257:
757:
463:
660:
Chancery and the Saxon
Chancery used similar standards of German as they were bordering each other, both dialects originating from the linguistic admixture in the course of eastward German settlement. In addition, many Bohemians had fled to Saxony during the Hussite Wars, reinforcing the similarities between the dialects.
1744:
Vnd nam an sich ainen kostlichen stand mitt stechenn, turnieren, dem künig gen hoff tzureytten vnnd ander sachenn, Darmitt er groß gut on ward vnnd seine freünd wol kunden mercken, das er mer on ward, dann sein nutzung ertragen mocht, vnd gedachtend jm ain weib zu geben, ob sy jn von sollichem ziehen
659:
Emperor
Maximilian's chancery was the first concerted and successful effort to introduce a standardised form of German for all German chanceries, and hence avoided the most idiosyncratic features of Austrian Upper German standards in favour of Central German alternatives. Emperor Maximilian's Prague
709:
language. From the start of the 16th century, however, High German came increasingly to be used in this area not only in writing but also in the pulpit and in schools. By the end of the ENHG period, Low German had almost completely ceased to be used in writing or in formal and public speech and had
1515:(from 1517). Both of these were significant contributors to the development of the Modern German Standard language, as they further promoted the development of non-local forms of language and exposed all speakers to forms of German from outside their own area – even the illiterate, who were read
1159:
The overall consonant system of German remains largely unchanged in the transition from MHG to Modern German. However, in many cases sounds changed in particular environments and therefore changed in distribution. Some of the more significant are the following. (In addition, there are many other
1748:
So he maintained himself in great state, jousting, tourneying, and travelling around with the King's Court, and losing much money thereby. His friends, soon noticing that he was in danger of losing more than his means could bear, thought of giving him a wife, in the hope that she would curb his
1710:
Ain land, genanntt Cipern, Ist ain inßel vnd künigreich gegen der sonnen auffgang im mör gelegen, fast wunsam, lustig vnd fruchtbar aller handen edler natürlicher früchten, manigem wissend, der tzu dem hailigen land
Jerusalem gefarn vnd im selben künigreich Cipern zugelendt vnd da gewesen ist.
986:
There are two changes in vowel quantity in ENHG, the lengthening of short vowels and the shortening of long vowels. Both show wide variation between dialects but appear earlier and more completely in
Central German dialects. Many individual words form exceptions to these changes, though the
993:: MHG short vowels in open syllables (that is, syllables that end in a vowel) tend to be lengthened in the ENHG period. This is not reflected directly in spelling, but it is the source of the Modern German spelling convention that a vowel ending a syllable is always long.
1714:
The
Kingdom of Cyprus is an island situated close to where the sun rises from the sea: a delightful, merry, fertile island, full of all kinds of fruits, and known to many who have landed and passed some time there on their journey to Jerusalem, in the Holy Land.
311:
There was no standard Early New High German, and all forms of language display some local or regional characteristics. However, there was increasing harmonisation in the written and printed word, the start of developments towards the unified standard which was
1455:: an earlier development in the spoken language (especially in Upper German), the replacement of simple preterite forms by perfect forms with an auxiliary verb and the past participle becomes increasingly common from the 17th century.
977:
This change, sometimes called the
Central German Monophthongisation, affects mainly the Central German dialects, along with South Franconian and East Franconian. The other Upper German dialects largely retain the original diphthongs.
291:
in 1648, by ending religious wars and creating a
Germany of many small sovereign states, brought about the essential political conditions for the final development of a universally acceptable standard language in the subsequent
1449:: the positioning of verbal components characteristic of NHG (finite verb second in main clauses, first in subordinate clauses; non-finite verb forms in clause-final position) gradually becomes firmly established.
1373:
As with phonology, the range of variation between dialects and time periods makes it impossible to cite a unified morphology for ENHG. The sound changes of the vowels had which brought consequent changes to
1527:, the first part of which was published in 1522, though this is now not credited with the central role in creating the standard that was once attributed to it. This is also the first period in which
268:, somewhat arbitrary. In spite of many alternative suggestions, Scherer's dates still command widespread acceptance. Linguistically, the mid-14th century is marked by the phonological changes to the
740:
Also, the difficulty of deriving phonological information from the complexity of ENHG orthography means that many reference works do not treat orthography and phonology separately for this period.
1494:: Verbs that take a genitive object increasingly replace this with an accusative object or a prepositional phrase. Prepositions that govern the genitive likewise tend to switch to the accusative.
606:
While the language of the printers remained regional, the period saw the gradual development of two forms of German (one Upper German, one
Central German), which were supra-regional: the
476:
Since the printers had a commercial interest in making their texts acceptable to a wide readership, they often strove to avoid purely local forms of language. This gave rise to so-called
1408:: in chancery documents noun phrases increasingly incorporate prepositional and participial phases, and this development spreads from there to other types of formal and official writing.
482:("printers' languages"), which are not necessarily identical to the spoken dialect of the town where the press was located. The most important centres of printing, with their regional
878:) or Ripuarian dialects, which still retain the original long vowels. The map shows the distribution and chronology of this sound change. In Bavarian, the original diphthongs are
748:
The MHG vowel system undergoes significant changes in the transition to ENHG and their uneven geographical distribution has served to further differentiate the modern dialects.
1739:
He had taken but little notice of how his parents had saved and increased their money, and his mind was wholly preoccupied with the pursuit of honour and physical pleasures.
1736:
Wenig betrachtet, wie seine elteren zu tzeiten das ir erspart vnd gemeert hettend, vnnd sein gemüt was gentzlichen gericht auff zeitlich eer, freüd vnd wollust des leibs.
874:
This change started as early as the 12th century in Upper
Bavarian, and only reached Moselle Franconian in the 16th century. It does not affect Alemannic (apart from
1749:
expenditure. When they suggested this to him, he was highly pleased, and he promised to follow their advice; and so they began to search for a suitable spouse.
3195:
272:
system that characterise the modern standard language; the mid-17th sees the loss of status for regional forms of language, and the triumph of German over
1116:
This shortening seems to have taken place later than the monophthongisation, since the long vowels which result from that change are often shortened.
1731:
His parents had left him much money and property, so that he was very rich and powerful; but he was also very young and of a careless disposition.
