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1054:. There is growing evidence that tillage erosion is a major soil erosion process in agricultural lands, surpassing water and wind erosion in many fields all around the world, especially on sloping and hilly lands A signature spatial pattern of soil erosion shown in many water erosion handbooks and pamphlets, the eroded hilltops, is actually caused by tillage erosion as water erosion mainly causes soil losses in the midslope and lowerslope segments of a slope, not the hilltops. Tillage erosion results in soil degradation, which can lead to significant reduction in crop yield and, therefore, economic losses for the farm.
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States. Most plastic ends up in the landfill, although there are other disposal options such as disking mulches into the soil, on-site burying, on-site storage, reuse, recycling, and incineration. The incineration and recycling options are complicated by the variety of the types of plastics that are used and by the geographic dispersal of the plastics. Plastics also contain stabilizers and dyes as well as heavy metals, which limits the number of products that can be recycled. Research is continually being conducted on creating biodegradable or
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indicator would be the quality of groundwater, which is affected by the amount of nitrogen applied to the soil. An indicator reflecting the loss of nitrate to groundwater would be effect-based. The means-based evaluation looks at farmers' practices of agriculture, and the effect-based evaluation considers the actual effects of the agricultural system. For example, the means-based analysis might look at pesticides and fertilization methods that farmers are using, and effect-based analysis would consider how much CO
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many things such as soil moisture retention, and reduce erosion. Some disadvantages are the fact that more expensive equipment is needed for this process, more pesticides will need to be used, and the positive effects take a long time to be visible. The barriers of instantiating a conservation tillage policy are that farmers are reluctant to change their methods, and would protest a more expensive, and time-consuming method of tillage than the conventional one they are used to.
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779:: that is, they absorb carbon dioxide, an unwanted greenhouse gas, out of the atmosphere. Removing trees releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and leaves behind fewer trees to absorb the increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the air. In this way, deforestation exacerbates climate change. When trees are removed from forests, the soils tend to dry out because there is no longer shade, and there are not enough trees to assist in the
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703:. Ruminant cattle for beef and dairy rank high in greenhouse gas emissions. In comparison, monogastric, or pigs and poultry-related foods, are lower. The consumption of the monogastric types may yield less emissions. Monogastric animals have a higher feed-conversion efficiency and also do not produce as much methane. Non-ruminant livestock, such as poultry, emit far fewer greenhouse gases.
957:. Soil erosion is the wearing away of topsoil by water, wind, or farming activities. Topsoil is very fertile, which makes it valuable to farmers growing crops. Soil degradation also has a huge impact on biological degradation, which affects the microbial community of the soil and can alter nutrient cycling, pest and disease control, and chemical transformation properties of the soil.
275:
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2129:. Biodiversity Conservation National Strategy and Action Plan of Republic of Uzbekistan. Prepared by the National Biodiversity Strategy Project Steering Committee with the Financial Assistance of The Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and Technical Assistance of United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Retrieved on 17 September 2007.
515:
class comes with a specific set of environmental concerns. Such undesirable effects have led many pesticides to be banned, while regulations have limited and/or reduced the use of others. The global spread of pesticide use, including the use of older/obsolete pesticides that have been banned in some jurisdictions, has increased overall.
276:
1221:
organic agriculture believes that these negatives are an issue with the organic farming system. What began as a small scale, environmentally conscious practice has now become just as industrialized as conventional agriculture. This industrialization can lead to the issues shown above such as climate change, and deforestation.
