342:
19:
612:
1128:
1166:(PTSD). Scientific studies have linked mental health to several climate-related exposures. These include heat, humidity, rainfall, drought, wildfires and floods. The indirect pathway can be disruption to economic and social activities. An example is when an area of farmland is less able to produce food. The third pathway can be of mere awareness of the climate change threat, even by individuals who are not otherwise affected by it. This especially manifests in the form of anxiety over the quality of life for future generations.
1485:
5806:
Emmerling, Johannes; Ebi, Kristie; Hasegawa, Tomoko; HavlĂk, Petr; Humpenoder, Florian; Da Silva, Lara
Aleluia; Smith, Steve; Stehfest, Elke; Bosetti, Valentina; Eom, Jiyong; Gernaat, David; Masui, Toshihiko; Rogelj, Joeri; Strefler, Jessica; Drouet, Laurent; Krey, Volker; Luderer, Gunnar; Harmsen, Mathijs; Takahashi, Kiyoshi; Baumstark, Lavinia; Doelman, Johnathan C.; Kainuma, Mikiko; Klimont, Zbigniew; Marangoni, Giacomo; Lotze-Campen, Hermann; Obersteiner, Michael; Tabeau, Andrzej; Tavoni, Massimo (1 February 2017).
1299:
817:
7657:
1217:
994:
9406:
9458:
9394:
1013:) and ambient temperature is complex. Changes in air temperature and water content affect the air's chemistry and the rates of chemical reactions that create and remove ozone. Many chemical reaction rates increase with temperature and lead to increased ozone production. Climate change projections show that rising temperatures and water vapour in the atmosphere will likely increase surface ozone in polluted areas like the eastern United States.
9430:
9418:
472:
4424:
Lingzhi; Ciampi, Luisa; Dalin, Carole; Dasandi, Niheer; Dasgupta, Shouro; Davies, Michael; Dominguez-Salas, Paula; Dubrow, Robert; Ebi, Kristie L; Eckelman, Matthew; Ekins, Paul; Escobar, Luis E; Georgeson, Lucien; Grace, Delia; Graham, Hilary; Gunther, Samuel H; Hartinger, Stella; He, Kehan; Heaviside, Clare; Hess, Jeremy; Hsu, Shih-Che; Jankin, Slava; Jimenez, Marcia P; Kelman, Ilan; et al. (October 2021).
1325:, hepatoxins, cytotoxins or endotoxins that can cause serious and sometimes fatal neurological, liver and digestive diseases in humans. Cyanobacteria grow best in warmer temperatures (especially above 25 degrees Celsius), and so areas of the world that are experiencing general warming as a result of climate change are also experiencing harmful algal blooms more frequently and for longer periods of time.
5636:
5172:
3560:
9470:
931:. Scientists found in 2022 that rising temperatures are increasing the areas where dengue fever, malaria and other mosquito-carried diseases are able to spread. Warmer temperatures are also advancing to higher elevations, allowing mosquitoes to survive in places that were previously in hospitable to them. This risks malaria returning to areas where it was previously eradicated.
1052:, and other cardiopulmonary problems. High ozone concentrations irritate the lungs and thus affect respiratory function, especially among people with asthma. People who are most at risk from breathing in ozone air pollution are those with respiratory issues, children, older adults and those who typically spend long periods of time outside such as construction workers.
1523:, and childhood undernutrition. The authors estimated that climate change was projected to cause an additional 250,000 deaths per year between 2030 and 2050 but also stated that "these numbers do not represent a prediction of the overall impacts of climate change on health, since we could not quantify several important causal pathways".
450:) are more at risk when faced with high temperatures and ought to be extra careful as cognitive performance has been shown to be differentially affected by heat. People with diabetes and those who are overweight, have sleep deprivation, or have cardiovascular/cerebrovascular conditions should avoid too much heat exposure.
426:
that is too high means that human bodies would no longer be able to adequately cool the skin. A wet bulb temperature of 35 °C is regarded as the limit for humans (called the "physiological threshold for human adaptability" to heat and humidity). As of 2020, only two weather stations had recorded
1016:
On the other hand, ozone concentrations could decrease in a warming climate if anthropogenic ozone-precursor emissions (e.g., nitrogen oxides) continue to decrease through implementation of policies and practices. Therefore, future surface ozone concentrations depend on the climate change mitigation
592:
With regards to sporting activities, it has been observed that "hot weather reduces the likelihood of engaging in exercise". Furthermore, participating in sports during excessive heat can lead to injury or even death. It is also well established that regular physical activity is beneficial for human
4423:
Romanello, Marina; McGushin, Alice; Di Napoli, Claudia; Drummond, Paul; Hughes, Nick; Jamart, Louis; Kennard, Harry; Lampard, Pete; Solano
Rodriguez, Baltazar; Arnell, Nigel; Ayeb-Karlsson, Sonja; Belesova, Kristine; Cai, Wenjia; Campbell-Lendrum, Diarmid; Capstick, Stuart; Chambers, Jonathan; Chu,
1020:
High surface ozone concentrations often occur during heat waves in the United States. Throughout much of the eastern United States, ozone concentrations during heat waves are at least 20% higher than the summer average. Broadly speaking, surface ozone levels are higher in cities with high levels of
575:
investigated change in labour capacity as an indicator. It found that during 2021, high temperature reduced global potential labour hours by 470 billion – a 37% increase compared to the average annual loss that occurred during the 1990s. Occupational heat exposure especially affects laborers in the
318:
came to similar conclusions, reporting that the "numbers of people in regions across the world affected by extreme heat stress – a potentially fatal combination of heat and humidity – could increase" "from 68 million today to around one billion" if the world's temperature rise reaches 2°C, although
1727:
Research shows that health professionals around the world agree that climate change is real, is caused by humans, and is causing increased health problems in their communities. Health professionals can act by informing people about health harms and ways to address them, by lobbying leaders to take
132:
for whole families, particularly those headed by women. It can also reduce the earning capacity and economic stability of people. Populations over 65 years of age are particularly vulnerable to heat and other health effects of climate change. Health risks are unevenly distributed across the world.
1475:
The replacement of coal-based energy with renewables can lower the number of premature deaths caused by air pollution and decrease health costs associated with coal-related respiratory diseases. This switch to renewable energy is crucial, as air pollution is responsible for over 13 million deaths
1391:
measures are significant, having been described as "the greatest global health opportunity" of the 21st century. Measures can not only mitigate future health effects from climate change but also improve health directly. Climate change mitigation is interconnected with various co-benefits (such as
434:
Further study found that even a wet bulb temperature of 31 degrees is dangerous, even for young and healthy people. This threshold is not uniform for all and depend on many factors including environmental factors, activity and age. If the global temperature will rise by 3 degrees (the most likely
5805:
Riahi, Keywan; van Vuuren, Detlef P.; Kriegler, Elmar; Edmonds, Jae; O'Neill, Brian C.; Fujimori, Shinichiro; Bauer, Nico; Calvin, Katherine; Dellink, Rob; Fricko, Oliver; Lutz, Wolfgang; Popp, Alexander; Cuaresma, Jesus Crespo; KC, Samir; Leimbach, Marian; Jiang, Leiwen; Kram, Tom; Rao, Shilpa;
310:. The projected annual average temperature of above 29 °C for these regions would be outside the "human temperature niche" – a suggested range for climate biologically suitable for humans based on historical data of mean annual temperatures (MAT) – and the most affected regions have little
206:
These health risks vary across the world and between different groups of people. For example, differences in health service provision or economic development will result in different health risks for people in different regions, with less developed countries facing greater health risks. In many
163:
The effects of climate change on human health can be grouped into direct and indirect effects. Both types of effects interact with social dynamics. The combination of effects and social dynamics determines the eventual health outcomes. Mechanisms and social dynamics are explained further below:
1103:
A headline finding in 2021 regarding marine food security stated that: "In 2018–20, nearly 70% of countries showed increases in average sea surface temperature in their territorial waters compared within 2003–05, reflecting an increasing threat to their marine food productivity and marine food
1099:
does not quantify this number in its chapter on food security. A modelling study from 2016 found "a climate change–associated net increase of 529,000 adult deaths worldwide from expected reductions in food availability (particularly fruit and vegetables) by 2050, as compared with a reference
560:
Mortality due to heat waves could be reduced if buildings were better designed to modify the internal climate, or if the occupants were better educated about the issues, so they can take action on time. Heatwave early warning and response systems are important elements of heat action plans.
1639:, it can help encourage engagement if it is framed as a health concern, rather than as an environmental issue. This is especially the case when comparing a health related framing to one that emphasised environmental doom, as was common in the media at least up until 2017. Communicating the
1429:
may result in an annual reduction of 1.18 million air pollution-related deaths, 5.86 million diet-related deaths, and 1.15 million deaths due to physical inactivity, across nine countries by 2040. These benefits were attributable to the mitigation of direct greenhouse gas emissions and the
901:
etc.), waterborne diseases (transmitted via viruses or bacteria through water), and food-borne diseases.(spread through pathogens via food) Climate change affects the distribution of these diseases due to the expanding geographic range and seasonality of these diseases and their
1430:
accompanying actions that reduce exposure to harmful pollutants, as well as improved diets and safe physical activity. Globally the cost of limiting warming to 2 °C is less than the value of the extra years of life due to cleaner air - and in India and China much less.
495:
effect. This results from the way many cities are built. For example, they often have extensive areas of asphalt, reduced greenery along with many large heat-retaining buildings that physically block cooling breezes and ventilation. Lack of water features are another cause.
4752:
Lacressonnière, Gwendoline; Watson, Laura; Gauss, Michael; Engardt, Magnuz; Andersson, Camilla; Beekmann, Matthias; Colette, Augustin; Foret, Gilles; Josse, Béatrice; Marécal, Virginie; Nyiri, Agnes; Siour, Guillaume; Sobolowski, Stefan; Vautard, Robert (February 1, 2017).
787:
in some regions. Furthermore, tropical cyclones and storm tracks are moving towards the poles. This means some regions will see large changes in maximum wind speeds. Scientists expect there will be fewer tropical cyclones. But they expect their strength to increase. (see
689:
are expected to become more severe in the future when they do occur. However, the interactions between rainfall and flooding are complex. In some regions, flooding is expected to become rarer. This depends on several factors, such as changes in rain and snowmelt, but also
140:
Studies have found that communications on climate change that present it as a health concern rather than just an environmental matter are more likely to engage the public. The health effects of climate change are increasingly a matter of concern for the international
1597:
and economically disadvantaged communities). As a result, people of disadvantaged sociodemographic groups experience unequal risks. Often these people will have made a disproportionately low contribution toward man-made global warming, thus leading to concerns over
1570:
found that climate change does not affect people's health in an equal way. The greatest impact tends to fall on the most vulnerable such as the poor, women, children, the elderly, people with pre-existing health concerns, other minorities and outdoor workers.
207:
places, the combination of lower socioeconomic status and cultural gender roles result in increased health risks to women and girls as a result of climate change, compared to those faced by men and boys (although the converse may apply in other instances).
1467:
and methane contribute both to global warming and to air pollution. Their mitigation can bring benefits in terms of limiting global temperature increases as well as improving air quality. Implementation of the climate pledges made in the run-up to the
286:
show a warming of 1.09 °C (range: 0.95 to 1.20 °C) from 1850–1900 to 2011–2020, based on multiple independently produced datasets. The trend is faster since the 1970s than in any other 50-year period over at least the last 2000 years.
960:. There are numerous predictions for how indoor air pollutants will change in future. Models have attempted to predict how the forecasted scenarios will affect indoor air quality and indoor comfort parameters such as humidity and temperature.
1368:
It is possible that a potential health benefit from global warming could result from fewer cold days in winter: This could lead to some mental health benefits. However, the evidence on this correlation is regarded as inconsistent in 2022.
6646:; Niamir, Leila; Bai, Xuemei; Callaghan, Max; Cullen, Jonathan; DĂaz-JosĂ©, Julio; Figueroa, Maria; Grubler, Arnulf; Lamb, William F.; Leip, Adrian; Masanet, Eric; Mata, Érika; Mattauch, Linus; Minx, Jan C.; Mirasgedis, Sebastian (2022).
506:
Cities are often on the front-line of climate change due to their densely concentrated populations, the urban heat island effect, their frequent proximity to coasts and waterways, and reliance on ageing physical infrastructure networks.
50:
and other causes of illness, injury or death. Heat waves and extreme weather events have a big impact on health both directly and indirectly. When people are exposed to higher temperatures for longer time periods they might experience
3992:
Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021:
1091:
with all its associated health problems. Food insecurity is increasing at the global level (some of the underlying causes are related to climate change, others are not) and about 720–811 million people suffered from hunger in 2020.
1232:. The elevated concentration in this figure, 689 ppm, is over 50% greater than the current levels, yet it is expected to be approached under the "mid-range" climate change scenarios, and will be surpassed in the high-emission one.
1667:
had issued a 100-page report on global warming and human health back in 1989. By the early years of the 21st century, climate change was increasingly addressed as a public health concern at a global level, for example in 2006 at
1317:. Also, during droughts, surface waters are even more susceptible to harmful algal blooms and microorganisms. Algal blooms increase water turbidity, suffocating aquatic plants, and can deplete oxygen, killing fish. Some kinds of
583:
Working in extreme heat can lead to labor force productivity decreases as well as participation because employees' health may be weaker due to heat related health problems, such as dehydration, fatigue, dizziness, and confusion.
