881:
mixed with a little clay, and it is employed to make bricks of a round form which are sufficiently solid. The houses are as large as those of
European villages. The greater part have only one storey ... They are all terraced, have no windows externally, and the apartments receive no air except from an inner court. The only entrance, which is of ordinary size, is closed by a door made of wooden planks, pretty thick, and apparently sawed. The door is fastened on the inside by a double iron chain, and on the outside by a wooden lock made in the country. Some however have iron locks. The apartments are all long and narrow. The walls, especially the outer, are well plastered with sand, for they have no lime. In each house there is a staircase leading to the terrace; but there are no chimneys, and consequently the slaves cook in the open air.
487:
variation in the height of the flood leads to a large variation in the area of land that is flooded. This has important consequences for the local agriculture. The drought that began in the early 1970s resulted in a big reduction in the volume of water flowing in the Niger and Bani rivers. The effect on the Bani was particularly severe as the reduction in flow was much greater than the reduction in rainfall. The annual discharge of the river has not returned to the volumes experienced in the 1950s and 1960s. It is only during the flood season (mid-July till
December) that the Bani river between Djenné and Mopti is easily navigable. At other times of the year, sandbars lie close to the water surface. When the French explorer
965:
rebuilt. A survey of the town in 1984 identified 134 two-storey buildings of significant architectural importance, yet by 1995, in spite of restrictions resulting from the town's World
Heritage status, 30% of the buildings on the list had been demolished, with most having been replaced with entirely new adobe buildings. Between 1996 and 2003 the Dutch government funded a project to restore around 100 of the older buildings in the town. For some buildings the restoration work involved little more than replastering the façade while for others it involved demolition and rebuilding. The total cost was 430 million FCFA (655,000 Euro).
792:
his account of Djenné was unlikely to be based on first hand observations and was probably based on information obtained from other travellers. He describes Djenné (which he refers to as Gheneo, Genni and Ghinea) as a village with houses constructed of clay with straw roofs. He mentions an abundance of barley, rice, livestock, fish and cotton and also the importance of trade with north Africa in which merchants exported cotton and imported
European cloth, copper, brass, and arms. In the trade with Timbuktu merchants visited during the annual flood using small narrow canoes. Unstamped gold was used for coinage.
978:
119:
146:
479:
552:
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824:
1163:
720:
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212:
588:. Djoboro developed into a large walled urban complex by between 300 and 850 AD. The city and its environs, including the later site of modern-day Djenne, had approximately 50,000 inhabitants. 25 chiefs ruled the city before the coming of Islam in the late 600s, although Siigha, the first Muslim ruler, is also presumably mythical, considering his supposed connections to companions of the prophet Muhammad.
917:
3880:
153:
679:. The siege lasted approximately 6 months. The flooding of the Bani protected the city, but also allowed Ali to bring his powerful river fleet to bear, blockading the city until. The sultan died during the siege, and his young son made peace with the Songhai and his mother married Sonni Ali, establishing the city's high political position within the empire. Djenne did not support
630:, describes the chief of Djenné as a humble vassal of the Malian emperor. Djenné was probably a tribute-paying sometimes-vassal, with recurring episodes of conflict and commercial coercion pitting the city-state's military and economic prowess against the powerful Malian state, which controlled most of the trade routes in the area.
605:
After 1100 AD the population of Djenne-Djeno declined and by 1400 AD the site had been abandoned. Many smaller settlements within a few kilometres of Djenné-Jéno also appear to have been abandoned around this date. The cause of this demographic collapse is unknown, but may have included new
1170:
The main attractions are the Great Mosque and the two-story adobe houses with their monumental façades. The best known house is that of the Maiga family who supply the town's tradition chief. This old building with its
Toucouleur-style entrance porch is in the Algasba district on the eastern side of
968:
In the early 1980s foreign aid organizations funded a system to supply drinking water to both public taps and private homes. However, no wastewater disposal system was installed at the time and, as a result, wastewater was discharged into the streets. This was both unsightly and unhygienic. Between
839:
Jenne is one of the great markets of the
Muslims. Those who deal in salt from the mine of Taghaza meet there with those who deal in gold from the mine of Bitu. ... This blessed city of Jenne is the reason why caravans come to Timbuktu from all quarters-north, south, east and west. Jenne is situated
654:
In the fifteenth century the
Portuguese established trading-posts along the Atlantic coast of West Africa in an attempt to tap into the overland trade in gold bullion. It is from Portuguese sources that we learn a little more about the town. With the Mali empire in retreat, Djenne may have fought a
525:
near
Kourouba and the extension of the area irrigated by the Talo dam. The proposed Djenné dam will retain 0.3 km of water, significantly more than the Talo dam. It will allow the "controlled flooding" of 14,000 ha (35,000 acres) of the Pondori floodplain (on the left bank of the river to
417:
of Djenné which covers an area of 302 square kilometers and consists of the town and ten of the surrounding villages: Ballé, Diabolo, Gomnikouboye, Kamaraga, Kéra, Niala, Soala, Syn, Velingara and
Yenleda. The population figures are for the commune and include these villages. The commune is bounded
991:
In 1906 the French colonial administration arranged for the present Great Mosque to be built on the site of an earlier mosque. Different views have been expressed as to what extent the design of the present mosque was influenced by the colonial administration. The journalist Félix Dubois revisited
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which was completed in 1526 but not published until 1550. He had visited Mali with an uncle in around 1510 and perhaps again 3 years later. At several places in his book Leo
Africanus describes the Niger River as flowing westwards from Timbuktu to Djenné. This has led some scholars to suggest that
520:
In May 2009 the African Development Bank approved funding for an irrigation dam/weir to be built on the Bani near Soala, a village within the commune situated 12 km (7.5 mi) south of Djenné. The dam is one element in a 6-year 33.6 billion CFA franc (66 million USD) program that
486:
In Djenné the annual flood produced by Bani and Niger rivers begins in July and reaches a maximum in October. During this period, the town of Djenné becomes an island and the Souman-Bani channel that passes just to the east of the town fills and connects the Bani and Niger rivers. The year-to-year
464:
The weather is hot and dry throughout much of the year. Average daily maximum temperatures in the hottest months, April and May, are around 40 °C. Temperatures are slightly cooler, though still very hot, from June through September, when practically all of the annual rainfall occurs. Only the
1138:
Although historically Djenné had been an important commercial and trading centre, in the 20th century commerce in the town declined due to its relatively isolated position. The local economy is now mainly based on agriculture, fishing and livestock and is very dependent on the annual rainfall and
964:
In Djenné the adobe buildings need to be replastered at least every other year and even then the annual rains can cause serious damage. The Great Mosque is replastered every year and yet in 2009 one of the minarets collapsed after a period of heavy rainfall. The older buildings are often entirely
880:
The town of Jenné is about two miles and half in circumference; it is surrounded by a very ill constructed earth wall, about ten feet high, and fourteen inches thick. There are several gates, but they are all small. The houses are built of bricks dried in the sun. The sand of the isle of Jenné is
645:
to a merchant in Genoa, Malfante reports on what he had learnt from an informant about the trans-Saharan trade. He lists several 'states' including one called 'Geni' and describes the Niger River "Through these lands flows a very large river, which at certain times of the year inundates all these
1149:
The town has received significant quantities of foreign aid with many countries contributing. The Canadian government helped fund the infrastructure to supply drinking water while the United States has contributed funds to maintain the system. The Dutch government funded a project to restore and
511:
was criticised for not fully taking into account the hydrological impact downstream of the dam. The 0.18 km of water retained by the dam represents 1.3% of the average annual discharge of the river (the average for the period 1952–2002 is 13.4 km). From the published information it is
1145:
Tourism is an important part of the local economy particularly in the dryer cooler winter months between November and March. Most tourists visit the Monday market and spend only one night in one of the 5 hotels/guest houses. In 2007 the town received around 15,000 visitors of whom 4,200 stayed
952:
Some of the houses built before 1900 are in the Toucouleur-style and have a massive covered entrance porch set between two large buttresses. These houses generally have a single small window onto the street set above the entrance door. Many of the more recent two-storey houses are in the
934:
The traditional flat-roofed two-storey houses are built around a small central courtyard and have imposing façades with pilaster like buttresses and an elaborate arrangement of pinnacles forming the parapet above the entrance door. The façades are decorated with bundles of rônier palm
848:
had lost control. The collapse of a centralised kingdom able to maintain order over a wide area led to a lack of security and a decline in the movement of traders and scholars. Djenné changed hands several times over the following centuries. The town formed part of the
591:
Preliminary archaeological excavations at sites within modern Djenné indicate that the present town was first settled after 1000 AD. Oral traditions, failing to distinguish between Djenne and Djoboro, claim that it was founded in 635 around the home of a powerfull
1171:
the town. René Caillé visited the house in 1828. Other attractions include the tomb of Tapama Djenepo, who in legend was sacrificed on the founding of the city, and the remains of Djenné-Jéno, an important settlement from the 3rd century BC until the 13th century AD.