1010:, where the poorest 50% own just 1% of the land. Small landowners, as individuals or families, tend to be more cautious in land use compared to large landowners. As of 2020, however, the proportion of small landowners has been decreasing since the 1980s. Currently, the largest share of smallholdings can be found in
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has shown to have on average 30% higher species richness than conventional farming. Organic systems on average also have 50% more organisms. This data has some issues because there were several results that showed a negative effect on these things when in an organic farming system. The opposition to
1206:
set of practices that can have a lower impact on the environment at a small scale. However, in most cases organic farming results in lower yields in terms of production per unit area. Therefore, widespread adoption of organic agriculture will require additional land to be cleared and water resources
283:
The irrigation that grows crops, especially in dry countries, can also be responsible for taxing aquifers beyond their capacities. Groundwater depletion is embedded in the international food trade, with countries exporting crops grown from overexploited aquifers and setting up potential future food
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Conservation tillage is an alternative tillage method for farming which is more sustainable for the soil and surrounding ecosystem. This is done by allowing the residue of the previous harvest's crops to remain in the soil before tilling for the next crop. Conservation tillage has shown to improve
514:
Environmental modelling indicates that globally over 60% of global agricultural land (~24.5 million km²) is "at risk of pesticide pollution by more than one active ingredient", and that over 30% is at "high risk" of which a third are in high-biodiversity regions. Each pesticide or pesticide
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In addition to the increased runoff that results from plasticulture, there is also the problem of the increased amount of waste from the plastic mulch itself. The use of plastic mulch for vegetables, strawberries, and other row and orchard crops exceeds 110 million pounds annually in the United
42:
When evaluating environmental impact, experts use two types of indicators: "means-based", which is based on the farmer's production methods, and "effect-based", which is the impact that farming methods have on the farming system or on emissions to the environment. An example of a means-based
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There are three basic strategies for biological control: classical (importation), where a natural enemy of a pest is introduced in the hope of achieving control; inductive (augmentation), in which a large population of natural enemies are administered for quick pest control; and inoculative
952:
that can be a result of many factors, especially from agriculture. Soils hold the majority of the world's biodiversity, and healthy soils are essential for food production and adequate water supply. Common attributes of soil degradation can be salting, waterlogging, compaction, pesticide
597:
is damaging to soil health, microorganisms and beneficial organisms like earthworms. Current science is not clear if there are negative impacts on food or once food grown in plasticulture is eaten by humans. Because of these impacts, some governments, like the
European Union under the
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to meet the demand for food which in turn has increased the effects on the environment. The global population is still increasing and will eventually stabilize, as some critics doubt that food production, due to lower yields from global warming, can support the global population.
229:, this makes livestock the main source of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. A significant reduction in meat consumption is essential to mitigate climate change, especially as the human population increases by a projected 2.3 billion by the middle of the century.
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can carry pesticides into distant aquatic environments or other fields, grazing areas, human settlements and undeveloped areas. Other problems emerge from poor production, transport, storage and disposal practices. Over time, repeat application of pesticides increases
455:
describe the broad series of consequences of using pesticides. The unintended consequences of pesticides is one of the main drivers of the negative impact of modern industrial agriculture on the environment. Pesticides, because they are toxic chemicals meant to kill
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emissions, and ammonia emissions) per unit of field area but higher ammonia emissions, nitrogen leaching and nitrous oxide emissions per product unit. It is believed by many that conventional farming systems cause less rich biodiversity than organic systems.
592:
Plastic used in agriculture was expected to include 6.7 million tons of plastic in 2019 or 2% of global plastic production. Plastic used in agriculture is hard to recycle because of contamination by agricultural chemicals. Moreover, plastic degradation into
1111:
The environmental impact of agriculture can vary depending on the region as well as the type of agriculture production method that is being used. Listed below are some specific environmental issues in various different regions around the world.
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especially, large-scale agriculture has grown and small-scale-agriculture has shrunk due to financial arrangements such as contract farming. Bigger farms tend to favour monocultures, overuse water resources, and accelerate
748:
Deforestation is clearing the Earth's forests on a large scale worldwide and resulting in many land damages. One of the causes of deforestation is clearing land for pasture or crops. According to
British environmentalist
911:. Bacteria and pathogens in manure can make their way into streams and groundwater if grazing, storing manure in lagoons and applying manure to fields is not properly managed. Air pollution caused by agriculture through
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by returning water vapor back to the environment. With no trees, landscapes that were once forests can potentially become barren deserts. The tree's roots also help to hold the soil together, so when they are removed,
34:
practices. The negative impact of agriculture is an old issue that remains a concern even as experts design innovative means to reduce destruction and enhance eco-efficiency. Animal agriculture practices
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towards wetlands or tidal creeks. The runoff from pesticides and chemicals in the plastic can cause serious deformations and death in shellfish as the runoff carries the chemicals toward the oceans.
