2263:
protects the delicate magnetic surface when the diskette is not in use and automatically opens when the diskette is inserted into the computer. The diskette has a square shape: there are apparently eight possible ways to insert it into the machine, only one of which is correct. What happens if I do it wrong? I try inserting the disk sideways. Ah, the designer thought of that. A little study shows that the case really isn't square: it's rectangular, so you can't insert a longer side. I try backward. The diskette goes in only part of the way. Small protrusions, indentations, and cutouts prevent the diskette from being inserted backward or upside down: of the eight ways one might try to insert the diskette, only one is correct, and only that one will fit. An excellent design.
2301:
3560:
2148:. In the 8-inch disk, the notch being covered or not present enables writing, while in the 5¼-inch disk, the notch being present and uncovered enables writing. Tape may be used over the notch to change the mode of the disk. Punch devices were sold to convert read-only 5¼" disks to writable ones, and also to enable writing on the unused side of single-sided disks for computers with single-sided drives. The latter worked because single- and double-sided disks typically contained essentially identical actual magnetic media, for manufacturing efficiency. Disks whose obverse and reverse sides were thus used separately in single-sided drives were known as
2309:
action originally accomplished by a disk-load solenoid. Later drives held the heads out of contact until a front-panel lever was rotated (5¼-inch) or disk insertion was complete (3½-inch). To write data, current is sent through a coil in the head as the media rotates. The head's magnetic field aligns the magnetization of the particles directly below the head on the media. When the current is reversed the magnetization aligns in the opposite direction, encoding one bit of data. To read data, the magnetization of the particles in the media induce a tiny voltage in the head coil as they pass under it. This small signal is amplified and sent to the
3525:
per track, tracks per side and sides (which in hard disk drives with multiple platters can be greater than 2). Although other sector sizes have been known in the past, formatted sector sizes are now almost always set to powers of two (256 bytes, 512 bytes, etc.), and, in some cases, disk capacity is calculated as multiples of the sector size rather than only in bytes, leading to a combination of decimal multiples of sectors and binary sector sizes. For example, 1.44 MB 3½-inch HD disks have the "M" prefix peculiar to their context, coming from their capacity of 2,880 512-byte sectors (1,440 KiB), consistent with neither a decimal
2235:. The dimensions of the disk shell are not quite square: its width is slightly less than its depth, so that it is impossible to insert the disk into a drive slot sideways (i.e. rotated 90 degrees from the correct shutter-first orientation). A diagonal notch at top right ensures that the disk is inserted into the drive in the correct orientation—not upside down or label-end first—and an arrow at top left indicates direction of insertion. The drive usually has a button that, when pressed, ejects the disk with varying degrees of force, the discrepancy due to the ejection force provided by the spring of the shutter. In
2117:
3514:
many environments had quick formatting which skipped the error checking process. When floppy disks were often used, disks pre-formatted for popular computers were sold. The unformatted capacity of a floppy disk does not include the sector and track headings of a formatted disk; the difference in storage between them depends on the drive's application. Floppy disk drive and media manufacturers specify the unformatted capacity (for example, 2 MB for a standard 3½-inch HD floppy). It is implied that this should not be exceeded, since doing so will most likely result in performance problems.
3503:. Apple implemented this in early Macintosh computers by spinning the disk more slowly when the head was at the edge, while maintaining the data rate, allowing 400 KB of storage per side and an extra 80 KB on a double-sided disk. This higher capacity came with a disadvantage: the format used a unique drive mechanism and control circuitry, meaning that Mac disks could not be read on other computers. Apple eventually reverted to constant angular velocity on HD floppy disks with their later machines, still unique to Apple as they supported the older variable-speed formats.
2191:
2559:
3467:
2276:
2517:
56:
1868:
1860:
2268:
2571:
2620:
2660:
6703:
1661:
48:
1938:
1790:
2293:
40:
3574:
2125:
2250:, it is vulnerable to magnetic fields. Blank disks have been distributed with an extensive set of warnings, cautioning the user not to expose it to dangerous conditions. Rough treatment or removing the disk from the drive while the magnetic media is still spinning is likely to cause damage to the disk, drive head, or stored data. On the other hand, the 3½‑inch floppy disk has been lauded for its mechanical usability by
3533:(MiB). Hence, these disks hold 1.47 MB or 1.41 MiB. Usable data capacity is a function of the disk format used, which in turn is determined by the FDD controller and its settings. Differences between such formats can result in capacities ranging from approximately 1,300 to 1,760 KiB (1.80 MB) on a standard 3½-inch high-density floppy (and up to nearly 2 MB with utilities such as
1675:
2332:, enabling the controller to properly read and write data. The tracks are concentric rings around the center, with spaces between tracks where no data is written; gaps with padding bytes are provided between the sectors and at the end of the track to allow for slight speed variations in the disk drive, and to permit better interoperability with disk drives connected to other similar systems.
2239:, Commodores, Apple II/IIIs, and other non-Apple-Macintosh machines with standard floppy disk drives, a disk may be ejected manually at any time. The drive has a disk-change switch that detects when a disk is ejected or inserted. Failure of this mechanical switch is a common source of disk corruption if a disk is changed and the drive (and hence the operating system) fails to notice.
4737:-inch micro-floppy standard, along with Sony and 20 other company ... Its single-sided SA300 micro-floppy drive offers 500K of unformatted storage. Shugart's Kevin Burr said the obvious next step is to put another 500K of storage on the other side of the diskette and that the firm will come out with a double-sided 1-megabyte micro-floppy drive soon.
1769:'s 90 mm × 94 mm (3.54 in × 3.70 in) disk) offered by various companies. They all had several advantages over the old format, including a rigid case with a sliding metal (or later, sometimes plastic) shutter over the head slot, which helped protect the delicate magnetic medium from dust and damage, and a sliding
2603:. A blank 40‑track disk formatted and written on an 80‑track drive can be taken to its native drive without problems, and a disk formatted on a 40‑track drive can be used on an 80‑track drive. Disks written on a 40‑track drive and then updated on an 80 track drive become unreadable on any 40‑track drives due to track width incompatibility.
5506:
1917:, had the flexibility of floppy disks combined with greater capacity, but remained niche due to costs. High-capacity backward compatible floppy technologies became popular for a while and were sold as an option or even included in standard PCs, but in the long run, their use was limited to professionals and enthusiasts.
3548:/s, or approximately 83% that of single-speed CD‑ROM (71% of audio CD). This represents the speed of raw data bits moving under the read head; however, the effective speed is somewhat less due to space used for headers, gaps and other format fields and can be even further reduced by delays to seek between tracks.
2461:(CLV), which uses a variable speed drive motor that spins more slowly as the head moves away from the center of the disk, maintaining the same speed of the head(s) relative to the surface(s) of the disk. This allows more sectors to be written to the longer middle and outer tracks as the track length increases.
3498:
Because the sectors have constant angular size, the 512 bytes in each sector are compressed more near the disk's center. A more space-efficient technique would be to increase the number of sectors per track toward the outer edge of the disk, from 18 to 30 for instance, thereby keeping nearly constant
3474:
Data is generally written to floppy disks in sectors (angular blocks) and tracks (concentric rings at a constant radius). For example, the HD format of 3½-inch floppy disks uses 512 bytes per sector, 18 sectors per track, 80 tracks per side and two sides, for a total of 1,474,560 bytes per disk. Some
2688:
computers used single-sided 3½-inch floppy disks, but with 400 KB formatted capacity. These were followed in 1986 by double-sided 800 KB floppies. The higher capacity was achieved at the same recording density by varying the disk-rotation speed with head position so that the linear speed of
2683:
design but improved to support both single-sided and double-sided media, with formatted capacities generally of 360 KB and 720 KB respectively. Single-sided drives of the consortium design first shipped in 1983, and double-sided in 1984. The double-sided, high-density 1.44 MB (actually
2606:
Single-sided disks were coated on both sides, despite the availability of more expensive double sided disks. The reason usually given for the higher price was that double sided disks were certified error-free on both sides of the media. Double-sided disks could be used in some drives for single-sided
2544:
The family of 8-inch disks and drives increased over time and later versions could store up to 1.2 MB; many microcomputer applications did not need that much capacity on one disk, so a smaller size disk with lower-cost media and drives was feasible. The 5¼-inch drive succeeded the 8-inch size in
2370:
computers with built-in 3½-inch disk drives, the ejection button is replaced by software controlling an ejection motor which only does so when the operating system no longer needs to access the drive. The user could drag the image of the floppy drive to the trash can on the desktop to eject the disk.
1780:
By the end of the 1980s, 5¼-inch disks had been superseded by 3½-inch disks. During this time, PCs frequently came equipped with drives of both sizes. By the mid-1990s, 5¼-inch drives had virtually disappeared, as the 3½-inch disk became the predominant floppy disk. The advantages of the 3½-inch disk
2308:
A spindle motor in the drive rotates the magnetic medium at a certain speed, while a stepper motor-operated mechanism moves the magnetic read/write heads radially along the surface of the disk. Both read and write operations require the media to be rotating and the head to contact the disk media, an
2136:
The 8-inch and 5¼-inch floppy disks contain a magnetically coated round plastic medium with a large circular hole in the center for a drive's spindle. The medium is contained in a square plastic cover that has a small oblong opening in both sides to allow the drive's heads to read and write data and
1773:
tab, which was far more convenient than the adhesive tabs used with earlier disks. The large market share of the well-established 5¼-inch format made it difficult for these diverse mutually-incompatible new formats to gain significant market share. A variant on the Sony design, introduced in 1983 by
2442:
The Apple II computer system is notable in that it did not have an index hole sensor and ignored the presence of hard or soft sectoring. Instead, it used special repeating data synchronization patterns written to the disk between each sector, to assist the computer in finding and synchronizing with
1764:
Throughout the early 1980s, limits of the 5¼-inch format became clear. Originally designed to be more practical than the 8-inch format, it was becoming considered too large; as the quality of recording media grew, data could be stored in a smaller area. Several solutions were developed, with drives
3524:
of decimal prefixes and binary sector sizes require care to properly calculate total capacity. Whereas semiconductor memory naturally favors powers of two (size doubles each time an address pin is added to the integrated circuit), the capacity of a disk drive is the product of sector size, sectors
3513:
manufacturer; generally, it sets up a file storage directory system on the disk, and initializes its sectors and tracks. Areas of the disk unusable for storage due to flaws can be locked (marked as "bad sectors") so that the operating system does not attempt to use them. This was time-consuming so
2482:
Different sizes of floppy disks are mechanically incompatible, and disks can fit only one size of drive. Drive assemblies with both 3½-inch and 5¼-inch slots were available during the transition period between the sizes, but they contained two separate drive mechanisms. In addition, there are many
2415:
Some drive mechanisms such as the Apple II 5¼-inch drive without a track zero sensor, produce characteristic mechanical noises when trying to move the heads past the reference surface. This physical striking is responsible for the 5¼-inch drive clicking during the boot of an Apple II, and the loud
2411:
In either case, the head is moved so that it is approaching track zero position of the disk. When a drive with the sensor has reached track zero, the head stops moving immediately and is correctly aligned. For a drive without the sensor, the mechanism attempts to move the head the maximum possible
2198:
The core of the 3½-inch disk is the same as the other two disks, but the front has only a label and a small opening for reading and writing data, protected by the shutter—a spring-loaded metal or plastic cover, pushed to the side on entry into the drive. Rather than having a hole in the center, it
2159:
once per rotation in the magnetic disk. Detection occurs whenever the drive's sensor, the holes in the correctly inserted floppy's plastic envelope and a single hole in the rotating floppy disk medium line up. This mechanism is used to detect the angular start of each track, and whether or not the
2056:
Sony, who had been in the floppy disk business since 1983, ended domestic sales of all six 3½-inch floppy disk models as of March 2011. This has been viewed by some as the end of the floppy disk. While production of new floppy disk media has ceased, sales and uses of this media from inventories is
1953:
and an emergency boot device, as well as for the general secure feeling of having the familiar device. By this time, the retail cost of a floppy drive had fallen to around $ 20 (equivalent to $ 34 in 2023), so there was little financial incentive to omit the device from a system. Subsequently,
2704:
In IBM-compatible PCs, the three densities of 3½-inch floppy disks are backwards-compatible; higher-density drives can read, write and format lower-density media. It is also possible to format a disk at a lower density than that for which it was intended, but only if the disk is first thoroughly
2177:
disks have only one index hole in the medium, and sector position is determined by the disk controller or low-level software from patterns marking the start of a sector. Generally, the same drives are used to read and write both types of disks, with only the disks and controllers differing. Some
2700:
All 3½-inch disks have a rectangular hole in one corner which, if obstructed, write-enables the disk. A sliding detented piece can be moved to block or reveal the part of the rectangular hole that is sensed by the drive. The HD 1.44 MB disks have a second, unobstructed hole in the opposite
1912:
and packet writing—a similar reusability as floppy disks. However, CD-R/RWs remained mostly an archival medium, not a medium for exchanging data or editing files on the medium itself, because there was no common standard for packet writing which allowed for small updates. Other formats, such as
4580:
Information
Systems – Unformatted Flexible Disk Cartridge for Information Interchange, 5.25 in (130 mm), 96 Tracks per inch (3.8 Tracks per Millimeter), General, Physical, and Magnetic Requirements (includes ANSI X3.162/TC-1-1995) Specifies the general, physical, and magnetic requirements for
2262:
A simple example of a good design is the 3½-inch magnetic diskette for computers, a small circle of floppy magnetic material encased in hard plastic. Earlier types of floppy disks did not have this plastic case, which protects the magnetic material from abuse and damage. A sliding metal cover
2140:
Inside the cover are two layers of fabric with the magnetic medium sandwiched in the middle. The fabric is designed to reduce friction between the medium and the outer cover, and catch particles of debris abraded off the disk to keep them from accumulating on the heads. The cover is usually a
1924:
finally were a practical and popular replacement, that supported traditional file systems and all common usage scenarios of floppy disks. As opposed to other solutions, no new drive type or special software was required that impeded adoption, since all that was necessary was an already common
1890:. Adoption was limited by the competition between proprietary formats and the need to buy expensive drives for computers where the disks would be used. In some cases, failure in market penetration was exacerbated by the release of higher-capacity versions of the drive and media being not
2524:
Floppy disks of the first standard are 8 inches in diameter, protected by a flexible plastic jacket. It was a read-only device used by IBM as a way of loading microcode. Read/write floppy disks and their drives became available in 1972, but it was IBM's 1973 introduction of the
1726:(GCR). The 5¼-inch format displaced the 8-inch one for most uses, and the hard-sectored disk format disappeared. The most common capacity of the 5¼-inch format in DOS-based PCs was 360 KB (368,640 bytes) for the Double-Sided Double-Density (DSDD) format using MFM encoding.