675:
Kaiser
Maximilian und Kurf. Friedrich, H. zu Sachsen etc. haben im römischen Reich die deutschen Sprachen also in eine gewisse Sprache gezogen
2416:
Wolf NR (1985). "Phonetik und Phonologie, Graphetik und Graphemik des Frühneuhochdeutschen". In Besch W, Reichmann O, Sonderegger S (eds.).
3570:
2648:
3368:
2465:
17:
4593:
2511:
1771:
1728:
Dem sein öltern groß hab vnnd gut verlassen hetten, allso, das er fast reich, mächtig vnnd darbey iung was, aines freyen muttes.
2604:
Hrsg. von Robert R. Anderson / Ulrich Goebel / Anja Lobenstein-Reichmann und Oskar Reichmann. Berlin / New York 1989 ff.
663:
The influence of the Saxon Chancery was due in part to its adoption for his own published works by Martin Luther, who stated, "
2355:
279:
Scherer's dates also have the merit of coinciding with two major demographic catastrophes with linguistic consequences: the
3185:
189:
4097:
2558:
2595:
2425:
2406:
2387:
2322:
2299:
2280:
2261:
2242:
2214:
1958:
1922:
669:" ("My language is based on that of the Saxon Chancery, which is followed by all the princes and kings in Germany").
2641:
679:
631:
2290:
Piirainen IT (1985). "Die Diagliederung des Frühneuhochdeutschen". In Besch W, Reichmann O, Sonderegger S (eds.).
1720:
Darinn ain treffenliche statt, genannt Famagosta, in wölicher stat ain edler purger altz herkommens was geseßsen.
4603:
1426:, literally "the shine of the sun"), though it remains the norm where the noun in the genitive is a proper noun (
179:
4598:
1506:
4464:
1422:, literally "of-the-sun shine") increasingly makes way for the now standard, post-nominal construction (e.g.
2583:
101); 5. Aufl. Berlin 1956; Neudrucke 1960 u. ö. The second edition (1920) is online: archive.org.
260:
The opening page of the Book of Genesis in Martin Luther's Bible translation of 1534, published by Hans Luft
4494:
3664:
3626:
3611:
2938:
1354:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1324:
1297:
1290:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1248:
1244:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1203:
1192:
1188:
1164:
1147:
1132:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1020:
1011:
1004:
971:
958:
945:
923:
919:
899:
895:
891:
828:
801:
797:
793:
773:
769:
765:
4474:
4334:
3684:
3643:
3633:
2634:
360:
2850:
2482:
1723:
It contains a splendid city, Famagusta, which was once the seat of a noble burgher of ancient lineage.
627:
613:
313:
656:
The language of these centres had influence well beyond their own territorial and dialect boundaries.
4191:
1461:: double negation ceases to be acceptable as an intensified negation; the enclitic negative particle
365:
4469:
4423:
4418:
4342:
3952:
3936:
3815:
3674:
3565:
3560:
1657:
The same came for a witness, to bear witness of the Light, that all men through him might believe.
1651:
Derselbige kam zum zeugnis / das er von dem Liecht zeugete / auff das sie alle durch jn gleubten.
1595:
Alle ding sind durch dasselbige gemacht / vnd on dasselbige ist nichts gemacht / was gemacht ist.
4408:
4352:
4347:
4267:
3940:
3890:
3190:
3008:
2764:
2692:
2680:
409:
94:
84:
4530:
4250:
3648:
666:
Ich rede nach der sächsischen Canzley, welcher nachfolgen alle Fürsten und Könige in Deutschland
4413:
3895:
3861:
3479:
3295:
3155:
2995:
2890:
1598:
Alle Dinge sind durch dasselbe gemacht, und ohne dasselbe ist nichts gemacht, was gemacht ist.
1512:
1335:
is lost, though it remains in spelling to indicate the length of the preceding vowel, e.g. MHG
875:
570:
431:
2310:
4571:
4535:
3803:
3796:
3748:
3518:
3489:
3421:
3346:
3103:
3016:
2877:
2839:
424:
102:
4036:
2911:
1679:
Das war das warhafftige Liecht / welchs alle Menschen erleuchtet / die in diese Welt komen.
4540:
4520:
4489:
4362:
4222:
3968:
3786:
3378:
3205:
3167:
3162:
3036:
2983:
2741:
1761:
646:
419:
284:
242:
is also occasionally used for this period (but the abbreviation EMHG is generally used for
4196:
722:
For a number of reasons it is not possible to give a single phonological system for ENHG:
8:
4479:
3715:
3669:
3603:
3356:
3003:
2916:
2714:
2418:
Sprachgeschichte. Ein Handbuch zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und ihrer Erforschung
2292:
Sprachgeschichte. Ein Handbuch zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und ihrer Erforschung
642:
516:
493:
288:
67:
4026:
3871:
3118:
2336:
4525:
4449:
4377:
4367:
4322:
4084:
4011:
3908:
3753:
3728:
3723:
3616:
3444:
3329:
3150:
2928:
2923:
2902:
2863:
2667:
2657:
1776:
1623:
vnd das Liecht scheinet in der Finsternis / vnd die Finsternis habens nicht begriffen.
1415:
915:
879:
733:
382:
377:
355:
244:
222:
136:
89:
3679:
332:
map of German in the ENHG period remained the same as at the close of the MHG period.
4499:
4298:
4214:
4207:
4162:
4106:
3866:
3856:
3839:
3834:
3738:
3621:
3500:
3300:
3261:
3241:
3079:
2971:
2953:
2805:
2591:
2554:
2421:
2402:
2383:
2376:
2351:
2318:
2317:. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Berlin, New York: Walter De Gruyter. pp. 798–815.
2295:
2276:
2257:
2238:
2210:
1918:
1654:
Der kam zum Zeugnis, damit er von dem Licht zeuge, auf dass alle durch ihn glaubten.
1036:: MHG long vowels tend to be shortened in the ENHG period before certain consonants (
729:
the differing times at which individual dialects introduced even shared sound changes
690:
589:
437:
299:
Alternative periodisations take the period to begin later, such as the invention of
185:
4454:
4245:
4179:
4135:
4130:
4090:
4079:
4071:
3876:
3844:
3791:
3780:
3693:
3402:
3341:
3131:
3113:
2948:
2709:
2701:
2420:(in German). Vol. 2. Berlin, New York: Walter De Gruyter. pp. 1305–1313.
2294:(in German). Vol. 2. Berlin, New York: Walter De Gruyter. pp. 1369–1378.