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practices employed around the world. Despite this, all agricultural practices have been found to have a variety of effects on the environment to some extent. Animal agriculture, in particular
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874:. Once in the environment these pollutants can have both direct effects in surrounding ecosystems, i.e. killing local wildlife or contaminating drinking water, and downstream effects such as
881:
Management practices, or ignorance of them, play a crucial role in the amount and impact of these pollutants. Management techniques range from animal management and housing to the spread of
2822:
Parmar, N.R.; Nirmal Kumar, J.I.; Joshi, C.G. (2015). "Exploring diet-dependent shifts in methanogen and methanotroph diversity in the rumen of
Mehsani buffalo by a metagenomics approach".
30:
varies widely based on practices employed by farmers and by the scale of practice. Farming communities that try to reduce environmental impacts through modifying their practices will adopt
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mulches. While there has been a minor success with this, there is also the problem of how long the plastic takes to degrade, as many biodegradable products take a long time to break down.
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Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of
Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III (WG3) to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
94:. Because of agriculture's importance to global social and environmental systems, the international community has committed to increasing sustainability of food production as part of
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is the idea that agriculture should occur in a way such that we can continue to produce what is necessary without infringing on the ability for future generations to do the same.
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IPCC Special Report on
Climate Change, polution Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse gas fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems
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than agricultural practices focused on fruits, vegetables and other biomass. The emissions of ammonia from cattle waste continue to raise concerns over environmental pollution.
1786:
van der Warf, Hayo; Petit, Jean (December 2002). "Evaluation of the environmental impact of agriculture at the farm level: a comparison and analysis of 12 indicator- methods".
1528:
through attacks on non-target species by any of the above mechanisms, especially when a species is introduced without a thorough understanding of the possible consequences.
709:). Mitigation measures in the food system can be divided into four categories. These are demand-side changes, ecosystem protections, mitigation on farms, and mitigation in
26:
is the effect that different farming practices have on the ecosystems around them, and how those effects can be traced back to those practices. The environmental impact of
893:. Bad management practices include poorly managed animal feeding operations, overgrazing, plowing, fertilizer, and improper, excessive, or badly timed use of pesticides.
862:
of the environment and surrounding ecosystems, and/or cause injury to humans and their economic interests. The pollution may come from a variety of sources, ranging from
3745:
Tuomisto, H.L.; Hodge, I.D.; Riordan, P.; Macdonald, D.W. (December 2012). "Does organic farming reduce environmental impacts? – A meta-analysis of
European research".
4379:
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Friel, Sharon; Dangour, Alan D.; Garnett, Tara; et al. (2009). "Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: food and agriculture".
795:(FAO) found that "the role of population dynamics in a local setting may vary from decisive to negligible," and that deforestation can result from "a combination of
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makeup over half of total greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. Indirect emissions on the other hand come from the conversion of non-agricultural land such as
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3298:
3390:"Soil Erosion and Conservation Based in part on the article "Soil erosion and conservation" by W. S. Fyfe, which appeared in the Encyclopedia of Environmetrics ."
1820:; Smith, P.; Thornton, P. K.; Toulmin, C.; Vermeulen, S. J.; Godfray, H. C. J. (2013-07-04). "Sustainable Intensification in Agriculture: Premises and Policies".
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Van Oost, K.; et al. (2000). “Evaluating the effects of changes in landscape structure on soil erosion by water and tillage”. Landscape
Ecology 15 (6):579-591.
729:. Several methods are also under investigation to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from livestock farming. These include genetic selection, introduction of
3870:
Teague, W. R.; Apfelbaum, S.; Lal, R.; Kreuter, U. P.; Rowntree, J.; Davies, C. A.; Conser, R.; Rasmussen, M.; Hatfield, J.; Wang, T.; Wang, F. (2016-03-01).
54:, water, the air, animal and soil variety, people, plants, and the food itself. Agriculture contributes to a number larger of environmental issues that cause
4684:
3481:
Govers, G.; et al. (1999). “Tillage erosion and translocation: emergence of a new paradigm in soil erosion research”. Soil & Tillage
Research 51:167–174.