115:
in 1971, had a disk diameter of 8 inches (203.2 mm). Subsequently, the 5¼-inch (133.35 mm) and then the 3½-inch (88.9 mm) became a ubiquitous form of data storage and transfer into the first years of the 21st century. 3½-inch floppy disks can still be used with an external
2073:
For more than two decades, the floppy disk was the primary external writable storage device used. Most computing environments before the 1990s were non-networked, and floppy disks were the primary means to transfer data between computers, a method known informally as
91:
medium in a square or nearly square plastic enclosure lined with a fabric that removes dust particles from the spinning disk. The three most popular (and commercially available) floppy disks are the 8-inch, 5¼-inch, and 3½-inch floppy disks. Floppy disks store
2599:) is smaller than that of a 40‑track double-density (360 KB if double-sided) drive but can also format, read and write 40‑track disks provided the controller supports double stepping or has a switch to do so. 5¼-inch 80-track drives were also called
1846:
briefly occurred between SuperDisk and other high-density floppy-disk products, although ultimately recordable CDs/DVDs, solid-state flash storage, and eventually cloud-based online storage would render all these removable disk formats obsolete. External
4678:
The diskette is about 8" (20 cm) square and has a net capacity of 1898 128-character records – about one day's data entry activity. Each of the diskette's 73 magnetic recording tracks available for data entry can hold 26 sectors of up to 128 characters
1682:
The first commercial floppy disks, developed in the late 1960s, were 8 inches (203.2 mm) in diameter; they became commercially available in 1971 as a component of IBM products and both drives and disks were then sold separately starting in 1972 by
2407:
Before a disk can be accessed, the drive needs to synchronize its head position with the disk tracks. In some drives, this is accomplished with a Track Zero Sensor, while for others it involves the drive head striking an immobile reference surface.
2359:
In some 5¼-inch drives, insertion of the disk compresses and locks an ejection spring which partially ejects the disk upon opening the catch or lever. This enables a smaller concave area for the thumb and fingers to grasp the disk during removal.
1985:. If BIOS updates fail or become corrupt, floppy drives can sometimes be used to perform a recovery. The music and theatre industries still use equipment requiring standard floppy disks (e.g. synthesizers, samplers, drum machines, sequencers, and
2355:
After a disk is inserted, a catch or lever at the front of the drive is manually lowered to prevent the disk from accidentally emerging, engage the spindle clamping hub, and in two-sided drives, engage the second read/write head with the media.
1997:
may not have a USB interface; data and programs are then loaded from disks, damageable in industrial environments. This equipment may not be replaced due to cost or requirement for continuous availability; existing software emulation and
4662:
2435:
For a soft-sectored disk, there is only a single hole, which is used to locate the first sector of each track. Clock timing is then used to find the other sectors behind it, which requires precise speed regulation of the drive motor.
1894:
with the original drives, dividing the users between new and old adopters. Consumers were wary of making costly investments into unproven and rapidly changing technologies, so none of the technologies became the established standard.
1749:(PS/2) line in 1987. These disk drives could be added to older PC models. In 1988, Y-E Data introduced a drive for 2.88 MB Double-Sided Extended-Density (DSED) diskettes which was used by IBM in its top-of-the-line PS/2 and some
2708:
Writing at different densities than those at which disks were intended, sometimes by altering or drilling holes, was possible but not supported by manufacturers. A hole on one side of a 3½-inch disk can be altered as to make some
2499:
could read, write and format IBM PC format 3½-inch disks, but few IBM-compatible computers had drives that did the reverse. 8-inch, 5¼-inch and 3½-inch drives were manufactured in a variety of sizes, most to fit standardized
3458:
Marketed capacity is the capacity, typically unformatted, by the original media OEM vendor or in the case of IBM media, the first OEM thereafter. Other formats may get more or less capacity from the same drives and disks.
2791:
and though the size is defined in metric. The ANSI specification of 3½-inch disks is entitled in part "90 mm (3.5-inch)" though 90 mm is closer to 3.54 inches. Formatted capacities are generally set in terms of
2346:
and can be resolved by automatically re-trying the read operation; other errors are permanent and the disk controller will signal a failure to the operating system if multiple attempts to read the data still fail.
4529:
2327:
A blank unformatted diskette has a coating of magnetic oxide with no magnetic order to the particles. During formatting, the magnetizations of the particles are aligned forming tracks, each broken up into
1954:
enabled by the widespread support for USB flash drives and BIOS boot, manufacturers and retailers progressively reduced the availability of floppy disk drives as standard equipment. In
February 2003,
2033:"the operational functions of the United States' nuclear forces". The government planned to update some of the technology by the end of the 2017 fiscal year. Use in Japan's government ended in 2024.
2152:. Disk notching 5¼" floppies for PCs was generally only required where users wanted to overwrite original 5¼" disks of store-bought software, which somewhat commonly shipped with no notch present.
127:
Floppy disks were so common in late 20th-century culture that many electronic and software programs continue to use save icons that look like floppy disks well into the 21st century, as a form of
5798:
2432:, and is the purpose of the small hole in the jacket, off to the side of the spindle hole. A light beam sensor detects when a punched hole in the disk is visible through the hole in the jacket.
4653:
2483:
subtle, usually software-driven incompatibilities between the two. 5¼-inch disks formatted for use with Apple II computers would be unreadable and treated as unformatted on a
Commodore. As
3475:
disk controllers can vary these parameters at the user's request, increasing storage on the disk, although they may not be able to be read on machines with other controllers. For example,
2066:
2689:
the disk was closer to constant. Later Macs could also read and write 1.44 MB HD disks in PC format with fixed rotation speed. Higher capacities were similarly achieved by Acorn's
2246:
problems of the floppy disk is its vulnerability; even inside a closed plastic housing, the disk medium is highly sensitive to dust, condensation and temperature extremes. As with all
4229:
2667:
In the early 1980s, many manufacturers introduced smaller floppy drives and media in various formats. A consortium of 21 companies eventually settled on a 3½-inch design known as the
4344:
2160:
disk is rotating at the correct speed. Early 8‑inch and 5¼‑inch disks also had holes for each sector in the enclosed magnetic medium, in addition to the index hole, with the same
2078:. Unlike hard disks, floppy disks were handled and seen; even a novice user could identify a floppy disk. Because of these factors, a picture of a 3½-inch floppy disk became an
2223:
Two holes at the bottom left and right indicate whether the disk is write-protected and whether it is high-density; these holes are spaced as far apart as the holes in punched
2043:
no longer come with drivers for floppy disk drives (both internal and external). However, they will still support them with a separate device driver provided by
Microsoft.
3876:
1902:
in 1998 with a CD-ROM drive but no floppy drive; this made USB-connected floppy drives popular accessories, as the iMac came without any writable removable media device.
4918:
ANSI X3.137, One- and Two-Sided, Unformatted, 90-mm (3.5-inch) 5,3-tpmm (135-tpi), Flexible Disk
Cartridge for 7958 bpr Use. General, Physical and Magnetic Requirements.
4536:
5184:
4162:
4089:
3537:). The highest capacity techniques require much tighter matching of drive head geometry between drives, something not always possible and unreliable. For example, the
2363:
Newer 5¼-inch drives and all 3½-inch drives automatically engage the spindle and heads when a disk is inserted, doing the opposite with the press of the eject button.
2086:
is still used by software on user-interface elements related to saving files even though physical floppy disks are largely obsolete. Examples of such software include
3906:
758:
5084:
2439:
For a hard-sectored disk, there are many holes, one for each sector row, plus an additional hole in a half-sector position, that is used to indicate sector zero.
5476:
2479:
While the original IBM 8-inch disk was actually so defined, the other sizes are defined in the metric system, their usual names being but rough approximations.
6648:
5820:
5501:, Kitagami, Osamu & Fujiwara, Hideo, "Production of perpendicular magnetic recording medium", published 1988-02-25, assigned to
5392:
4455:
Wozniak's technique would allow the drive to do self-synchronization ("soft sectoring"), not have to deal with that little timing hole, and save on hardware.
3495:(CAV) format, with the disk spinning at a constant speed and the sectors holding the same amount of information on each track regardless of radial location.
2396:
2182:, do not use the index hole, and the drives designed for such systems often lack the corresponding sensor; this was mainly a hardware cost-saving measure.
4963:
6084:
5790:
4252:
3518:
was introduced permitting 1.68 MB to fit onto an otherwise standard 3½-inch disk; utilities then appeared allowing disks to be formatted as such.
4623:
2545:
many applications, and developed to about the same storage capacity as the original 8-inch size, using higher-density media and recording techniques.
124:
floppy disks are rare to non-existent. Some individuals and organizations continue to use older equipment to read or transfer data from floppy disks.
6610:
3470:
The USB stick under the two boxes of about 80 floppy disks is capable of holding over 130 times as much data as the two boxes of disks put together.
2705:
demagnetized with a bulk eraser, as the high-density format is magnetically stronger and will prevent the disk from working in lower-density modes.
5951:
5238:
1781:
were its higher capacity, its smaller physical size, and its rigid case which provided better protection from dirt and other environmental risks.
1706:
In 1976, Shugart
Associates introduced the 5¼-inch FDD. By 1978, there were more than ten manufacturers producing such FDDs. There were competing
6971:
2611:); more expensive dual-head drives which could read both sides without turning over were later produced, and eventually became used universally.
2449:
Most 3½-inch drives used a constant speed drive motor and contain the same number of sectors across all tracks. This is sometimes referred to as
2021:
released a report that covered the need to upgrade or replace legacy computer systems within federal agencies. According to this document, old
4221:
6986:
6677:
4828:
3802:
4858:
4561:
5437:
4408:
Turns out the obsolete floppy is way more in demand than you'd think. ... I expect to be in this business for at least another four years.
3698:"Hyper drive" was an alternative name for 5¼-inch 80-track HD floppy drives with 1.2 MB capacity. The term was used, for example, by
2412:
number of positions needed to reach track zero, knowing that once this motion is complete, the head will be positioned over track zero.