1626:
Und das Licht scheint in der Finsternis, und die Finsternis hat's nicht ergriffen.
1601:
All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made.
1378:
789:
694:
551:
370:
63:
4291:
1531:
works, both literary and discursive, became more numerous and more important than
4484:
4444:
4277:
4184:
4167:
4152:
4147:
4140:
3849:
3758:
3743:
3698:
3550:
3513:
3505:
3484:
3471:
3451:
3437:
3200:
3177:
3108:
3098:
3090:
2870:
2332:
2233:
Ebert, Peter; Reichmann, Oskar; Solms, Hans-Joachim; Wegera, Klaus-Peter (1993).
2205:
Besch W (1980). "Frühneuhochdeutsch". In Althaus HP, Henne H, Wiegand HE (eds.).
1781:
1766:
1682:
Das war das wahre Licht, das alle Menschen erleuchtet, die in diese Welt kommen.
387:
293:
226:
218:
214:
131:
76:
1573:
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
4565:
4459:
4439:
4391:
4283:
4157:
3827:
3594:
3533:
3312:
3269:
3226:
3143:
3138:
3027:
2977:
2828:
2779:
2734:
2727:
2614:
2443:
2237:. Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken germanischer Dialekte, A.12. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
2209:(in German). Vol. III (2 ed.). Tübingen: Niemeyer. pp. 588–597.
1187:. The difference between these is uncertain, but in ENHG both fell together in
532:
506:
414:
349:
2551:
Historisch-grammatische Einführung in die frühneuhochdeutschen Schriftdialekte
1685:
That was the true Light, which lighteth every man that cometh into the world.
918:, replacing the long high vowels lost in the diphthongisation. In the case of
4587:
4515:
4357:
4113:
4064:
3881:
3820:
3733:
3638:
3576:
3523:
3407:
3334:
1520:
1511:
The period saw the invention of printing with moveable type (c.1455) and the
706:
395:
265:
1567:
Im anfang war das Wort / Vnd das Wort war bey Gott / vnd Gott war das Wort.
4384:
3808:
3772:
3705:
3528:
3351:
3324:
3307:
3251:
3210:
2792:
2771:
1524:
698:
403:
300:
4031:
1570:
Im Anfang war das Wort, und das Wort war bei Gott, und Gott war das Wort.
732:
the lack of a prestige variant (such as the "Dichtersprache" provides for
4201:
4174:
3992:
3900:
3582:
3543:
3126:
2821:
2785:
2720:
1629:
And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not.
702:
325:
280:
256:
53:
4046:
756:
621:
583:
545:
4041:
4021:
3386:
3056:
2757:
816:. In many dialects they fall together with the original MHG diphthongs
594:
560:
521:
2541:
Grammatik des Frühneuhochdeutschen. Beiträge zur Laut- und Formenlehre
4227:
3975:
3538:
3319:
3274:
3246:
3072:
2626:
1443:: more complex verbal constructions with participles and infinitives.
711:
575:
498:
462:
164:
152:
4051:
564:
4016:
3364:
1814:, p. 23. "1350–1650... seems the most widely accepted dating."
1671:
He was not that Light, but was sent to bear witness of that Light.
1282:, though this is not reflected in any change in spelling, e.g. MHG
832:
672:
He also recognized the standardising force of the two chanceries: "
537:
452:
197:
2256:. Germanistische Arbeitsheft 33 (2 ed.). Tübingen: Niemeyer.
1961:
3653:
3555:
1665:
Er war nicht das Liecht / sondern das er zeugete von dem Liecht.
650:
579:
510:
329:
193:
49:
2101:
1966:
1668:
Er war nicht das Licht, sondern er sollte zeugen von dem Licht.
1612:
In ihm war das Leben, und das Leben war das Licht der Menschen.
3360:
1532:
635:
525:
276:
as the dominant, and then sole, language for public discourse.
2077:
2065:
3278:
1528:
1396:
The following are the main syntactical developments in ENHG:
1293:. In a few words, this also takes place between vowels, e.g.
556:
502:
273:
269:
2089:
2029:
1978:
2313:. In Besch W, Betten A, Reichmann O, Sonderegger S (eds.).
2053:
2041:
1946:
1384:
1311:, or forms a diphthong with a neighbouring vowel (e.g. MHG
196:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2620:
2232:
2146:. Printed in Wittenberg 1545; dialect East Central German
2125:
1936:
1934:
541:
264:
The start and end dates of ENHG are, like all linguistic
2113:
2005:
1894:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1640:
Es war ein Mensch, von Gott gesandt, der hieß Johannes.
1637:
ES ward ein Mensch von Gott gesand / der hies Johannes.
1418:", in which the genitive phrase precedes the noun (e.g.
1160:
changes in particular dialects or in particular words.)
714:
situation, with High German as the high-status variant.
2017:
1995:
1993:
1044:
and others) and before certain consonant combinations (
1931:
612:("written languages", "documentary languages") of the
2161:
1882:
1841:
27:
Early modern stage (1350–1650) of the German language
1990:
1793:
1643:
There was a man sent from God, whose name was John.
1615:
In him was life; and the life was the light of men.
2456:The first complete translation into English of the
2311:"Die Periodisierung der deutschen Sprachgeschichte"
2173:
1519:. The most important single text of the period was
232:The term is the standard translation of the German
2375:
2149:
2137:
1870:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1235:, indicated by the grapheme <sch>, e.g. MHG
926:the MHG spelling is retained and in Modern German
682:, have drawn the languages of Germany together").
213:) is a term for the period in the history of the
238:(Frnhd., Fnhd.), introduced by Scherer. The term
4585:
2553:. Darmstadt: Wissenschafliche Buchgesellschaft.
1915:A History of the German Language Revised Edition
2538:
2367:Historische Laut- und Formenlehre des Deutschen
2252:Hartweg, Frédéric; Wegera, Klaus-Peter (2005).
987:lengthening is carried out more consistently.
221:, as the period 1350 to 1650, developing from
2642:
2382:. Seattle, London: University of Washington.
2251:
2200:(8 ed.). Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer.
2107:
2095:
2083:
2071:
2035:
1984:
1972:
1952:
882:, avoiding a merger with the new diphthongs.