4662:
4236:
Food security and climate change. A report by the High Level Panel of
Experts (HLPE) on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security
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Food security and climate change. A report by the High Level Panel of
Experts (HLPE) on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security
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in agriculture. Farmers use plastic sheets as mulch to cover 50-70% of the soil and allow them to use drip irrigation systems to have better control over
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2006:
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Garnett, T.; Appleby, M. C.; Balmford, A.; Bateman, I. J.; Benton, T. G.; Bloomer, P.; Burlingame, B.; Dawkins, M.; Dolan, L.; Fraser, D.; Herrero, M.;
981:. 25 to 40 percent of eroded soil ends up in water sources. Soil that carries pesticides and fertilizers pollutes the bodies of water it enters. In the
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1518:. Biological control agents of plant diseases are most often referred to as antagonists. Biological control agents of weeds include seed predators,
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Natural enemies of insects play an important part in limiting the densities of potential pests. Biological control agents such as these include
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from the atmosphere and sequestration. Along with reduction of carbon emissions, carbon sequestration is gaining popularity in agriculture, and
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as well as in the 2024 UNEP Actions on Air Quality report. Mitigation of agricultural pollution is a key component in the development of a
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applications. The plastic materials themselves are often and broadly referred to as "ag plastics". Plasticulture ag plastics include soil
2035:"Rapid global phaseout of animal agriculture has the potential to stabilize greenhouse gas levels for 30 years and offset 68 percent of CO
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4595:
2122:
685:
140:
132:
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Seufert, Verena; Ramankutty, Navin; Foley, Jonathan A. (25 April 2012). "Comparing the yields of organic and conventional agriculture".
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1087:. Rain is not required in this system, and farms that use plasticulture are built to encourage the fastest runoff of rain. The use of
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and World Inequality Lab, found that 1% of land owners manage 70% of the world's farmland. The highest discrepancy can be found in
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describes several different planning processes that can be used on farms. It also includes links to several webcasts. Part of the
4140:
Holland, J. M. (2004-06-01). "The environmental consequences of adopting conservation tillage in Europe: reviewing the evidence".
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reach a destination other than their target species, because they are sprayed or spread across entire agricultural fields. Other
218:
36:
2929:
Eckard, R. J.; et al. (2010). "Options for the abatement of methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: A review".
1491:, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. It can be an important component of
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Lamberth, C.; Jeanmart, S.; Luksch, T.; Plant, A. (2013). "Current Challenges and Trends in the Discovery of Agrochemicals".
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500:, while its effects on other species can facilitate the pest's resurgence. Alternatives to heavy use of pesticides, such as
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contamination, a decline in soil structure quality, loss of fertility, changes in soil acidity, alkalinity, salinity, and
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3005:
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extracted to meet the same level of production. A European meta-analysis found that organic farms tended to have higher
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Thaler, E.A.; et al. (2021). “Thaler et al_The extent of soil loss across the US Corn Belt”. PNAS 118 (8) e1922375118
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113:'s 2021 "Making Peace with Nature" report highlighted agriculture as both a driver and an industry under threat from
4299:
Qaim, Matin (2010). "Benefits of genetically modified crops for the poor: household income, nutrition, and health".
3846:
1752:"A Biotreatment Effect on Dynamics of Cattle Manure Composition and Reduction of Ammonia Emissions from Agriculture"
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3012:. Sustainable Development Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Archived from
772:
578:, but the term is most often used to describe all kinds of plastic plant/soil coverings. Such coverings range from
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Coupled systems from agricultural trade leading to regional effects from cascading effects and spillover systems.
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Making Peace with Nature: A scientific blueprint to tackle the climate, biodiversity and pollution emergencies
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1980:
341:. Over-irrigation can cause deep drainage from rising water tables that can lead to problems of irrigation
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1991:
1958:
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causes the loss of habitat for millions of species, and is also a driver of climate change. Trees act as a
705:
There are many strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture (this is one of the goals of
599:
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Emissions Gap Report 2022: The Closing Window — Climate crisis calls for rapid transformation of societies
418:
A farmworker wearing protective equipment pouring a concentrated pesticide into a sprayer tank with water.
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1499:(conservation), in which measures are taken to maintain natural enemies through regular reestablishment.
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is an effective way to reduce food emissions. Changes to a diet less reliant on animal products such as
636:
is significant: The agriculture, forestry and land use sectors contribute between 13% and 21% of global
5294:
2979:
1717:
Gołaś, Marlena; Sulewski, Piotr; Wąs, Adam; Kłoczko-Gajewska, Anna; Pogodzińska, Kinga (October 2020).