1863:
Front and rear of a retail 3½-inch and 5¼-inch floppy disk drive cleaning kit, as sold in
Australia at retailer Big W, circa early 1990s
6641:
4468:
4270:
1733:
the 1.2 MB (1,228,800 bytes) dual-sided 5¼-inch floppy disk, but it never became very popular. IBM started using the 720 KB
5113:
2717:
treat the disk as one of higher or lower density, for bidirectional compatibility or economical reasons. Some computers, such as the
4396:
3541:
drive supports a 32 MB capacity on standard 3½-inch HD disks, but this is a write-once technique, and requires its own drive.
753:
2339:(CRC) is written into the sector headers and at the end of the user data so that the disk controller can detect potential errors.
1908:
were touted as an alternative, because of the greater capacity, compatibility with existing CD-ROM drives, and—with the advent of
1777:
Generally, the term floppy disk persisted, even though later style floppy disks have a rigid case around an internal floppy disk.
773:
6077:
5920:
5866:. Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA, Abacus Software (translated from the original 1983 German edition, Düsseldorf, Data Becker GmbH).
4090:"What Has Your Floppy Drive Done for You Lately? PC makers are still standing by floppy drives despite vanishing consumer demand"
3866:
2313:, which converts the streams of pulses from the media into data, checks it for errors, and sends it to the host computer system.
5046:
4293:
2739:
Other smaller floppy sizes were proposed, especially for portable or pocket-sized devices that needed a smaller storage device.
4798:
4699:
3742:
1647:
5326:
4593:
4026:
1851:-based floppy disk drives are still available, and many modern systems provide firmware support for booting from such drives.
6981:
6634:
6044:
4154:
1188:
5901:
5177:
4099:
4062:
3447:
2909:
2684:
1440 KiB = 1.41 MiB or 1.47 MB) disk drive, which would become the most popular, first shipped in 1986. The first
6615:
5944:
5663:
3995:"The Microfloppy—One Key to Portability", Thomas R. Jarrett, Computer Technology Review, winter 1983 (Jan 1984), pp. 245–7
2446:
The later 3½-inch drives of the mid-1980s did not use sector index holes, but instead also used synchronization patterns.
3898:
5841:
5073:
3689:
The cost of a hard disk with a controller in the mid 1980s was thousands of dollars, for capacity of 80 MB or less.
2537:
used for engineering, business, or word processing often used one or more 8-inch disk drives for removable storage; the
2300:
6070:
6008:
5765:
4131:
2371:
In the case of a power failure or drive malfunction, a loaded disk can be removed manually by inserting a straightened
1397:
349:
4195:
394:
5871:
5856:
5598:
5590:
5562:
5468:
5213:
5123:
4512:
4434:
3846:
3772:
2645:
A schematic representation of one sector of data on the disk; the tracks and sectors are not visible on actual disks.
2533:, as an industry standard for information interchange. Formatted diskette for this system store 242,944 bytes. Early
1838:
in the late 1990s, using very narrow data tracks and a high precision head guidance mechanism with a capacity of 120
1136:
1079:
399:
3928:
1808:. Before hard disks became affordable to the general population, floppy disks were often used to store a computer's
6991:
5824:
2018:
1711:
247:
5377:
3559:
1719:
6976:
5937:
5844:: A detailed essay describing one of the first commercial floppy disk drives (from the Apple II History website).
3834:
1963:
1958:, one of the leading personal computer vendors, announced that floppy drives would no longer be pre-installed on
1462:
1122:
1066:
5305:
The original 48 tpi drives were joined by 96tpi drives from Tandon, Micro
Peripherals and Micropolis in 1980 ...
4888:
6849:
6682:
4970:
4768:
3483:
disks formatted with 21 sectors instead of 18; they could still be recognized by a standard controller. On the
2251:
2144:
A small notch on the side of the disk identifies whether it is writable, as detected by a mechanical switch or
1699:. The term "floppy disk" appeared in print as early as 1970, and although IBM announced its first media as the
1148:
817:
629:
225:
2199:
has a metal hub which mates to the spindle of the drive. Typical 3½-inch disk magnetic coating materials are:
6854:
6605:
4498:
3613:
2584:
2454:
2007:
1942:
1715:
1497:
1962:
home computers, although they were still available as a selectable option and purchasable as an aftermarket
1949:
By 2002, most manufacturers still provided floppy disk drives as standard equipment to meet user demand for
1831:
required a dozen disks or more. In 1996, there were an estimated five billion standard floppy disks in use.
6966:
6692:
6473:
6444:
4631:
3665:
2757:
Three-inch disks similar in construction to 3½-inch were manufactured and used for a time, particularly by
1761:; however, this format had limited market success due to lack of standards and movement to 1.44 MB drives.
848:
743:
644:
2607:
disks, as long as an index signal was not needed. This was done one side at a time, by turning them over (
6961:
6873:
6270:
6212:
3644:
3633:
2474:
2030:
805:
136:
5498:
6956:
6812:
6449:
5245:
4597:
3628:
1876:
1742:
1640:
1437:
1336:
1208:
838:
827:
168:
3980:
Porter, James (November 1992). 1992 Disk/Trend Report - Flexible Disk Drives (Report). p. DT14-3.
2416:
rattles of its DOS and ProDOS when disk errors occurred and track zero synchronization was attempted.
936:
6717:
6263:
4036:
3603:
3515:
3492:
3480:
2450:
2227:
paper, allowing write-protected high-density floppy disks to be clipped into international standard (
2137:
a large hole in the center to allow the magnetic medium to spin by rotating it from its middle hole.
699:
634:
529:
4294:"Boeing 747s still get critical updates via floppy disks: A rare look inside a 20-year-old airliner"
1966:
add-on. By
January 2007, only 2% of computers sold in stores contained built-in floppy disk drives.
6996:
6899:
6580:
6493:
6466:
6437:
6200:
5391:, Information Systems Group, Quality & Reliability Control Center. July 1986. pp. 98–104.
3020:
2458:
2280:
1986:
1730:
1509:
1492:
981:
267:
17:
5273:
4820:
1886:
In the mid-1990s, mechanically incompatible higher-density floppy disks were introduced, like the
6523:
6518:
6406:
6379:
3794:
3544:
The raw maximum transfer rate of 3½-inch ED floppy drives (2.88 MB) is nominally 1,000
2336:
1504:
1321:
1044:
449:
284:
262:
242:
195:
31:
4850:
4567:
135:, they have been superseded by data storage methods with much greater data storage capacity and
6936:
5548:
5424:
4370:
3608:
2424:
All 8-inch and some 5¼-inch drives used a mechanical method to locate sectors, known as either
2310:
2116:
2011:
1891:
1774:
many manufacturers, was then rapidly adopted. By 1988, the 3½-inch was outselling the 5¼-inch.
1377:
594:
464:
404:
5744:
5709:
5635:
5615:
726:
6802:
6797:
6770:
6413:
5724:
5689:
5520:
5346:
4504:
3838:
3660:
1914:
1746:
1723:
1696:
1633:
880:
798:
584:
389:
369:
359:
215:
180:
5146:
4722:
4266:
2639:
A polyester sheet reducing friction against the disk media as it rotates within the housing.
2190:
6807:
6722:
6401:
6002:
5990:
5004:
3618:
3521:
3466:
2734:
2505:
2145:
1576:
1444:
1223:
1183:
1106:
719:
624:
514:
409:
272:
252:
235:
230:
121:
5891:
4004:
3024:
2275:
2053:
fleet, up to its retirement in 2020, used 3½-inch floppy disks to load avionics software.
8:
6732:
6727:
6275:
4420:
4158:
3871:
3204:
1482:
1173:
1111:
1096:
963:
915:
768:
579:
277:
5907:
5008:
2758:
2558:
128:
6863:
6658:
5210:"Chronology of Events in the History of Microcomputers − 1981–1983 Business Takes Over"
5028:
3579:
3500:
2596:
2496:
2484:
2470:
2304:
Visualization of magnetic information on floppy disk (image recorded with CMOS-MagView)
2079:
1738:
1707:
1692:
1582:
1547:
1193:
619:
604:
549:
544:
534:
509:
434:
5917:
4371:"'Last man standing in the floppy disk business' reckons his company has 4 years left"
2516:
6423:
6287:
6185:
6097:
5867:
5852:
5732:
5697:
5659:
5623:
5594:
5558:
5433:
5388:
5119:
5115:
Programming the PET/CBM: The
Reference Encyclopedia For Commodore PET & CBM Users
5050:
5020:
4655:
IBM 3740 Data Entry System System Summary and Installation Manual – Physical Planning
4508:
4040:
3965:
3842:
3454:
For 5¼- and 3½-inch capacities quoted are from subsystem or system vendor statements.
2771:
An incompatible two-inch floppy produced by Fujifilm called the LT-1 was used in the
2747:
2236:
1969:
Floppy disks are used for emergency boots in aging systems lacking support for other
1824:
1801:
1259:
1254:
1178:
1143:
997:
975:
874:
833:
736:
574:
299:
5032:
4790:
4691:
3734:
2335:
Each sector of data has a header that identifies the sector location on the disk. A
2194:
Rear side of a 3½-inch floppy disk in a transparent case, showing its internal parts
2002:
do not solve this problem because a customized operating system is used that has no
6737:
6672:
6258:
6149:
6050:
6014:
5960:
5012:
4942:
4601:
4321:
4048:
3707:
3510:
3276:
1,440 KB (512 bytes sectors, 18 sectors/track, 160 tracks); 1,760 KB on Amiga
3244:
diskette with 62,464 bytes per side (512 byte sectors, 8 sectors/track, 16 tracks,
2772:
2722:
2714:
2649:
2247:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1867:
1859:
1817:
1809:
1770:
1594:
1588:
1514:
1477:
1467:
1432:
1244:
1198:
1166:
941:
924:
609:
569:
329:
314:
210:
200:
152:
88:
6626:
5912:
5877:
Hewlett Packard: 9121D/S Disc Memory Operator's Manual; printed 1 September 1982;
4909:
Disk/Trend Report-Flexible Disk Drives, Disk/Trend Inc., November 1991, pp. SUM-27
3953:
IBM's 370/145 Uncovered; Interesting Curves Revealed, Datamation, November 1, 1970
2267:
2155:
Another LED/photo-transistor pair located near the center of the disk detects the
55:
6687:
6418:
6396:
6359:
6307:
6127:
6122:
6114:
5996:
5924:
4472:
4066:
3699:
3623:
3506:
2570:
2322:
2091:
2047:
1921:
1880:
1828:
1687:
and others. These disks and associated drives were produced and improved upon by
1487:
1314:
1301:
992:
987:
843:
710:
689:
664:
524:
444:
374:
344:
319:
205:
176:
140:
5650:
1796:
USB floppy drive, model 01946: an external drive that accepts high-density disks
6904:
6483:
6384:
6154:
6137:
6026:
5972:
5878:
5554:
5502:
3587:
3565:
2743:
2685:
2619:
2453:(CAV). In order to fit more data onto a disk, some 3½-inch drives (notably the
2367:
2217:
2166:
2050:
1999:
1959:
1734:
1606:
1524:
1367:
1024:
886:
822:
694:
679:
659:
654:
599:
564:
519:
469:
459:
454:
439:
334:
324:
257:
5896:
5016:
4581:
interchangeability for the two-sided, 5.25 in (130 mm) flexible disk cartridge
3499:
the amount of physical disk space used for storing each sector; an example is
2164:
from the center, for alignment with the same envelope hole. These were termed
6950:
6878:
6585:
6575:
6555:
6371:
6297:
6250:
6195:
6190:
6142:
6038:
5978:
5024:
4494:
4044:
4031:
2988:
2970:
2659:
2534:
2387:
machines had soft-eject 3½-inch disk drives as well for which some issues of
2255:
2224:
2003:
1800:
Floppy disks became commonplace during the 1980s and 1990s in their use with
1612:
1239:
1234:
1203:
958:
868:
684:
674:
669:
649:
484:
474:
354:
339:
156:
132:
6062:
5758:
4121:
2128:
A disk notcher punch, which could make read-only 5¼" floppies writable, and
1703:
in 1973, the industry continued to use the terms "floppy disk" or "floppy".
6920:
6828:
6461:
6349:
6332:
6327:
6105:
4995:
Sollman, George (July 1978). "Evolution of the Minifloppy Product Family".
4184:
3703:
3451:. Spare, hidden and otherwise reserved sectors are included in this number.