7226:
4114:
1574:
The social vulnerability of people is related to certain health patterns. For example there are "demographic, socioeconomic, housing, health (such as pre-existing health conditions), neighbourhood, and geographical factors".
1605:
Climate change has diverse effects on migration activities, and can lead to decreases or increases in the number of people who migrate. Migration activities can have an effect on health and well-being, in particular for
7105:
Crimmins, A.; Balbus, J.; Gamble, J.L.; Beard, C.B.; Bell, J.E.; Dodgen, D.; Eisen, R.J.; Fann, N.; Hawkins, M.D.; Herring, S.C.; Jantarasami, L.; Mills, D.M.; Saha, S.; Sarofim, M.C.; Trtanj, J.; Ziska, L. (2016).
641:
to anthropogenic climate change is highest in changes in frequency or magnitude of extreme heat and cold events with some confidence in increases in heavy precipitation and increases in the intensity of droughts.
427:
35 °C wet-bulb temperatures, and only very briefly, but the frequency and duration of these events is expected to rise with ongoing climate change. Global warming above 1.5 degrees risks making parts of the
290:
A 2023 study estimated that climate change since 1960–1990 has put over 600 million people (9% of the global population) outside the "temperature niche" - the average temperature range at which humans flourish.
90:. Climate change will impact where infectious diseases are able to spread in the future. Many infectious diseases will spread to new geographic areas where people have not previously been exposed to them.
1538:
deaths worldwide in 2004. Total attributable mortality was about 0.2% of deaths in 2004; of these, 85% were child deaths. The effects of more frequent and extreme storms were excluded from this study.
6951:
Kemp, Luke; Xu, Chi; Depledge, Joanna; Ebi, Kristie L.; Gibbins, Goodwin; Kohler, Timothy A.; Rockström, Johan; Scheffer, Marten; Schellnhuber, Hans
Joachim; Steffen, Will; Lenton, Timothy M. (2022).
1154:
and wellbeing are being documented as the consequences of climate change become more tangible and impactful. This is especially the case for vulnerable populations and those with pre-existing serious
4300:
Knutson, Thomas; Camargo, Suzana J.; Chan, Johnny C. L.; Emanuel, Kerry; Ho, Chang-Hoi; Kossin, James; Mohapatra, Mrutyunjay; Satoh, Masaki; Sugi, Masato; Walsh, Kevin; Wu, Liguang (August 6, 2019).
538:
Due to climate change temperatures rose in Europe and heat mortality increased. From 2003–12 to 2013–22 alone, it increased by 17 deaths per 100,000 people, while women are more vulnerable than men.
5867:
Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems
453:
The risk of dying from chronic lung disease during a heat wave has been estimated at 1.8–8.2% higher compared to average summer temperatures. An 8% increase in hospitalization rate for people with
1396:
and associated health benefits) and how it is carried out (in terms of e.g. policymaking) could also determine its effect on living standards (whether and how inequality and poverty are reduced).
7614:
Hamilton, Ian; Kennard, Harry; McGushin, Alice; Höglund-Isaksson, Lena; Kiesewetter, Gregor; Lott, Melissa; Milner, James; Purohit, Pallav; Rafaj, Peter; Sharma, Rohit; Springmann, Marco (2021).
1463:
excess deaths during 2018. Climate change mitigation policies can lead to lower emissions of co-emitted air pollutants, for instance by shifting away from fossil fuel combustion. Gases such as
527:
and all-cause mortality. Heat-related deaths in people older than 65 years reached a record high of an estimated 345 000 deaths in 2019". More than 70,000 Europeans died as a result of the
2142:
1158:. There are three broad pathways by which these effects can take place: directly, indirectly or via awareness. The direct pathway includes stress-related conditions caused by exposure to
722:(which were likely more severe because of climate change) affected people's health directly and indirectly. There were outbreaks of diseases like malaria, dengue, and other skin diseases.
3103:
2659:
1179:
lengths and concentrations in some regions of the world. For example, in northern mid-latitudes regions, the spring pollen season is now starting earlier. This can affect people with
1422:: "obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and cancer, which are in part related to physical inactivity, may be reduced by a switch to low-carbon transport—including walking and cycling."
6909:
3520:
1087:, for example failed crops due to more extreme weather events. This comes on top of other coexisting crises that reduce food security in many regions. Less food security means more
435:
scenario if things will not change), temperatures will exceed this limit at large areas in
Pakistan, India, China, sub-Saharan Africa, United States, Australia, and South America.
353:
include people with low incomes, minority groups, women (in particular pregnant women), children, older adults (over 65 years old), people with chronic diseases, disabilities and
6265:"Effects of ocean acidification on the growth, photosynthetic performance, and domoic acid production of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis from the California Current System"
9130:
4405:
Cissé, G., R. McLeman, H. Adams, P. Aldunce, K. Bowen, D. Campbell-Lendrum, S. Clayton, K.L. Ebi, J. Hess, C. Huang, Q. Liu, G. McGregor, J. Semenza, and M.C. Tirado, 2022:
5914:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and
Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
5388:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and
Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
4411:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and
Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
4389:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and
Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
3485:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and
Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
3011:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and
Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1809:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1460:
5400:
Springmann, Marco; Mason-D'Croz, Daniel; Robinson, Sherman; Garnett, Tara; Godfray, H Charles J; Gollin, Douglas; Rayner, Mike; Ballon, Paola; Scarborough, Peter (2016).
1247:(e.g. wheat, oats, rice) is especially at risk: lower levels of protein as well as minerals (for example zinc and iron) are expected. Food crops could see a reduction of
7530:"Doctors Warn Climate Change Threatens Public Health; Physicians are noticing an influx of patients whose illnesses are directly or indirectly related to global warming"
5908:
Bezner Kerr, R., T. Hasegawa, R. Lasco, I. Bhatt, D. Deryng, A. Farrell, H. Gurney-Smith, H. Ju, S. Lluch-Cota, F. Meza, G. Nelson, H. Neufeldt, and P. Thornton, 2022:
5382:
Bezner Kerr, R., T. Hasegawa, R. Lasco, I. Bhatt, D. Deryng, A. Farrell, H. Gurney-Smith, H. Ju, S. Lluch-Cota, F. Meza, G. Nelson, H. Neufeldt, and P. Thornton, 2022:
1515:
were included. For example, the effects of more frequent and extreme storms were excluded. The study assessed deaths from heat exposure in elderly people, increases in
1259:
content in common food crops of 3 to 17%. This is the projected result of food grown under the expected atmospheric carbon-dioxide levels of 2050. Using data from the
3999:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1209:
9306:
5190:
Szopa, S., V. Naik, B. Adhikary, P. Artaxo, T. Berntsen, W.D. Collins, S. Fuzzi, L. Gallardo, A. Kiendler-Scharr, Z. Klimont, H. Liao, N. Unger, and P. Zanis, 2021:
1621:
within countries worsens the conflict risk in violence prone regions. But there is no evidence that migration between countries would increase the risk of violence.
6423:
Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1617:
The observed contribution of climate change to conflict risk is small in comparison with cultural, socioeconomic, and political causes. There is some evidence that
1614:), involuntary migration, organised relocation of populations, and immobility (which is when people are unable or unwilling to move even though it is recommended).
8974:
8431:
7676:
7057:
6551:
Sampedro, Jon; Smith, Steven J.; Arto, Iñaki; González-Eguino, Mikel; Markandya, Anil; Mulvaney, Kathleen M.; Pizarro-Irizar, Cristina; Van Dingenen, Rita (2020).
4425:
1916:
5196:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
6364:
5978:
3310:
9147:
7847:
748:
that has damaging effects to human health. The health effects of wildfire smoke exposure include exacerbation and development of respiratory illness such as
4982:"Latest Trends in Pollutant Accumulations at Threatening Levels in Energy-Efficient Residential Buildings with and without Mechanical Ventilation: A Review"
4676:
2143:"The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate"
1545:. A review found if warming reaches or exceeds 2 °C this century, roughly 1 billion premature deaths would be caused by anthropogenic global warming.
878:. One mechanism contributing to increased disease transmission is that climate change is altering the geographic range and seasonality of the insects (or
8583:
8399:
4485:
593:
health, including mental health. Therefore, an increase in hot days due to climate change could indirectly affect health due to people exercising less.
8578:
3193:. Penn State College of Health and Human Development, Purdue University College of Sciences, Purdue Institute for a Sustainable Future. 16 October 2023
6712:
2977:
905:
Like other ways climate change affects human health, climate change exacerbates existing inequalities and challenges in managing infectious disease.
8446:
3616:
971:(without good ventilation systems) can trap pollutants inside them, whether produced indoors or outdoors, and lead to an increase in human exposure.
415:
The human body requires evaporative cooling to prevent overheating, even with a low activity level. With excessive ambient heat and humidity during
5251:
3576:
Robine, Jean-Marie; Cheung, Siu Lan K; Le Roy, Sophie; Van Oyen, Herman; Griffiths, Clare; Michel, Jean-Pierre; Herrmann, François Richard (2008).
1021:
air pollution. Ozone pollution in urban areas affects denser populations, and is worsened by high populations of vehicles, which emit pollutants NO
8426:
8373:
1399:
There are many health co-benefits associated with climate action. These include those of cleaner air, healthier diets (e.g. less red meat), more
7480:
732:
potential and activity. Climate change leads to a warmer ground temperature and its effects include earlier snowmelt dates, drier than expected
503:
above 30 °C tripled between 1983 and 2016. It increased by about 50% when the population growth in these cities is not taken into account.
3186:
5691:
Anderegg, William R. L.; Abatzoglou, John T.; Anderegg, Leander D. L.; Bielory, Leonard; Kinney, Patrick L.; Ziska, Lewis (16 February 2021).
2802:"Ambient heat and acute kidney injury: case-crossover analysis of 1 354 675 automated e-alert episodes linked to high-resolution climate data"
8082:
7827:
7807:
2032:
Baker, Rachel E.; Mahmud, Ayesha S.; Miller, Ian F.; Rajeev, Malavika; Rasambainarivo, Fidisoa; Rice, Benjamin L.; et al. (April 2022).
1664:
491:
The effects of heatwaves tend to be more pronounced in urban areas because they are typically warmer than surrounding rural areas due to the
5039:
UK Health Security Agency (2024) . "Chapter 5: Impact of climate change policies on indoor environmental quality and health in UK housing".
4917:
4833:
4782:
4730:
2800:
Hajat, Shakoor; Casula, Anna; Murage, Peninah; Omoyeni, Daniel; Gray, Tom; Plummer, Zoe; Steenkamp, Retha; Nitsch, Dorothea (1 March 2024).
1688:
8315:
7837:
6903:"Improving health and reducing costs through renewable energy in South Africa. Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising the power sector"
6902:
5592:
Charlson, Fiona; Ali, Suhailah; Benmarhnia, Tarik; Pearl, Madeleine; Massazza, Alessandro; Augustinavicius, Jura; Scott, James G. (2021).
4939:
Zhao, Jiangyue; Uhde, Erik; Salthammer, Tunga; Antretter, Florian; Shaw, David; Carslaw, Nicola; Schieweck, Alexandra (December 9, 2023).
4080:
3343:
Witt, Christian; Schubert, André Jean; Jehn, Melissa; Holzgreve, Alfred; Liebers, Uta; Endlicher, Wilfried; Scherer, Dieter (2015-12-21).
124:
Climate change affects human health at all ages, from infancy through adolescence, adulthood and old age. Factors such as age, gender and
8199:
7852:
3405:
Tuholske, Cascade; Caylor, Kelly; Funk, Chris; Verdin, Andrew; Sweeney, Stuart; Grace, Kathryn; Peterson, Pete; Evans, Tom (2021-10-12).
1406:
In the transportation sector mitigation strategies could enable more equitable access to transportation services and reduce congestion.
8468:
8416:
7842:
7812:
5291:
2408:
2141:
Watts, Nick; Amann, Markus; Arnell, Nigel; Ayeb-Karlsson, Sonja; Belesova, Kristine; Boykoff, Maxwell; et al. (16 November 2019).
1151:
1118:
118:
956:. Climate change can affect indoor air quality by increasing the level of outdoor air pollutants such as ozone (see next section) and
9347:
8038:
7832:
7822:
7817:
6795:"Global Air Quality and Health Co-benefits of Mitigating Near-Term Climate Change through Methane and Black Carbon Emission Controls"
2577:
1845:
Romanello, Marina; Di Napoli, Claudia; Drummond, Paul; Green, Carole; Kennard, Harry; Lampard, Pete; et al. (November 5, 2022).
8678:
8389:
8107:
7884:
2951:
1084:
1066:
545:) will help prevent heat-related mortality but current air conditioning technology is generally unsustainable as it contributes to
94:
7529:
4804:
Lee, J; Lewis, A; Monks, P; Jacob, M; Hamilton, J; Hopkins, J; Watson, N; Saxton, J; Ennis, C; Carpenter, L (September 26, 2006).
1344:
concentrations associated with ocean acidification. Some of the more common illnesses reported from harmful algal blooms include;
9034:
8823:
7981:
7080:
6436:
1915:
Romanello, Marina; McGushin, Alice; Di Napoli, Claudia; Drummond, Paul; Hughes, Nick; Jamart, Louis; et al. (October 2021).