1543:
1465:falls out of use and an adverb of negation (
1251:this is not indicated in spelling, e.g. MHG
981:
717:
673:
664:
607:
483:
477:
453:
233:
1274:In initial position the bilabial fricative
760:The diphthongization of long vowels in ENHG
2649:
2635:
2364:
2059:
2047:
2011:
2621:Luther's translation of the New Testament
2581:Kleine Texte für Vorlesungen und Übungen,
2463:
2289:
2167:
1864:
306:
2588:Kleines frühneuhochdeutsches Wörterbuch.
2468:. Henricus – Edition Deutsche Klassik UG
2373:
2226:An Introduction to Early New High German
2023:
1963:, has detailed discussion of the issues.
1912:
1587:The same was in the beginning with God.
755:
461:
255:
2442:
2345:
2331:
2308:
2179:
1888:
1852:
1823:
1799:
1772:German literature of the Baroque period
190:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
4586:
2656:
2539:Moser, Hugo; Stopp, Hugo (1970–1988).
2509:
2500:
2480:
2446:. Translated by Haldane, Michael. 2005
2270:
2223:
2207:Lexikon der Germanistischen Linguistik
2170:. Printed in Augsburg; dialect Swabian
2155:
2143:
2131:
1940:
1900:
1303:Otherwise it is either lost, e.g. MHG
680:Duke Frederick, Elector of Saxony etc.
4320:
3934:
2678:
2630:
2548:
2396:
2204:
2119:
1835:
1811:
885:
601:
2415:
2399:German: A Linguistic History to 1945
2338:Zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache
2195:
1999:
1917:. Waveland Press. pp. 114–115.
1876:
1581:Das selbige war im anfang bey Gott.
3211:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
2401:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
751:
710:become the low-status variant in a
616:of the two main political centres.
24:
4570:Languages between parentheses are
3935:
2527:
2436:
2350:(11 ed.). Stuttgart: Hirzel.
1691:
1199:is also used, remained unchanged.)
328:, the geographical spread and the
25:
4615:
2608:
2369:(2 ed.). Tübingen: Niemeyer.
2341:(2nd ed.). Berlin: Weidmann.
1698:
1584:Dasselbe war im Anfang bei Gott.
2602:Frühneuhochdeutsches Wörterbuch.
2378:A History of the German Language
2348:Geschichte der deutschen Sprache
2198:Geschichte der deutschen Sprache
1826:. lists the various suggestions.
1745:möchten, vnd legten ym das für.
1547:
1538:
1068:followed by another consonant).
251:
2569:
1906:
1171:MHG had two sibilants, written
678:" ("The Emperor Maximilian and
316:in the New High German period.
4594:History of the German language
4574:of the language on their left.
2512:"Das Evangelium nach Johannes"
1507:Early Modern German literature
1473:) becomes obligatory (e.g.MHG
1383:further simplification of the
13:
1:
4465:Germanic substrate hypothesis
4321:
2577:Frühneuhochdeutsches Glossar.
2235:Frühneuhochdeutsche Grammatik
2188:
1500:
1368:
1154:
693:, spoken across the whole of
685:
467:
217:generally defined, following
4495:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
3186:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
2514:. Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft
2365:von Kienle, Richard (1969).
1227:Initially before consonants
7:
4475:High German consonant shift
2615:Early New High German texts
2374:Waterman, John. T. (1966).
1755:
890:The MHG falling diphthongs
319:
301:printing with moveable type
10:
4620:
3013:Westlauwers–Terschellings
2666:According to contemporary
2532:
2228:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
1913:Waterman, John T. (1991).
1734:
1726:
1718:
1708:
1674:
1660:
1646:
1632:
1618:
1604:
1590:
1576:
1562:
1504:
930:indicates the long vowel.
4557:
4508:
4432:
4401:
4333:
4329:
4316:
4265:
4238:
4192:Southern Schleswig Danish
4123:
4004:
3960:
3951:
3947:
3930:
3771:
3714:
3602:
3593:
3498:
3470:
3429:
3420:
3395:
3377:
3288:
3260:
3234:
3225:
3176:
3089:
3064:
3055:
2994:
2889:
2838:
2813:
2804:
2700:
2691:
2687:
2674:
2664:
2590:Niemeyer, Tübingen 1996,
2565:(Reprint of 1909 edition)
2346:Schmidt, Wilhelm (2013).
2108:Hartweg & Wegera 2005
2096:Hartweg & Wegera 2005
2084:Hartweg & Wegera 2005
2072:Hartweg & Wegera 2005
2036:Hartweg & Wegera 2005
1985:Hartweg & Wegera 2005
1973:Hartweg & Wegera 2005
1953:Hartweg & Wegera 2005
1544:The Gospel of John, 1:1–5
1391:
1307:("of the snow") > NHG
1278:becomes the labio-dental
982:Changes in vowel quantity
743:
718:Phonology and orthography
626:("common German") of the
176:
162:
150:
145:
124:
73:
59:
44:
37:
32:
4470:West Germanic gemination
4424:Ancient Belgian language
4419:Germanic parent language
4363:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
3485:Austrian Standard German
2679:
2224:Brooke, Kenneth (1955).
1787:
1453:Decline of the preterite
245:Early Middle High German
240:Early Modern High German
18:Early Modern High German
2510:Luther, Martin (2017).
2501:Luther, Martin (1566).
2481:Luther, Martin (1545).
1492:Decline of the genitive
1109:("suffering") > NHG
645:of the Chancery of the
622:
458:, "printers' languages"
4604:Early modern languages
4531:Preterite-present verb
4414:Proto-Germanic grammar
4368:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
3480:German Standard German
3156:East Frisian Low Saxon
2579:2. Aufl. Bonn 1920 (=
2549:Moser, Virgil (1971).
2483:"Johannes – Kapitel 1"
2271:Keller, R. E. (1978).
1323:
1266:
1163:
967:("brothers") > NHG
761:
674:
665:
634:and his successors in
608:
484:
478:
473:
454:
307:Geographical variation
261:
234:
178:This article contains
4599:High German languages
4536:Grammatischer Wechsel
3519:Namibian Black German
3490:Swiss Standard German
3459:Early New High German
3017:Mainland West Frisian
2878:Harlingerland Frisian
2543:. Heidelberg: Winter.
2397:Wells, C. J. (1987).