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improves, input requirements may decrease, and crop yields may increase as soils are more resilient to
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1987:
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One quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions result from food and agriculture (data from 2019).
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Pesticides being sprayed onto a recently plowed field by tractor. Aerial spraying is a main source of
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Schreefel, L.; Schulte, R.P.O.; De Boer, I.J.M.; Schrijver, A. Pas; Van Zanten, H.H.E. (2020-09-01).
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2317:"A survey of honey bee-collected pollen reveals widespread contamination by agricultural pesticides"
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Part 75. Conditions and provisions for developing a national strategy for biodiversity conservation
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907:. Pollutants from farming include sediments, nutrients, pathogens, pesticides, metals, and salts.
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Lindstrom, M.; et al. (2001). “Tillage Erosion: An Overview”. Annals of Arid Zone 40(3): 337-349.
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The exponential population increase in recent decades has increased the practice of agricultural
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31:
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material from non-farm sources. Regenerative agriculture on small farms and gardens is based on
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The environmental impact of agriculture involves impacts on a variety of different factors: the
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Website with free articles and software on environmental impacts of irrigated agriculture like
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863:
843:
820:
370:
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3622:"Pesticides and Plastic Mulch Threaten the Health of Maryland and Virginia East Shore Waters"
3094:"Actions on Air Quality. A Global Summary of Policies and Programmes to Reduce Air Pollution"
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3069:(2019). Shukla, P.R.; Skea, J.; Calvo Buendia, E.; Masson-Delmotte, V.; et al. (eds.).
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2885:"Mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions from dairy cows: Update review"
8:
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3052:"Investigating the Environmental Effects of Agriculture Practices on Natural Resources".
2915:
Martin, C. et al. 2010. Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale.
2809:"The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review"
2808:
1750:
NaujokienÄ—, Vilma; BagdonienÄ—, IndrÄ—; Bleizgys, Rolandas; RubeĹľius, Mantas (April 2021).
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2441:"Food production is responsible for one-quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions"
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Tang, Fiona H. M.; Lenzen, Manfred; McBratney, Alexander; Maggi, Federico (April 2021).
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Countries with the highest share of water withdrawal by agriculture in total withdrawal.
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Allievi, Francesca; Antonelli, Marta; Dembska, Katarzyna; Principato, Ludovica (2019).
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3113:"Food System Outcomes: An Overview and the Contribution to Food Systems Transformation"
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January 2007, pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3001/pdf/508FS2007_3001.pdf. Accessed 2 April 2018.
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United Nations (2015) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015,
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866:(from a single discharge point) to more diffuse, landscape-level causes, also known as
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How to garden the low carbon way: the steps you can take to help combat climate change
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can also occur. The removal of trees also causes extreme fluctuations in temperature.
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2723:"The carbon footprint of foods: are differences explained by the impacts of methane?"
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3502:"Tillage erosion: a review of controlling factors and implications for soil quality"
2958:"Tropical deforestation is 'one of the worst crises since we came out of our caves'"
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2672:
2586:"Panel heterogeneous distribution analysis of trade and modernized agriculture on CO
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Miller, G. T., & Spoolman, S. (2012). Environmental science. Cengage Learning.
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3872:"The role of ruminants in reducing agriculture's carbon footprint in North America"
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3782:"The effects of organic agriculture on biodiversity and abundance: a meta-analysis"
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Animal agriculture has an outsized impact on pollutants that enter the environment
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4976:
4825:
4394:
4383:
4168:
3845:
Underground, The Carbon; Initiative, Regenerative Agriculture; CSU (2017-02-24).
2962:
Mongabay.com / A Place Out of Time: Tropical Rainforests and the Perils They Face
2942:
2557:
Section 4.2: Agriculture's current contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, in:
2525:
2126:
2055:
2034:
1719:"On the Way to Sustainable Agriculture—Eco-Efficiency of Polish Commercial Farms"
1653:
1425:
1376:
1327:
1316:
1217:
1199:
1191:
1100:
1043:
1028:
912:
896:
847:
754:
722:
492:
457:
444:
338:
168:
148:
4259:
3222:
2440:
1895:
Tilman, David; Balzer, Christian; Hill, Jason; Befort, Belinda L. (2011-12-13).