707:
off the coast of present-day Mauritania: "Genná ... which in former times was more famous than Timbuktu ... As it is further to the west than Timbuktu, it is usually frequented by peoples of its neighbourhood, such as the Çaragoles , Fullos , Jalofos , Azanegues
956:
The adobe bricks are made on the river bank using a wooded mold and a mixture of earth and chopped straw. They are typical 36 x 18 x 8 cm in size and when laid are separated by 2 cm of mortar. Up to the 1930s hand molded cylindrical bricks were used called
698:
which he wrote between 1506 and 1508: "...the city of Jany, inhabited by Negroes and surrounded by a stone wall, where there is great wealth of gold; tin and copper are greatly prized there, likewise red and blue cloths and salt ..." The Portuguese historian
512:
unclear how much of the total discharge will be diverted for irrigation and, of the diverted water, how much will drain back into the river. The downstream effect of the dam will be to delay the arrival of the annual flood and to reduce its intensity.
840:
to the south and west of Timbuktu beyond the two rivers. When the river is in flood, Jenne becomes an island, but when the flood abates the water is far from it. It begins to be surrounded by water in August, and in February the water recedes again.
469:
wind blows from the Sahara. When it blows strongly, the dust-laden wind reduces visibility and creates a persistent haze. The annual rainfall is around 550 mm but varies greatly from year to year. August is normally the wettest month.
969:
2004 and 2008 the German government funded a project to construct gravel filled trenches outside each home to allow the wastewater to infiltrate the soil. By 2008 1,880 homes had been provided with these local infiltration systems.
503:. The dam is located 43 km west of San and 110 km upstream from Djenné. The dam functions as a weir in that water can flow over the top of the retaining wall. The construction of the dam was highly controversial. The
1174:
The weekly Monday market, when buyers and sellers converge on the town from the surrounding regions, is a key tourist attraction. There is also a daily (women's) market that takes place in a courtyard opposite the mosque.
1146:
overnight. Of these just over a third were from France with the remainder coming from a large number of other countries. In 2005 tourism contributed around 450 million CFA francs (687,000 Euro) to the economy of the town.
579:
more habitable. Excavations undertaken by Susan and Roderick McIntosh in 1977 and 1981 indicate that Djenné-Jéno was first settled around 200 BC. Oral traditions recount a legendary founder named Maafir, who was from
905:. At the time of his visit the town was still encircled by an adobe wall. It was through this book, and the French edition published in 1897, that Djenné and its architecture became known in Europe and the United States.
410:. The town has an area of around 70 ha (170 acres) and during the annual floods becomes an island that is accessed by causeways. The Bani river is 5 km (3.1 mi) south of the town and is crossed by ferry.
751:(Bitu) and then transported north through Djenné and Timbuktu and across the Sahara to North Africa where it was exchanged for merchandise such as cloth, copper and brass. However, by the early sixteenth century, the
1312:
may have been similarly confused when he wrote that "Genná ... which in former times was more famous than Timbuktu." Early European sources normally used Ghinea (or Guinea) for the West African coast south of the
354:
in goods such as salt, gold, and slaves that moved in and out of Timbuktu passed through Djenné. Both towns became centres of Islamic scholarship. Djenné's prosperity depended on this trade and when the
1632:
1304:
Leo Africanus uses the word 'Ghinea' for both a village and a large kingdom. The historian Pekka Masonen has suggested that Leo may be confusing the town of Djenné with the ancient
835:
Despite the fall of the Songhai, Djenné remained a thriving centre of trade and learning. In his chronicle al-Sadi describes the town in 1655, 70 years after the Moroccan conquest:
690:
Under the Songhai, Djenne functioned as one of the key hubs in a thriving trade economy centered on the middle Niger river valley, with a population of approximately 40,000 people.
1609:
3569:
2860:. Pages 30–31 contain a table dated 2003 prepared by J.R. Patenaude, giving values for the discharge in an average year (assumed to be 125 m/s or 3.9 km/y).
1536:
1139:
flooding of the Niger and Bani rivers. As a consequence, the severe drought that began in the late 1970s caused great hardship in the already impoverished town.
3188:
3620:
844:
Despite the initial success of the Moroccan occupation, the logistics of controlling a territory across the Sahara soon became too difficult and by 1630 the
1178:
The town is approximately eight hours by road from Bamako. The coaches to Mopti drop off passengers at the crossroads 29 km (18 mi) from Djenné.
1150:
plaster some of the old adobe buildings and the German government funded a scheme to improve the sanitation. Repairs to the mosque have been funded by the
2123:
567:, meaning 'old Djenne', one of the earliest and most important urban sites in West Africa. The name of the town itself was Djoboro, and it was founded by
949:
also serve as readymade scaffolding. Ceramic pipes also extend from the roofline and ensure that the rain water from the roof does not damage the walls.
931:
architecture. Nearly all of the buildings in the town, including the Great Mosque, are made from sun-baked earthen bricks which are coated with plaster.
618:, which rose to power in the 13th century. Seventeenth century indigenous chronicles give conflicting accounts of the status of the town. Al-Sadi in his
606:
diseases arriving in the area through trans-Saharan trade, or warfare. Djenne, however, was fully occupied, and survived as a center of regional trade.
465:
winter months of December and January have average daily maximum temperatures below 32 °C. Between December and March the warm dry north-easterly
3584:
2885:"Djenné, « la ville aux 313 saints » Convocation des savoirs, « lutte des classements » et production d'une ville sainte au Mali"
2597:
Alderlieste, M.C.; Langeveld, J.G. (2005), "Wastewater planning in Djenné, Mali. A pilot project for the local infiltration of domestic wastewater",
1507:
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the south of Djenné) to allow the cultivation of rice and the irrigation of an additional 5,000 ha (12,000 acres) for growing 'floating grass' (
2523:
1103:
3598:
2496:
1858:
901:, visited the town in 1895, two years after the occupation. He published an account of his travels, together with many illustrations, in his book,
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713:
2556:
1344:
1098:
The Old Towns of Djenné is an archaeological and urban ensemble located in the city of Djenné, that comprises four archaeological sites, namely
491:
made the journey to Mopti in a small boat in March 1828, he was "obliged several times to unload the vessel in order to pass over sandbanks."
1576:
174:
2347:
3422:
Joy, Charlotte (2007), "Enchanting Town of Mud: Djenné, a world heritage site in Mali", in de Jong, Ferdinand; Rowlands, Michael (eds.),
2930:
Kaba, Lansiné (1981), "Archers, musketeers, and mosquitoes: The Moroccan invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay resistance (1591–1612)",
3613:
2978:
Tarikh el-fettach ou Chronique du chercheur, pour servir à l'histoire des villes, des armées et des principaux personnages du Tekrour
1111:
1107:
808:, wanted to control the export of gold and in 1590 sent an army of 4,000 mercenaries across the Sahara led by the converted Spaniard
624:
claims that the Malians attacked the town ninety-nine times but that Djenné was never conquered while the other major chronicle, the
766:
Between the 14th and 17th centuries Djenné and Timbuktu were also important centers of Islamic study, in addition to their roles as
2395:
1000:
has argued that the French had little influence except perhaps for the internal arches and that the design is "basically African".