2765:
2492:
2487:
began to form, attempts were made at interchangeability. For example, the "
2065:
2022:
1937:
1872:
1823:
By the early 1990s, the increasing software size meant large packages like
1789:
1660:
1559:
1553:
1519:
1387:
1342:
1326:
1218:
1014:
1009:
969:
931:
614:
589:
489:
424:
379:
364:
148:
93:
84:
47:
6702:
5849:
Inside Commodore DOS: The Complete Guide to the 1541 Disk Operating System
5209:
4442:
3764:
2375:
into a small hole at the drive's front panel, just as one would do with a
6560:
6528:
6431:
6391:
6354:
6164:
5984:
5929:
3932:
3652:
copy tool (retries on errors, over-formatted floppies), DOS, discontinued
3638:
3241:
2787:
Floppy disk size is often referred to in inches, even in countries using
2710:
2608:
2392:
2329:
2292:
2232:
2173:
2149:
2129:
2087:
1820:(ROM), with the option of loading a more advanced OS from a floppy disk.
1758:
1750:
1570:
1004:
539:
479:
384:
144:
131:. While floppy disk drives still have some limited uses, especially with
4946:
4933:
Engh, James T. (September 1981). "The IBM Diskette and Diskette Drive".
4253:"Japan declares victory in effort to end government use of floppy disks"
2141:
one-part sheet, double-folded with flaps glued or spot-welded together.
6883:
6867:
6859:
6292:
6222:
6217:
6207:
3598:
3061:
1,196 KB (512 byte sectors, 11-19 variable sectors / track, 80 tracks)
2488:
2372:
2343:
2204:
2083:
2075:
2040:
2036:
1950:
1843:
1213:
1039:
793:
559:
554:
429:
294:
220:
2541:
operating system was developed for microcomputers with 8-inch drives.
39:
6844:
6570:
6565:
6549:
6478:
6317:
6169:
6132:
5525:
5351:
5331:
5083:. Vol. 2, no. 1. Montgomeryville, Pennsylvania. p. 2.
4880:
4727:
4298:
3670:
3593:
3476:
3442:
Formatted storage capacity is total size of all sectors on the disk:
3349:
3331:
3313:
3245:
3235:
2½-inch Sharp CE-1600F, CE-140F (chassis: FDU-250, medium: CE-1650F)
3047:
612 KB (512 byte sectors, 11-19 variable sectors / track, 80 tracks)
2501:
2243:
2179:
1970:
1945:, same size as a 3½-inch drive, provides a USB interface to the user.
1887:
1835:
1600:
1565:
1402:
1331:
1229:
1100:
1091:
788:
731:
499:
419:
5587:
Hardware-Praxis – PCs warten reparieren, aufrüsten und konfigurieren
4764:
4397:"We Spoke With the Last Person Standing in the Floppy Disk Business"
3134:
720 KB (800 KB on Macintosh and RISC OS, 880 KB on Amiga)
6764:
6508:
6159:
6094:
6020:
4126:
4094:
3711:
3649:
3573:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3491:
and most other microcomputer platforms, disks were written using a
2797:
2793:
2526:
2384:
2124:
1978:
1926:
1839:
1812:(OS). Most home computers from that time have an elementary OS and
1754:
1710:, with hard- and soft-sector versions and encoding schemes such as
1678:
3½-inch, high-density floppy diskettes with adhesive labels affixed
1529:
1472:
1407:
1362:
1347:
1117:
1086:
1059:
1034:
892:
778:
504:
414:
309:
304:
105:
5319:
2768:
was introduced by Sony for use with its Mavica still video camera.
6342:
6280:
6234:
4695:
3655:
3545:
2694:
2690:
2228:
2095:
1899:
1793:
1684:
1427:
1417:
1412:
1372:
1274:
1269:
1249:
1054:
1029:
1019:
810:
2633:
A shutter that protects the surface when removed from the drive.
2529:
that began the establishment of floppy disks, called by IBM the
6785:
6759:
6456:
6229:
5151:
4222:"US nuclear emergency messaging system still uses floppy disks"
3538:
3484:
2380:
2376:
2210:
2161:
1805:
1741:
laptop computer in 1986 and the 1.44 MB (1,474,560 bytes)
1422:
1382:
1264:
1153:
951:
494:
96:
which can be read and written when the disk is inserted into a
3509:
is usually done by a utility program supplied by the computer
2130:
convert certain single-sided 5¼-inch diskettes to double-sided
1674:
6780:
6775:
3641:– popular mainly for 8-inch drives, and partially for 5¼-inch
2751:
2583:
The head gap of an 80‑track high-density (1.2 MB in the
2120:
The inside of a destructively disassembled 8-inch floppy disk
1909:
1842:
and backward-compatibility with standard 3½-inch floppies; a
1813:
1357:
1294:
1289:
1284:
946:
903:
897:
783:
763:
748:
5851:. Datamost & Reston Publishing Company (Prentice-Hall).
4194:. United States Government Accountability Office. May 2016.
3479:
applications were often distributed on 3½-inch 1.68 MB
1871:
A collection of removable data storage media: Floppy disks,
6925:
6533:
6427:
3367:
3036:
Game publishers privately contracted 3rd party custom DOS.
2718:
2680:
2538:
1974:
1955:
1905:
1834:
An attempt to enhance the existing 3½-inch designs was the
1766:
1352:
639:
289:
2947:
113.75 KB (256 byte sectors, 13 sectors/track, 35 tracks)
6743:
6513:
6337:
4322:"Notice of Termination of Sales of 3.5-inch Floppy Disks"
3488:
2388:
1848:
1688:
1392:
1279:
1049:
117:
112:
5521:"Vendor Introduces Ultra High-Density Floppy Disk Media"
4471:[Floppy disk drives] (in German). Archived from
3033:
157.5 KB (768 byte sectors, 6 sectors/track, 35 tracks)
1989:). Industrial automation equipment such as programmable
5897:
Computer Hope: Information about computer floppy drives
5727:. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. – via Google Books.
5618:. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. – via Google Books.
5513:
5475:. No. 70. COMPUTE! Publications, Inc. p. 18.
4733:
Shugart is one of the major subscribers to the 3⁄
4421:"Floppy Disk / Diskettes // Retrocmp / Retro computing"
4185:"Federal Agencies Need to Address Aging Legacy Systems"
3089:
127 KB (128 byte sectors, 26 sectors/track, 40 tracks)
3075:
280 KB (256 byte sectors, 16 sectors/track, 70 tracks)
3011:
140 KB (256 byte sectors, 16 sectors/track, 35 tracks)
2788:
2746:
otherwise similar to 5¼-inch floppies were proposed by
2701:
corner that identifies them as being of that capacity.
120:
floppy disk drive. USB drives for 5¼-inch, 8-inch, and
4395:
Hilkmann, Niek; Walskaar, Thomas (12 September 2022).
4015:
1991 Disk/Trend Report, Flexible Disk Drives, Figure 2
2961:
90 KB (128 byte sectors, 18 sectors/track, 40 tracks)
1854:
5550:
Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 15th Anniversary Edition
5462:
5460:
5458:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5347:"Viability of 2-Inch Media Standard for PCs in Doubt"
2807:
In quantities of bits (b) or bytes (B) the prefixes:
5913:
The Floppy User Guide -historical technical material
5904:(mention of ANSI X3.162 and X3.171 floppy standards)
5426:
Sharp Service Manual Model CE-140F Pocket Disk Drive
5419:
5417:
5415:
5413:
3555:
2383:
has soft-eject 5¼-inch drives. Some late-generation
6656:
5339:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4752:. Disk/Trend, Inc. November 1986. p. FSPEC-59.
2576:
Uncovered 5¼‑inch disk mechanism with disk inserted
5908:Floppy disk drives and media technical information
5642:
5455:
5363:
4065:. LinuxCommand.org. 4 January 2006. Archived from
3787:
2782:
2779:None of these sizes achieved much market success.
1804:to distribute software, transfer data, and create
5862:Englisch, Lothar; Szczepanowski, Norbert (1984).
5410:
4530:"Oral History Panel on 8 inch Floppy Disk Drives"
3899:"1971: Floppy disk loads mainframe computer data"
2069:Screenshot depicting a floppy disk as "save" icon
2014:to a USB port that can be used for flash drives.
51:8-inch, 5¼-inch (full height), and 3½-inch drives
6948:
5497:
4921:
4394:
4213:
2296:How the read-write head is applied on the floppy
5918:Summary of Floppy Disk Types and Specifications
3867:"PC World Announces the End of the Floppy Disk"
2693:(800 KB for DD, 1,600 KB for HD) and
5614:Inc, InfoWorld Media Group (14 October 1991).
4466:
3448:List of floppy disk formats#IBM 8-inch formats
2178:operating systems using soft sectors, such as
59:A 3½-inch floppy disk removed from its housing
6642:
6611:History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
6092:
6078:
5945:
5301:1982 Disk/Trend Report – Flexible Disk Drives
4958:
4956:
4750:1986 Disk/Trend Report – Flexible Disk Drives
4692:"The IBM Diskette General Information Manual"
4345:"Sony Announces the Death of the Floppy Disk"
3692:
2919:962–1,184 KB depending upon sector size
2132:, by adding cutouts drives expected to sense.
2082:for saving data. As of 2022, the floppy disk
1641:
111:The first floppy disks, invented and made by
30:"Floppy" redirects here. For other uses, see
5847:Immers, Richard; Neufeld, Gerald G. (1984).
5723:Inc, InfoWorld Media Group (19 March 1990).
5692:. Ziff Davis, Inc. – via Google Books.
5316:1986 Disk/Trend Report, Flexible Disk Drives
4018:
3929:"Five decades of disk drive industry firsts"
2697:(880 KB for DD, 1,760 KB for HD).
1932:
3824:
3822:
3820:
2804:Historical sequence of floppy disk formats
2627:A hole that indicates a high-capacity disk.
2111:
1765:at 2-, 2½-, 3-, 3¼-, 3½- and 4-inches (and
6649:
6635:
6085:
6071:
5959:
5952:
5938:
5892:HowStuffWorks: How Floppy Disk Drives Work
5542:
5540:
5268:
5266:
5239:"Three-inch floppy disk product announced"
5202:
5107:
5105:
4953:
4821:"Formatting 720K Disks on a 1.44MB Floppy"
4390:
4388:
4152:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3860:
3858:
3055:5¼-inch Victor 9000 / ACT Sirius 1 (DSDD)
3041:5¼-inch Victor 9000 / ACT Sirius 1 (SSDD)
2630:The hub that engages with the drive motor.
2057:expected to continue until at least 2026.
1648:
1634:
87:composed of a thin and flexible disk of a
5823:. Mt. San Antonio College. Archived from
4027:"Iomega's Zip drives need a bit more zip"
4024:
3963:Watson (24 May 2010). "The Floppy Disk".
2623:Internal parts of a 3½-inch floppy disk.
2350:
43:8-inch, 5¼-inch, and 3½-inch floppy disks
5233:
5231:
5074:"New Commodore Products: A Quick Review"
4460:
4368:
4219:
3864:
3817:
3683:
3465:
3304:2,880 KB (3,200 KB on Sinclair QL)
2658:
2618:
2515:
2299:
2291:
2274:
2266:
2189:
2123:
2115:
2064:
1936:
1866:
1858:
1788:
1673:
1659:
54:
46:
38:
5584:
5546:
5537:
5466:
5263:
5178:"Victor 9000 Hardware Reference Manual"
5172:
5170:
5102:
4994:
4935:IBM Journal of Research and Development
4385:
4155:"Floppy disks ejected as demand slumps"
3984:
3969:. Vol. 83, no. 8. p. 17.
3855:
3735:"Floppy Disk: History & Definition"
3279:1.44 MB (2.0 MB unformatted)
2504:. Alongside the common disk sizes were
2455:Macintosh External 400K and 800K drives
14:
6972:Computer-related introductions in 1971
6949:
5652:Intel 82077SL for Super-Dense Floppies
5298:
4630:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from
4527:
4493:
4342:
4291:
4267:"How to use Floppy Disk on Windows 10"
4087:
3979:
3962:
3833:(1st ed.). Reston, Virginia, US:
2614:
2548:
151:, and storage available through local
6630:
6066:
5933:
5688:Inc, Ziff Davis (10 September 1991).
5662:, IMD Marketing. AP-358, 292093-002.