1768:
1751:
1735:
1718:
5226:
5121:
5021:
4949:
4736:
4153:
4058:"Comprehensive Assessment of Soil Health – The Cornell Framework (Version 3.2)"
4008:
3960:
3501:
2241:
2216:
1817:
1629:
1565:
1472:
1403:
1308:
1155:
1092:
766:
488:
447:
and application on loose topsoil increases the chance of runoff into waterways.
4312:
4057:
3937:
3912:
3525:
3177:
3154:"The role of nitrogen in achieving sustainable food systems for healthy diets"
3129:
3112:
3013:
2630:"Carbon emissions from fertilizers could be reduced by as much as 80% by 2050"
2533:
2480:
2412:
1685:
1283:
Regenerative agriculture is not a specific practice. It combines a variety of
965:
5330:
5303:
5209:
5164:
5144:
4966:
4741:
4320:
3946:
3897:
3807:
3672:
3583:
3533:
3451:
3138:
2615:
2544:
2250:
2079:
2064:
1922:
1865:
1575:
1555:
1436:
1315:. Large farms are also increasingly adopting regenerative techniques, using "
1212:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1007:
991:
982:
871:
832:
743:
710:
677:
657:
603:
594:
579:
547:
537:
526:
512:
mitigate these consequences, without the harmful toxic chemical application.
465:
386:
358:
342:
222:
98:
3215:
Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals Through Sustainable Food Systems
3210:
2606:
2585:
2457:
2285:
1913:
1847:
1238:
487:
The negative effects of pesticides are not just in the area of application.
439:
167:, food, and water. Meat is obtained through a variety of methods, including
4902:
4897:
4885:
4845:
4830:
4518:
4328:
3766:
3723:
3195:
2700:
2534:
Emissions due to agriculture. Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018
2495:
Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, Castel V, Rosales M, de Haan C (2006).
2340:
2293:
2176:
2112:
2011:
1940:
1873:
1570:
1525:
1452:
1300:
1292:
1261:
1151:
1047:
995:
978:
970:
949:
750:
730:
477:
378:
323:
192:
4170:
Natural Enemies Handbook: The Illustrated Guide to Biological Pest Control
3888:
3871:
3656:"Agricultural Plastics as Solid Waste: What are the Options for Disposal?"
3431:
3152:
Leip, Adrian; Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon; Kugelberg, Susanna (1 March 2021).
2539:(Report). FAOSTAT Analytical Brief Series. Vol. 18. Rome. p. 2.
2157:
1352:
733:
into the rumen, vaccines, feeds, diet modification and grazing management.
5016:
4971:
4840:
4813:
2858:"Kowbucha, seaweed, vaccines: the race to reduce cows' methane emissions"
2257:
1539:
1476:
1441:
1323:
1296:
1287:
techniques. Practices include maximal recycling of farm waste and adding
1265:
1159:
904:
855:
780:
776:
696:
669:
555:
509:
469:
366:
305:
144:
27:
22:
3715:
3436:. Nyle C. Brady (Fifteenth ed.). Columbus, Ohio. pp. 867–871.
3345:
3329:
1420:
259:
The first environmental effect is increased crop growth, such as in the
5081:
4167:
Flint, Maria Louise; Dreistadt, Steve H. (1998). Clark, Jack K. (ed.).
3780:
Bengtsson, Janne; Ahnström, Johan; Weibull, Ann-Christin (2005-04-01).
1897:"Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture"
1856:
1507:
1484:
1253:
and rehabilitation approach to food and farming systems. It focuses on
1088:
886:
714:
673:
587:
583:
571:
559:
541:
481:
301:
172:
4166:
4084:"18 Organizations Promoting Regenerative Agriculture Around the Globe"
2464:
Nabuurs, G-J.; Mrabet, R.; Abu Hatab, A.; Bustamante, M.; et al.
2007:"Huge reduction in meat-eating 'essential' to avoid climate breakdown"
412:
5204:
4850:
3566:
Soil Erosion. In Environmental sustainability of Canadian agriculture
3111:
Stefanovic, Lilliana; Freytag-Leyer, Barbara; Kahl, Johannes (2020).
1519:
1503:
1488:
1480:
1468:
1413:
1091:
with plasticulture allows pesticides to be transported easier in the
882:
878:
caused by agricultural runoff is concentrated in large water bodies.