1441:Increasing complexity
1406:Increasing complexity
1286:("want to") > NHG
1217:("to see") > NHG
1089:("thought") > NHG
954:("brother") > NHG
814:⟨eu/äu⟩
764:The long high vowels
759:
465:
283:, and the end of the
259:
207:Early New High German
108:Early New High German
33:Early New High German
4541:Indo-European ablaut
4521:Germanic strong verb
4490:Germanic spirant law
3627:Southeast Limburgish
3123:Gelders-Overijssels
2752:Irish Middle English
2742:Early Modern English
2196:Bach, Adolf (1965).
1762:Early Modern English
1705:English translation
1424:der schein der sonne
1412:Attributive genitive
1342:("to see") > NHG
1239:("to cut") > NHG
1007:("to say") > NHG
866:("people") > NHG
846:("to cut") > NHG
647:Electorate of Saxony
632:Emperor Maximilian I
4509:Synchronic features
4480:Germanic a-mutation
4433:Diachronic features
3783:in the broad sense
3716:East Central German
3670:Lorraine Franconian
3644:Transylvanian Saxon
3604:West Central German
3379:East Low Franconian
3289:West Low Franconian
2623:(German Wikisource)
2617:(German Wikisource)
2273:The German Language
2134:, pp. 434–442.
2122:, pp. 227–262.
2110:, pp. 173–178.
1975:, pp. 134–136.
1903:, pp. 365–368.
1559:King James Version
1556:Luther Bible, 2017
1255:("stone") > NHG
1202:Before vowels this
1127:("mother" > NHG
726:dialectal variation
643:East Central German
517:East Central German
494:West Central German
289:Peace of Westphalia
68:Early modern period
4526:Germanic weak verb
4335:Language subgroups
3685:Pennsylvania Dutch
3634:Moselle Franconian
3612:Central Franconian
3445:Middle High German
3196:Central Pomeranian
3151:Northern Low Saxon
2864:Wangerooge Frisian
2658:Germanic languages
2464:Anonymous (1509).
2309:Roelcke T (1998).
2254:Frühneuhochdeutsch
1777:Middle High German
1481:, "I don't know").
1315:("brow") > NHG
1206:becomes voiced to
1185:⟨zz⟩
1177:⟨ss⟩
1142:("light" > NHG
1099:("lark") > NHG
1023:("evil") > NHG
928:⟨ie⟩
912:⟨üe⟩
908:⟨uo⟩
904:⟨ie⟩
886:Monophthongisation
856:("skin") > NHG
826:⟨öu⟩
822:⟨ou⟩
818:⟨ei⟩
810:⟨au⟩
806:⟨ei⟩
786:⟨iu⟩
762:
734:Middle High German
602:Chancery languages
474:
466:A printing press,
361:Moselle Franconian
326:eastward expansion
262:
235:Frühneuhochdeutsch
223:Middle High German
137:Middle High German
48:Germany, parts of
4581:
4580:
4566:extinct languages
4553:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4500:Great Vowel Shift
4312:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4261:
4260:
4107:Greenlandic Norse
3926:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3857:Southern Bavarian
3840:Northern Bavarian
3816:Highest Alemannic
3767:
3766:
3501:standard variants
3416:
3415:
3262:Standard variants
3221:
3220:
3080:Middle Low German
3051:
3050:
3047:
3046:
2851:Saterland Frisian
2586:Christa Baufeld,
2357:978-3-7776-2272-9
2275:. London: Faber.
2086:, pp. 146–7.
2074:, pp. 145–6.
2062:, pp. 40–42.
2050:, pp. 37–40.
1753:
1752:
1689:
1688:
1525:Bible translation
1420:der sunnen schein
1414:: the so-called "
1379:verb conjugations
1363:⟨z⟩
1359:⟨s⟩
1197:⟨z⟩
1191:. (The affricate
1181:⟨z⟩
1173:⟨s⟩
1079:("has") > NHG
941:("love) > NHG
782:⟨û⟩
778:⟨î⟩
705:, was a distinct
691:Middle Low German
450:
449:
285:Thirty Years' War
204:
203:
186:rendering support
182:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
4611:
4358:Elbe (Irminonic)
4331:
4330:
4318:
4317:
4246:Mainland Gutnish
4136:Swedish dialects
4098:Middle Icelandic
4072:Middle Norwegian
3961:Historical forms
3958:
3957:
3949:
3948:
3932:
3931:
3891:South Franconian
3877:Hutterite German
3845:Central Bavarian
3665:Rhine Franconian
3600:
3599:
3430:Historical forms
3427:
3426:
3342:Surinamese Dutch
3235:Historical forms
3232:
3231:
3065:Historical forms
3062:
3061:
2814:Historical forms
2811:
2810:
2698:
2697:
2689:
2688:
2676:
2675:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2564:
2544:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2506:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2487:Bibel-Online.NET
2477:
2475:
2473:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2431:
2412:
2393:
2381:
2370:
2361:
2342:
2328:
2315:Sprachgeschichte
2305:
2286:
2267:
2248:
2229:
2220:
2201:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1699:
1548:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1326:
1299:
1292:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1250:
1246:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1149:
1134:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1022:
1013:
1006:
973:
960:
947:
929:
925:
921:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
831:, which are all
830:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
752:Diphthongization
695:Northern Germany
677:
668:
638:and then Vienna.
625:
611:
487:
481:
472:
469:
457:
442:Middle Bavarian
410:South Franconian
366:Rhine Franconian
335:
334:
324:With the end of
287:. Arguably, the
237:
155:
79:
64:Late Middle Ages
30:
29:
21:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4545:
4504:
4485:Germanic umlaut
4450:Holtzmann's law
4428:
4397:
4325:
4304:
4257:
4234:
4168:South Jutlandic
4153:Danish dialects
4119:
4000:
3943:
3914:
3896:East Franconian
3850:Viennese German
3763:
3744:Silesian German
3710:
3699:Central Hessian
3589:
3514:Namibian German
3503:
3494:
3472:Standard German
3466:
3452:New High German
3438:Old High German
3412:
3391:
3373:
3284:
3256:
3217:
3201:East Pomeranian
3191:Brandenburgisch
3178:East Low German
3172:
3099:Dutch Low Saxon
3091:West Low German
3085:
3043:
3009:Schiermonnikoog
2990:
2885:
2871:Wursten Frisian
2834:
2800:
2683:
2670:
2660:
2655:
2611:
2572:
2561:
2535:
2530:
2528:Further reading
2517:
2515:
2491:
2489:
2471:
2469:
2458:editio princeps
2449:
2447:
2439:
2437:Primary sources
2434:
2428:
2409:
2390:
2358:
2325:
2302:
2283:
2264:
2245:
2217:
2191:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2098:, pp. 147.