3367:
3332:
872:, who travelled disguised as a Muslim, became the first European to visit Djenné. He published a detailed description in his book
2843:
2729:
Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols)
1584:, République du Mali, Ministère des Mines, de l’énergie et de l’eau: Direction Nationale de l'Hydraulique, 2006, archived from
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3394:
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3177:
3142:
3082:
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1964:
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in the Sahara and transported south via Timbuktu and Djenné. Gold from the Akan goldfields in the forested area between the
2302:
118:
3294:
Wilks, Ivor (1982b), "Wangara, Akan and Portuguese in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. II. The struggle for trade",
1385:
2984:
1414:
2191:
1422:(in French), Ministère de l’administration territoriale et des collectivités locales, République du Mali, archived from
2107:
359:
established trading posts on the African coast, the importance of the trans-Saharan trade and thus of Djenné declined.
4867:
3265:
Wilks, Ivor (1982a), "Wangara, Akan and Portuguese in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. I. The matter of Bitu",
3219:
3153:
3093:
2873:
787:
716:, Tigurarijs , and Luddayas , from whom, through the Castle of Arguim and all that coast, gold came into our hands."
3628:
1268:
1843:
Wilks, Ivor. Wangara, Akan, and Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (1997). Bakewell, Peter (ed.).
1842:
1471:
1081:
961:. All the brickwork is covered with a protective layer of plaster consisting of a mixture of earth and rice husks.
2207:
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lands. This river passes by the gates of Thambet . ... There are many boats on it, by which they carry on trade."
1228:
504:
3167:
908:
The French chose to make Mopti the regional capital and as a result the relative importance of Djenné declined.
2884:
2397:
Informations n° 17, automne 2004: L'assainissement de la ville de Djenné : où en est le projet KfW ?
1142:
The town is a centre of Islamic scholarship and the Quranic schools attract students from outside the region.
992:
the town in 1910 and was horrified by what he considered to be a French design with three minarets resembling
3009:. The original text of Pory's 1600 English translation together with an introduction and notes by the editor.
1049:
499:
In 2006 the Talo Dam was constructed on the Bani River to irrigate parts of the floodplain near the town of
3526:
2747:
The Voyages of Cadamosto and other documents on Western Africa in the second half of the fifteenth century
2247:
2137:
1974:
1515:
1197:, but the languages spoken also reflect the diversity of the area. The villages around it variously speak
145:
2532:
1566:
A flow of 1 m/s corresponds to 0.0316 km per year. 424 m/s is equivalent to 13.4 km/y
1352:(in French), Commissariat à la Sécurité Alimentaire, République du Mali, USAID-Mali, 2006, archived from
3232:
2913:
Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents
2502:
1672:
provide a brief history of Djenné up to the 19th century and summarise the available historical sources.
4872:
1611:
Mali: 33.6 billion FCFA and an additional 76.2 billion FCFA for the development of irrigation
1151:
1014:
1798:
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had established trading posts along the African coast and were shipping large quantities of gold from
3158:
Proceedings of the Eleventh Congress of the Pan-African Association for Prehistory and Related Fields
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2117:
1634:
Mali: Irrigation Development Programme – Phase I, Summary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
986:
367:
124:
2645:
1073:
508:
1585:
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2353:
3169:
Excavations at Jenné-Jeno, Hambarketolo, and Kaniana (Inland Niger Delta, Mali), the 1981 season
691:
343:. The commune includes ten of the surrounding villages and in 2009 had a population of 32,944.
17:
4757:
4753:
4614:
2201:
1093:
1194:
563:
Lying 2.5 km (1.6 mi) south-east of the present town is the archaeological site of
104:
64:
1481:
596:, Shamharoush, who had been blessed by the prophet Muhammad. The name 'Djenne' derives from
2217:
997:
528:
2703:
Brown, William A. (1968), "Toward a chronology for the Caliphate of Hamdullahi (Māsina)",
8:
4877:
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3559:
3254:
2755:
1119:
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3006:
3002:
2998:
2781:
2401:
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3418:. Reproduces postcards and photographs dating from the early years of the 20th century.
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3311:
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3256:
Plan de Conservation et de Gestion des " Villes anciennes de Djenné " – Mali, 2008–2012
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332:
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which was built in 1907 on the site of an earlier mosque. To the south of the town is
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3323:
3211:
3173:
3138:
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2786:, Tombouctou la mystérieuse.English.1896, White, Diana (trans.), New York: Longmans,
2763:
2724:
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2614:
1538:
Moyen Bani plains development program: Summary of the environmental impact assessment
1202:
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886:
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who answered to the Askias and was in charge of collecting taxes and customs duties.
626:
576:
488:
3952:
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2967:
2852:
1393:(in French), République de Mali: Institut National de la Statistique, archived from
1309:
700:
4278:
4274:
4111:
4041:
3636:
3369:
Le Niger: une Artère vitale. Gestion efficace de l’eau dans le bassin du Haut Niger
3303:
3274:
3203:
3105:
3013:
2939:
2822:
2813:
Fisher, Humphrey J. (1978), "Leo Africanus and the Songhay conquest of Hausaland",
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2787:
2712:
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638:
427:
414:
328:
295:
89:
74:
54:
4023:
3207:
1099:
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Moroccan-style and have small ornate windows but lack the covered entrance porch.
703:, writing in the 1520s, mentions Djenné and the export of gold from the island of
449:
371:
336:
241:
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4427:
4156:
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2866:
African dominion : a new history of empire in early and medieval West Africa
2738:
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633:
The first direct mention of Djenné in European sources is in connection with the
620:
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236:
224:
4341:
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2308:
898:
728:
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324:
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4184:
3307:
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3109:
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1423:
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378:. Djenné together with Djenné-Djenno were designated a World Heritage Site by
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2055:
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189:
176:
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4188:
3331:
Zwarts, Leo; van Beukering, Pieter; Kone, Bakary; et al., eds. (2005),
3189:"The uneven geographies of transnational advocacy: The case of the Talo Dam"
3094:"The inland Niger delta before the empire of Mali: evidence from Jenne-jeno"
3075:
The Negroland Revisited: Discovery and Invention of the Sudanese Middle Ages
2675:
Bourgeois, Jean-Louis (1987), "The history of the great mosques of Djenné",
2267:
1440:
Climatological statistics are available for the neighbouring town of Mopti:
564:
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4397:
4337:
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2981:(in French), Houdas, O., Delafosse, M. ed. and trans., Paris: Ernest Leroux
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2635:(in French), Le Havre, France: Imprimer de la Société des Anciens Courtiers
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453:
340:
229:
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The Niger, a lifeline: Effective water management in the Upper Niger Basin
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The Talo Dam Project: Projet de Mise en Valeur Des Plaines Du Moyen Bani
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4441:
4437:
4351:
4347:
4331:
4327:
4304:
4238:
4218:
4105:
4085:
4075:
4012:
4008:
3942:
3938:
3668:
3664:
3259:(in French), République du Mali: Ministère de la Culture du Mali/UNESCO
2696:
993:
862:
684:
403:
4747:
4610:
3315:
3286:
3117:
2951:
2834:
2446:
1769:
For a discussion on the errors associated with radiocarbon dating see
1752:
Results of archaeological excavations at Djenné-Jéno are described in
1371:
4840:
4713:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4620:
4594:
4590:
4560:
4391:
4387:
4371:
4367:
4214:
3834:
3728:
3724:
3678:
3674:
3548:
3424:
Reclaiming Heritage: Alternative Imaginaries of Memory in West Africa
2658:
L'architecture de Djenné (Mali): la pérennité d'un Patrimonie Mondial
890:
672:
500:
466:
444:
335:
region of central Mali. The town is the administrative centre of the
4703:
4298:
4294:
2688:
4780:
4776:
4510:
4451:
4447:
4421:
4224:
4208:
4204:
4168:
4164:
4135:
4121:
3972:
3968:
3808:
3788:
3784:
3774:
3704:
3464:, Cohendy, Mireille trans., Brinon-sur-Sauldre, France: Grandvaux,
2826:
2557:"Aga Khan Trust for Culture leading reconstruction works in Djennè"
823:
763:. This maritime trade competed with the trans-Saharan gold trade.