5228:
5071:
5049:. Swtpc. 25 June 2007. Archived from
4668:from the original on 15 February 2017
4273:from the original on 17 November 2018
4250:
4153:Derbyshire, David (30 January 2007).
4134:from the original on 16 February 2009
3865:Fletcher, Richard (30 January 2007).
2764:A two-inch nominal size known as the
2511:
2402:
2271:The spindle motor from a 3½‑inch unit
1691:and other companies such as Memorex,
1189:Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus
6987:Rotating disc computer storage media
6616:List of pioneers in computer science
5801:from the original on 5 December 2013
5771:from the original on 27 January 2012
5648:
5327:"Revisiting the Famicom Disk System"
5216:from the original on 7 December 2008
5190:from the original on 29 January 2022
5167:
5111:
4932:
4861:from the original on 13 January 2018
4720:
4702:from the original on 28 October 2014
3909:from the original on 8 December 2015
3828:
2941:5¼-inch Apple Disk II (Pre-DOS 3.3)
1981:programs can still be executed from
1753:models and in the second-generation
133:legacy industrial computer equipment
5722:
5687:
5613:
5112:West, Raeto Collin (January 1982).
4891:from the original on 4 January 2018
4801:from the original on 1 October 2011
4723:"Shrinking drives increase storage"
4369:Robinson, Dan (20 September 2022).
4146:
3879:from the original on 2 January 2012
3831:The Designer's Guide to Disk Drives
3805:from the original on 3 January 2017
3765:"IBM History – Floppy disk storage"
1855:Gradual transition to other formats
24:
5864:The Anatomy of the 1541 Disk Drive
5834:
5443:from the original on 11 March 2017
5398:from the original on 23 March 2017
4851:"Sony / Canon 2 Inch Video Floppy"
4676:– via Stuttgart University.
4192:Report to Congressional Requesters
4177:
4025:Reinhardt, Andy (12 August 1996).
3120:360 KB (400 KB on Macintosh)
2893:5¼-inch (35 track) Shugart SA 400
2725:, ignored these holes altogether.
2419:
2379:drive in a similar situation. The
350:Data validation and reconciliation
25:
7008:
5885:
5669:from the original on 19 June 2017
5658:(Application Note) (2 ed.).
5591:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
5090:from the original on 11 June 2016
4831:from the original on 23 July 2011
4441:. 2 December 2008. Archived from
4343:SORREL, CHARLIE (26 April 2010).
3775:from the original on 16 June 2024
3745:from the original on 16 June 2024
2642:The magnetic coated plastic disk.
1729:In 1984, IBM introduced with its
400:Distributed file system for cloud
6701:
5479:from the original on 1 July 2018
5274:"6. Using floppy and hard discs"
4964:"Memorex 650 Flexible Disc File"
4771:from the original on 24 May 2006
4232:from the original on 29 May 2016
4201:from the original on 2 June 2016
4165:from the original on 22 May 2011
3572:
3558:
3166:
3005:5¼-inch Apple Disk II (DOS 3.3)
2569:
2564:5¼-inch floppies, front and back
2557:
2019:Government Accountability Office
1737:3½-inch microfloppy disk on its
1712:differential Manchester encoding
248:Areal density (computer storage)
5821:"Properties of Storage Systems"
5813:
5783:
5759:"Chapter 8: Floppy Disk Drives"
5751:
5716:
5681:
5607:
5578:
5491:
5310:
5299:Porter, James (December 1982).
5292:
5139:
5118:. COMPUTE! Books. p. 167.
5065:
5039:
4988:
4912:
4903:
4873:
4843:
4813:
4783:
4757:
4754:Reports Sony shipped in 1Q 1986
4742:
4714:
4684:
4646:
4616:
4586:
4554:
4521:
4487:
4427:
4413:
4362:
4336:
4314:
4285:
4259:
4244:
4220:Trujillo, Mario (25 May 2016).
4114:
4081:
4055:
4009:
3998:
3973:
3795:"Floppy Disks - CHM Revolution"
2783:Sizes, performance and capacity
2185:
2017:In May 2016, the United States
1067:Programmable metallization cell
6683:Common Language Infrastructure
5303:. Disk/Trend. p. DT13-3.
4997:IEEE Transactions on Magnetics
4467:(M)Tronics SCS (20 May 2007).
4292:Warren, Tom (11 August 2020).
3956:
3947:
3921:
3891:
3757:
3727:
2761:computers and word processors.
2728:
2652:tab (unlabeled) in upper left.
2587:format) 5¼‑inch drive (a.k.a.
2008:Hardware floppy disk emulators
630:Persistence (computer science)
13:
1:
6606:History of computing hardware
5467:Bateman, Selby (March 1986).
4500:The Design of Everyday Things
3721:
3614:Floppy disk hardware emulator
3159:
2831:8-inch: IBM 23FD (read-only)
2316:
1977:updates, since most BIOS and
1784:
1716:modified frequency modulation
1498:Electronic quantum holography
27:Removable disk storage medium
6982:Floppy disk computer storage
6474:Network interface controller
5589:(in German) (3rd ed.).
5469:"The Future of Mass Storage"
5385:Sharp PC-1600 Service Manual
4566:, ANSI, 1994, archived from
4469:"Floppy-Disketten-Laufwerke"
4251:Swift, Rocky (3 July 2024).
4088:Spring, Tom (24 July 2002).
3666:X10 accelerated floppy drive
3424:= High capacity Floppy Disk;
2287:
2106:
849:Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)
645:Non-RAID drive architectures
7:
6271:Refreshable braille display
6213:Refreshable braille display
5533:(45): 19. 10 November 1986.
4731:. pp. 1, 7, 8, 9, 11.
4535:. p. 4. Archived from
3634:List of floppy disk formats
3551:
3114:3½-inch SS DD (at release)
2823:Formatted storage capacity
2663:A 3½-inch floppy disk drive
2475:List of floppy disk formats
104:) connected to or inside a
71:(casually referred to as a
10:
7013:
6813:Holographic Versatile Disc
5047:"Shugart SA 400 Datasheet"
4721:Shea, Tom (13 June 1983).
4598:Louisiana State University
3629:History of the floppy disk
3207:(derived from Quick Disk)
3189:3-inch Mitsumi Quick Disk
2840:not marketed commercially
2732:
2468:
2320:
2252:human–computer interaction
1670:in front, shown for scale)
1438:Holographic Versatile Disc
1337:Compact Disc Digital Audio
1209:Magnetic-tape data storage
828:Content-addressable memory
169:History of the floppy disk
166:
162:
29:
6934:
6913:
6892:
6837:
6821:
6752:
6718:Advanced Intelligent Tape
6710:
6699:
6665:
6598:
6542:
6501:
6492:
6370:
6306:
6249:
6178:
6113:
6104:
5968:
5923:17 September 2018 at the
5840:Weyhrich, Steven (2005).
5387:. Yamatokoriyama, Japan:
5147:"cbmsrc / DOS_4040 / dos"
5017:10.1109/TMAG.1978.1059748
4528:Porter, Jim, ed. (2005).
4037:The McGraw-Hill Companies
3493:constant angular velocity
3441:
3382:
2508:for specialized systems.
2451:Constant Angular Velocity
2101:
2060:
2025:minicomputers running on
2010:can be made to interface
1933:Usage in the 21st century
1668:(3½-inch floppy diskette,
635:Persistent data structure
530:Digital rights management
5791:"The Original Macintosh"
5649:Shah, Katen A. (1996) .
4885:Museum of Obsolete Media
4881:"2 inch lt1 floppy disk"
4855:Museum of Obsolete Media
4791:"A question of floppies"
4661:. IBM. 1974. p. 2.
3829:Teja, Edward R. (1985).
3676:
3590:for 3½-inch floppy drive
2888:6.2 megabit unformatted
2871:3.1 megabit unformatted
2809:k = 1,000 and K = 1,024
2464:
2459:Constant Linear Velocity
2443:the data in each track.
2112:8-inch and 5¼-inch disks
2026:
1943:floppy hardware emulator
1510:DNA digital data storage
1493:Holographic data storage
982:Solid-state hybrid drive
268:Network-attached storage
6992:20th-century inventions
6380:Central processing unit
5879:part number 09121-90000
5585:Mueller, Scott (1994).
5547:Mueller, Scott (2004).
5359:(31): 21. 31 July 1989.
3903:Computer History Museum
3799:www.computerhistory.org
3739:Encyclopedia Britannica
3251:2× 64 KB (128 KB)
3019:5¼-inch Apple Disk II (
2955:5¼-inch Atari DOS 2.0S
2878:IBM 43FD / Shugart 850
2861:IBM 33FD / Shugart 901
2854:1.5 megabit full track
2395:and higher) offered an
2337:cyclic redundancy check
2203:DD: 2 μm magnetic
2012:floppy-disk controllers
1505:5D optical data storage
1322:3D optical data storage
1045:Universal Flash Storage
450:Replication (computing)
395:Distributed file system
285:Single-instance storage
263:Direct-attached storage
243:Continuous availability
32:Floppy (disambiguation)
6977:Computer storage media
6937:List of Ecma standards
6666:Application interfaces
5278:RISC OS 3.7 User Guide
3609:Floppy disk controller
3604:Don't Copy That Floppy
3471:
3256:5¼-inch Perpendicular
2811:M has varying amounts.
2664:
2656:
2527:3740 data entry system
2521:
2351:Insertion and ejection
2311:floppy disk controller
2305:
2297:
2284:
2272:
2265:
2195:
2133:
2121:
2070:
1946:
1883:
1864:
1797:
1679:
1671:
1378:Nintendo optical discs
595:Storage virtualization
465:Information repository
405:Distributed data store
60:
52:
44:
6893:Radio link interfaces
6838:Programming languages
6803:Ultra Density Optical
4497:(1990). "Chapter 1".
3661:Write precompensation
3469:
3412:= Extra-high Density;
2662:
2622:
2519:
2303:
2295:
2278:
2270:
2260:
2193:
2127:
2119:
2068:
1983:bootable floppy disks
1940:
1915:magneto-optical discs
1898:Apple introduced the
1870:
1862:
1792:
1747:IBM Personal System/2
1724:group coded recording
1697:Burroughs Corporation
1677:
1663:
881:Mellon optical memory
869:Williams–Kilburn tube
585:Locality of reference
390:Clustered file system
216:Memory access pattern
58:
50:
42:
6808:Universal Media Disc
5072:Beals, Gene (n.d.).
4122:"R.I.P. Floppy Disk"
3710:in conjunction with
3619:Floppy disk variants
3290:1,600 KB on RISC OS
3156:5¼-inch RX50 (SSQD)
3108:500 KB (DS/DD)
3083:5¼-inch Atari DOS 3
2845:8-inch: Memorex 650
2735:Floppy disk variants
2636:The plastic housing.
2491:" included from the
2146:photoelectric sensor
1577:Magnetic-core memory
1224:Digital Data Storage
1184:Quadruplex videotape
625:In-memory processing
515:Information transfer
410:Distributed database
273:Storage area network
253:Block (data storage)
6967:American inventions
6753:File systems (disk)
6711:File systems (tape)
5827:on 7 December 2013.
5009:1978ITM....14..160S
4947:10.1147/rd.255.0701
4634:on 25 December 2017
4570:on 28 February 2022
4445:on 19 February 2018
4159:The Daily Telegraph
4102:on 24 December 2011
3872:The Daily Telegraph
3205:Famicom Disk System
3195:128 to 256 KB
2933:360 or 800 KB
2813:
2615:3½-inch floppy disk
2549:5¼-inch floppy disk
2506:non-classical sizes
2283:from a 3½‑inch unit
2027:8-inch floppy disks
1892:backward-compatible
1708:floppy disk formats
1664:8-inch floppy disk,
1174:Phonograph cylinder
1112:Electrochemical RAM
964:Solid-state storage
580:Memory segmentation
278:Block-level storage
137:data transfer speed
129:skeuomorphic design
6962:1971 in technology
6659:Ecma International
5743:has generic name (
5708:has generic name (
5634:has generic name (
4604:on 18 October 2014
3580:Electronics portal
3501:zone bit recording
3472:
2826:Marketed capacity
2803:
2775:portable computer.