1673:
1184:
168:
Direct mechanisms or risks: changes in extreme weather and resultant increased storms, floods, droughts, heat waves and wildfires
42:
are increasingly well studied and quantified. Rising temperatures and changes in weather patterns are increasing the severity of
294:
A 2020 study projects that regions inhabited by a third of the human population could become as hot as the hottest parts of the
8683:
8646:
8500:
8485:
8394:
8043:
7987:
4384:
1456:
1433:
Studies suggest that efforts to reduce consumption of goods and services have largely beneficial effects on 18 constituents of
1136:
1074:
807:
753:
2504:
Lenton, Timothy M.; Xu, Chi; Abrams, Jesse F.; Ghadiali, Ashish; Loriani, Sina; Sakschewski, Boris; et al. (2023-05-22).
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7598:
7169:
7133:
7074:
7040:
6553:"Health co-benefits and mitigation costs as per the Paris Agreement under different technological pathways for energy supply"
6102:
6022:
4652:
3906:
3577:
3027:
2872:"Climate Change and the Emergent Epidemic of CKD from Heat Stress in Rural Communities: the Case for Heat Stress Nephropathy"
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454:
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The number of deaths resulting from climate change-induced changes to food availability are difficult to estimate. The 2022
275:
will have ramifications for the following aspects: vulnerability to extremes of heat, exposure of vulnerable populations to
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8305:
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Hancock, P. A.; Vasmatzidis, I. (2003). "Effects of heat stress on cognitive performance: the current state of knowledge".
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Extreme weather events, such as floods, hurricanes, droughts and wildfires can result in injuries, death and the spread of
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quality of some crops, with for instance wheat having less protein and less of some minerals. The nutritional quality of
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and damage to infrastructure due to climate-induced events such as flooding. Therefore, building health systems that are
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The health effects of climate change are expected to rise in line with projected ongoing global warming for different
412:(CKD). Prolonged heat exposure, physical exertion, and dehydration are sufficient factors for the development of CKD.
9201:
9077:
8894:
8087:
5040:
1260:
820:
Climate change is altering the geographic range and seasonality of some insects that can carry diseases, for example
789:
279:, heat and physical activity, change in labor capacity, heat and sentiment (mental health), heat-related mortality.
9434:
9072:
9052:
8999:
8951:
8003:
7260:"Vulnerability and recovery: Long-term mental and physical health trajectories following climate-related disasters"
6740:"Global mortality from outdoor fine particle pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem"
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3865:
3002:
1801:
768:; increased airway hyper-responsiveness; changes in levels of inflammatory mediators and coagulation factors; and
698:
have short and long-term negative implications to people's health and well-being. Short term implications include
341:
9510:
9191:
9142:
8568:
8530:
8475:
7935:
5191:
4543:
4272:
4062:
3994:
3715:"A comparison of structural and behavioural adaptations to future proofing buildings against higher temperatures"
3476:
2469:
1378:
882:) that can carry the diseases. Scientists stated a clear observation in 2022: "The occurrence of climate-related
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Watts, Nick; Adger, W Neil; Agnolucci, Paolo; Blackstock, Jason; Byass, Peter; Cai, Wenjia; et al. (2015).
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again. Warming over land increases the severity and frequency of droughts around much of the world. Many of the
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6844:"Air quality co-benefits for human health and agriculture counterbalance costs to meet Paris Agreement pledges"
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Addressing inequality can assist with climate change mitigation efforts. Placing health as a key focus of the
893:
Infectious diseases that are sensitive to climate can be grouped into: vector-borne diseases (transmitted via
9369:
8904:
8436:
7763:
6418:
5858:
4523:
1500:
1349:
988:
602:
18:
9352:
9024:
8553:
8548:
8453:
8320:
7877:
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2480:
1559:
1105:
1096:
967:
challenge requires significant changes in the performance of both new and retrofitted buildings. Increased
580:. In those countries, the vast majority of these labour hour losses (87%) were in the agricultural sector.
311:
134:
7561:
7023:
Quantitative risk assessment of the effects of climate change on selected causes of death, 2030s and 2050s
5653:
1610:. Migration in the context of climate change can be grouped into four types: adaptive migration (see also
8563:
8406:
6090:
Changing Planet, Changing Health: How the Climate Crisis Threatens Our Health and what We Can Do about it
6010:
Changing Planet, Changing Health: How the Climate Crisis Threatens Our Health and what We Can Do about it
5401:
4857:"Future trends in ambient air pollution and climate in Germany – Implications for the indoor environment"
4640:
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3714:
1846:
1488:
Simplified conceptual causal loop diagram of cascading global climate failure, related to the concept of
1337:
948:
is known to affect the health, comfort, and well-being of building occupants. It has also been linked to
769:
535:, Pakistan in June 2015 due to a severe heat wave with temperatures as high as 49 °C (120 °F).
128:
influence to what extent these effects become wide-spread risks to human health. Extreme weather creates
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There is a great deal of evidence to show that surface ozone can harm lung function and irritate the
1026:
711:
638:
480:
365:. Exposure to extreme heat poses an acute health hazard for many of the people deemed as vulnerable.
307:
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1618:
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546:
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4805:
4754:
4702:
2437:
2362:
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783:. Both the maximum and mean rainfall rates increase. This more extreme rainfall is also true for
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3815:"Reductions in Labor Capacity from Intensified Heat Stress in China under Future Climate Change"
3233:
3216:
1507:) from the effects of climate change at the global level is very difficult. A 2014 study by the
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9009:
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8771:
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8673:
8558:
8194:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
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Diem, Jeremy E.; Stauber, Christine E.; Rothenberg, Richard (2017-05-16). Añel, Juan A. (ed.).
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3934:
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62:
In addition to direct impacts, climate change and extreme weather events cause changes in the
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9398:
9044:
8921:
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Due to its significant impact on human health, climate change has become a major concern for
1636:
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27:
7424:
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6084:
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5221:
5125:
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4216:
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3946:
3787:
3729:
3418:
3140:
3056:
2698:
2612:
2517:
2325:
1752:
1660:
1455:
generated by fossil fuel combustion is both a major driver of global warming and the cause
1017:
steps taken (more or less methane emissions) as well as air pollution control steps taken.
945:
912:
847:
719:
664:
423:
191:
142:
125:
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7661:
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5640:
5176:
2569:
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Much of the health burden associated with climate change falls on vulnerable people (e.g.
1263:
as well as other public sources, the authors analyzed 225 different staple foods, such as
175:(e.g., the burden of disease and redistribution of disease vectors, or food availability,
151:
stated that "Climate change is the biggest global health threat of the 21st century". The
8:
9254:
9029:
8253:
8248:
7546:
7063:
Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks
6014:
6008:
4941:"Long-term prediction of the effects of climate change on indoor climate and air quality"
4644:
4638:
4085:
1691:
further increased the urgency for responding to climate change as a global health issue.
1415:
1314:
1293:
903:
887:
843:
646:
524:
487:
exposure via a temperature distribution map: red shows warm areas, white shows hot areas.
397:
385:
215:
56:
7588:
7117:
6968:
6859:
6755:
6663:
6568:
6221:
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6088:
5939:
5823:
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5225:
5129:
4872:
4821:
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4317:
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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the
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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the
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3733:
3422:
3144:
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2702:
2616:
2521:
2329:
9082:
9014:
8931:
8781:
8746:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8258:
7729:
7704:
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7615:
7513:
7453:
7426:
7333:
7308:
7289:
6995:
6952:
6878:
6843:
6819:
6794:
6775:
6685:
6600:
6523:
6496:
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5016:
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4615:
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2173:
2121:
2102:
2090:
2066:
2033:
2009:
1976:
1957:
1721:
1594:
1244:
1033:
1010:
964:
859:
745:
577:
516:
254:
87:
7720:
7631:
7562:"Deadly heat is killing Americans: A decade of inaction on climate puts lives at risk"
6445:
6053:
5587:
5585:
5417:
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4444:
2818:
2801:
2378:
2221:
2161:
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1935:
1866:
1472:
could therefore have significant benefits for human health by improving air quality.
210:
The following health effects that are related to climate change have been identified:
9316:
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8236:
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6528:
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6245:
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6018:
5951:
5883:"Worries grow that climate change will quietly steal nutrients from major food crops"
5874:
5787:
5732:
5673:
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5563:
5525:
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5340:
5161:
5143:
5087:
5021:
5003:
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4722:
4648:
4607:
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4458:
4242:
4186:
4043:
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2014:
1996:
1961:
1949:
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883:
776:
492:
484:
466:
439:
362:
358:
7559:
7276:
7259:
7187:"Quantifying Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Human Deaths to Guide Energy Policy"
6069:
5963:
5902:
5832:
5807:
5743:
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5541:
5539:
5482:
5433:
4619:
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515:
Health experts warn that "exposure to extreme heat increases the risk of death from
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5665:
5615:
5605:
5582:
5555:
5517:
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5413:
5330:
5322:
5249:
Health Aspects of Air Pollution with Particulate Matter, Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide
5229:
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5011:
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4909:
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3015:
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2883:
2813:
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2724:
2706:
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2620:
2533:
2525:
2409:"WHO calls for urgent action to protect health from climate change – Sign the call"
2374:
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2274:
2225:
2217:
2157:
2116:
2098:
2061:
2045:
2004:
1988:
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1812:
1520:
1484:
1400:
1329:
998:
968:
542:
401:
184:
7021:
Hales, Simon; Kovats, Sari; Lloyd, Simon; Campbell-Lendrum, Diarmid, eds. (2014).
6739:
5850:
5798:
5489:
4806:"Ozone photochemistry and elevated isoprene during the UK heatwave of august 2003"
4557:
4538:
2978:"Deadly 'wet-bulb temperatures' are being stoked by climate change and heat waves"
1811:(Report). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1041–1170.
1713:
could present an opportunity to increase ambition and realize health co-benefits.
1444:
could present an opportunity to increase ambition and realise health co-benefits.
1298:
725:
569:
Heat exposure can affect people's ability to work. The annual Countdown Report by
457:
has been estimated for every 1 °C increase in temperatures above 29 °C.
400:. Adverse pregnancy outcomes due to high ambient temperatures include for example
9474:
9311:
9232:
9196:
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9099:
9087:
9004:
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8811:
8668:
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6577:
6552:
6513:
6230:
6118:
5536:
5274:
5255:
5138:
4957:
4940:
4343:"Climate change and infectious disease: a review of evidence and research trends"
4141:
4039:
2205:
1599:
1588:
1584:
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1159:
1083:
through "multiple and interconnected pathways". Many of these are related to the
980:
634:
611:
606:
431:
uninhabitable because the threshold for the wet bulb temperature may be passed.
320:
303:
227:
129:
114:
47:
6619:"MCC: Quality of life increases when we live, eat and travel energy-efficiently"
3893:(Report). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2016. pp. 127–136.
3279:
1139:
in 2019 affected some people's mental health in a direct way. The likelihood of
1036:. Exposure to ozone (and the pollutants that produce it) is linked to premature
9264:
9120:
9062:
9057:
8899:
8788:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8358:
8295:
8033:
8013:
7972:
7893:
6868:
6672:
6647:
6643:
5234:
5209:
5058:"Climate Change, Tropospheric Ozone and Particulate Matter, and Health Impacts"
4359:
4342:
4100:
3864:
Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Zhang, Xuebin; Adnan, M.; Badi, W.; et al. (2021).
3772:
3684:
3593:
3564:
3411:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2924:"The world's torrid future is etched in the crippled kidneys of Nepali workers"
2529:
2338:
2313:
2049:
1762:
1680:
1647:. Safeguarding health—particularly of the most vulnerable—is a frontline local
1496:
1236:
1155:
1144:
1088:
879:
839:
827:
630:
354:
195:
110:
67:
7443:
7324:
6281:
6264:
5979:"Climate change will make hundreds of millions more people nutrient deficient"
5947:
5559:
5267:
4913:
4718:
4238:
4063:"In a First Study of Pakistan's Floods, Scientists See Climate Change at Work"
3958:
3493:
3360:
3019:
2770:
1992:
1816:
1216:
676:
9484:
9337:
9269:
8994:
8816:
8801:
8736:
8631:
7238:
7212:
6986:
6735:
6681:
5955:
5677:
5147:
5007:
4701:
Gherasim, Alina; Lee, Alison G.; Bernstein, Jonathan A. (November 14, 2023).
4401:
4399:
4397:
4326:
4301:
4154:
3966:
3440:
3368:
2827:
2720:
2547:
2279:
2057:
2000:
1747:
1742:
1699:
1607:
1452:
1393:
1318:
1309:(United States) in 2009. These kinds of algae can cause harmful algal blooms.
1302:
1229:
1221:
1210:
Effects of climate change on agriculture § Reduced nutritional value of crops
1080:
993:
953:
863:
822:
691:
615:
550:
405:
250:
199:
180:
176:
102:
6977:
6159:
5717:
4181:
4156:
3669:"How climate change is hitting Europe: three graphics reveal health impacts"
3431:
3069:
2711:
2625:
1851:
Countdown on health and climate change: health at the mercy of fossil fuels"
682:
9222:
9019:
8663:
8653:
8300:
8184:
8097:
7738:
7681:
7677:"Australian Medical Association declares climate change a health emergency"
7649:
7566:
7462:
7383:
7342:
7307:
Bergstrand, Kelly; Mayer, Brian; Brumback, Babette; Zhang, Yi (June 2015).