2094:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2060:von Kienle 1969
2058:
2054:
2048:von Kienle 1969
2046:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2012:von Kienle 1969
2010:
2006:
2002:, p. 1310.
1998:
1991:
1987:, pp. 136.
1983:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1867:, p. 1371.
1863:
1859:
1851:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1782:New High German
1767:German language
1758:
1697:
1546:
1541:
1509:
1503:
1487:Case government
1479:ich weiss nicht
1475:ine weiz (niht)
1394:
1371:
1362:
1358:
1328:
1271:
1196:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1157:
984:
927:
916:monophthongised
911:
907:
903:
888:
880:monophthongized
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
785:
781:
777:
754:
746:
720:
688:
623:gemaine tiutsch
609:Schriftsprachen
604:
590:Austro-Bavarian
571:East Franconian
485:Druckersprachen
479:Druckersprachen
470:
460:
455:Druckersprachen
445:South Bavarian
432:East Franconian
322:
309:
294:New High German
254:
227:New High German
219:Wilhelm Scherer
215:German language
184:Without proper
151:
141:
132:Old High German
127:
120:
80:
77:Language family
75:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4617:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4568:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4409:Proto-Germanic
4405:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4350:
4345:
4339:
4337:
4327:
4326:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4284:Crimean Gothic
4273:
4271:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4160:
4158:Insular Danish
4155:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4141:Rinkebysvenska
4138:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4094:
4082:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4008:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3989:
3987:Old East Norse
3984:
3982:Old West Norse
3972:
3964:
3962:
3955:
3945:
3944:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3893:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3862:South Tyrolean
3854:
3853:
3852:
3842:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3804:High Alemannic
3801:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3777:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3672:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3646:
3641:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3608:
3606:
3597:
3595:Central German
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3536:
3534:Barossa German
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3448:
3441:
3433:
3431:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3313:French Flemish
3305:
3304:
3303:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3229:
3227:Low Franconian
3223:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3095:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3068:
3066:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3028:Westereendersk
3022:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2906:
2895:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2829:Middle Frisian
2825:
2817:
2815:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2735:Modern English
2731:
2728:Middle English
2724:
2717:
2706:
2704:
2695:
2685:
2684:
2672:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2618:
2610:
2609:External links
2607:
2606:
2605:
2599:
2584:
2575:Alfred Götze.
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2560:978-3487532837
2559:
2546:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2507:
2498:
2478:
2461:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2413:
2407:
2394:
2388:
2371:
2362:
2356:
2343:
2329:
2323:
2306:
2300:
2287:
2281:
2268:
2262:
2249:
2243:
2230:
2221:
2215:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2172:
2168:Anonymous 1509
2160:
2148:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2064:
2052:
2040:
2038:, p. 137.
2028:
2026:, p. 103.
2016:
2004:
1989:
1977:
1965:
1957:
1945:
1930:
1923:
1905:
1893:
1891:, p. 350.
1881:
1879:, p. 254.
1869:
1865:Piirainen 1985
1857:
1855:, p. 349.
1840:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1505:Main article:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1416:Saxon genitive
1409:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1370:
1367:
1351:
1350:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1301:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1225:
1200:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1136:
1114:
1113:
1103:
1093:
1083:
1031:
1030:
1014:
991:1. Lengthening
983:
980:
975:
974:
961:
948:
887:
884:
872:
871:
860:
850:
753:
750:
745:
742:
738:
737:
730:
727:
719:
716:
687:
684:
654:
653:
639:
603:
600:
599:
598:
586:
567:
548:
529:
513:
459:
451:
448:
447:
428:
425:High Alemannic
406:
400:
399:
374:
352:
350:Central German
346:
345:
342:
339:
338:ENHG Dialects
321:
318:
308:
305:
303:in the 1450s.
266:periodisations
253:
250:
202:
201:
188:, you may see
174:
173:
168:
160:
159:
156:
148:
147:
146:Language codes
143:
142:
140:
139:
130:
128:
125:
122:
121:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
110:
83:
81:
74:
71:
70:
61:
57:
56:
46:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4616:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4573:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4516:Germanic verb
4514:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4455:Sievers's law
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:Reconstructed
4400:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4215:Middle Danish
4212:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4091:Old Icelandic
4088:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4065:Old Norwegian
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3883:
3882:Gottscheerish
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3821:Walser German
3819:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3787:Low Alemannic
3785:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3749:High Prussian
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3734:Erzgebirgisch
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:Luxembourgish
3637:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3577:Klezmer-loshn
3574:
3572:
3571:Scots Yiddish
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3408:Meuse-Rhenish
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:Kleverlandish
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3296:Central Dutch
3294:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3104:Stellingwarfs
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3038:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:Wood Frisian
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2891:North Frisian
2888:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2693:Anglo-Frisian
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2596:3-484-10268-3
2593:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2429:
2427:3-11-009590-4
2423:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2408:0-19-815809-2
2404:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2389:0-295-73807-3
2385:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2324:3-11-011257-4
2320:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2301:3-11-009590-4
2297:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2282:0-571-11159-9
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2263:3-484-25133-6
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2244:3-484-10672-7
2240:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2216:3-484-10391-4
2212:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2181:
2176:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2025:
2024:Waterman 1966
2020:
2014:, p. 37.
2013:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1955:, p. 34.
1954:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1926:
1924:9781478648734
1920:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1838:, p. 25.
1837:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1813:
1808:
1802:, p. 13.