2665:
2657:
2522:
2520:8-inch floppy disk
2512:8-inch floppy disk
2497:Power Macintosh G3
2485:computer platforms
2471:Floppy disk format
2403:Finding track zero
2306:
2298:
2285:
2273:
2237:IBM PC compatibles
2196:
2134:
2122:
2080:interface metaphor
2071:
2031:used to coordinate
1947:
1884:
1865:
1802:personal computers
1798:
1693:Shugart Associates
1680:
1672:
1666:inserted in drive,
1583:Plated-wire memory
1548:Paper data storage
1194:Magnetic recording
620:In-memory database
605:Memory-mapped file
550:Volume boot record
545:Master boot record
535:Volume (computing)
510:Data communication
435:Data deduplication
61:
53:
45:
6957:1971 in computing
6944:
6943:
6624:
6623:
6594:
6593:
6524:Analog audio jack
6245:
6244:
6060:
6059:
5660:Intel Corporation
5436:. 00ZCE140F/SME.
5434:Sharp Corporation
5389:Sharp Corporation
5280:. 21 January 1997
5155:. 5 February 1980
3966:Canadian Business
3741:. 12 March 2009.
3464:
3463:
3394:= Double Density;
3388:= Single Density;
3021:Roland Gustafsson
2812:
2715:operating systems
2242:One of the chief
2213:-doped iron oxide
2006:for USB devices.
1995:industrial robots
1987:lighting consoles
1745:version with the
1658:
1657:
1255:8 mm video format
1179:Phonograph record
998:Flash Core Module
976:Solid-state drive
875:Delay-line memory
834:Computational RAM
737:Scratchpad memory
575:Disk partitioning
300:Unstructured data
226:Secondary storage
153:computer networks
108:or other device.
98:floppy disk drive
16:(Redirected from
7004:
6939:(1961 – present)
6738:Linear Tape-Open
6705:
6673:ANSI escape code
6651:
6644:
6637:
6628:
6627:
6499:
6498:
6150:Optical trackpad
6115:Pointing devices
6111:
6110:
6087:
6080:
6073:
6064:
6063:
5961:Magnetic storage
5954:
5947:
5940:
5931:
5930:
5829:
5828:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5770:
5763:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5742:
5738:
5736:
5728:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5707:
5703:
5701:
5693:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5668:
5657:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5633:
5629:
5627:
5619:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5557:. p. 1380.
5544:
5535:
5534:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5464:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5442:
5431:
5421:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5397:
5382:
5378:"Model CE-1600F"
5374:
5361:
5360:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5323:
5317:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5270:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5251:on 8 August 2012
5250:
5244:. Archived from
5243:
5235:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5189:
5182:
5174:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5109:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5089:
5078:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5043:
5037:
5036:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4975:
4969:. Archived from
4968:
4960:
4951:
4950:
4930:
4919:
4916:
4910:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4887:. 22 July 2017.
4877:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4765:"Managing Disks"
4761:
4755:
4753:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4675:
4673:
4667:
4660:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4600:. Archived from
4590:
4584:
4583:
4577:
4575:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4541:
4534:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4503:. New York, US:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4450:
4439:Apple II History
4431:
4425:
4424:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4392:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4269:. 9 March 2016.
4263:
4257:
4256:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4200:
4189:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4130:. 1 April 2003.
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4098:. Archived from
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4047:. Archived from
4022:
4016:
4013:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3993:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3931:. Archived from
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3862:
3853:
3852:
3826:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3731:
3715:
3708:Digital Research
3696:
3690:
3687:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3568:
3563:
3562:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3378:150/200 MB
3358:240,750 KB
3340:120,375 KB
3262:100 KB per inch
3164:
3161:
3106:125 KB (SS/SD),
2820:Year introduced
2814:
2805:
2802:
2773:Zenith Minisport
2744:3¼-inch floppies
2723:Acorn Archimedes
2650:write protection
2573:
2561:
2342:Some errors are
2248:magnetic storage
2209:HD: 1.2 μm
1922:USB thumb drives
1910:re-writeable CDs
1877:tape-based media
1818:read-only memory
1810:operating system
1771:write protection
1650:
1643:
1636:
1595:Thin-film memory
1589:Core rope memory
1515:Universal memory
1478:Millipede memory
1468:Racetrack memory
1433:Ultra HD Blu-ray
1245:Linear Tape-Open
1199:Magnetic storage
1167:Analog recording
610:Software entropy
570:Disk aggregation
330:Data degradation
315:Data compression
211:Memory hierarchy
201:Memory coherence
173:
172:
141:USB flash drives
89:magnetic storage
21:
7012:
7011:
7007:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7002:
7001:
6997:Legacy hardware
6947:
6946:
6945:
6940:
6930:
6909:
6888:
6833:
6817:
6748:
6706:
6697:
6688:Office Open XML
6661:
6655:
6625:
6620:
6590:
6538:
6488:
6366:
6360:USB flash drive
6309:
6302:
6241:
6174:
6128:Game controller
6123:Graphics tablet
6100:
6091:
6061:
6056:
5964:
5958:
5925:Wayback Machine
5888:
5837:
5835:Further reading
5832:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5804:
5802:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5774:
5772:
5768:
5761:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5740:
5739:
5730:
5729:
5721:
5717:
5705:
5704:
5695:
5694:
5686:
5682:
5672:
5670:
5666:
5655:
5647:
5643:
5631:
5630:
5621:
5620:
5612:
5608:
5601:
5593:. p. 441.
5583:
5579:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5545:
5538:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5507:
5496:
5492:
5482:
5480:
5465:
5456:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5411:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5380:
5376:
5375:
5364:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5335:. 27 July 2019.
5325:
5324:
5320:
5315:
5311:
5297:
5293:
5283:
5281:
5272:
5271:
5264:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5241:
5237:
5236:
5229:
5219:
5217:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5193:
5191:
5187:
5180:
5176:
5175:
5168:
5158:
5156:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5110:
5103:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5076:
5070:
5066:
5056:
5054:
5045:
5044:
5040:
4993:
4989:
4979:
4977:
4976:on 25 July 2011
4973:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4954:
4931:
4922:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4904:
4894:
4892:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4864:
4862:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4834:
4832:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4804:
4802:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4774:
4772:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4719:
4715:
4705:
4703:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4637:
4635:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4607:
4605:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4573:
4571:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4532:
4526:
4522:
4515:
4492:
4488:
4478:
4476:
4475:on 19 June 2017
4465:
4461:
4448:
4446:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4401:
4399:
4393:
4386:
4376:
4374:
4367:
4363:
4353:
4351:
4341:
4337:
4327:
4325:
4324:. 23 April 2010
4320:
4319:
4315:
4305:
4303:
4290:
4286:
4276:
4274:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4249:
4245:
4235:
4233:
4218:
4214:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4168:
4166:
4151:
4147:
4137:
4135:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4105:
4103:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4070:
4069:on 27 July 2011
4061:
4060:
4056:
4051:on 6 July 2008.
4035:. No. 33.
4023:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4005:Picture of disk
4003:
3999:
3994:
3985:
3978:
3974:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3938:
3936:
3935:on 26 July 2011
3927:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3910:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3880:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3827:
3818:
3808:
3806:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3778:
3776:
3771:. 16 May 2024.
3763:
3762:
3758:
3748:
3746:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3700:Philips Austria
3697:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3624:Hard disk drive
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3554:
3507:Disk formatting
3445:For 8-inch see
3432:
3430:= Single Sided;
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3406:= High Density;
3402:
3400:= Quad Density;
3396:
3390:
3384:
3383:Abbreviations:
3162:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2785:
2737:
2731:
2679:, similar to a
2655:
2617:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2551:
2514:
2477:
2469:Main articles:
2467:
2422:
2420:Finding sectors
2405:
2353:
2325:
2323:Disk formatting
2319:
2290:
2281:read-write head
2188:
2162:radial distance
2114:
2109:
2104:
2092:Microsoft Paint
2063:
2048:British Airways
1935:
1888:Iomega Zip disk
1857:
1829:Adobe Photoshop
1787:
1701:Type 1 Diskette
1669:
1667:
1665:
1654:
1625:
1624:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1488:Patterned media
1458:
1450:
1449:
1317:
1307:
1306:
1302:Hard disk drive
1169:
1159:
1158:
1139:
1128:
1127:
1082:
1072:
1071:
993:IBM FlashSystem
988:USB flash drive
927:
910:
909:
864:
856:
855:
844:Dual-ported RAM
722:
705:
704:
665:Cloud computing
525:Copy protection
445:Data redundancy
375:Shared resource
345:Data validation
320:Data corruption
295:Structured data
206:Cache coherence
191:
177:Computer memory
171:
165:
83:) is a type of
69:floppy diskette
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7010:
7000:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6942:
6941:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6928:
6923:
6917:
6915:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6902:
6896:
6894:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6841:
6839:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6831:
6825:
6823:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6789:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6768:
6765:CD File System
6762:
6756:
6754:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6746:
6741:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6714:
6712:
6708:
6707:
6700:
6698:
6696:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6662:
6654:
6653:
6646:
6639:
6631:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6546:
6544:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6505:
6503:
6496:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6486:
6484:Expansion card
6481:
6476:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6421:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6394:
6389:
6388:
6387:
6385:Microprocessor
6376:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6362:
6357:
6347:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6325:
6320:
6314:
6312:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6273:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6255:
6253:
6251:Output devices
6247:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6193:
6188:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6155:Pointing stick
6152:
6147:
6146:
6145:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6119:
6117:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6090:
6089:
6082:
6075:
6067:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6054:
6048:
6042:
6036:
6030:
6024:
6018:
6012:
6006:
6000:
5994:
5988:
5982:
5976:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5957:
5956:
5949:
5942:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5899:
5894:
5887:
5886:External links
5884:
5883:
5882:
5875:
5860:
5845:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5812:
5782:
5750:
5715:
5680:
5641:
5606:
5599:
5577:
5563:
5555:Que Publishing
5536:
5512:
5503:Hitachi Maxell
5490:
5454:
5409:
5362:
5338:
5318:
5309:
5291:
5262:
5227:
5201:
5166:
5138:
5124:
5101:
5081:PET User Notes
5064:
5053:on 27 May 2014
5038:
4987:
4952:
4941:(5): 701–710.
4920:
4911:
4902:
4872:
4857:. 2 May 2013.