7285:
7004:
6887:
6828:
6771:
6705:"Fossil fuel pollution causes one in five premature deaths globally: study"
6596:
6532:
6349:
6330:
6290:
6249:
6167:
6061:
5887:
5842:
5791:
5736:
5629:
5610:
5567:
5529:
5474:
5425:
5344:
5165:
5091:
5025:
4998:
4966:
4726:
4611:
4566:
4519:
4501:
4462:
4246:
4190:
4157:"Warming and earlier spring increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity"
4047:
3890:
3850:
3831:
3692:
3601:
3553:
3534:
3458:
3386:
3287:
3242:
3172:
3153:
3088:
2952:"Global heating pushes tropical regions towards limits of human livability"
2905:
2835:
2778:
2738:
2644:
2386:
2298:
2239:
2169:
2075:
2018:
1953:
1728:
action, and by taking steps to decarbonize their own homes and workplaces.
1684:
1535:
1511:
estimated the effect of climate change on human health, but not all of the
1464:
1049:
957:
920:
851:
784:
765:
761:
715:
377:
350:
336:
223:
106:
79:
52:
7616:"The public health implications of the Paris Agreement: a modelling study"
5465:
5448:
4394:
3933:
Cook, Benjamin I.; Mankin, Justin S.; Anchukaitis, Kevin J. (2018-05-12).
3488:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 2897–2930.
3014:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1457–1579.
800:
736:, increased number of potential fire days, increased occurrence of summer
368:
Climate change increases the frequency and severity of heatwaves and thus
9249:
8766:
8758:
8008:
7534:
5693:"Anthropogenic climate change is worsening North American pollen seasons"
5399:
5326:
5208:
Sharma, Sumit; Sharma, Prateek; Khare, Mukesh; Kwatra, Swati (May 2016).
4453:
4377:
3309:
Koppe, Christina; Kovats, Sari; Jendritzky, Gerd; Menne, Bettina (2004).
2887:
2682:
1944:
1802:"Chapter 7: Health, Wellbeing, and the Changing Structure of Communities"
1372:
1340:. The toxicity of this species has been shown to increase with greater CO
1333:
928:
871:
757:
672:
373:
369:
246:
98:
23:
7374:
7357:
7031:
6810:
5772:
4369:
2538:
816:
657:
services, but also because of changes in local ecology and environment.
171:
Indirect mechanisms or risks: these are mediated through changes in the
9281:
8658:
7613:
7203:
7186:
6587:
6040:
4590:
4407:
Chapter 7: Health, Wellbeing, and the Changing Structure of Communities
3749:
2230:
1695:
1676:
1566:
1489:
1434:
1322:
1045:
924:
867:
741:
733:
654:
571:
357:. Other people at risk include those in urban environments (due to the
315:
147:
43:
6618:
6422:
5913:
5387:
5195:
5073:
4668:
4410:
4388:
4273:"Chapter 11: Weather and climate extreme events in a changing climate"
4101:"Public health risks increasing in flood-affected Pakistan, warns WHO"
3998:
3891:
Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change
3866:"Chapter 11: Weather and climate extreme events in a changing climate"
3483:
3009:
2685:; Gibbins, Goodwin; Kohler, Timothy A.; et al. (23 August 2022).
2206:"Health and climate change: policy responses to protect public health"
1808:
8226:
7125:
5521:
4755:"Particulate matter air pollution in Europe in a +2 °C warming world"
4271:
Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Zhang, Xuebin; Adnan, M.; et al. (2021).
3513:
2464:
2438:"Operational framework for building climate resilient health systems"
1527:
1306:
1276:
1240:
596:
476:
416:
389:
276:
239:
219:
172:
63:
31:
6435:
Blondel, Benoît; Mispelon, Chloé; Ferguson, Julian (November 2011).
6194:
Tatters, Avery O.; Fu, Fei-Xue; Hutchins, David A. (February 2012).
326:
7590:
Operational framework for building climate resilient health systems
6208:
6136:
Paerl, Hans W.; Huisman, Jef (4 April 2008). "Blooms Like It Hot".
4155:
Westerling, A.; Hidalgo, H.; Cayan, D.; Swetnam, T. (August 2006).
4115:"UN Warns Deadly Diseases Spreading Fast in Flood-Ravaged Pakistan"
3898:
3129:"The emergence of heat and humidity too severe for human tolerance"
1516:
1140:
894:
737:
729:
707:
703:
650:
623:
443:
71:
7754:
7155:
6953:"Climate Endgame: Exploring catastrophic climate change scenarios"
4422:
2687:"Climate Endgame: Exploring catastrophic climate change scenarios"
2570:"Climate change: More than 3bn could live in extreme heat by 2070"
1914:
471:
34:
more intense, potentially leading to a higher risk of heat stroke.
8204:
7862:
7482:
How to transform apocalypse fatigue into action on global warming
6842:
Vandyck, Toon; Keramidas, Kimon; et al. (22 November 2018).
6318:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
6200:
and Silicate Limitation Synergistically Increase the Toxicity of
5690:
5598:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
4986:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
3819:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
3617:"Heat Wave Death Toll Rises to 2,000 in Pakistan's Financial Hub"
3521:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
3514:
Fox, M.; Zuidema, C.; Bauman, B.; Burke, T.; Sheehan, M. (2019).
3187:"Climate driven extreme heat threatens human habitation on earth"
1669:
1531:
1504:
1248:
1002:
908:
855:
668:
532:
428:
231:
145:
community. In 2009, a publication in the general medical journal
7509:"Global Warming Linked to Public Health Risks, White House Says"
7020:
6550:
4751:
3578:"Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003"
9217:
7798:
7161:
7156:
Kent E. Pinkerton , William N. Rom, ed. (2021). "1,2,6,12,13".
6793:
Anenberg, Susan C.; Schwartz, Joel; et al. (1 June 2012).
4011:
Alderman, Katarzyna; Turner, Lyle R.; Tong, Shilu (June 2012).
1844:
1407:
1383:
The potential health benefits (also called "co-benefits") from
1132:
1041:
831:
749:
695:
686:
653:
can occur due to loss of infrastructure, such as hospitals and
345:
Overlap between future population distribution and extreme heat
295:
235:
5804:
5042:
Health Effects of Climate Change (HECC) in the UK: 2023 report
4081:"Climate Change Likely Worsened Pakistan's Devastating Floods"
3474:
2483:
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. p. 40.
1228:
concentrations, reconstructed from multiple studies through a
1060:
907:
Mosquito-borne diseases that are sensitive to climate include
392:. Furthermore, it may cause the deterioration of pre-existing
9131:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
8214:
5865:
5639:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
5635:
5175:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
5171:
3563:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
3559:
2601:"Future of the human climate niche – Supplementary Materials"
2203:
2140:
1975:
Levy, Karen; Smith, Shanon M.; Carlton, Elizabeth J. (2018).
1280:
1272:
1264:
1037:
875:
699:
381:
7702:
7306:
6391:"Climate action can lessen poverty and inequality worldwide"
6031:
5752:"Hidden shift of the ionome of plants exposed to elevated CO
5447:
Haines, Andy; Ebi, Kristie (2019). Solomon, Caren G. (ed.).
3049:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A
3045:"An adaptability limit to climate change due to heat stress"
6738:; Sulprizio, Melissa P.; Mickley, Loretta J. (April 2021).
6497:"Climate change and health: Moving from theory to practice"
5856:
4938:
4206:
4127:
2465:
2260:
1287:
1268:
1256:
1252:
935:
898:
619:
319:
it is unclear if that limit or the 1.5 °C goal of the
6733:
6642:
5591:
4854:
3575:
3308:
1654:
1313:
The warming oceans and lakes are leading to more frequent
667:: Climate change affects multiple factors associated with
158:
9307:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
7660: This article incorporates text available under the
7104:
6495:
A. Patz, Jonathan; C. Thomson, Madeleine (31 July 2018).
6311:
5295:
5287:
5038:
4896:
Zhong, L.; Lee, C.-S.; Haghighat, F. (December 1, 2016).
4299:
3863:
3342:
3127:
Raymond, Colin; Matthews, Tom; Horton, Radley M. (2020).
2311:
775:
Storms become wetter under climate change. These include
113:. These factors together can lead to increasing poverty,
74:
may become more common in some regions. Examples include
5996:
4539:"Climate change and waterborne and vector-borne disease"
3404:
2799:
1799:
6434:
5207:
2850:"Hot weather increases the risk of acute kidney injury"
2674:
2031:
1578:
801:
Health risks from climate-sensitive infectious diseases
626:
become more frequent and intense due to climate change.
372:
for people. Human responses to heat stress can include
7427:"Communicating climate change and health in the media"
6263:
Wingert, Charles J.; Cochlan, William P. (July 2021).
6037:
5641:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
5545:
5177:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
4587:
3565:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2876:
Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
2598:
2503:
2360:
1689:
IPCC's 2018 Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C
1373:
Benefits from climate change mitigation and adaptation
1332:
fraudulenta. This species produces a substance called
9446:
9148:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
7764:
Climate change and health (World Health Organization)
7185:
Pearce, Joshua M.; Parncutt, Richard (January 2023).
5449:"The Imperative for Climate Action to Protect Health"
5286:
5111:
4270:
3932:
3249:
3126:
1360:
and the above-mentioned amnesic shellfish poisoning.
1202:
1029:, the main contributors to problematic ozone levels.
419:, adequate evaporative cooling might be compromised.
5910:
Chapter 5: Food, Fibre, and Other Ecosystem Products
5594:"Climate Change and Mental Health: A Scoping Review"
5384:
Chapter 5: Food, Fibre, and Other Ecosystem Products
5210:"Statistical behavior of ozone in urban environment"
4700:
4340:
1009:
The relationship between surface ozone (also called
671:, such as how much rain falls and how fast the rain
633:
is increasing the periodicity and intensity of some
7257:
6413:
6411:
5292:"Health Effects of Ozone in the General Population"
4803:
4010:
3407:"Global urban population exposure to extreme heat"
3255:
3217:"Heat Stress and Public Health: A Critical Review"
3000:
1175:A warming climate can lead to increases of pollen
597:Health risks from other weather and climate events
249:provision can also be impacted by the collapse of
6950:
6546:
6544:
6542:
6494:
6193:
5756:depletes minerals at the base of human nutrition"
5311:"Ozone nation: EPA standard panned by the people"
4895:
4669:"Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis"
3988:
3986:
3984:
3935:"Climate Change and Drought: From Past to Future"
3712:
3104:"One billion face heat-stress risk from 2°C rise"
2680:
2660:"One billion face heat-stress risk from 2°C rise"
327:Heat-related health effects for vulnerable people
9482:
9348:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
7674:
6841:
6792:
6408:
6119:"NRDC: Climate Change Threatens Health: Drought"
4703:"Impact of Climate Change on Indoor Air Quality"
1974:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1183:(hay fever). The rise in pollen also comes from
190:Social dynamics (age and gender, health status,
7553:
7527:
6957:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6444:. European Cyclists’ Federation. Archived from
5697:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5056:Ebi, Kristie L.; McGregor, Glenn (2008-11-01).
4979:
4707:Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America
4341:Van de Vuurst, Paige; Escobar, Luis E. (2023).
4306:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
2691:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2605:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2363:"Managing the health effects of climate change"
2034:"Infectious disease in an era of global change"
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
989:Ground-level ozone § Ozone and the climate
685:: Due to an increase in heavy rainfall events,
408:.Heat waves have also resulted in epidemics of
361:), outdoor workers and people who take certain
7184:
7069:. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press. p. 24.
6539:
6438:Cycle more Often 2 cool down the planet !
6262:
5495:
5268:Answer to follow-up questions from CAFE (2004)
4013:"Floods and human health: A systematic review"
3981:
3615:Haider, Kamran; Anis, Khurrum (24 June 2015).
3215:Kovats, R. Sari; Hajat, Shakoor (April 2008).
2506:"Quantifying the human cost of global warming"
1698:has suggested a framework that can strengthen
1224:density across a range of crops at elevated CO
974:
587:
8083:History of climate change policy and politics
7878:
7784:
6734:Vohra, Karn; Vodonos, Alina; Schwartz, Joel;
6082:
6002:
5049:
4632:
4266:
4264:
3713:Coley, D.; Kershaw, T. J.; Eames, M. (2012).
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3315:Health and Global Environmental Change Series
3042:
1665:United States Environmental Protection Agency
618:from a surface fire in the western desert of
380:. Extreme heat is also linked to low quality
202:infrastructure, mobility and conflict status)
6928:"Renewable energy – powering a safer future"
6135:
5302:
5258:. WHO-Europe report 13–15 January 2003 (PDF)
3770:
3643:"Heatstroke leaves another 26 dead in Sindh"
3569:
1873:
1637:communicating climate change with the public
1379:Climate change mitigation § Co-benefits
1363:
8200:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
7799:Health impacts of climate change by country
7151:
7149:
7147:
7145:
6093:. University of California Press. pp.
6076:
6013:. University of California Press. pp.