752:
676:
419:
356:
347:
4234:
3493:, Paris: Société d’éditions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales
3443:
The Politics of Heritage Management in Mali: From UNESCO to Djenné
1162:
719:
637:
in gold, salt and slaves. In a letter written in Latin in 1447 by
555:
Houses in Djenné with Toucouleur-style façades from a postcard by
4634:
4630:
4580:
4574:
4570:
4514:
4481:
4477:
4288:
4284:
4264:
4248:
4244:
4145:
4131:
4125:
4095:
4091:
4002:
3998:
3902:
3898:
3864:
3854:
3814:
3768:
3698:
3694:
1548:
801:
736:
709:
572:
439:
435:
4081:
3574:
3532:
3491:
Une cité soudanaise. Djénné, métropole du delta central du Niger
2574:
2464:
1847:. Aldershot: Variorum, Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. 8–9.
1346:
Plan de Securite Alimentaire Commune Urbaine de Djenné 2006–2010
1265:
The village of Saola is located on the left back of the Bani at
4810:
4796:
4707:
4584:
4544:
4540:
4401:
4228:
4115:
4071:
4065:
4061:
4051:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3818:
3778:
3758:
3754:
3738:
3734:
1680:
1678:
1115:
916:
756:
704:
598:
431:
423:
391:
379:
3531:, Office Malien du Tourisme et de l'Hôtellerie, archived from
3330:
3154:"Results of recent excavations at Jenné-jeno and Djenné, Mali"
2095:
1465:
770:. Under Songhai administration, the city was led by the Jenne-
4806:
4727:
4554:
4550:
4504:
4500:
4055:
3879:
3798:
3794:
3648:
3247:, Kimble, George H.T. trans. and ed., London: Hakluyt Society
2360:
2315:
760:
748:
593:
581:
395:
363:
1722:
1675:
3631:
1308:
which collapsed in the 13th century. He also suggests that
1181:
The great mosque is out of bounds for non-Muslim tourists.
642:
585:
217:
3160:, Bamako: Institut des Sciences Humaines, pp. 469–481
2071:
893:
and then in April 1893 French forces under the command of
390:
Djenné is situated 398 km (247 mi) northeast of
3564:, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution
3403:
Gardi, Bernard; Maas, Pierre; Mommersteeg, Geert (1995),
2476:
2283:
2223:
1865:
3426:, Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, pp. 145–160,
3340:, Veenwouden, the Netherlands: Altenburg & Wymenga,
2179:
2155:
1942:
1940:
1697:
1695:
1693:
663:
Sulayman Dama, a conflict whose echoes were reported by
3481:
Soudan français. Monographie de Djenné, cercle et ville
2842:
Fisher, William; Meierotto, Lisa; Russel, Ryan (2001),
2427:
2043:
575:
region during an increasingly dry period that made the
482:
Passenger vehicles on the Bani River ferry near Djenné.
413:
For administrative purposes the town forms part of the
3039:(in French), Amsterdam: Institut Royal des Tropiques,
2975:
Kâti, Mahmoûd Kâti ben el-Hâdj el-Motaouakkel (1913),
2525:
Synergy for Better Drinking Water Management in Djenné
2083:
1889:
1824:
1712:
1710:
3152:
McIntosh, Roderick J.; McIntosh, Susan Keech (2004),
3092:
McIntosh, Roderick J.; McIntosh, Susan Keech (1981),
2841:
2415:
1997:
1995:
1937:
1901:
1776:
1734:
1690:
1554:
694:, a sea-captain and explorer, mentions Djenné in his
346:
The history of Djenné is closely linked with that of
306:
3077:, Helsinki: Finnish Academy of Science and Letters,
2596:
2378:
2031:
2019:
1980:
1925:
1913:
1877:
1812:
1651:
1487:
3135:
The peoples of the Middle Niger: the island of gold
2815:
International Journal of African Historical Studies
2349:
Conservation of Djenné : On site review report
2167:
1952:
1707:
945:, that project about 60 cm from the wall. The
584:and descended from the Biblical and Quranic figure
3385:Bedaux, R.M.A.; van der Waals, J.D., eds. (1994),
2760:The Strong Brown God: The story of the Niger River
2235:
2007:
1992:
687:, but quickly acquiesced to his seizure of power.
452:, one of eight administrative subdivisions of the
350:. Between the 15th and 17th centuries much of the
3495:. Reprinted in 1971 by Éditions Anthropos, Paris.
2336:, has photos and plans of the restored buildings.
1387:Resultats Provisoires RGPH 2009 (Région de Mopti)
4854:
3253:Sanogo, Klessigué; Fané, Yamoussa, eds. (2008),
3151:
3091:
2995:, Brown, Robert, editor, London: Hakluyt Society
2498:Tourisme à Djenné: choyer la poule aux œufs d'or
2143:
2065:
1753:
1728:
1684:
1669:
3035:Maas, Pierre; Mommersteeg, Geert, eds. (1992),
3034:
2655:
2580:
2470:
2382:
2366:
2345:
2333:
2321:
2304:Djenné : Une tour de la Mosquée s'effondre
2273:
2257:
2253:
683:when he rebelled against Sonni Ali's successor
614:Djenne had a complicated relationship with the
374:, the site of one of the oldest known towns in
2993:The History and Description of Africa (3 Vols)
2656:Bedaux, R.; Diaby, B.; Maas, P., eds. (2003),
2400:(in French), Djenné Patrimoine, archived from
816:in 1591 and this led to the collapse of their
398:. The town sits on the floodplain between the
3614:
3544:. The official website for tourism in Djenné.
3058:, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press,
2990:
2868:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
2133:
94:
44:
42:
3503:, Berkeley: University of California Press,
3407:, Amsterdam: Institute Royal des Tropiques,
3172:, Berkeley: University of California Press,
2352:, Aga Khan Trust for Culture, archived from
1857:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
874:Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo
521:also includes the building of a dam on the
3621:
3607:
3366:. Also published in French with the title
3252:
3237:(in Portuguese), Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional
2754:
2482:
2229:
1409:
1407:
897:occupied the town. The French journalist,
3186:
2791:
2674:
2625:
2433:
2213:
1493:
1189:The inhabitants of Djenné mostly speak a
442:. The town is the administrative center (
394:and 76 km (47 mi) southwest of
134:Town of 313 Saints (Ville aux 313 saints)
3462:Dans la cité des marabouts: Djenné, Mali
3389:, Leiden: Rijksmuseum voor Volkenhunde,
3165:
3132:
3053:
3012:
2289:
2277:
2261:
1845:Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas
1836:
1806:
1802:
1770:
1757:
1657:
1161:
1129:
1003:
976:
915:
822:
718:
550:
477:
3501:Hatumere: Islamic design in West Africa
3242:
3230:
3072:
2907:
2723:
2494:
2197:
2161:
2129:
2101:
2089:
2077:
1970:
1958:
1946:
1907:
1782:
1477:
1404:
362:The town is famous for its distinctive
339:, one of the eight subdivisions of the
14:
4855:
3445:, Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press,
3293:
3264:
3183:. Link requires subscription to Aluka.
2882:
2812:
2800:
2776:
2640:
2421:
2241:
2113:
2061:
2049:
2013:
2001:
1871:
1740:
1701:
1505:
1378:
32:Commune and town in Mopti Region, Mali
3602:
2987:from Aluka but requires subscription.
2863:
2744:
2702:
2185:
2037:
2025:
1986:
1931:
1919:
1895:
1883:
1830:
1818:
1716:
1339:
1337:
3594:Early postcards of Djenné, Huib Blom
3387:Djenné: une ville millénaire au Mali
3156:, in Sanogo, K.; Togola, T. (eds.),
2974:
2929:
2173:
2149:
1794:
885:In 1861 the town became part of the
795:
3196:Journal of Environmental Management
3166:McIntosh, Susan Keech, ed. (1995),
3037:Djenné: chef-d'oeuvre architectural
1569:
1555:Fisher, Meierotto & Russel 2001
1447:, World Weather Information Service
1317:. The word may be derived from the
1114:. In 1988, it was inscribed by the
812:. The Songhai were defeated at the
671:. In 1471, Djenne was conquered by
299:
95:
24:
3878:
3637:Communes and towns of Mopti Region
3377:
2851:, Clark University, archived from
2660:(in French), Leiden: Rijksmuseum,
2439:
1334:
831:by Félix Dubois published in 1896.