4842:
4812:
4782:
4756:
4741:
4734:
4713:
4683:
4645:
4615:
4585:
4553:
4542:on 13 May 2015
4520:
4513:
4495:Norman, Donald
4486:
4459:
4426:
4412:
4384:
4373:. The Register
4361:
4335:
4313:
4284:
4258:
4243:
4212:
4176:
4145:
4113:
4080:
4054:
4017:
4008:
3997:
3983:
3972:
3955:
3946:
3920:
3890:
3854:
3847:
3816:
3786:
3756:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3691:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3642:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3588:Berg connector
3584:
3583:
3569:
3566:Physics portal
3553:
3550:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3439:
3438:
3436:= Double Sided
3418:= Laser Servo;
3380:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3128:3½-inch DS DD
3125:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3069:3½-inch HP SS
3066:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2912:/ Shugart 850
2904:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2876:8-inch: DS SD
2873:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2859:8-inch: SS SD
2856:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2733:Main article:
2730:
2727:
2669:Micro diskette
2654:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2613:
2575:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2535:microcomputers
2513:
2510:
2466:
2463:
2457:) instead use
2421:
2418:
2404:
2401:
2352:
2349:
2321:Main article:
2318:
2315:
2289:
2286:
2221:
2220:
2218:barium ferrite
2216:ED: 3 μm
2214:
2207:
2187:
2184:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2062:
2059:
2051:Boeing 747-400
2000:virtualization
1971:bootable media
1960:Dell Dimension
1934:
1931:
1906:Recordable CDs
1856:
1853:
1786:
1783:
1735:double density
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1607:Twistor memory
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1525:Quantum memory
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1457:In development
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1368:Super Video CD
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1329:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1104:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1025:MultiMediaCard
1022:
1017:
1012:
1002:
1001:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
979:
973:
961:
956:
955:
954:
949:
939:
934:
928:
923:
922:
919:
918:
912:
911:
908:
907:
901:
895:
890:
887:Selectron tube
884:
878:
872:
865:
862:
861:
858:
857:
854:
853:
852:
851:
841:
836:
831:
825:
820:
815:
814:
813:
803:
802:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
741:
740:
739:
734:
727:Hardware cache
723:
718:
717:
714:
713:
707:
706:
703:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
680:Edge computing
677:
672:
667:
662:
660:Grid computing
657:
655:Bank switching
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
600:Virtual memory
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
565:Disk mirroring
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
520:Temporary file
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
470:Knowledge base
467:
462:
460:Storage record
457:
455:Memory refresh
452:
447:
442:
440:Data structure
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
335:Data integrity
332:
327:
325:Data cleansing
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
281:
280:
275:
265:
260:
258:Object storage
255:
250:
245:
240:
239:
238:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:
167:Main article:
164:
161:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7009:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6952:
6938:
6933:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6912:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6891:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6879:Minimal BASIC
6877:
6875:
6872:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6836:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6820:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6772:
6769:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6751:
6745:
6742:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6709:
6704:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6657:Standards of
6652:
6647:
6645:
6640:
6638:
6633:
6632:
6629:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6597:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6556:Parallel port
6554:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6491:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6455:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6446:
6443:
6439:
6436:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6412:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6372:Computer case
6369:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6348:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6305:
6299:
6298:Graphics card
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6248:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6228:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6197:
6196:Graphics card
6194:
6192:
6191:Image scanner
6189:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6106:Input devices
6103:
6099:
6096:
6088:
6083:
6081:
6076:
6074:
6069:
6068:
6065:
6052:
6049:
6046:
6043:
6040:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6022:
6019:
6016:
6013:
6010:
6007:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5977:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5962:
5955:
5950:
5948:
5943:
5941:
5936:
5935:
5932:
5926:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5880:
5876:
5873:
5872:0-916439-01-1
5869:
5865:
5861:
5858:
5857:0-8359-3091-2
5854:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5842:"The Disk II"
5839:
5838:
5826:
5822:
5816:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5786:
5767:
5760:
5754:
5746:
5734:
5726:
5719:
5711:
5699:
5691:
5684:
5665:
5661:
5654:
5653:
5645:
5637:
5625:
5617:
5610:
5602:
5600:3-89319-705-2
5596:
5592:
5588:
5581:
5566:
5564:0-7897-2974-1
5560:
5556:
5552:
5551:
5543:
5541:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5516:
5504:
5500:
5494:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5439:
5435:
5428:
5427:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5379:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5358:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5342:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5322:
5313:
5306:
5302:
5295:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5267:
5247:
5240:
5234:
5232:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5186:
5179:
5173:
5171:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5142:
5127:
5125:0-942386-04-3
5121:
5117:
5116:
5108:
5106:
5086:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5003:(4): 160–66.
5002:
4998:
4991:
4972:
4965:
4959:
4957:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4915:
4906:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4786:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4751:
4745:
4738:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4717:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4680:
4664:
4657:
4656:
4649:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4619:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4594:"Floppy Disk"
4589:
4582:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4557:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4516:
4514:0-385-26774-6
4510:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4490:
4474:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4435:"The Disk II"
4430:
4422:
4416:
4409:
4398:
4391:
4389:
4372:
4365:
4350:
4346:
4339:
4323:
4317:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4288:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4254:
4247:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4180:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4149:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4117:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4084:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4032:Business Week
4028:
4021:
4012:
4006:
4001:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3976:
3968:
3967:
3959:
3950:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3861:
3859:
3850:
3848:0-8359-1268-X
3844:
3840:
3839:Prentice hall
3836:
3832:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3726:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3570:
3567:
3561:
3556:
3549:
3547:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3529:nor a binary
3528:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3468:
3460:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3307:2.88 MB
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2989:Commodore DOS
2986:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2971:Commodore DOS
2968:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2907:8-inch DS DD
2906:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2780:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2661:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2612:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2589:Mini diskette
2586:
2572:
2560:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2302:
2294:
2282:
2277:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2256:Donald Norman
2253:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2192:
2183:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2170:disks. Later
2169:
2168:
2167:hard sectored
2163:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2126:
2118:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1951:file-transfer
1944:
1939:
1930:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1881:optical discs
1878:
1874:
1869:
1861:
1852:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1662:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1613:Bubble memory
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1240:Cassette tape
1238:
1236:
1235:Videocassette
1233:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1204:Magnetic tape
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1003:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
967:
965:
962:
960:
959:ROM cartridge
957:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
929:
926:
921:
920:
917:
914:
913:
905:
902:
899:
896:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
866:
860:
859:
850:
847:
846:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
812:
809:
808:
807:
804:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
746:
745:
742:
738:
735:
733:
730:
729:
728:
725:
724:
721:
716:
715:
712:
709:
708:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
685:Dew computing
683:
681:
678:
676:
675:Fog computing
673:
671:
670:Cloud storage
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
650:Memory paging
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
485:File deletion
483:
481:
478:
476:
475:Computer file
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
355:Data recovery
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
340:Data security
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
279:
276:
274:
271:
270:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
237:
236:floating-gate
234:
233:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
193:
187:
186:
182:
178:
175:
174:
170:
160:
158:
157:cloud storage
154:
150:
149:optical discs
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
123:
119:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
57:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6829:Universal 3D
6792:
6462:Power MOSFET
6445:Power supply
6414:Data storage
6350:Flash memory
6328:Optical disc
6322:
6310:data storage
6032:
5991:Ferrite core
5863:
5848:
5825:the original
5815:
5803:. Retrieved
5794:
5785:
5773:. Retrieved
5753:
5718:
5683:
5671:. Retrieved
5651:
5644:
5609:
5586:
5580:
5568:. Retrieved
5549:
5530:
5524:
5515:
5499:JP S6344319A
5493:
5481:. Retrieved
5472:
5445:. Retrieved
5425:
5400:. Retrieved
5384:
5356:
5350:
5341:
5330:
5321:
5312:
5304:
5300:
5294:
5282:. Retrieved
5277:
5253:. Retrieved
5246:the original
5218:. Retrieved
5204:
5194:12 September
5192:. Retrieved
5157:. Retrieved
5150:
5141:
5129:. Retrieved
5114:
5092:. Retrieved
5080:
5067:
5055:. Retrieved
5051:the original
5041:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4978:. Retrieved
4971:the original
4938:
4934:
4914:
4905:
4893:. Retrieved
4884:
4875:
4863:. Retrieved
4854:
4845:
4833:. Retrieved
4825:Floppy Drive
4824:
4815:
4803:. Retrieved
4794:
4785:
4773:. Retrieved
4759:
4749:
4744:
4732:
4726:
4716:
4704:. Retrieved
4686:
4677:
4670:. Retrieved
4654:
4648:
4636:. Retrieved
4632:the original
4627:
4618:
4606:. Retrieved
4602:the original
4588:
4579:
4572:, retrieved
4568:the original
4562:
4556:
4544:. Retrieved
4537:the original
4523:
4499:
4489:
4477:. Retrieved
4473:the original
4462:
4454:
4447:. Retrieved
4443:the original
4438:
4429:
4415:
4407:
4402:14 September
4400:. Retrieved
4377:23 September
4375:. Retrieved
4364:
4354:14 September
4352:. Retrieved
4348:
4338:
4328:14 September
4326:. Retrieved
4316:
4304:. Retrieved
4297:
4287:
4275:. Retrieved
4261:
4246:
4234:. Retrieved
4225:
4215:
4203:. Retrieved
4191:
4179:
4167:. Retrieved
4148:
4136:. Retrieved
4125:
4116:
4104:. Retrieved
4100:the original
4093:
4083:
4071:. Retrieved
4067:the original
4057:
4049:the original
4030:
4020:
4011:
4000:
3975:
3964:
3958:
3949:
3937:. Retrieved
3933:the original
3923:
3911:. Retrieved
3902:
3893:
3881:. Retrieved
3870:
3830:
3807:. Retrieved
3798:
3789:
3777:. Retrieved
3768:
3759:
3747:. Retrieved
3738:
3729:
3704:Philips :YES
3694:
3685:
3543:
3520:
3505:
3497:
3473:
3457:
3446:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3361:240 MB
3343:120 MB
3293:1.6 MB
3216:128 KB
3184:1.2 MB
3107:
2922:1.2 MB
2908:
2877:
2860:
2817:Disk format
2786:
2778:
2766:Video Floppy
2738:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2677:Micro floppy
2676:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2609:flippy disks
2605:
2601:hyper drives
2600:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2543:
2530:
2523:
2493:Macintosh SE
2481:
2478:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2430:soft sectors
2429:
2426:hard sectors
2425:
2423:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2307:
2261:
2241:
2233:ring binders
2222:
2197:
2186:3½-inch disk
2171:
2165:
2156:
2154:
2150:flippy disks
2143:
2139:
2135:
2072:
2055:
2045:
2035:
2023:IBM Series/1
2016:
1968:
1948:
1920:Flash-based
1919:
1904:
1897:
1885:
1873:flash memory
1833:
1822:
1799:
1779:
1776:
1763:
1743:high-density
1728:
1705:
1700:
1681:
1618:
1560:Punched tape
1554:Punched card
1520:Time crystal
1388:Hyper CD-ROM
1327:Optical disc
1219:Tape library
1154:FeFET memory
1135:Early-stage
1015:CompactFlash
1010:Memory Stick
970:Flash memory
932:Diode matrix
916:Non-volatile
700:Kryder's law
690:Amdahl's law
615:Software rot
590:Logical disk
490:File copying
425:Data storage
380:File sharing
365:Data cluster
181:data storage
145:memory cards
126:
110:
101:
97:
94:digital data
85:disk storage
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
62:
36:
6740:(Ultrium-1)
6561:Serial port
6552:(IEEE 1394)
6529:DisplayPort
6519:Thunderbolt
6392:Motherboard
6355:Memory card
6323:Floppy disk
6165:Touchscreen
6033:Floppy disk
6003:Stripe card
5741:|last=
5725:"InfoWorld"
5706:|last=
5632:|last=
5616:"InfoWorld"
4835:11 February
4805:20 February
4574:28 February
4449:17 February
4306:26 February
4302:. Vox Media
3639:Shugart bus
3325:21 MB
3298:3½-inch ED
3284:3½-inch HD
3270:3½-inch HD
3248:recording)
3175:5¼-inch HD
3163: 1982
3142:5¼-inch QD
2991:2.1 (SSDD)
2973:1.0 (SSDD)
2927:5¼-inch DD
2885:568.320 kB
2868:242.844 kB
2729:Other sizes
2711:disk drives
2393:PC DOS 5.02
2088:LibreOffice
1759:NeXTstation
1739:Convertible
1619:Floppy disk
1571:Drum memory
1005:Memory card
972:is used in:
906:(2002–2010)
871:(1946–1947)
695:Moore's law
540:Boot sector
480:Object file
385:File system
196:Memory cell
65:floppy disk
6951:Categories
6884:Full BASIC
6868:ECMAScript
6860:JavaScript
6308:Removable
6293:Sound card
6223:Sound chip
6218:Sound card
6208:Microphone
6098:components
5805:3 December
4795:Jla Forums
4706:13 October
4638:13 October
4608:2 December
4255:. Reuters.
3939:15 October
3913:1 December
3722:References
3702:for their
3599:Disk image
3322:20,385 KB
3137:1 MB
2997:170.75 KB
2837:81.664 kB
2673:Micro disk
2597:Minifloppy
2531:Diskette 1
2502:drive bays
2489:SuperDrive
2373:paper clip
2317:Formatting
2205:iron oxide
2157:index hole
2076:sneakernet
2041:Windows 11
2037:Windows 10
2029:are still
1844:format war
1816:stored in
1785:Prevalence
1542:Historical
1214:Tape drive
1040:SmartMedia
863:Historical
560:Disk image
555:Disk array
430:Data store
231:MOS memory
221:Memory map
139:, such as
122:other-size
6733:Super DLT
6571:PS/2 port
6566:Game port
6479:Fax modem
6318:Disk pack
6170:Trackball
6133:Light pen
6051:Racetrack
6015:Thin film
5997:Hard disk
5526:InfoWorld
5483:7 October
5352:InfoWorld
5332:Eurogamer
5284:4 January
5255:4 October
5220:4 October
5159:7 October
5131:7 October
5094:7 October
5025:0018-9464
4895:4 January
4865:4 January
4728:InfoWorld
4505:Doubleday
4299:The Verge
4045:0007-7135
3809:6 October
3671:Zip drive
3594:dd (Unix)
3477:Microsoft
3352:(LS-240)
3350:SuperDisk
3334:(LS-120)
3332:SuperDisk
3314:Floptical
3246:GCR (4/5)
3181:1,200 KB
3064:1,200 KB
2979:172.5 KB
2798:megabytes
2794:kilobytes
2686:Macintosh
2593:Mini disk
2399:command.