5055:
4643:. University of California Press. pp.
4486:"Climate Change and Mosquito-Borne Disease"
4286:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1519.
3879:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1517.
3234:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090843
3214:
2136:
2134:
2132:
1624:
1061:Health risks from food and water insecurity
985:Ozone § Low level ozone in urban areas
9429:
9417:
8874:
7885:
7871:
7791:
7777:
7418:
7025:. Switzerland: World Health Organization.
6900:
6189:
6187:
6185:
5925:
5651:
5308:
5242:
4980:Niculita-Hirzel, Hélène (March 16, 2022).
4261:
4148:
3614:
3500:
3210:
3208:
3120:
3043:Sherwood, S. C.; Huber, M. (25 May 2010).
1447:
1152:effects of climate change on mental health
1119:Effects of climate change on mental health
564:
483:that affect human health: Illustration of
438:People with cognitive health issues (e.g.
333:Effects of climate change § Heatwaves
9169:
8975:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
8108:United Nations Climate Change conferences
7728:
7639:
7506:
7452:
7442:
7373:
7332:
7275:
7202:
7058:"Ch. 2, Results: 2.6 Environmental risks"
7030:
6994:
6976:
6877:
6867:
6818:
6671:
6586:
6576:
6522:
6512:
6369:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet
6339:
6329:
6280:
6239:
6229:
6149:
5841:
5831:
5781:
5771:
5726:
5716:
5619:
5609:
5511:
5464:
5446:
5334:
5233:
5155:
5137:
5081:
5015:
4997:
4956:
4880:
4673:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
4556:
4509:
4452:
4368:
4358:
4325:
4284:of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
4228:
4202:
4200:
4180:
3877:of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
3840:
3830:
3634:
3608:
3543:
3533:
3448:
3430:
3376:
3269:
3232:
3162:
3152:
3078:
3068:
2895:
2817:
2728:
2710:
2634:
2624:
2537:
2479:. Contribution of Working Group I to the
2337:
2288:
2278:
2229:
2120:
2065:
2008:
1943:
1526:Climate change was responsible for 3% of
510:
282:The global average and combined land and
260:
40:effects of climate change on human health
8679:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
7696:
7142:
4004:
2129:
1483:
1297:
1288:Harmful algal blooms in oceans and lakes
1215:
1126:
1085:effects of climate change on agriculture
1067:Effects of climate change on agriculture
992:
936:Health risks from changes in air quality
815:
790:effects of climate change#Extreme storms
610:
603:Effects_of_climate_change § Weather
470:
340:
17:
9035:National Adaptation Programme of Action
8824:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
7355:
7158:Climate Change and Global Public Health
6182:
5749:
3679:(8018). Lancet Public Health: 800–801.
3640:
3205:
2681:Kemp, Luke; Xu, Chi; Depledge, Joanna;
1655:Connections with public health policies
1079:Climate change affects many aspects of
890:has increased (very high confidence)."
710:, while long term implications include
499:Extreme heat exposure in cities with a
300:change in patterns of population growth
159:Overview of health effects and pathways
66:. Certain diseases that are carried by
9483:
8684:Economics of climate change mitigation
8647:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
8160:
7988:Scientific consensus on climate change
7395:
7393:
7016:
7014:
6083:Epstein, Paul R.; Ferber, Dan (2011).
6003:Epstein, Paul R.; Ferber, Dan (2011).
5880:
5548:International Journal of Public Health
5357:
5192:Chapter 6: Short-Lived Climate Forcers
5186:
5184:
4920:from the original on November 28, 2022
4785:from the original on November 17, 2023
4733:from the original on November 15, 2023
4633:Epstein, Paul R.; Ferber, Dan (2011).
4536:
4483:
4295:
4293:
4197:
3470:
3468:
3400:
3398:
3396:
2949:
2917:
2915:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2756:
2460:
2458:
2318:Communications Earth & Environment
2088:
1720:formally declared climate change as a
1548:
1328:One of these toxin producing algae is
1111:
1075:Effects of climate change on livestock
808:Climate change and infectious diseases
754:chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder
531:. Also more than 2,000 people died in
133:Disadvantaged people are particularly
9343:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
9168:
8873:
8609:
8159:
8071:
7952:
7904:
7866:
7772:
7675:Katharine Murphy (2 September 2019).
6715:from the original on 25 February 2021
6702:
6388:
5976:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5101:
4836:from the original on October 26, 2022
4060:
3258:International Journal of Hyperthermia
3101:
2945:
2943:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2657:
2082:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1709:Placing health as a key focus of the
1055:
940:
842:has increased the occurrence of some
744:. Wood smoke from wildfires produces
541:Increasing access to indoor cooling (
455:Chronic Obstructive Pulmunary Disease
9365:Representative Concentration Pathway
8306:Tipping points in the climate system
7982:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
5376:
4061:Zhong, Raymond (15 September 2022).
3666:
3036:
2975:
2921:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2025:
1981:Current Environmental Health Reports
1579:Climate justice and climate migrants
1261:UN Food and Agriculture Organization
1071:Water security § Climate change
794:tropical cyclones and climate change
308:greenhouse gas emissions are reduced
26:treatment at Baton Rouge during the
9136:Nationally determined contributions
8846:Individual action on climate change
8051:World energy supply and consumption
7607:
7390:
7356:Epstein, Paul R. (6 October 2005).
7055:
7011:
6925:
5360:"Health Effects of Ozone Pollution"
5201:
5181:
4290:
3812:
3465:
3393:
3302:
2912:
2860:
2455:
1968:
1711:Nationally Determined Contributions
1645:greenhouse gas reduction strategies
1631:Individual action on climate change
1479:
1442:Nationally Determined Contributions
1352:, azaspiracid shellfish poisoning,
1170:
13:
9275:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
7892:
7755:Public health and climate change (
6703:Green, Matthew (9 February 2021).
5670:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2008.tb00312.x
5098:
3883:
3771:Coley, D.; Kershaw, T. J. (2010).
3349:Deutsches Ă„rzteblatt International
2940:
2759:Current Allergy and Asthma Reports
2745:
2658:Madge, Grahame (9 November 2021).
2401:
2103:10.1016/B978-0-323-04579-7.00101-5
2091:"Geography of infectious diseases"
1823:
1774:
1679:. Since 2018, factors such as the
1457:of a large number of annual deaths
1203:Reduced nutritional value of crops
1100:scenario without climate change."
14:
9532:
9202:Satellite temperature measurement
8807:forestry for carbon sequestration
8088:History of climate change science
7748:
7528:Kavya Balaraman (17 March 2017).
7507:Davenport, Coral (4 April 2016).
7358:"Climate Change and Human Health"
6799:Environmental Health Perspectives
6362:
5062:Environmental Health Perspectives
4898:"Indoor ozone and climate change"
4682:from the original on May 26, 2023
4490:Environmental Health Perspectives
3311:"Heat-waves: risks and responses"
2184:
718:health aspects. For example, the
460:
349:Vulnerable people with regard to
109:. Climate change can also reduce
97:and regions, resulting in higher
9468:
9456:
9428:
9416:
9405:
9404:
9392:
9053:Climate Change Performance Index
8432:Destruction of cultural heritage
7668:
7655:
7581:
7521:
7500:
7469:
7349:
7300:
7251:
7219:
7178:
7098:
7049:
6944:
6919:
6915:from the original on 2021-04-20.
6894:
6835:
6786:
6727:
6696:
6636:
6611:
6488:
6463:
6428:
6382:
6356:
6305:
6256:
6129:
6111:
5970:
5634:
5290:Course Developers (2016-03-21).
5214:Sustainable Environment Research
5170:
3558:
1702:to make them more resilient and
1553:
1414:while reducing the effects of a
1208:This section is an excerpt from
1189:concentrations in the atmosphere
1117:This section is an excerpt from
981:Ozone § Ozone air pollution
806:This section is an excerpt from
95:decreasing yields for some crops
9192:Instrumental temperature record
9143:Sustainable Development Goal 13
7362:New England Journal of Medicine
7277:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115681
5919:
5833:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009
5684:
5652:Sakakibara, Chie (2008-10-01).
5645:
5453:New England Journal of Medicine
5440:
5393:
5351:
5280:
5261:
5032:
4973:
4932:
4889:
4848:
4797:
4745:
4694:
4661:
4544:Journal of Applied Microbiology
4334:
4121:
4107:
4093:
4073:
4054:
3926:
3915:from the original on 2022-02-15
3857:
3806:
3764:
3706:
3660:
3641:Mansoor, Hasan (30 June 2015).
3336:
3179:
3095:
2994:
2969:
2950:Milman, Oliver (8 March 2021).
2842:
2793:
2651:
2592:
2580:from the original on 5 May 2020
2562:
2497:
2430:
2354:
2305:
1459:with some estimates as high as
267:Instrumental temperature record
70:or spread by climate-sensitive
9260:Climate variability and change
8610:
8291:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
4902:Sustainable Cities and Society
4882:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.07.050
4830:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.06.057
4779:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.01.037
4347:Infectious Diseases of Poverty
3995:Chapter 8: Water Cycle Changes
3939:Current Climate Change Reports
3813:Liu, Xingcai (February 2020).
3800:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.05.009
3742:10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.12.011
3221:Annual Review of Public Health
2254:
1718:Australian Medical Association
1418:at the same time According to
1358:neurotoxic shellfish poisoning
1354:diarrhetic shellfish poisoning
1164:post-traumatic stress disorder
639:attribution of extreme weather
22:Example of impacts on health:
1:
9370:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
8905:Climate emergency declaration
7721:10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00053-X
7632:10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30249-7
7264:Social Science & Medicine
6054:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68079-3
5881:Milius S (13 December 2017).
5418:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01156-3
4604:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68079-3
4558:10.1046/j.1365-2672.94.s1.5.x
4445:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6
4130:Forest Ecology and Management
3102:Madge, Grahame (2021-11-09).
2819:10.1016/s2542-5196(24)00008-1
2379:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60935-1
2222:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60854-6
2162:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6
1936:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6
1867:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01540-9
1768:
1635:Studies have found that when
1350:paralytic shellfish poisoning
679:have effects on human health.
93:Changes in climate can cause
9353:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
8579:Middle East and North Africa
7905:
6764:10.1016/j.envres.2021.110754
6578:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105513
6514:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002628
6231:10.1371/journal.pone.0032116
6202:Pseudo-nitzschia fraudulenta
5139:10.1371/journal.pone.0177937
5045:(published 15 January 2024).
4958:10.1016/j.envres.2023.117804
4142:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.002
4040:10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.003
2870:Glaser; et al. (2016).
1560:Climate change vulnerability
1305:(blue-green algae) bloom on
1106:climate change and fisheries
1097:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
135:vulnerable to climate change
7:
8427:Depopulation of settlements
8072:
7709:The Lancet Planetary Health
7620:The Lancet Planetary Health
6471:"Cycling - health benefits"
5812:Global Environmental Change
3280:10.1080/0265673021000054630
2976:Chow, Denise (2022-05-07).
2806:The Lancet Planetary Health
2038:Nature Reviews Microbiology
1731:
1564:A 2021 report published in
1338:amnesic shellfish poisoning
975:Ozone-related health burden
826:, the mosquito that is the
770:respiratory tract infection
728:: Climate change increases
726:Wildfire and health effects
665:Droughts and health effects
588:Sports and outdoor exercise
30:. Climate change is making
10:
9537:
9501:Climate change and society
9187:Global surface temperature
9078:Popular culture depictions
8990:Ecosystem-based adaptation
8720:Carbon capture and storage
8642:Carbon offsets and credits
7953:
7313:Social Indicators Research
6869:10.1038/s41467-018-06885-9
6673:10.1038/s41558-021-01219-y
5977:Davis N (27 August 2018).
5859:"Chapter 5: Food Security"
5358:US EPA, OAR (2015-06-05).
5235:10.1016/j.serj.2016.04.006
4360:10.1186/s40249-023-01102-2
3685:10.1038/d41586-024-02006-3
3594:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.12.001
2922:Shih, Gerry (2023-01-06).
2530:10.1038/s41893-023-01132-6
2477:The Physical Science Basis
2470:"Summary for Policymakers"
2339:10.1038/s43247-022-00571-x
2050:10.1038/s41579-021-00639-z
1628:
1582:
1557:
1376:
1291:
1207:
1116:
1064:
978:
805:
637:events. Confidence in the
600:
557:, and urban heat islands.