1801:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1553:Luther, 1545
1552:
1550:
1549:
1539:Example texts
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1447:Verb position
1445:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1366:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1289:
1285:
1273:
1272:
1258:
1254:
1242:
1238:
1226:
1220:
1213:
1201:
1170:
1169:
1161:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1035:
1034:2. Shortening
1026:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1003:
999:
998:
997:
994:
992:
988:
979:
970:
966:
962:
957:
953:
949:
944:
940:
936:
935:
934:
931:
917:
883:
881:
877:
869:
865:
861:
859:
855:
851:
849:
845:
841:
840:
839:
836:
834:
791:
790:diphthongized
758:
749:
741:
735:
731:
728:
725:
724:
723:
715:
713:
708:
707:West Germanic
704:
700:
697:north of the
696:
692:
683:
681:
676:
670:
667:
661:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
637:
633:
629:
624:
619:
618:
617:
615:
610:
596:
592:
591:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:
530:
527:
523:
519:
518:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:
491:
490:
489:
486:
480:
464:
456:
446:
443:
440:
439:
434:
433:
429:
427:
426:
422:
421:
420:Low Alemannic
417:
416:
412:
411:
407:
405:
402:
401:
398:
397:
396:High Prussian
393:
390:
389:
385:
384:
380:
379:
375:
373:
372:
368:
367:
363:
362:
358:
357:
353:
351:
348:
347:
343:
340:
337:
336:
333:
331:
327:
317:
315:
304:
302:
297:
295:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
258:
252:Periodisation
249:
247:
246:
241:
236:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
181:
175:
172:
169:
167:
166:
161:
157:
154:
149:
144:
138:
135:
134:
133:
129:
123:
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
100:
98:
97:
96:
95:West Germanic
93:
92:
91:
88:
87:
86:
85:Indo-European
82:
78:
72:
69:
65:
62:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:
36:
31:
19:
4561:
4445:Verner's law
4390:
4385:Gotho-Nordic
4383:
4376:
4297:
4290:
4282:
4276:
4266:
4251:Fårö Gutnish
4213:
4206:
4112:
4105:
4096:
4089:
4070:
4063:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3907:
3809:Swiss German
3773:Upper German
3706:Amana German
3680:Volga German
3649:Hunsrückisch
3575:
3529:Unserdeutsch
3524:Berlinerisch
3458:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3396:Cover groups
3352:Mohawk Dutch
3347:Jersey Dutch
3325:East Flemish
3308:West Flemish
3252:Middle Dutch
3206:Low Prussian
3078:
3071:
3037:Terschelling
3021:Clay Frisian
2996:West Frisian
2984:Wiedingharde
2976:
2964:
2924:Heligolandic
2901:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2857:
2840:East Frisian
2827:
2820:
2793:Middle Scots
2791:
2784:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2751:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2601:
2587:
2580:
2576:
2570:Dictionaries
2550:
2540:
2516:. Retrieved
2502:
2490:. Retrieved
2486:
2470:. Retrieved
2466:"Fortunatus"
2457:
2448:. Retrieved
2444:"Fortunatus"
2417:
2398:
2377:
2366:
2347:
2337:
2314:
2291:
2272:
2253:
2234:
2225:
2206:
2197:
2180:Haldane 2005
2175:
2163:
2151:
2139:
2127:
2115:
2103:
2091:
2079:
2067:
2055:
2043:
2031:
2019:
2007:
1980:
1968:
1960:
1948:
1914:
1908:
1896:
1889:Schmidt 2013
1884:
1872:
1860:
1853:Schmidt 2013
1831:
1824:Roelcke 1998
1819:
1807:
1800:Scherer 1878
1795:
1693:
1516:
1510:
1491:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1372:
1353:The loss of
1352:
1343:
1336:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:("eternal").
1294:
1287:
1283:
1256:
1252:
1240:
1236:
1218:
1211:
1195:, for which
1158:
1143:
1139:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1017:
1008:
1001:
995:
990:
989:
985:
976:
968:
964:
955:
951:
942:
938:
932:
889:
873:
867:
863:
857:
853:
847:
843:
837:
763:
747:
739:
721:
699:Benrath Line
689:
671:
662:
658:
655:
605:
588:
569:
550:
531:
515:
492:
475:
444:
441:
435:
430:
423:
418:
413:
408:
404:Upper German
394:
391:
386:
381:
376:
369:
364:
359:
354:
323:
310:
298:
278:
263:
243:
239:
231:
210:
206:
205:
177:
170:
163:
107:
38:
4460:Kluge's law
4440:Grimm's law
4223:Dalecarlian
4202:Perkerdansk
4175:East Danish
3993:Old Gutnish
3969:Proto-Norse
3909:Langobardic
3901:Vogtlandian
3729:Upper Saxon
3583:Lachoudisch
3544:Lotegorisch
3422:High German
3168:Westphalian
3163:Eastphalian
3127:Achterhooks
3004:Hindeloopen
2939:Bökingharde
2908:Föhr–Amrum
2822:Old Frisian
2786:Early Scots
2721:Old English
2156:Luther 2017
2144:Luther 1545
2132:Keller 1978
1941:Luther 1566
1901:Keller 1978
1513:Reformation
1436:Verb phrase
1428:Marias Auto
1401:Noun phrase
1387:declensions
1210:, e.g. MHG
703:Middle Ages
471: 1568
383:Upper Saxon
281:Black Death
192:instead of
126:Early forms
103:High German
54:Switzerland
4588:Categories
4292:Burgundian
4208:Old Danish
4197:Gøtudanskt
4180:Bornholmsk
4042:Vestlandsk
4022:Kebabnorsk
3759:Halcnovian
3724:Thuringian
3387:Limburgish
3357:Stadsfries
3330:Brabantian
3057:Low German
2903:Eiderstedt
2758:Fingallian
2503:Tischreden
2189:References
2120:Wells 1987
1836:Wells 1987
1812:Wells 1987
1694:Fortunatus
1501:Literature
1369:Morphology
1155:Consonants
1119:Examples:
1071:Examples:
996:Examples:
933:Examples:
838:Examples:
686:Low German
614:chanceries
595:Ingolstadt
561:Strassburg
522:Wittenberg
378:Thuringian
4572:varieties
4564:indicate
4378:Northwest
4323:Philology
4228:Elfdalian
4163:Jutlandic
4085:Icelandic
4060:(written)
4054:(written)
4032:Trøndersk
4012:Norwegian
3976:Old Norse
3797:Coloniero
3781:Alemannic
3754:Wymysorys
3622:Colognian
3617:Ripuarian
3539:Rotwelsch
3369:Midslands
3320:Zeelandic
3301:Hollandic
3275:Afrikaans
3247:Old Dutch
3073:Old Saxon
2972:Karrharde
2954:Goesharde
2935:Mainland
2668:philology
2000:Wolf 1985
1877:Bach 1965
1702:Original
1243:. Before
1241:schneiden
972:/bryːdər/
959:/bruːdər/
848:schneiden
712:diglossic
597:, Vienna.