438:and to the west by the commune of
406:rivers at the southern end of the
25:
4894:
3519:
2650:(in French), Paris: Ernest Leroux
747:rivers was traded at the town of
649:
430:, to the east by the communes of
426:, to the south by the commune of
3630:
3243:Pereira, Duarte Pacheco (1937),
3231:Pereira, Duarte Pacheco (1892),
2379:Alderlieste & Langeveld 2005
1640:, African Development Bank, 2008
1614:, African Development Bank, 2009
1544:, African Development Fund, 1997
981:The Great Mosque in Djenné, Mali
418:to the north by the communes of
210:
151:
144:
117:
2731:, London: Colburn & Bentley
2549:
2516:
2488:
2388:
2346:Chabbi-Chemrouk, Naïma (2007),
2339:
2327:
2307:, Maliweb, 2009, archived from
2295:
1763:
1746:
1663:
1625:
1602:
1560:
1529:
1499:
1298:
1259:
1184:
972:
911:
505:environmental impact assessment
473:
366:architecture, most notably the
3561:Mali Empire and Djenne Figures
3133:McIntosh, Roderick J. (1998),
3054:Marchand, Trevor H.J. (2009),
2807:(in French), Paris: Flammarion
1754:McIntosh & McIntosh (1981)
1670:McIntosh & McIntosh (1981)
1434:
1416:Communes de la Région de Mopti
1364:
1219:
774:or king, but also had a Jenne-
723:A street scene in Djenné from
609:
544:
256:485 ha (1,198 acres)
152:
13:
1:
3575:Djenné Patrimoine (in French)
3208:10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.07.024
2647:Mission au Sénégal (Volume 1)
2581:Bedaux, Diaby & Maas 2003
2383:Bedaux, Diaby & Maas 2003
2367:Bedaux, Diaby & Maas 2003
2334:Bedaux, Diaby & Maas 2003
2322:Bedaux, Diaby & Maas 2003
2258:Bedaux, Diaby & Maas 2003
1328:
515:
3580:Islamic Architecture in Mali
2762:, Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
2599:Water Science and Technology
2451:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
2066:McIntosh & McIntosh 1981
1729:McIntosh & McIntosh 2004
1685:McIntosh & McIntosh 1981
1578:Politique Nationale de l'eau
1372:"Villes anciennes de Djenné"
868:In 1828 the French explorer
385:
285:6,800/km (18,000/sq mi)
7:
3460:Mommersteeg, Geert (2009),
2889:Cahiers d'études africaines
2705:Cahiers d'Études Africaines
2471:Maas & Mommersteeg 1992
2274:Maas & Mommersteeg 1992
2254:Maas & Mommersteeg 1992
1225:The Talo dam is located at
494:
307:
83:Names transcription(s)
10:
4899:
3589:, 1990, Saudi Aramco World
3296:Journal of African History
3267:Journal of African History
3098:Journal of African History
2932:Journal of African History
2589:
2495:Doumbia, Youssouf (2010),
1152:Aga Khan Trust for Culture
1125:
1091:
1016:UNESCO World Heritage Site
984:
853:from 1670 to 1818 and the
675:soon after his seizure of
641:from the Saharan oasis of
539:
459:
27:Town in Mopti Region, Mali
4767:
4654:
4491:
4318:
4155:
4022:
3889:
3876:
3655:
3643:
3570:Djenné site page in Aluka
3499:Prussin, Labelle (1986),
3489:Monteil, Charles (1932),
3479:Monteil, Charles (1903),
3308:10.1017/S0021853700021307
3279:10.1017/S0021853700020958
3110:10.1017/S0021853700018983
2944:10.1017/S0021853700019861
2783:Timbuctoo: the mysterious
2749:, London: Hakluyt Society
2745:Crone, G.R., ed. (1937),
2501:, L'Essor, archived from
1166:Classic earth-brick house
1157:
1080:
1068:
1058:
1048:
1022:
1013:
927:Djenné is famous for its
903:Timbuctoo: the mysterious
829:Timbuctoo: the Mysterious
781:The town is mentioned by
725:Timbuctoo: the Mysterious
281:
273:
268:
260:
252:
247:
235:
223:
205:
170:
139:
131:
116:
109:
102:
87:
82:
72:
37:
4868:Communes of Mopti Region
3587:Djenné: Living Tradition
3187:Meierotto, Lisa (2009),
2264:, pp. 88, 127, 221.
1514:, London, archived from
1468:, p. 270 Table I.1.
1212:
1054:Cultural: (iii)(iv)
788:Descrittione dell’Africa
602:, the Islamic paradise.
509:African Development Bank
264:278 m (912 ft)
3553:, UNESCO World Heritage
3441:Joy, Charlotte (2012),
3405:Djenné, il y a cent ans
3245:Esmeraldo de situ orbis
3234:Esmeraldo de situ orbis
3202:(Suppl. 3): S279–S285,
3073:Masonen, Pekka (2000),
2883:Holder, Gilles (2012).
2864:Gomez, Michael (2018).
2793:2027/mdp.39015008010343
2531:, USAID, archived from
1508:"Village of the dammed"
865:between 1818 and 1861.
827:A house in Djenné from
696:Esmeraldo de situ orbis
655:war against the rising
3883:
3018:Ancient Ghana and Mali
2991:Leo Africanus (1896),
2801:Dubois, Félix (1911),
2483:Sanogo & Fané 2008
2104:, p. 277 note 31.
1167:
1135:
987:Great Mosque of Djenné
982:
924:
883:
842:
832:
732:
692:Duarte Pacheco Pereira
560:
483:
125:Great Mosque of Djenné
45:
43:
3882:
3137:, London: Blackwell,
2717:10.3406/cea.1968.3136
2611:10.2166/wst.2005.0032
2447:"Old Towns of Djenné"
1284:13.79824°N 4.531775°W
1165:
1133:
1004:World heritage status
980:
923:buildings in the city
919:
878:
837:
826:
722:
554:
481:
65:Djenné Chiini Songhay
3056:The Masons of Djenné
2997:. Internet Archive:
1506:Willis, Ben (2008),
998:Jean-Louis Bourgeois
571:immigrants from the
529:Echinochloa stagnina
507:commissioned by the
282: • Density
190:13.90556°N 4.55500°W
3550:Old Towns of Djenné
3535:on 3 September 2014
3020:, London: Methuen,
2538:on 13 November 2008
2404:on 20 February 2012
2311:on 25 February 2012
2080:, pp. 295–299.
1289:13.79824; -4.531775
1280: /
1240: /
1120:World Heritage list
1094:Old Towns of Djenné
1010:
1009:Old Towns of Djenné
857:established by the
635:trans-Saharan trade
536:) for animal feed.
352:trans-Saharan trade
186: /
3884:
2756:de Gramont, Sanche
2188:, p. 432-433.
2134:Leo Africanus 1896
2064:, p. 93 n39;
1874:, p. 335-336.
1466:Zwarts et al. 2005
1244:13.2774°N 5.2929°W
1168:
1136:
1008:
983:
938:Borassus aethiopum
925:
833:
735:Salt was mined at
733:
731:published in 1896.
561:
559:published in 1906.
484:
408:Inland Niger Delta
376:sub-Saharan Africa
333:Inland Niger Delta
274: • Total
253: • Total
195:13.90556; -4.55500
123:Street market and
4873:Inner Niger Delta
4850:
4849:
3657:Bandiagara Cercle
3510:978-0-520-03004-6
3471:978-2-909550-63-3
3452:978-1-61132-094-7
3433:978-1-59874-307-4
3414:978-90-6832-250-7
3396:978-90-71310-58-4
3347:978-90-807150-6-6
3179:978-0-520-09785-8
3144:978-0-631-17361-8
3084:978-951-41-0886-0
3065:978-0-253-22072-1
3046:978-90-6832-228-6
3027:978-0-8419-0431-6
3014:Levtzion, Nehemia
2922:978-90-04-11207-0
2915:, Leiden: Brill,
2769:978-0-395-25224-6
2667:978-90-5349-420-2
2632:Le Soudan en 1893
2583:, pp. 98–99.
2563:, 24 January 2010
2473:, pp. 30–31.
2385:, pp. 67–69.
2356:on 5 January 2009
2292:, pp. 39–42.
2164:, pp. 17–18.
2052:, pp. 87–88.
1833:, pp. 87–88.
1321:word for 'black'.
1134:Market in Djenné.