501:wet bulb globe temperature
464:
330:
298:within 50 years without a
264:
9506:Health effects by subject
9491:Effects of climate change
9399:Climate change portal
9386:
9325:
9292:Extreme event attribution
9210:
9179:
9175:
9164:
9108:
9043:
8965:
8915:School Strike for Climate
8887:
8883:
8869:
8838:
8794:Climate-smart agriculture
8755:
8712:
8622:
8618:
8605:
8529:
8382:
8329:
8172:
8168:
8155:
8078:
8067:
7996:
7965:
7961:
7948:
7931:Climate change adaptation
7926:Climate change mitigation
7921:Effects of climate change
7911:
7900:
7804:
7444:10.1186/s40985-016-0044-1
7325:10.1007/s11205-014-0698-3
6557:Environment International
6419:Summary for policy makers
6282:10.1016/j.hal.2021.102030
5948:10.1038/s41558-018-0253-3
5560:10.1007/s00038-009-0112-0
4914:10.1016/j.scs.2016.08.020
4719:10.1016/j.iac.2023.09.001
4239:10.1080/08958370600985875
4020:Environment International
3959:10.1007/s40641-018-0093-2
3494:10.1017/9781009325844.029
3361:10.3238/arztebl.2015.0878
3020:10.1017/9781009325844.012
2771:10.1007/s11882-018-0777-7
2413:World Health Organization
1993:10.1007/s40572-018-0199-7
1817:10.1017/9781009325844.009
1738:Effects of climate change
1649:climate change adaptation
1612:climate change adaptation
1513:effects of climate change
1509:World Health Organization
1385:climate change mitigation
1364:Potential health benefits
1336:which is responsible for
1005:indicating an ozone watch
712:non-communicable diseases
683:Floods and health effects
284:ocean surface temperature
155:reiterated this in 2015.
153:World Health Organization
9302:Global warming potential
9109:International agreements
8756:Preserving and enhancing
8190:Arctic methane emissions
8112:Years in climate change
8019:Greenhouse gas emissions
7916:Causes of climate change
5315:Environ. Health Perspect
4861:Building and Environment
4385:Summary for Policymakers
4327:10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0194.1
3780:Building and Environment
3722:Building and Environment
3582:Comptes Rendus Biologies
2280:10.1186/1471-2458-10-299
2089:Wilson, Mary E. (2010).
1847:"The 2022 report of the
1758:Occupational heat stress
1625:Communication strategies
1619:rural-to-urban migration
1543:climate change scenarios
1412:greenhouse gas emissions
1346:Ciguatera fish poisoning
969:energy efficient housing
677:consequences of droughts
547:greenhouse gas emissions
481:effect of climate change
359:urban heat island effect
117:, violent conflict, and
9333:Climate change scenario
8985:Disaster risk reduction
8637:Carbon emission trading
8447:U.S. insurance industry
8417:Civilizational collapse
8264:sea surface temperature
6978:10.1073/pnas.2108146119
6160:10.1126/science.1155398
5718:10.1073/pnas.2013284118
4810:Atmospheric Environment
4759:Atmospheric Environment
4312:(3): BAMS–D–18–0194.1.
4282:Sixth Assessment Report
4182:10.1126/science.1128834
3875:Sixth Assessment Report
3432:10.1073/pnas.2024792118
3070:10.1073/pnas.0913352107
2712:10.1073/pnas.2108146119
2626:10.1073/pnas.1910114117
2481:Sixth Assessment Report
1448:Air pollution reduction
1321:(cyanobacteria) create
1235:Changes in atmospheric
576:agricultural sector of
565:Reduced labour capacity
555:peak electricity demand
529:2003 European heat wave
388:and complications with
212:cardiovascular diseases
76:mosquito-borne diseases
9511:Environment and health
9326:Research and modelling
9010:Nature-based solutions
8830:Nature-based solutions
8772:Carbon dioxide removal
8689:Fossil fuel divestment
8674:Climate risk insurance
8584:Small island countries
8195:Arctic sea ice decline
6744:Environmental Research
6331:10.3390/ijerph15040674
5750:Loladze I (May 2014).
5611:10.3390/ijerph18094486
4999:10.3390/ijerph19063538
4945:Environmental Research
4502:10.1289/ehp.01109s1141
3832:10.3390/ijerph17041278
3667:Wong, Carissa (2024).
3535:10.3390/ijerph16183232
3191:Open Access Government
3154:10.1126/sciadv.aaw1838
2415:. 2015. Archived from
1492:
1310:
1233:
1162:events. These include
1148:
1006:
950:sick building syndrome
835:
781:extratropical cyclones
627:
525:respiratory conditions
511:Heat-related mortality
488:
410:chronic kidney disease
346:
261:Impacts caused by heat
35:
9287:Earth's energy budget
9170:Background and theory
9058:Climate crisis (term)
8730:Fossil fuel phase-out
8624:Economics and finance
8589:by individual country
8531:By country and region
8506:Security and conflict
8501:Psychological impacts
8180:Abrupt climate change
8103:Charles David Keeling
7936:By country and region
6848:Nature Communications
6652:Nature Climate Change
6475:Better Health Channel
6005:"The Mosquito's Bite"
5928:Nature Climate Change
5499:American Psychologist
5466:10.1056/NEJMra1807873
4635:"The Mosquito's Bite"
4537:Hunter, P.R. (2003).
4484:Reiter, Paul (2001).
4209:Inhalation Toxicology
2510:Nature Sustainability
1641:co-benefits to health
1629:Further information:
1583:Further information:
1558:Further information:
1487:
1301:
1219:
1197:fertilisation effects
1130:
1104:security". (see also
1065:Further information:
996:
979:Further information:
848:vector-borne diseases
819:
649:. For example, local
614:
601:Further information:
474:
465:Further information:
344:
331:Further information:
265:Further information:
28:2016 Louisiana floods
21:
9116:Glasgow Climate Pact
8777:Carbon sequestration
8342:Mass mortality event
5412:(10031): 1937–1946.
5327:10.1289/ehp.116-a302
4439:(10311): 1619–1662.
3477:"Annex II: Glossary"
2888:10.2215/CJN.13841215
2216:(10006): 1861–1914.
2156:(10211): 1836–1878.
1930:(10311): 1619–1662.
1861:(10363): 1619–1654.
1753:Environmental health
1674:UN secretary general
1661:public health policy
1315:harmful algal blooms
1220:Average decrease of
1112:Mental health risks
946:Indoor air pollution
913:lymphatic filariasis
756:; increased risk of
720:2022 Pakistan Floods
578:developing countries
424:wet-bulb temperature
216:respiratory diseases
192:socioeconomic status
187:, ecological change)
143:public health policy
126:socioeconomic status
9255:Climate sensitivity
9030:The Adaptation Fund
8486:Infectious diseases
8383:Social and economic
7547:Scientific American
7375:10.1056/NEJMp058079
7118:2016icch.book.....C
7086:on 10 December 2013
6969:2022PNAS..11908146K
6963:(34): e2108146119.
6901:IASS/CSIR (2019a).
6860:2018NatCo...9.4939V
6811:10.1289/ehp.1104301
6756:2021ER....19510754V
6664:2022NatCC..12...36C
6569:2020EnInt.13605513S
6451:on 17 February 2019
6389:Swenarton, Nicole.
6222:2012PLoSO...732116T
5940:2018NatCC...8..834S
5824:2017GEC....42..153R
5773:10.7554/eLife.02245
5709:2021PNAS..11813284A
5658:Geographical Review
5309:Weinhold B (2008).
5226:2016SuEnR..26..142S
5130:2017PLoSO..1277937D
4873:2018BuEnv.143..661S
4822:2006AtmEn..40.7598L
4771:2017AtmEn.154..129L
4318:2020BAMS..101E.303K
4221:2007InhTx..19...67N
4173:2006Sci...313..940W
4086:Scientific American
4032:2012EnInt..47...37A
3951:2018CCCR....4..164C
3792:2010BuEnv..45...89C
3734:2012BuEnv..55..159C
3423:2021PNAS..11824792T
3417:(41): e2024792118.
3145:2020SciA....6.1838R
3061:2010PNAS..107.9552S
2928:The Washington Post
2703:2022PNAS..11908146K
2697:(34): e2108146119.
2617:2020PNAS..11711350X
2611:(21): 11350–11355.
2522:2023NatSu...6.1237L
2373:(9676): 1693–1733.
2330:2022ComEE...3..239D
2095:Infectious Diseases
1549:Society and culture
1519:, malaria, dengue,
1495:Estimating deaths (
1425:Future sustainable
1416:sedentary lifestyle
1294:Harmful algal bloom
954:outdoor air quality
888:waterborne diseases
860:tick-borne diseases
844:infectious diseases
647:infectious diseases
448:Parkinson's disease
398:respiratory disease
386:acute kidney injury
314:as of 2020. The UK
273:global temperatures
220:infectious diseases
84:waterborne diseases
8826:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
8798:Forest management
8782:Direct air capture
8747:Sustainable energy
8704:Net zero emissions
8699:Low-carbon economy
8694:Green Climate Fund
8481:Indigenous peoples
8374:Plant biodiversity
8162:Effects and issues
7514:The New York Times
7479:(September 2017).
7270:(115681): 115681.
7231:The Times of India
7204:10.3390/en16166074
6395:Rutgers University
6125:. 24 October 2022.
5703:(7): e2013284118.
5273:2005-09-09 at the
5254:2012-04-14 at the
4526:on 24 August 2011.
4067:The New York Times
3355:(51–52): 878–883.
2419:on October 8, 2015
1595:indigenous peoples
1493:
1427:pathways scenarios
1311:
1234:
1149:
1056:Other health risks
1034:respiratory system
1011:ground-level ozone
1007:
958:particulate matter
941:Indoor air quality
836:
746:particulate matter
740:, and a prolonged
660:Examples include:
628:
489:
363:prescription drugs
347:
88:diarrhoeal disease
57:heat-related death
36:
9444:
9443:
9382:
9381:
9378:
9377:
9317:Radiative forcing
9160:
9159:
9156:
9155:
8980:Adaptive capacity
8865:
8864:
8861:
8860:
8725:Energy transition
8601:
8600:
8597:
8596:
8311:Tropical cyclones
8237:Urban heat island
8151:
8150:
8063:
8062:
8059:
8058:
8024:Carbon accounting
7978:Greenhouse effect
7944:
7943:
7860:
7859:
7600:978-92-4-156507-3
7477:Per Espen Stoknes
7431:Public Health Rev
7368:(14): 1433–1436.
7171:978-3-030-54745-5
7135:978-0-16-093241-0
7076:978-92-4-156387-1
7042:978-92-4-150769-1
6926:Nations, United.
6736:Marais, Eloise A.
6104:978-0-520-26909-5
6048:(9513): 859–869.
6024:978-0-520-26909-5
5074:10.1289/ehp.11463
5068:(11): 1449–1455.
4816:(39): 7598–7613.
4654:978-0-520-26909-5
4598:(9513): 859–869.
4167:(5789): 940–943.
4117:. 3 October 2022.
3908:978-0-309-38094-2
3029:978-1-009-32584-4
2856:. 13 August 2024.
2516:(10): 1237–1247.
2490:978-92-9169-158-6
2267:BMC Public Health
2112:978-0-323-04579-7
1704:climate-sensitive
1401:active lifestyles
1135:(Australia) from
917:Rift Valley fever
777:tropical cyclones
493:urban heat island
467:Urban heat island
312:adaptive capacity
271:Impact of higher
255:climate resilient
9528:
9521:Health education
9516:Health economics
9473:
9472:
9471:
9461:
9460:
9459:
9452:
9432:
9431:
9420:
9419:
9408:
9407:
9397:
9396:
9395:
9360:Paleoclimatology
9177:
9176:
9166:
9165:
8927:Ecological grief
8910:Climate movement
8885:
8884:
8871:
8870:
8851:Plant-based diet
8742:Renewable energy
8620:
8619:
8607:
8606:
8442:Economic impacts
8364:Invasive species
8220:Coastal flooding
8170:
8169:
8157:
8156:
8093:Svante Arrhenius
8069:
8068:
8039:from agriculture
8029:Carbon footprint
8014:Greenhouse gases
7963:
7962:
7950:
7949:
7902:
7901:
7887:
7880:
7873:
7864:
7863:
7793:
7786:
7779:
7770:
7769:
7743:
7742:
7732:
7715:(5): e316–e323.
7700:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7689:
7672:
7666:
7659:
7653:
7643:
7611:
7605:
7604:
7585:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7557:
7551:
7550:
7544:
7542:
7525:
7519:
7518:
7504:
7498:
7497:
7495:
7493:
7487:TED (conference)
7473:
7467:
7466:
7456:
7446:
7422:
7416:
7415:
7413:
7411:
7397:
7388:
7387:
7377:
7353:
7347:
7346:
7336:
7304:
7298:
7297:
7279:
7255:
7249:
7248:
7246:
7245:
7223:
7217:
7216:
7206:
7182:
7176:
7175:
7153:
7140:
7139:
7126:10.7930/J0R49NQX
7102:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7091:
7085:
7079:. Archived from
7068:
7053:
7047:
7046:
7034:
7018:
7009:
7008:
6998:
6980:
6948:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6938:
6923:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6907:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6881:
6871:
6839:
6833:
6832:
6822:
6790:
6784:
6783:
6731:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6720:
6700:
6694:
6693:
6675:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6629:
6615:
6609:
6608:
6590:
6580:
6548:
6537:
6536:
6526:
6516:
6492:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6481:
6467:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6450:
6443:
6432:
6426:
6415:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6386:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6375:
6363:Molar, Roberto.
6360:
6354:
6353:
6343:
6333:
6309:
6303:
6302:
6284:
6260:
6254:
6253:
6243:
6233:
6191:
6180:
6179:
6153:
6133:
6127:
6126:
6115:
6109:
6108:
6080:
6074:
6073:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5923:
5917:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5863:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5835:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5785:
5775:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5730:
5720:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5649:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5623:
5613:
5589:
5580:
5579:
5543:
5534:
5533:
5522:10.1037/a0023141
5515:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5468:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5397:
5391:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5338:
5321:(7): A302–A305.