576:Nuremberg
552:Alemannic
528:, Leipzig
499:Frankfurt
392:Bohemian
356:Ripuarian
225:and into
165:Glottolog
153:ISO 639-3
4299:Vandalic
4242:Gutnish
4047:Vikværsk
4027:Sognamål
4017:Bergensk
3867:Cimbrian
3835:Bavarian
3792:Alsatian
3739:Lusatian
3675:Palatine
3365:Amelands
3242:Frankish
3132:Sallaans
3114:Gronings
2965:Southern
2958:Northern
2949:Halligen
2898:Insular
2715:dialects
2335:(1878).
1756:See also
1459:Negation
1357:and the
1231:becomes
1133:/muːtər/
1012:/zaːɡən/
804:, spelt
628:Chancery
584:Würzburg
546:Tübingen
538:Augsburg
438:Bavarian
388:Silesian
320:Dialects
314:codified
296:period.
198:Help:IPA
90:Germanic
4562:Italics
4185:Scanian
4131:Swedish
4080:Faroese
4058:Nynorsk
4037:Valdris
3872:Mòcheno
3828:Swabian
3694:Hessian
3654:Hunsrik
3566:Western
3561:Eastern
3556:Yiddish
3506:creoles
3403:Bergish
3119:Drèents
3109:Tweants
2961:Central
2943:Mooring
2806:Frisian
2765:Kildare
2710:English
2545:7 vols.
2533:Grammar
2333:Scherer
1943:, 1040.
1477:, ENHG
1347:/zeːən/
1340:/sehən/
1331:Medial
1309:Schnees
1298:/eːviɡ/
1260:/ʃtain/
1222:/zeːən/
1215:/sehən/
1148:/liːxt/
1028:/yːbəl/
1005:/zaɡən/
965:brüeder
952:bruoder
946:/liːbə/
902:(spelt
876:Swabian
833:lowered
776:(spelt
701:in the
651:Meissen
630:of the
580:Bamberg
533:Swabian
511:Cologne
415:Swabian
371:Hessian
330:dialect
194:Unicode
50:Austria
39:Deutsch
4278:Gothic
4148:Danish
4052:Bokmål
3551:Yenish
3361:Bildts
3144:Veluws
3139:Urkers
2978:Strand
2702:Anglic
2594:
2557:
2518:7 June
2492:7 June
2472:7 June
2450:7 June
2424:
2405:
2386:
2354:
2321:
2298:
2279:
2260:
2241:
2213:
1921:
1521:Luther
1392:Syntax
1305:snėwes
1237:snîden
1129:Mutter
1125:muoter
1111:Jammer
1101:Lerche
1097:lêrche
1091:dachte
1052:, and
1021:/ybəl/
969:Brüder
956:Bruder
914:) are
844:snîden
788:) are
744:Vowels
636:Prague
565:Zürich
526:Erfurt
436:North
99:German
45:Region
4392:South
4343:North
3953:North
3937:North
3279:Kaaps
3270:Dutch
2917:Amrum
2858:Weser
2780:Scots
1788:Notes
1692:From
1533:verse
1529:prose
1467:nicht
1463:ne/en
1344:sehen
1337:sehen
1317:Braue
1313:brâwe
1291:/vil/
1257:Stein
1253:stein
1219:sehen
1212:sehen
1193:/t͡s/
1146:(via
1144:Licht
1140:lieht
1131:(via
1107:jâmer
1087:dâhte
1009:sagen
1002:sagen
943:Liebe
939:liebe
922:>
868:Leute
864:liute
557:Basel
507:Worms
503:Mainz
488:are:
344:East
341:West
274:Latin
270:vowel
4353:West
4348:East
4268:East
4124:East
4114:Norn
4005:West
3941:East
3939:and
3504:and
3499:Non-
2929:Sylt
2912:Föhr
2847:Ems
2772:Yola
2681:West
2592:ISBN
2555:ISBN
2520:2017
2494:2017
2474:2017
2452:2017
2422:ISBN
2403:ISBN
2384:ISBN
2352:ISBN
2319:ISBN
2296:ISBN
2277:ISBN
2258:ISBN
2239:ISBN
2211:ISBN
1919:ISBN
1385:noun
1295:ewig
1288:will
1247:and
1179:and
1138:MHG
1123:MHG
1105:MHG
1095:MHG
1085:MHG
1075:MHG
1050:/ft/
1046:/xt/
1025:Übel
1018:übel
1016:MHG
1000:MHG
963:MHG
950:MHG
937:MHG
924:/iː/
920:/iə/
910:and
900:/yə/
898:and
896:/uə/
892:/iə/
862:MHG
858:Haut
852:MHG
842:MHG
829:/øy/
824:and
812:and
802:/ɔʏ/
800:and
798:/aʊ/
794:/aɪ/
784:and
774:/yː/
772:and
770:/uː/
766:/iː/
641:The
620:The
211:ENHG
171:None
52:and
1523:'s
1471:nie
1355:/w/
1333:/h/
1325:/h/
1284:wil
1280:/v/
1276:/w/
1268:/w/
1249:/t/
1245:/p/
1233:/ʃ/
1229:/s/
1208:/z/
1204:/s/
1189:/s/
1165:/s/
1081:hat
1077:hât
1066:/r/
1062:/l/
1058:/n/
1054:/m/
854:hût
792:to
649:in
542:Ulm
248:).
180:IPA
60:Era
4590::
2485:.
1992:^
1933:^
1843:^
1676:9
1662:8
1648:7
1634:6
1620:5
1606:4
1592:3
1578:2
1564:1
1535:.
1517:to
1469:,
1430:).
1064:,
1060:,
1056:,
1048:,
1040:,
906:,
894:,
835:.
820:,
808:,
796:,
780:,
768:,
593::
582:,
578:,
574::
563:,
559:,
555::
544:,
540:,
536::
524:,
520::
509:,
505:,
501:,
497::
468:c.
229:.
66:,
4287:)
4281:(
3367:/
3363:/
3359:/
3281:)
3277:(
2650:e
2643:t
2636:v
2598:.
2563:.
2522:.
2505:.
2496:.
2476:.
2460:.
2454:.
2430:.
2411:.
2392:.
2360:.
2327:.
2304:.
2285:.
2266:.
2247:.
2219:.
2182:.
2158:.
1927:.
1361::
1349:.
1319:.
1262:.
1224:.
1183:/
1175:/
1150:)
1135:)
1042:t
1038:m
870:.
736:)
209:(
200:.
158:–
20:)
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