2368:Macintosh
2366:On Apple
2288:Operation
2244:usability
2180:Apple DOS
2107:Structure
1991:machinery
1836:SuperDisk
1601:Disk pack
1566:Plugboard
1403:DVD-Video
1332:LaserDisc
1230:Videotape
1101:3D XPoint
1092:Memristor
732:CPU cache
500:Core dump
420:Data bank
370:Directory
6822:Graphics
6550:FireWire
6543:Obsolete
6509:Ethernet
6288:Speakers
6186:Keyboard
6160:Touchpad
6095:computer
5921:Archived
5799:Archived
5795:Folklore
5766:Archived
5733:cite web
5698:cite web
5690:"PC Mag"
5664:Archived
5624:cite web
5477:Archived
5473:COMPUTE!
5447:11 March
5438:Archived
5402:12 March
5393:Archived
5214:Archived
5185:Archived
5085:Archived
5033:32505773
4889:Archived
4859:Archived
4829:Archived
4799:Archived
4769:Archived
4700:Archived
4663:Archived
4628:Archives
4271:Archived
4230:Archived
4226:The Hill
4196:Archived
4163:Archived
4132:Archived
4127:BBC News
4095:PC World
4063:"floppy"
3907:Archived
3883:2 August
3877:Archived
3803:Archived
3773:Archived
3743:Archived
3712:DOS Plus
3650:VGA-Copy
3552:See also
3546:kilobits
3535:2M/2MGUI
3531:mebibyte
3527:megabyte
3522:Mixtures
3372:1998/99
3366:3½-inch
3348:3½-inch
3330:3½-inch
3312:3½-inch
3242:turnable
2987:5¼-inch
2969:5¼-inch
2910:IBM 53FD
2899:87.5 KB
2385:IBM PS/2
2174:sectored
1979:firmware
1973:and for
1927:USB port
1755:NeXTcube
1530:UltraRAM
1408:DVD card
1363:Video CD
1348:CD Video
1118:Nano-RAM
1087:Memistor
1060:XQD card
1035:SIM card
893:Dekatron
779:XDR DRAM
774:EDO DRAM
711:Volatile
505:Hex dump
415:Database
310:Metadata
305:Big data
106:computer
77:diskette
18:Diskette
6921:ECMA-35
6845:C++/CLI
6693:OpenXPS
6599:Related
6502:Current
6343:Blu-ray
6281:Plotter
6276:Printer
6259:Monitor
6235:Softcam
6143:Optical
6041:(~1970)
6029:(~1968)
6027:Twistor
5775:16 July
5673:19 June
5570:16 July
5057:22 June
5005:Bibcode
4980:22 June
4698:: Z80.
4672:7 March
4546:22 June
4479:19 June
4277:11 June
4169:19 July
4138:19 July
4106:4 April
4073:22 June
3779:16 June
3749:16 June
3656:MO disc
3227:720 KB
3221:2-inch
3213:112 KB
3203:3-inch
3170:400 KB
3151:720 KB
3148:720 KB
3123:500 KB
3097:3-inch
3092:130 KB
3078:264 KB
3050:600 KB
3014:140 KB
3000:170 KB
2982:170 KB
2950:113 KB
2936:360 KB
2902:110 kB
2851:175 kB
2759:Amstrad
2695:AmigaOS
2691:RISC OS
2495:to the
2330:sectors
2254:expert
2229:ISO 838
2096:WordPad
2004:drivers
1900:iMac G3
1875:media,
1825:Windows
1806:backups
1794:Imation
1751:RS/6000
1718:(MFM),
1685:Memorex
1615:(~1970)
1609:(~1968)
1591:(1960s)
1428:Blu-ray
1418:MiniDVD
1413:DVD-RAM
1373:Mini CD
1315:Optical
1275:U-matic
1270:MicroMV
1250:Betamax
1114:(ECRAM)
1055:MicroP2
1030:SD card
1020:PC Card
811:1T-SRAM
769:QDRSRAM
360:Storage
190:General
163:History
79:, or a
6855:Eiffel
6786:FAT16B
6767:(CDFS)
6760:CD-ROM
6457:MOSFET
6397:Memory
6264:Screen
6230:Webcam
6093:Basic
6053:(2008)
6047:(1995)
6039:Bubble
6035:(1969)
6023:(1962)
6017:(1962)
6011:(1956)
6005:(1956)
5999:(1956)
5993:(1949)
5987:(1932)
5981:(1928)
5975:(1898)
5870:
5855:
5597:
5561:
5508:
5152:GitHub
5122:
5031:
5023:
4775:25 May
4624:"3740"
4563:X3.162
4511:
4236:30 May
4205:26 May
4043:
3845:
3835:Reston
3539:LS-240
3485:IBM PC
3025:RWTS18
2964:90 KB
2789:metric
2391:(i.e.
2381:X68000
2377:CD-ROM
2211:cobalt
2102:Design
2084:symbol
2061:Legacy
1879:, and
1714:(DM),
1695:, and
1621:(1971)
1603:(1962)
1597:(1962)
1585:(1957)
1579:(1949)
1573:(1932)
1562:(1725)
1556:(1725)
1550:(1725)
1423:HD DVD
1383:CD-ROM
1339:(CDDA)
1265:MiniDV
984:(SSHD)
966:(SSS)
952:EEPROM
900:(2009)
889:(1952)
883:(1951)
877:(1947)
495:Backup
73:floppy
6914:Other
6781:FAT16
6776:FAT12
6576:eSATA
6494:Ports
6179:Other
6138:Mouse
5963:media
5902:NCITS
5769:(PDF)
5762:(PDF)
5667:(PDF)
5656:(PDF)
5441:(PDF)
5430:(PDF)
5396:(PDF)
5381:(PDF)
5249:(PDF)
5242:(PDF)
5188:(PDF)
5181:(PDF)
5088:(PDF)
5077:(PDF)
5029:S2CID
4974:(PDF)
4967:(PDF)
4679:each.
4666:(PDF)
4659:(PDF)
4540:(PDF)
4533:(PDF)
4349:Wired
4199:(PDF)
4188:(PDF)
3677:Notes
3355:1997
3337:1996
3319:1991
3316:(LS)
3301:1987
3287:1987
3273:1986
3259:1986
3238:1986
3224:1989
3210:1986
3192:1985
3178:1982
3145:1980
3131:1983
3117:1983
3100:1982
3086:1983
3072:1982
3058:1982
3044:1982
3030:1988
3008:1980
2994:1980
2976:1979
2958:1979
2944:1978
2930:1978
2916:1977
2896:1976
2882:1976
2865:1973
2848:1972
2834:1971
2752:Dysan
2748:Tabor
2675:, or
2595:, or
2465:Sizes
2397:EJECT
2172:soft-
1814:BASIC
1731:PC/AT
1483:ECRAM
1463:CBRAM
1398:DVD+R
1358:CD-RW
1295:D-VHS
1290:VHS-C
1285:S-VHS
1226:(DDS)
1149:ReRAM
1144:FeRAM
1137:NVRAM
1123:CBRAM
1080:NVRAM
978:(SSD)
947:EPROM
904:Z-RAM
898:T-RAM
830:(CAM)
818:ReRAM
784:RDRAM
764:LPDDR
759:SGRAM
754:SDRAM
749:eDRAM
183:types
6926:JSON
6874:Dart
6678:APIW
6534:HDMI
6450:SMPS
6438:SSHD
6432:NVMe
6428:SATA
6407:BIOS
6045:MRAM
6021:CRAM
6009:MICR
5985:Drum
5979:Tape
5973:Wire
5868:ISBN
5853:ISBN
5807:2013
5777:2011
5745:help
5710:help
5675:2017
5636:help
5595:ISBN
5572:2011
5559:ISBN
5485:2018
5449:2017
5404:2017
5286:2022
5257:2008
5222:2008
5196:2022
5161:2018
5133:2018
5120:ISBN
5096:2018
5059:2011
5021:ISSN
4982:2011
4897:2018
4867:2018
4837:2011
4807:2011
4777:2006
4708:2014
4674:2019
4640:2014
4610:2013
4576:2022
4548:2011
4509:ISBN
4481:2017
4451:2018
4404:2022
4379:2022
4356:2022
4330:2022
4308:2021
4279:2019
4238:2016
4207:2016
4171:2011
4140:2011
4108:2012
4075:2011
4041:ISSN
3941:2012
3915:2015
3885:2020
3843:ISBN
3811:2017
3781:2024
3751:2024
3706:and
3422:HiFD
3368:HiFD
2796:and
2750:and
2721:and
2719:PS/2
2713:and
2681:Sony
2648:The
2539:CP/M
2473:and
2344:soft
2046:The
2039:and
1993:and
1975:BIOS
1956:Dell
1767:Sony
1757:and
1722:and
1473:NRAM
1445:WORM
1353:CD-R
1107:MRAM
942:PROM
937:MROM
839:VRAM
823:QRAM
806:SRAM
794:GDDR
744:DRAM
640:RAID
290:Data
179:and
155:and
81:disk
75:, a
6905:UWB
6900:NFC
6864:E4X
6798:UDF
6771:FAT
6744:VXA
6728:DLT
6723:DDS
6586:VGA
6581:DVI
6514:USB
6467:VRM
6424:SSD
6419:HDD
6402:RAM
6338:DVD
6201:GPU
5013:doi
4943:doi
3769:IBM
3645:XDF
3516:DMF
3489:MSX
3481:DMF
3023:'s
2585:MFM
2428:or
2389:DOS
1964:OEM
1849:USB
1827:or
1720:MFM
1689:IBM
1393:DVD
1280:VHS
1097:PCM
1050:SxS
925:ROM
799:HBM
789:DDR
720:RAM
118:USB
113:IBM
102:FDD
67:or
6953::
6866:,
6850:C#
6793:FD
6430:/
6333:CD
5797:.
5793:.
5764:.
5737::
5735:}}
5731:{{
5702::
5700:}}
5696:{{
5628::
5626:}}
5622:{{
5553:.
5539:^
5529:.
5523:.
5471:.
5457:^
5432:.
5412:^
5383:.
5365:^
5357:11
5355:.
5349:.
5329:.
5276:.
5265:^
5230:^
5212:.
5183:.
5169:^
5149:.
5104:^
5079:.
5027:.
5019:.
5011:.
5001:14
4999:.
4955:^
4939:25
4937:.
4923:^
4883:.
4853:.
4827:.
4823:.
4797:.
4793:.
4767:.
4725:.
4696:DE
4694:.
4626:.
4596:.
4578:,
4507:.
4453:.
4437:.
4406:.
4387:^
4347:.
4296:.
4228:.
4224:.
4190:.
4161:.
4157:.
4124:.
4092:.
4039:.
4029:.
3986:^
3905:.
3901:.
3875:.
3869:.
3857:^
3841:.
3837:/
3819:^
3801:.
3797:.
3767:.
3737:.
3511:OS
3487:,
3434:DS
3428:SS
3416:LS
3410:ED
3404:HD
3398:QD
3392:DD
3386:SD
3375:?
3265:?
3230:?
3198:?
3167:—
3160:c.
3103:?
3027:)
2800:.
2671:,
2591:,
2279:A
2258::
2231:)
2225:A4
2098:.
2094:,
2090:,
1941:A
1929:.
1840:MB
1343:CD
1260:DV
159:.
147:,
143:,
63:A
6870:)
6862:(
6650:e
6643:t
6636:v
6434:)
6426:(
6086:e
6079:t
6072:v
5953:e
5946:t
5939:v
5881:.
5874:.
5859:.
5809:.
5779:.
5747:)
5712:)
5677:.
5638:)
5603:.
5574:.
5531:8
5487:.
5451:.
5406:.
5288:.
5259:.
5224:.
5198:.
5163:.
5135:.
5098:.
5061:.
5035:.
5015::
5007::
4984:.
4949:.
4945::
4899:.
4869:.
4839:.
4809:.
4779:.
4735:2
4710:.
4642:.
4612:.
4550:.
4517:.
4483:.
4423:.
4381:.
4358:.
4332:.
4310:.
4281:.
4240:.
4209:.
4173:.
4142:.
4110:.
4077:.
3943:.
3917:.
3887:.
3851:.
3813:.
3783:.
3753:.
3714:.
2754:.
1649:e
1642:t
1635:v
1103:)
1099:(
100:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.