5306:
5300:
5299:
5284:
5278:
5265:
5259:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5205:
5199:
5188:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5159:
5141:
5109:
5096:
5095:
5085:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5019:
5001:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4960:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4681:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4560:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4522:. Archived from
4513:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4456:
4430:
4420:
4414:
4403:
4392:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4362:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4297:
4288:
4287:
4277:
4268:
4259:
4258:
4232:
4204:
4195:
4194:
4184:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4103:. November 2022.
4097:
4091:
4090:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4017:
4008:
4002:
3990:
3979:
3978:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3870:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3844:
3834:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3777:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3719:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3573:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3547:
3537:
3511:
3498:
3497:
3481:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3452:
3434:
3402:
3391:
3390:
3380:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3321:. Archived from
3306:
3300:
3299:
3273:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3236:
3212:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3166:
3156:
3139:(19): eaaw1838.
3133:Science Advances
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3082:
3072:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3007:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2947:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2899:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2821:
2812:(3): e156–e162.
2797:
2791:
2790:
2754:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2714:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2628:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2541:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2474:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2292:
2282:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2233:
2201:
2182:
2181:
2147:
2138:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2012:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1947:
1921:
1912:
1871:
1870:
1842:
1821:
1820:
1806:
1797:
1722:health emergency
1521:coastal flooding
1480:Global estimates
1462:
1330:Pseudo-nitzschia
1319:blue-green algae
1181:pollen allergies
1171:Pollen allergies
1143:is increased by
923:, dengue fever,
543:air conditioning
402:low birth weight
9536:
9535:
9531:
9530:
9529:
9527:
9526:
9525:
9481:
9480:
9479:
9469:
9467:
9457:
9455:
9447:
9445:
9440:
9393:
9391:
9374:
9321:
9312:Orbital forcing
9206:
9171:
9152:
9126:Paris Agreement
9104:
9100:Warming stripes
9039:
9005:Managed retreat
9000:Loss and damage
8961:
8895:Business action
8879:
8857:
8834:
8757:
8751:
8708:
8669:Climate finance
8614:
8593:
8525:
8378:
8354:Extinction risk
8330:Flora and fauna
8325:
8286:Permafrost thaw
8281:Ozone depletion
8210:Extreme weather
8164:
8147:
8074:
8055:
7992:
7957:
7940:
7907:
7896:
7891:
7861:
7856:
7800:
7797:
7751:
7746:
7701:
7697:
7687:
7685:
7673:
7669:
7612:
7608:
7601:
7587:
7586:
7582:
7572:
7570:
7558:
7554:
7540:
7538:
7526:
7522:
7505:
7501:
7491:
7489:
7475:
7474:
7470:
7423:
7419:
7409:
7407:
7399:
7398:
7391:
7354:
7350:
7305:
7301:
7256:
7252:
7243:
7241:
7225:
7224:
7220:
7183:
7179:
7172:
7154:
7143:
7136:
7103:
7099:
7089:
7087:
7083:
7077:
7066:
7054:
7050:
7043:
7019:
7012:
6949:
6945:
6936:
6934:
6924:
6920:
6912:
6905:
6899:
6895:
6840:
6836:
6791:
6787:
6732:
6728:
6718:
6716:
6701:
6697:
6644:Creutzig, Felix
6641:
6637:
6627:
6625:
6617:
6616:
6612:
6549:
6540:
6507:(7): e1002628.
6493:
6489:
6479:
6477:
6469:
6468:
6464:
6454:
6452:
6448:
6441:
6433:
6429:
6416:
6409:
6399:
6397:
6387:
6383:
6373:
6371:
6361:
6357:
6310:
6306:
6261:
6257:
6199:
6192:
6183:
6151:10.1.1.364.6826
6144:(5872): 57–58.
6134:
6130:
6117:
6116:
6112:
6105:
6081:
6077:
6036:
6032:
6025:
6001:
5997:
5987:
5985:
5975:
5971:
5924:
5920:
5907:
5903:
5893:
5891:
5879:
5875:
5861:
5855:
5851:
5803:
5799:
5755:
5748:
5744:
5689:
5685:
5650:
5646:
5590:
5583:
5544:
5537:
5513:10.1.1.454.8333
5494:
5490:
5445:
5441:
5398:
5394:
5381:
5377:
5368:
5366:
5356:
5352:
5307:
5303:
5285:
5281:
5275:Wayback Machine
5266:
5262:
5256:Wayback Machine
5247:
5243:
5206:
5202:
5189:
5182:
5124:(5): e0177937.
5110:
5099:
5054:
5050:
5037:
5033:
4978:
4974:
4937:
4933:
4923:
4921:
4894:
4890:
4853:
4849:
4839:
4837:
4802:
4798:
4788:
4786:
4750:
4746:
4736:
4734:
4699:
4695:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4655:
4631:
4627:
4586:
4582:
4535:
4531:
4482:
4478:
4428:
4421:
4417:
4404:
4395:
4382:
4378:
4339:
4335:
4298:
4291:
4275:
4269:
4262:
4230:10.1.1.511.1424
4205:
4198:
4153:
4149:
4126:
4122:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4059:
4055:
4015:
4009:
4005:
3991:
3982:
3931:
3927:
3918:
3916:
3909:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3868:
3862:
3858:
3811:
3807:
3775:
3769:
3765:
3717:
3711:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3665:
3661:
3651:
3649:
3639:
3635:
3625:
3623:
3613:
3609:
3574:
3570:
3512:
3501:
3479:
3473:
3466:
3403:
3394:
3341:
3337:
3328:
3326:
3307:
3303:
3271:10.1.1.464.7830
3254:
3250:
3213:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3125:
3121:
3112:
3110:
3100:
3096:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3005:
2999:
2995:
2986:
2984:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2958:
2948:
2941:
2932:
2930:
2920:
2913:
2868:
2861:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2798:
2794:
2755:
2746:
2683:Ebi, Kristie L.
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2656:
2652:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2472:
2463:
2456:
2447:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2422:
2420:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2359:
2355:
2310:
2306:
2259:
2255:
2202:
2185:
2145:
2139:
2130:
2113:
2087:
2083:
2030:
2026:
1973:
1969:
1919:
1913:
1874:
1843:
1824:
1804:
1798:
1775:
1771:
1734:
1657:
1643:helps underpin
1633:
1627:
1600:climate justice
1591:
1589:Climate migrant
1585:Climate justice
1581:
1562:
1556:
1551:
1482:
1470:Paris Agreement
1450:
1381:
1375:
1366:
1343:
1296:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1239:may reduce the
1227:
1213:
1205:
1196:
1188:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1160:extreme weather
1137:large bushfires
1122:
1114:
1077:
1063:
1058:
1024:
991:
977:
943:
938:
933:
932:
880:disease vectors
811:
803:
635:extreme weather
609:
607:Extreme weather
599:
590:
567:
521:cerebrovascular
513:
469:
463:
339:
329:
321:Paris Agreement
269:
263:
257:is a priority.
185:land use change
161:
130:climate hazards
115:human migration
103:food insecurity
48:extreme weather
12:
11:
5:
9534:
9524:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9478:
9477:
9465:
9463:Climate change
9442:
9441:
9439:
9438:
9426:
9414:
9402:
9387:
9384:
9383:
9380:
9379:
9376:
9375:
9373:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9356:
9355:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9329:
9327:
9323:
9322:
9320:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9278:
9277:
9267:
9265:Cloud feedback
9262:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9246:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9220:
9214:
9212:
9208:
9207:
9205:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9183:
9181:
9173:
9172:
9162:
9161:
9158:
9157:
9154:
9153:
9151:
9150:
9145:
9140:
9139:
9138:
9133:
9123:
9121:Kyoto Protocol
9118:
9112:
9110:
9106:
9105:
9103:
9102:
9097:
9096:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9075:
9073:Media coverage
9070:
9065:
9063:Climate spiral
9060:
9055:
9049:
9047:
9041:
9040:
9038:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8971:
8969:
8963:
8962:
8960:
8959:
8954:
8952:Public opinion
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8918:
8917:
8907:
8902:
8900:Climate action
8897:
8891:
8889:
8881:
8880:
8867:
8866:
8863:
8862:
8859:
8858:
8856:
8855:
8854:
8853:
8842:
8840:
8836:
8835:
8833:
8832:
8827:
8821:
8820:
8819:
8814:
8812:REDD and REDD+
8809:
8804:
8796:
8791:
8789:Carbon farming
8786:
8785:
8784:
8779:
8769:
8763:
8761:
8753:
8752:
8750:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8733:
8732:
8722:
8716:
8714:
8710:
8709:
8707:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8650:
8649:
8639:
8634:
8628:
8626:
8616:
8615:
8603:
8602:
8599:
8598:
8595:
8594:
8592:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8535:
8533:
8527:
8526:
8524:
8523:
8521:Water security
8518:
8516:Water scarcity
8513:
8511:Urban flooding
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8472:
8471:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8450:
8449:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8403:
8402:
8397:
8386:
8384:
8380:
8379:
8377:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8359:Forest dieback
8356:
8351:
8346:
8345:
8344:
8333:
8331:
8327:
8326:
8324:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8296:Sea level rise
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8277:
8276:
8271:
8269:stratification
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8241:
8240:
8239:
8234:
8224:
8223:
8222:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8176:
8174:
8166:
8165:
8153:
8152:
8149:
8148:
8146:
8145:
8144:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8079:
8076:
8075:
8065:
8064:
8061:
8060:
8057:
8056:
8054:
8053:
8048:
8047:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8034:Carbon leakage
8031:
8026:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8000:
7998:
7994:
7993:
7991:
7990:
7985:
7975:
7973:Climate system
7969:
7967:
7959:
7958:
7946:
7945:
7942:
7941:
7939:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7912:
7909:
7908:
7898:
7897:
7894:Climate change
7890:
7889:
7882:
7875:
7867:
7858:
7857:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7796:
7795:
7788:
7781:
7773:
7767:
7766:
7761:
7750:
7749:External links
7747:
7745:
7744:
7695:
7667:
7626:(2): e74–e83.
7606:
7599:
7580:
7552:
7520:
7499:
7468:
7417:
7401:"Human Health"
7389:
7348:
7319:(2): 391–409.
7299:
7250:
7233:. 2023-08-29.
7218:
7177:
7170:
7141:
7134:
7097:
7075:
7048:
7041:
7010:
6943:
6932:United Nations
6918:
6893:
6834:
6805:(6): 831–839.
6785:
6726:
6695:
6635:
6610:
6538:
6487:
6462:
6427:
6407:
6381:
6355:
6304:
6255:
6197:
6181:
6128:
6110:
6103:
6075:
6030:
6023:
5995:
5969:
5934:(9): 834–839.
5918:
5901:
5873:
5849:
5818:(9): 153–168.
5797:
5753:
5742:
5683:
5644:
5581:
5554:(2): 123–132.
5535:
5506:(4): 265–276.
5488:
5459:(3): 263–273.
5439:
5392:
5375:
5350:
5301:
5279:
5260:
5241:
5220:(3): 142–148.
5200:
5180:
5097:
5048:
5031:
4972:
4931:
4888:
4847:
4796:
4744:
4693:
4660:
4653:
4625:
4580:
4529:
4496:(1): 141–161.
4476:
4415:
4393:
4376:
4333:
4289:
4260:
4196:
4147:
4136:(4): 685–697.
4120:
4106:
4092:
4072:
4053:
4003:
3980:
3945:(2): 164–179.
3925:
3907:
3899:10.17226/21852
3882:
3856:
3805:
3763:
3705:
3659:
3633:
3621:Bloomberg News
3607:
3568:
3499:
3464:
3392:
3335:
3301:
3264:(3): 355–372.
3248:
3204:
3178:
3119:
3094:
3055:(21): 9552–5.
3035:
3028:
2993:
2968:
2939:
2911:
2882:(8): 1472–83.
2859:
2841:
2792:
2744:
2673:
2650:
2591:
2576:. 5 May 2020.
2561:
2496:
2489:
2454:
2429:
2400:
2353:
2304:
2253:
2183:
2128:
2111:
2081:
2044:(4): 193–205.
2024:
1987:(2): 272–282.