1090:
1089:
941:) sticks, called
887:Toucouleur Empire
814:Battle of Tondibi
796:After the Songhai
627:Tarikh al-fattash
577:Inner Niger Delta
532:known locally as
305:
289:
288:
16:(Redirected from
4890:
4615:N'Gouréma Toboro
4275:Koubewel Koundia
4209:Dianweli Maoundé
4112:Nema Badenyakafo
4042:Dandougou Fakala
3635:
3634:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3600:
3599:
3565:
3554:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3513:
3494:
3484:
3474:
3455:
3436:
3417:
3399:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3356:
3350:, archived from
3339:
3326:
3289:
3260:
3248:
3238:
3226:
3224:
3218:, archived from
3193:
3182:
3161:
3147:
3128:
3087:
3068:
3049:
3030:
2996:
2982:
2970:
2925:
2909:Hunwick, John O.
2904:
2902:
2900:
2879:
2859:
2857:
2850:
2837:
2808:
2804:Notre beau Niger
2796:
2795:
2772:
2750:
2733:. Google books:
2732:
2719:
2699:
2670:
2651:
2636:
2627:Archinard, Louis
2621:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2530:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2392:
2386:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2271:
2265:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2211:
2205:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2127:
2121:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1898:, p. 187-8.
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1848:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1767:
1761:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1705:
1699:
1688:
1682:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1639:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1590:
1583:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1438:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1421:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1392:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1351:
1341:
1322:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1249:13.2774; -5.2929
1245:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1223:
1017:
1011:
1007:
639:Antonio Malfante
428:Dandougou Fakala
311:; also known as
310:
304:romanized:
303:
301:
216:
214:
213:
201:
200:
198:
197:
196:
191:
187:
184:
183:
182:
179:
155:
154:
148:
121:
111:
98:
97:
58:
50:
48:
35:
34:
21:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4769:Youwarou Cercle
4763:
4656:Ténenkou Cercle
4650:
4487:
4432:Koporokendie Na
4428:Koporokendie Na
4314:
4157:Douentza Cercle
4151:
4018:
3885:
3874:
3829:Sangha Agolleye
3651:
3639:
3629:
3627:
3558:
3547:
3538:
3536:
3525:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3498:
3488:
3478:
3472:
3459:
3453:
3440:
3434:
3421:
3415:
3402:
3397:
3384:
3380:
3378:Further reading
3375:
3360:
3358:
3357:on 24 July 2011
3354:
3348:
3337:
3225:on 26 June 2010
3222:
3191:
3180:
3145:
3085:
3066:
3047:
3028:
2923:
2898:
2896:
2876:
2858:on 26 July 2011
2855:
2848:
2770:
2711:(31): 428–434,
2689:10.2307/3336477
2668:
2592:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2566:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2508:
2506:
2505:on 1 March 2011
2493:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2453:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2407:
2405:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2344:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2272:
2268:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2230:de Gramont 1976
2228:
2224:
2212:
2208:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2128:
2124:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1768:
1764:
1758:McIntosh (1995)
1751:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1691:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1617:
1615:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1592:
1591:on 3 March 2012
1588:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1521:
1519:
1518:on 20 July 2012
1504:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1429:on 9 March 2012
1426:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1400:on 27 July 2012
1397:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1303:
1299:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1193:variety termed
1187:
1160:
1128:
1096:
1044:
1015:
1006:
989:
975:
914:
895:Louis Archinard
806:Ahmad al-Mansur
798:
759:in present-day
652:
621:Tarikh al-Sudan
612:
549:
542:
523:Sankarani River
518:
497:
476:
462:
388:
211:
209:
194:
192:
188:
185:
180:
177:
175:
173:
172:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:
156:
135:
132:Nickname:
127:
78:
68:
59:
52:
40:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4896:
4886:
4885:
4883:Massina Empire
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4834:
4824:
4814:
4804:
4794:
4784:
4773:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4758:Toguéré Coumbé
4754:Toguéré Coumbé
4751:
4741:
4731:
4721:
4711:
4701:
4691:
4681:
4671:
4660:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4638:
4628:
4618:
4608:
4601:Ouroubé Douddé
4598:
4588:
4578:
4568:
4558:
4548:
4538:
4528:
4518:
4508:
4497:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4475:
4465:
4455:
4445:
4435:
4425:
4415:
4405:
4395:
4385:
4375:
4365:
4355:
4345:
4335:
4324:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4302:
4292:
4282:
4272:
4262:
4252:
4242:
4232:
4222:
4212:
4202:
4192:
4182:
4172:
4161:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4139:
4129:
4119:
4109:
4099:
4089:
4079:
4069:
4059:
4049:
4039:
4028:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4006:
3996:
3986:
3976:
3966:
3956:
3946:
3936:
3926:
3916:
3906:
3895:
3893:
3891:Bankass Cercle
3887:
3886:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3862:
3852:
3842:
3832:
3822:
3812:
3802:
3792:
3782:
3772:
3762:
3752:
3742:
3732:
3722:
3712:
3702:
3692:
3682:
3672:
3661:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3626:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3556:
3545:
3521:
3520:External links
3518:
3516:
3515:
3509:
3496:
3486:
3483:, Paris: Tulle
3476:
3470:
3457:
3451:
3438:
3432:
3419:
3413:
3400:
3395:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3346:
3328:
3302:(4): 463–472,
3291:
3273:(3): 333–349,
3262:
3250:
3240:
3228:
3184:
3178:
3163:
3149:
3143:
3130:
3089:
3083:
3070:
3064:
3051:
3045:
3032:
3026:
3010:
2988:
2972:
2938:(4): 457–475,
2927:
2921:
2905:
2880:
2874:
2861:
2839:
2827:10.2307/217055
2810:
2798:
2774:
2768:
2752:
2742:
2721:
2700:
2672:
2666:
2653:
2638:
2623:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2573:
2548:
2515:
2487:
2485:, p. 104.
2475:
2463:
2438:
2434:Bourgeois 1987
2426:
2424:, p. 189.
2414:
2387:
2371:
2359:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2294:
2282:
2280:, p. 217.
2276:, p. 78;
2266:
2260:, p. 19;
2256:, p. 79;
2246:
2234:
2232:, p. 260.
2222:
2214:Archinard 1895
2206:
2190:
2178:
2176:, p. 473.
2166:
2154:
2142:
2138:822–823 Vol. 3
2122:
2106:
2094:
2092:, p. 299.
2082:
2070:
2054:
2042:
2040:, p. 265.
2030:
2028:, p. 214.
2018:
2006:
1991:
1989:, p. 140.
1979:
1963:
1951:
1936:
1934:, p. 220.
1924:
1922:, p. 225.
1912:
1900:
1888:
1886:, p. 153.
1876:
1864:
1835:
1823:
1821:, p. 137.
1811:
1809:, p. 274.
1805:, p. 82;
1787:
1775:
1773:, p. 59).
1771:McIntosh (1995
1762:
1745:
1743:, p. 758.
1733:
1721:
1706:
1704:, p. 752.
1689:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1624:
1601:
1568:
1559:
1547:
1528:
1498:
1494:Meierotto 2009
1486:
1470:
1458:
1433:
1403:
1377:
1363:
1359:on 2 June 2012
1332:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1310:João de Barros
1297:
1258:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1186:
1183:
1159:
1156:
1127:
1124:
1092:Main article:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1005:
1002:
985:Main article:
974:
971:
929:Sudanese-style
921:Sudanese-style
913:
910:
855:Massina Empire
797:
794:
701:João de Barros
681:Askia Muhammad
657:Songhai Empire
651:
650:Songhai Empire
648:
611:
608:
557:Edmond Fortier
548:
543:
541:
538:
517:
514:
496:
493:
475:
472:
461:
458:
387:
384:
287:
286:
283:
279:
278:
275:
271:
270:
266:
265:
262:
258:
257:
254:
250:
249:
245:
244:
239:
233:
232:
227:
221:
220:
207:
203:
202:
168:
167:
158:
157:
150:
149:
143:
142:
141:
140:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
122:
114:
113:
107:
100:
99:
92:
85:
84:
80:
79:
73:
70:
69:
41:
38:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4895:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4842:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4625:Soufouroulaye
4622:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4408:Dougoutene II
4406:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4147:
4143:
4142:Togue Mourari
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4024:Djenné Cercle
4021:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3963:Lessagou Habe
3960:
3959:Lessagou Habe
3957:
3954:
3953:Koulogon Habe
3950:
3949:Koulogon Habe
3947:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3624:
3619:
3617:
3612:
3610:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3585:Pierre Maas,
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3523:
3512:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3398:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3371:
3370:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3336:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2989:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2875:9780691177427
2871:
2867:
2862:
2854:
2847:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2821:(1): 86–112,
2820:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2778:Dubois, Félix
2775:
2771:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2726:
2725:Caillié, René
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2582:
2577:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2534:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2467:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2436:, p. 58.
