energy)
16:Process of changing energy
1882:
1856:
1732:
1612:Fossil fuel power station
1580:
1493:
1399:
1274:Electric potential energy
1239:
1219:Thermodynamic temperature
1199:Thermodynamic free energy
1194:Thermodynamic equilibrium
1040:
1017:
744:Thermodynamic equilibrium
602:(heat→ electrical energy)
533:Lamatalaventosa Wind Farm
173:chemical potential energy
1683:Concentrated solar power
959:(4): 321. October 1979.
574:(electric energy → heat)
525:Other energy conversions
1224:Volume (thermodynamics)
1204:Thermodynamic potential
1107:Mass–energy equivalence
899:Oxford University Press
586:(kinetic energy → heat)
314:gravitational potential
58:"Energy transformation"
1179:Quantum thermodynamics
1169:Laws of thermodynamics
1050:Conservation of energy
729:Laws of thermodynamics
704:Conservation of energy
534:
162:conservation of energy
134:
126:
1296:Interatomic potential
1087:Energy transformation
893:Wilson, P.D. (1996).
754:Uncertainty principle
552:Battery (electricity)
532:
138:Energy transformation
132:
124:
1744:Efficient energy use
1717:Airborne wind energy
1695:Solar thermal energy
1602:Electricity delivery
1214:Thermodynamic system
1159:Irreversible process
709:Conservation of mass
622:→ electrical energy)
596:→ electrical energy)
568:→ electrical energy)
262:improve this section
43:improve this article
1766:Energy conservation
1688:Photovoltaic system
1661:Nuclear power plant
1346:Quantum fluctuation
1209:Thermodynamic state
1184:Thermal equilibrium
926:2013Cmplx..18c..24S
870:1995ECM....36..149D
804:India Study Channel
638:Ocean thermal power
1803:Sustainable energy
1781:Energy development
1771:Energy consumption
1607:Energy engineering
934:10.1002/cplx.21427
558:Electric generator
535:
491:In a conventional
365:Type II supernovae
175:is converted into
135:
127:
1951:Energy conversion
1938:
1937:
1705:Solar power tower
1351:Quantum potential
1189:Thermal reservoir
1092:Energy transition
734:Noether's theorem
714:Energy accounting
664:electrical energy
616:Hydroelectric dam
406:hydroelectric dam
373:radioactive decay
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142:energy conversion
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1956:Energy (physics)
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1864:Carbon footprint
1798:Renewable energy
1639:Hydroelectricity
1629:Geothermal power
1072:Energy condition
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699:Conservation law
600:Geothermal power
436:potential energy
417:potential energy
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198:elliptical orbit
140:, also known as
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1555:Natural uranium
1489:
1470:Mechanical wave
1401:Energy carriers
1395:
1235:
1164:Isolated system
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945:Further reading
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749:Thermoeconomics
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594:chemical energy
572:Electric heater
566:mechanical work
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461:Chemical energy
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377:nuclear fission
361:nucleosynthesis
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1869:Jevons paradox
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1793:Energy storage
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1495:Primary energy
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1129:Entropic force
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1119:Thermodynamics
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953:Applied Energy
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864:(3): 149–159.
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719:Energy quality
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656:Thermoelectric
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650:Piezoelectrics
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644:Photosynthesis
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562:kinetic energy
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546:ATP hydrolysis
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475:thermal energy
471:Thermal energy
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465:thermal energy
449:
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421:photosynthesis
394:nuclear fusion
389:nuclear fusion
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194:kinetic energy
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177:thermal energy
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1776:Energy policy
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1656:Nuclear power
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247:This section
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60: –
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54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1673:Oil refinery
1617:Cogeneration
1550:Nuclear fuel
1356:Quintessence
1144:Free entropy
1086:
1077:Energy level
1041:Fundamental
976:
956:
952:
920:(3): 24–27.
917:
913:
907:
897:. New York:
894:
888:
861:
857:
847:
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782:. Retrieved
778:
769:
694:Chaos theory
610:steam engine
606:Heat engines
536:
490:
486:
451:
433:
410:
386:
369:Solar System
346:
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311:
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284:
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260:Please help
248:
224:
215:
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186:
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105:
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1929:WikiProject
1749:Agriculture
1678:Solar power
1644:Tidal power
1518:Natural gas
1508:Fossil fuel
1451:Latent heat
1419:Electricity
825:: 559–567.
680:wind energy
539:transducers
207:phase space
1945:Categories
1712:Wind power
1634:Hydropower
1585:components
1540:Hydropower
1530:Geothermal
1480:Sound wave
1391:Zero-point
1321:Mechanical
1306:Ionization
1279:Electrical
1174:Negentropy
1055:Energetics
914:Complexity
784:2022-05-29
761:References
670:Wave power
632:Microphone
493:automobile
429:catabolism
425:metabolism
398:avalanches
351:, such as
69:newspapers
1823:Australia
1759:Transport
1754:Computing
1722:Wind farm
1649:Wave farm
1523:Petroleum
1503:Bioenergy
1475:Radiation
1414:Capacitor
1336:Potential
839:117316732
590:Fuel cell
413:hurricane
249:does not
99:July 2017
1893:Category
1458:Hydrogen
1424:Enthalpy
1326:Negative
1316:Magnetic
1301:Internal
1259:Chemical
1124:Enthalpy
1043:concepts
687:See also
676:Windmill
584:Friction
443:Examples
349:isotopes
302:Big Bang
278:May 2019
190:friction
1905:Commons
1733:Use and
1592:Biomass
1562:Radiant
1409:Battery
1381:Thermal
1376:Surface
1361:Radiant
1331:Phantom
1311:Kinetic
1289:Binding
1269:Elastic
1252:Nuclear
1247:Binding
1134:Entropy
1032:Outline
1022:History
922:Bibcode
866:Bibcode
357:thorium
353:uranium
326:Neptune
318:Jupiter
270:removed
255:sources
211:entropy
146:physics
83:scholar
1917:Portal
1838:Mexico
1833:Europe
1828:Canada
1813:Africa
1736:supply
1545:Marine
1434:Fossil
1386:Vacuum
1139:Exergy
1060:Energy
1011:Energy
837:
330:Uranus
324:, and
322:Saturn
150:energy
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1857:Misc.
1567:Solar
1371:Sound
1240:Types
1114:Power
1065:Units
1027:Index
835:S2CID
337:Earth
90:JSTOR
76:books
1818:Asia
1572:Wind
1513:Coal
1485:Work
1446:Heat
1429:Fuel
1366:Rest
1264:Dark
1229:Work
1097:Mass
660:heat
578:Fire
454:coal
419:via
355:and
253:any
251:cite
158:heat
154:work
62:news
1439:Oil
961:doi
930:doi
874:doi
827:doi
823:101
564:or
335:On
264:by
45:by
1947::
955:.
928:.
918:18
916:.
872:.
862:36
860:.
856:.
833:.
821:.
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777:.
662:→
452:A
320:,
148:,
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97:(
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39:.
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