1967:
1872:
1822:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1763:Water security
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1700:health systems
1681:2018 heat wave
1656:
1653:
1626:
1623:
1580:
1577:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1534:, and 3.8% of
1481:
1478:
1449:
1446:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1341:
1289:
1286:
1237:carbon dioxide
1225:
1214:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1194:
1191:and resulting
1186:
1172:
1169:
1156:mental illness
1145:climate change
1123:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1089:undernutrition
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1022:
976:
973:
942:
939:
937:
934:
840:climate change
812:
804:
802:
799:
798:
797:
773:
723:
680:
631:Climate change
598:
595:
589:
586:
566:
563:
517:cardiovascular
512:
509:
462:
461:In urban areas
459:
406:pre-term birth
394:cardiovascular
355:co-morbidities
351:heat illnesses
328:
325:
262:
259:
251:health systems
228:mental illness
224:undernutrition
204:
203:
196:social capital
188:
169:
160:
157:
111:water security
107:undernutrition
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9533:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9496:Global health
9494:
9492:
9489:
9488:
9486:
9476:
9466:
9464:
9454:
9453:
9450:
9437:
9436:
9427:
9425:
9424:
9415:
9413:
9412:
9403:
9401:
9400:
9389:
9388:
9385:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9354:
9351:
9350:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9338:Climate model
9336:
9334:
9331:
9330:
9328:
9324:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9276:
9273:
9272:
9271:
9270:Cloud forcing
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9225:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9215:
9213:
9209:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9184:
9182:
9178:
9174:
9167:
9163:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9128:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9113:
9111:
9107:
9101:
9098:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9080:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9050:
9048:
9046:
9045:Communication
9042:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9025:Vulnerability
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8995:Flood control
8993:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8972:
8970:
8968:
8964:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8916:
8913:
8912:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8892:
8890:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8872:
8868:
8852:
8849:
8848:
8847:
8844:
8843:
8841:
8837:
8831:
8828:
8825:
8822:
8818:
8817:reforestation
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8802:afforestation
8800:
8799:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8774:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8764:
8762:
8760:
8754:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8737:Nuclear power
8735:
8731:
8728:
8727:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8717:
8715:
8711:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8648:
8645:
8644:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8632:Carbon budget
8630:
8629:
8627:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8613:
8608:
8604:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8536:
8534:
8532:
8528:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8470:
8469:Mental health
8467:
8466:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8448:
8445:
8444:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8401:
8400:United States
8398:
8396:
8393:
8392:
8391:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8381:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8343:
8340:
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8332:
8328:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8254:deoxygenation
8252:
8250:
8249:acidification
8247:
8246:
8245:
8242:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8229:
8228:
8225:
8221:
8218:
8217:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
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8196:
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8175:
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8158:
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8091:
8089:
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8077:
8070:
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8052:
8049:
8045:
8044:from wetlands
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8004:Deforestation
8002:
8001:
7999:
7995:
7989:
7986:
7983:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7968:
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7937:
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7888:
7883:
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7869:
7868:
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7854:
7851:
7849:
7848:United States
7846:
7844:
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7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
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7651:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7633:
7629:
7625:
7621:
7617:
7610:
7602:
7596:
7593:. WHO. 2015.
7592:
7591:
7584:
7569:
7568:
7563:
7556:
7548:
7537:
7536:
7531:
7524:
7516:
7515:
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7503:
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7472:
7464:
7460:
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7450:
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7440:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7421:
7406:
7405:Global Change
7402:
7396:
7394:
7385:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7359:
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7344:
7340:
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7269:
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7232:
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7214:
7210:
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6624:
6623:idw-online.de
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6534:
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6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
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6502:
6501:PLOS Medicine
6498:
6491:
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6472:
6466:
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6440:
6439:
6431:
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6300:
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6270:
6269:Harmful Algae
6266:
6259:
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6247:
6242:
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6232:
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6219:
6216:(2): e32116.
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5877:
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4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4215:(1): 67–106.
4214:
4210:
4203:
4201:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4151:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4124:
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4110:
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4096:
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4082:
4076:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4049:
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4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3878:
3876:
3867:
3860:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3809:
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3797:
3793:
3789:
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3781:
3774:
3767:
3759:
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3727:
3723:
3716:
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3618:
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3388:
3384:
3379:
3374:
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3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3325:on 2023-03-22
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3263:
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3252:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
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3192:
3188:
3182:
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3160:
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3138:
3134:
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3109:
3105:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3031:
3025:
3021:
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3013:
3012:
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2997:
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2979:
2972:
2957:
2953:
2946:
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2929:
2925:
2918:
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2907:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2864:
2855:
2854:NIHR Evidence
2851:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2661:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:: 1055–1064.
2096:
2092:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1945:10278/3746207
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1748:Health system
1746:
1744:
1743:Health policy
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1716:In 2019, the
1714:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1608:mental health
1603:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1554:Vulnerability
1546:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1453:Air pollution
1445:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1420:PLoS Medicine
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1394:air pollution
1390:
1386:
1380:
1370:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1303:Cyanobacteria
1300:
1295:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1230:meta-analysis
1223:
1222:micronutrient
1218:
1211:
1200:
1198:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1109:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:food security
1076:
1072:
1068:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1004:
1000:
997:Signboard in
995:
990:
986:
982:
972:
970:
966:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
904:
900:
896:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:leishmaniasis
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
834:transmission.
833:
829:
825:
824:
823:Aedes aegypti
818:
814:
809:
795:
791:
786:
785:thunderstorms
782:
778:
774:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
724:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
692:soil moisture
688:
684:
681:
678:
674:
670:
666:
663:
662:
661:
658:
656:
652:
648:
643:
640:
636:
632:
625:
621:
617:
616:Air pollution
613:
608:
604:
594:
585:
581:
579:
574:
573:
562:
558:
556:
552:
551:air pollution
548:
544:
539:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
508:
504:
502:
497:
494:
486:
482:
478:
473:
468:
458:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
436:
432:
430:
425:
420:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
343:
338:
334:
324:
323:is achieved.
322:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
288:
285:
280:
278:
274:
268:
258:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
201:
200:public health
197:
193:
189:
186:
182:
181:air pollution
178:
177:water quality
174:
170:
167:
166:
165:
156:
154:
150:
149:
144:
138:
136:
131:
127:
122:
120:
119:mental health
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
33:
29:
25:
20:
16:
9433:
9421:
9409:
9390:
9223:Carbon cycle
9180:Measurements
8875:Society and
8759:carbon sinks
8664:Climate debt
8654:Carbon price
8476:Human rights
8463:
8301:Season creep
8259:heat content
8185:Anoxic event
8098:James Hansen
7756:
7712:
7708:
7698:
7686:. Retrieved
7682:The Guardian
7680:
7670:
7654:
7623:
7619:
7609:
7589:
7583:
7571:. Retrieved
7567:The Guardian
7565:
7555:
7545:– via
7539:. Retrieved
7535:E&E News
7533:
7523:
7512:
7502:
7490:. Retrieved
7481:
7471:
7434:
7430:
7420:
7408:. Retrieved
7404:
7365:
7361:
7351:
7316:
7312:
7302:
7267:
7263:
7253:
7242:. Retrieved
7230:
7221:
7197:(16): 6074.
7194:
7190:
7180:
7157:
7108:
7100:
7088:. Retrieved
7081:the original
7062:
7056:WHO (2009).
7051:
7032:10665/134014
7022:
6960:
6956:
6946:
6935:. Retrieved
6931:
6921:
6896:
6851:
6847:
6837:
6802:
6798:
6788:
6747:
6743:
6729:
6717:. Retrieved
6708:
6698:
6658:(1): 36–46.
6655:
6651:
6638:
6626:. Retrieved
6622:
6613:
6560:
6556:
6504:
6500:
6490:
6478:. Retrieved
6474:
6465:
6453:. Retrieved
6446:the original
6437:
6430:
6417:IPCC (2022)
6398:. Retrieved
6394:
6384:
6372:. Retrieved
6368:
6358:
6321:
6317:
6307:
6272:
6268:
6258:
6213:
6207:
6201:
6141:
6137:
6131:
6122:
6113:
6089:
6085:"Mozambique"
6078:
6045:
6039:
6033:
6009:
5998:
5986:. Retrieved
5983:The Guardian
5982:
5972:
5931:
5927:
5921:
5904:
5892:. Retrieved
5888:Science News
5886:
5876:
5866:
5852:
5815:
5811:
5800:
5763:
5759:
5745:
5700:
5696:
5686:
5661:
5657:
5647:
5601:
5597:
5551:
5547:
5503:
5497:
5491:
5456:
5452:
5442:
5409:
5405:
5395:
5378:
5367:. Retrieved
5363:
5353:
5318:
5314:
5304:
5282:
5263:
5244:
5217:
5213:
5203:
5121:
5117:
5065:
5061:
5051:
5041:
5034:
4989:
4985:
4975:
4948:
4944:
4934:
4922:. Retrieved
4905:
4901:
4891:
4864:
4860:
4850:
4838:. Retrieved
4813:
4809:
4799:
4787:. Retrieved
4762:
4758:
4747:
4735:. Retrieved
4713:(1): 55–73.
4710:
4706:
4696:
4684:. Retrieved
4672:
4663:
4639:
4628:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4548:
4542:
4532:
4524:the original
4493:
4489:
4479:
4436:
4432:
4418:
4383:IPCC, 2022:
4379:
4370:10919/115131
4350:
4346:
4336:
4309:
4305:
4279:
4212:
4208:
4164:
4160:
4150:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4109:
4095:
4084:
4075:
4066:
4056:
4023:
4019:
4006:
3942:
3938:
3928:
3917:. Retrieved
3885:
3872:
3859:
3822:
3818:
3808:
3786:(1): 89–93.
3783:
3779:
3766:
3725:
3721:
3708:
3696:. Retrieved
3676:
3672:
3662:
3650:. Retrieved
3646:
3636:
3624:. Retrieved
3620:
3610:
3588:(2): 171–8.
3585:
3581:
3571:
3528:(18): 3232.
3525:
3519:
3484:
3414:
3410:
3352:
3348:
3338:
3327:. Retrieved
3323:the original
3318:
3314:
3304:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3227:(1): 41–55.
3224:
3220:
3195:. Retrieved
3190:
3181:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3111:. Retrieved
3107:
3097:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3010:
2996:
2985:. Retrieved
2981:
2971:
2959:. Retrieved
2956:The Guardian
2955:
2931:. Retrieved
2927:
2879:
2875:
2853:
2844:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2762:
2758:
2694:
2690:
2676:
2664:. Retrieved
2662:. Met Office
2653:
2608:
2604:
2594:
2582:. Retrieved
2573:
2564:
2539:10871/132650
2513:
2509:
2499:
2476:
2446:. Retrieved
2441:
2432:
2421:. Retrieved
2417:the original
2403:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2213:
2209:
2153:
2149:
2094:
2084:
2041:
2037:
2027:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1927:
1923:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1726:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1693:
1685:Greta effect
1658:
1640:
1634:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1573:
1565:
1563:
1540:
1536:dengue fever
1525:
1494:
1474:
1465:black carbon
1451:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1419:
1405:
1398:
1382:
1367:
1327:
1312:
1279:, roots and
1174:
1124:
1102:
1094:
1078:
1050:heart attack
1031:
1019:
1015:
1008:
962:
944:
921:yellow fever
892:
852:dengue fever
837:
821:
813:
766:tuberculosis
762:mesothelioma
716:psychosocial
659:
644:
629:
591:
582:
570:
568:
559:
540:
537:
514:
505:
498:
490:
452:
437:
433:
421:
414:
378:hyperthermia
367:
348:
337:Heat illness
302:and without
293:
289:
281:
270:
244:
209:
205:
162:
146:
139:
123:
92:
80:dengue fever
61:
53:heat illness
39:
37:
15:
9250:Carbon sink
9228:atmospheric
9093:video games
8767:Blue carbon
8390:Agriculture
8369:Marine life
8316:Water cycle
8274:temperature
8009:Fossil fuel
7410:25 November
6854:(1): 4939.
6628:11 December
6588:10810/44202
5604:(9): 4486.
5364:www.epa.gov
4992:(6): 3538.
4908:: 466–472.
4867:: 661–670.
4765:: 129–140.
4551:: 37S–46S.
3825:(4): 1278.
3750:10871/13936
3728:: 159–166.
2442:www.who.int
2231:10871/17695
1461:8.7 million
1334:domoic acid
1323:neurotoxins
1241:nutritional
929:chikungunya
872:chikungunya
758:lung cancer
700:mortalities
475:Increasing
374:heat stroke
370:heat stress
247:health care
245:Health and
99:food prices
24:Heat stroke
9485:Categories
9282:Cryosphere
9243:permafrost
9015:Resilience
8967:Adaptation
8942:Litigation
8932:Governance
8877:adaptation
8659:Carbon tax
8612:Mitigation
8549:Antarctica
8437:Disability
7244:2023-09-18
6937:2024-05-13
6750:: 110754.
6563:: 105513.
6400:1 December
6374:1 December
6324:(4): 674.
6275:: 102030.
6041:The Lancet
5894:21 January
5664:(4): 473.
5406:The Lancet
5369:2023-04-29
4951:: 117804.
4591:The Lancet
4433:The Lancet
3919:2020-02-22
3329:2023-03-16
3197:22 October
3113:2021-11-10
3108:Met Office
2987:2022-07-22
2933:2023-01-20
2666:13 October
2448:2022-04-13
2423:2020-04-19
2367:The Lancet
2324:(1): 239.
2273:(1): 299.
2210:The Lancet
2150:The Lancet
1924:The Lancet
1855:The Lancet
1769:References
1696:World Bank
1677:Kofi Annan
1567:The Lancet
1490:One Health
1476:annually.
1435:well-being
1389:adaptation
1377:See also:
1292:See also:
1277:vegetables
1046:bronchitis
925:Zika virus
884:food-borne
868:zika fever
742:dry season
734:vegetation
673:evaporates
655:sanitation
572:The Lancet
485:urban heat
477:heat waves
440:depression
417:heat waves
316:Met Office
148:The Lancet
44:heat waves
32:heat waves
9297:Feedbacks
9068:Education
8569:Caribbean
8564:Australia
8491:Migration
8454:Fisheries
8395:Livestock
8321:Wildfires
8227:Heat wave
7828:Indonesia
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