2435:
2430:
2423:
2418:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2369:, p. 52.
2368:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2342:
2335:
2330:
2324:, p. 48.
2323:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2290:Marchand 2009
2286:
2279:
2278:Marchand 2009
2275:
2270:
2263:
2262:Marchand 2009
2259:
2255:
2250:
2243:
2238:
2231:
2226:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2203:
2202:Vol. 1 p. 459
2199:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2163:
2158:
2151:
2146:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2098:
2091:
2086:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2051:
2046:
2039:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1949:, p. 17.
1948:
1943:
1941:
1933:
1928:
1921:
1916:
1910:, p. 20.
1909:
1904:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1880:
1873:
1868:
1860:
1854:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1827:
1820:
1815:
1808:
1807:McIntosh 1998
1804:
1803:Levtzion 1973
1800:
1796:
1791:
1785:, p. 16.
1784:
1779:
1772:
1766:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1730:
1725:
1719:, p. 18.
1718:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1671:
1666:
1659:
1658:McIntosh 1998
1654:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1587:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1563:
1556:
1551:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1490:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1425:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1396:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1373:
1367:
1355:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1320:
1316:
1315:Senegal River
1311:
1307:
1301:
1293:
1262:
1253:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:Djenné Chiini
1192:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1155:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1132:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1012:
1001:
999:
995:
988:
979:
970:
966:
962:
960:
954:
950:
948:
944:
940:
939:
932:
930:
922:
918:
909:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
882:
877:
875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:Segou kingdom
847:
841:
836:
830:
825:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
793:
790:
789:
784:
783:Leo Africanus
779:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
730:
726:
721:
717:
715:
711:
706:
702:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
647:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
628:
623:
622:
617:
607:
603:
601:
600:
595:
589:
587:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
558:
553:
547:
537:
535:
531:
530:
524:
513:
510:
506:
502:
492:
490:
480:
471:
468:
457:
455:
451:
450:Djenné Cercle
447:
446:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
383:
381:
377:
373:
372:Djenné-Djenno
369:
365:
360:
358:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
337:Djenné Cercle
334:
330:
329:urban commune
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
297:
293:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
243:
242:Djenné Cercle
240:
238:
234:
231:
228:
226:
222:
219:
208:
204:
199:
171:Coordinates:
169:
147:
138:
130:
126:
120:
115:
108:
106:
105:Djenné Chiini
103: •
101:
93:
91:
88: •
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
62:
56:
49:
47:
36:
30:
19:
4831:Gathi-Loumbo
4821:Kormou-Marka
4801:Guidio-Sarre
4787:Bimbéré Tama
4744:Togoro Kotia
4525:Diambacourou
4493:Mopti Cercle
4412:Andiagana-Na
4398:Dougoutene I
4035:
4031:
3923:Diallassagou
3919:Diallassagou
3869:Kani Gogouna
3859:Diangassagou
3805:Pignari Bana
3645:
3586:
3560:
3549:
3537:, retrieved
3533:the original
3527:
3500:
3490:
3480:
3461:
3442:
3423:
3404:
3386:
3368:
3359:, retrieved
3352:the original
3333:
3299:
3295:
3270:
3266:
3255:
3244:
3233:
3220:the original
3199:
3195:
3168:
3157:
3134:
3101:
3097:
3074:
3055:
3036:
3017:
2992:
2977:
2935:
2931:
2912:
2897:. Retrieved
2892:
2888:
2865:
2853:the original
2844:
2818:
2814:
2803:
2782:
2759:
2746:
2728:
2708:
2704:
2683:(3): 54–92,
2680:
2677:African Arts
2676:
2657:
2646:
2642:Basset, René
2631:
2605:(2): 57–64,
2602:
2598:
2576:
2565:, retrieved
2561:Ismaili Mail
2560:
2551:
2540:, retrieved
2533:the original
2524:
2518:
2507:, retrieved
2503:the original
2497:
2490:
2478:
2466:
2454:. Retrieved
2450:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2408:19 September
2406:, retrieved
2402:the original
2396:
2390:
2374:
2362:
2354:the original
2348:
2341:
2329:
2317:
2309:the original
2303:
2297:
2285:
2269:
2249:
2237:
2225:
2209:
2198:Caillié 1830
2193:
2181:
2169:
2162:Hunwick 1999
2157:
2145:
2130:Hunwick 1999
2125:
2109:
2102:Hunwick 1999
2097:
2090:Masonen 2000
2085:
2078:Masonen 2000
2073:
2068:, p. 5.
2057:
2045:
2033:
2021:
2009:
1982:
1971:Pereira 1892
1966:
1959:Pereira 1937
1954:
1947:Hunwick 1999
1927:
1915:
1908:Hunwick 1999
1903:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1844:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1790:
1783:Hunwick 1999
1778:
1765:
1748:
1736:
1724:
1665:
1653:
1642:, retrieved
1633:
1627:
1616:, retrieved
1610:
1604:
1593:, retrieved
1586:the original
1577:
1571:
1562:
1550:
1537:
1531:
1520:, retrieved
1516:the original
1512:Geographical
1511:
1501:
1489:
1478:Caillié 1830
1473:
1461:
1449:, retrieved
1443:
1436:
1424:the original
1415:
1395:the original
1386:
1380:
1366:
1354:the original
1345:
1306:Ghana Empire
1300:
1261:
1221:
1188:
1185:Demographics
1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1104:Hambarkétolo
1100:Djenné-Djeno
1097:
1041:Hambarketolo
1029:Djenné-Djeno
990:
973:Great Mosque
967:
963:
959:djenné-ferey
958:
955:
951:
946:
942:
936:
933:
926:
912:Architecture
907:
902:
899:Félix Dubois
884:
879:
873:
870:René Caillié
867:
843:
838:
834:
828:
799:
786:
780:
775:
771:
765:
734:
729:Félix Dubois
724:
712:, Brabixijs
695:
689:
669:Gambia river
653:
632:
625:
619:
613:
604:
597:
590:
565:Djenné-Djeno
562:
533:
527:
519:
498:
489:René Caillié
485:
474:Annual flood
463:
454:Mopti Region
443:
412:
389:
368:Great Mosque
361:
345:
341:Mopti Region
320:
316:
312:
291:
290:
230:Mopti Region
60:
29:
4521:Borondougou
4382:Dinangourou
4378:Dinangourou
4320:Koro Cercle
4309:Tongo-Tongo
4185:Dangol Boré
4102:Niansanarie
3933:Dimbal Habe
3929:Dimbal Habe
3765:Lowol Gueou
3719:Dogani Bere
3715:Dogani Bere
3104:(1): 1–22,
2567:21 February
2509:20 February
2456:22 December
2422:Dubois 1911
2242:Dubois 1896
2216:, pp.
2136:, pp.
2114:Basset 1909
2062:Fisher 1978
2050:Fisher 1978
2014:Wilks 1982b
2002:Wilks 1982a
1872:Wilks 1982a
1741:Holder 2012
1702:Holder 2012
1595:27 February
1482:Vol. 2 p. 2
1451:22 February
1287: /
1247: /
1072:1988 (12th
1069:Inscription
994:bell towers
810:Judar Pasha
665:Diogo Gomes
616:Mali Empire
610:Mali Empire
546:Djenné-Jeno
193: /
4878:Bani River
4857:Categories
4724:Ouro Guiré
4462:Pel Maoude
4458:Pel Maoude
4442:Koporo Pen
4438:Koporo Pen
4352:Barapireli
4348:Barapireli
4086:Kouakourou
3943:Kanibonzon
3939:Kanibonzon
3669:Bandiagara
3665:Bandiagara
3361:18 January
2186:Brown 1968
2116:, p.
2038:Gomez 2018
2026:Gomez 2018
1987:Crone 1937
1973:, p.
1932:Gomez 2018
1920:Gomez 2018
1896:Gomez 2018
1884:Gomez 2018
1831:Crone 1937
1819:Gomez 2018
1797:, p.
1717:Gomez 2018
1329:References
1272:13°47′54″N
1232:13°16′39″N
1082:Endangered
863:Seku Amadu
753:Portuguese
685:Sonni Baru
516:Djenné dam
357:Portuguese
269:Population
178:13°54′20″N
4837:N'Dodjiga
4734:Sougoulbé
4714:Ouro Ardo
4698:Diondiori
4694:Diondiori
4678:Diafarabé
4674:Diafarabé
4595:Ouro Modi
4591:Ouro Modi
4565:Korientzé
4561:Korombana
4535:Dialloubé
4531:Dialloubé
4392:Dioungani
4388:Dioungani
4372:Diankabou
4368:Diankabou
4215:Djaptodji
3835:Segue Ire
3729:Doucoumbo
3725:Doucoumbo
3679:Ouo Sarre
3675:Bara Sara
3324:163064591
3126:162284097
2985:available
2174:Kaba 1981
2150:Kaba 1981
1853:cite book
1795:Kâti 1913
1444:for Mopti
1275:4°31′54″W
1235:5°17′34″W
1059:Reference
891:Umar Tall
768:entrepôts
673:Sonni Ali
467:Harmattan
448:) of the
445:chef-lieu
386:Geography
382:in 1988.
327:town and
261:Elevation
181:4°33′18″W
4827:Farimaké
4781:Youwarou
4777:Youwarou
4668:Ténenkou
4664:Ténenkou
4605:Sendégué
4511:Bassirou
4452:Madougou
4448:Madougou
4422:Berdosso
4279:Koubewel
4225:Gandamia
4205:Dianweli
4169:Douentza
4165:Douentza
4136:Gomitogo
4122:Ouro Ali
3973:Ouenkoro
3969:Ouenkoro
3809:Goundaka
3789:Ondougou
3785:Ondougou
3775:Metoumou
3705:Diamnati
3646:Capital:
3216:19008033
3016:(1973),
3007:Volume 3
3003:Volume 2
2999:Volume 1
2968:41500711
2960:11632225
2911:(1999),
2780:(1896),
2758:(1976),
2739:Volume 2
2735:Volume 1
2727:(1830),
2644:(1909),
2629:(1895),
2619:15790228
2542:20 March
1203:Fulfulde
1086:2016–...
1050:Criteria
1023:Includes
846:Saadians
804:sultan,
802:Moroccan
714:Barābīsh
677:Timbuktu
495:Talo dam
420:Ouro Ali
348:Timbuktu
77:and town
4748:Sossobé
4635:Socoura
4631:Socoura
4611:Sasalbé
4581:Kounari
4575:Koubaye
4571:Koubaye
4515:Sampara
4482:Youdiou
4478:Youdiou
4342:Déguéré
4289:Mondoro
4285:Mondoro
4265:Korarou
4249:Hombori
4245:Hombori
4219:N'Gouma
4146:Mourrah
4132:Pondori
4126:Senossa
4096:Madiama
4092:Madiama
4003:Soubala
3999:Soubala
3993:Sokoura
3989:Sokoura
3903:Bankass
3899:Bankass
3865:Wadouba
3855:Timniri
3815:Pignari
3769:Karegue
3699:Dandoli
3695:Dandoli
3539:14 July
2983:. Also
2697:3336477
2590:Sources
1644:4 March
1618:4 March
1522:3 March
1207:Bambara
1191:Songhay
1126:Economy
1118:on the
1112:Tonomba
1108:Kaniana
1074:Session
1035:Tonomba
1032:Kaniana
785:in his
737:Taghaza
710:Ṣanhāja
667:on the
573:Wagadou
569:Soninke
540:History
534:bourgou
460:Climate
440:Pondori
436:Madiama
415:commune
331:in the
325:Songhai
323:) is a
296:Bambara
206:Country
112:
90:Bambara
75:Commune
55:Bambara
4863:Djenné
4811:Ambiri
4797:Deboye
4708:Dioura
4704:Karéri
4585:Manaco
4545:Fatoma
4541:Fatoma
4402:Toroli
4299:Pétaka
4295:Pétaka
4259:Kéréna
4255:Kéréna
4229:Kikara
4199:Débéré
4195:Débéré
4179:Dallah
4175:Dallah
4116:Mougna
4072:Femaye
4066:Sofara
4062:Fakala
4052:Derary
4036:Djenné
4032:Djenné
3849:Soroly
3845:Soroly
3839:Sougui
3825:Sangai
3819:Baboye
3779:Damada
3759:Kendie
3755:Kendie
3739:Dourou
3735:Dourou
3528:Djenné
3507:
3468:
3449:
3430:
3411:
3393:
3344:
3322:
3316:182036
3314:
3287:182099
3285:
3214:
3176:
3141:
3124:
3118:182149
3116:
3081:
3062:
3043:
3024:
2966:
2958:
2952:181298
2950:
2919:
2899:8 June
2872:
2835:217055
2833:
2766:
2695:
2664:
2617:
1319:Berber
1158:Sights
1116:UNESCO
1110:, and
1063:116rev
1038:Djenné
996:while
889:under
861:ruler
859:Fulani
818:empire
776:mondio
757:Elmina
705:Arguin
659:under
599:jannah
432:Fakala
424:Derary
392:Bamako
380:UNESCO
319:, and
313:Djénné
308:Jɛ̀nɛ́
300:ߖߍ߬ߣߍ߫
292:Djenné
277:32,944
237:Cercle
225:Region
215:
159:Djenné
96:ߖߍ߬ߣߍ߫
51:
46:Jɛ̀nɛ́
39:Djenné
18:Djenne
4817:Dongo
4807:Dirma
4728:Koubi
4718:Kondo
4684:Diaka
4555:Konna
4551:Konna
4505:Mopti
4501:Mopti
4418:Kassa
4362:Bondo
4358:Bondo
4338:Bamba
4305:Tédié
4269:Diona
4235:Hairé
4056:Gagna
4046:Konio
3983:Segue
3979:Segue
3799:Pelou
3795:Pelou
3749:Kende
3745:Kende
3689:Borko
3685:Borko
3649:Mopti
3355:(PDF)
3338:(PDF)
3320:S2CID
3312:JSTOR
3283:JSTOR
3223:(PDF)
3192:(PDF)
3122:S2CID
3114:JSTOR
2964:S2CID
2948:JSTOR
2895:(208)
2856:(PDF)
2849:(PDF)
2831:JSTOR
2693:JSTOR
2536:(PDF)
2529:(PDF)
2218:22-36
1638:(PDF)
1589:(PDF)
1582:(PDF)
1542:(PDF)
1427:(PDF)
1420:(PDF)
1398:(PDF)
1391:(PDF)
1357:(PDF)
1350:(PDF)
1213:Notes
1205:, or
947:toron
943:toron
761:Ghana
749:Begho
745:Volta
741:Komoé
661:Sonni
643:Tuwat
594:djinn
582:Yemen
400:Niger
396:Mopti
364:adobe
321:Jenne
317:Jenné
110:جٜنّٜ
61:Jenne
4791:Dogo
4738:Kora
4645:Soye
4641:Soye
4472:Yoro
4468:Yoro
4332:Koro
4328:Koro
4239:Boni
4189:Boré
4106:Keke
4082:Kéwa
4076:Taga
4013:Tori
4009:Tori
3913:Baye
3909:Baye
3541:2011
3505:ISBN
3466:ISBN
3447:ISBN
3428:ISBN
3409:ISBN
3391:ISBN
3363:2011
3342:ISBN
3212:PMID
3174:ISBN
3139:ISBN
3079:ISBN
3060:ISBN
3041:ISBN
3022:ISBN
2956:PMID
2917:ISBN
2901:2024
2870:ISBN
2764:ISBN
2662:ISBN
2615:PMID
2569:2010
2544:2010
2511:2010
2458:2021
2410:2012
1859:link
1756:and
1646:2010
1620:2010
1597:2010
1524:2010
1453:2010
1199:Bozo
800:The
743:and
586:Esau
434:and
422:and
404:Bani
402:and
248:Area
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