859:
836:
785:
649:
563:
473:
313:
152:
102:
4342:
3396:, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. vas031.pub2,
3080:
2901:
2884:
2590:
emissions: The role of renewable and fossil fuel energy consumption"
1749:
4009:"Definition — The Carbon Underground : The Carbon Underground"
3500:
Van Oost, K.; Govers, G.; De Alba, S.; Quine, T. A. (August 2006).
2141:"Pesticide Exposure, Safety Issues, and Risk Assessment Indicators"
1955:
Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
1511:
1356:
1331:
762:
700:
374:
319:
316:
caused by the installation and operation of the irrigation scheme.
264:
202:
1035:
255:
5031:
4981:
3208:
2145:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1605:
1549:
1408:
1288:
1254:
1051:
954:
900:
851:
758:
688:
is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time,
661:
551:
461:
260:
210:
188:
3910:
1716:
695:
Farm animals' digestive systems can be put into two categories:
533:
4855:
2316:
2315:
Tosi, S.; Costa, C.; Vesco, U.; Quaglia, G.; Guido, G. (2018).
2191:"A third of global farmland at 'high' pesticide pollution risk"
1456:
1198:
Agriculture can have negative effects on biodiversity as well.
1015:
986:
799:
and stagnating economic, social and technological conditions."
665:
318:
Amongst some of these problems is the depletion of underground
304:
and the subsequent effects on natural and social conditions in
226:
2494:
2466:"Chapter 7: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU)"
1050:
occurring in cultivated fields due to the movement of soil by
684:
contributes around 5% of all global greenhouse gas emissions.
47:
is being emitted or what the nitrogen content of the soil is.
3744:
3388:
Li, Sheng; Lobb, David A.; Tiessen, Kevin H.D. (2013-01-15),
2584:
Sarkodie, Samuel A.; Ntiamoah, Evans B.; Li, Dongmei (2019).
1815:
1003:
575:
334:
297:
3904:
2463:
1434:) adult with pupal cocoons on its host, a tobacco hornworm (
4363:
4204:
Orchard Pest Management Online, Washington State University
4025:
4001:
3977:
3953:
3110:
3066:
2263:
1464:
1460:
1011:
919:. Addressing these concerns was a central part of the IPCC
645:
293:
51:
4377:
Environmental Planning on Livestock and Poultry Operations
3563:
3499:
1617:
Livestock's Long Shadow – Environmental Issues and Options
1280:, and strengthening the health and vitality of farm soil.
385:
water may damage soil structure owing to the formation of
3869:
3392:, in El-Shaarawi, Abdel H.; Piegorsch, Walter W. (eds.),
3330:"Farms, Their Environmental Harms, and Environmental Law"
3086:
3046:
2498:
Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options
353:. However, if the soil is under-irrigated, it gives poor
4252:
IPCC AR5 WG3 (2014), Edenhofer, O.; et al. (eds.),
3844:
3779:
2214:
4429:
4241:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
2821:
2678:
2567:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
2138:
1416:(above), making them natural biological control agents.
3822:"Our Sustainable Future - Regenerative Ag Description"
3693:
2370:"Why food's plastic problem is bigger than we realise"
1894:
1591:
Stranded assets in the agriculture and forestry sector
1211:
content and lower nutrient losses (nitrogen leaching,
5292:
3506:
Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment
3477:
3475:
3383:
3381:
3151:
2314:
1158:
as being encouraged by nitrogen fertilization of the
484:, can also have negative effects on the environment.
1811:
1809:
1552:(for environmental impacts of irrigated agriculture)
940:
World farm-gate greenhouse gas emissions by activity
432:
Drainage of fertilizers and pesticides into a stream
96:
Sustainable Development Goal 2: “End hunger, achieve
4503:
4388:
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Learning Center
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2085:
2033:Eisen, Michael B.; Brown, Patrick O. (2022-02-01).
1832:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
1781:
1779:
668:into agricultural land. Furthermore, there is also
197:Animal agriculture is a significant contributor to
4062:Cornell University, Cornell Soil Health Laboratory
4033:"Regenerative Organic Agriculture | ORGANIC INDIA"
3604:
3564:Lobb, D.A.; R. L. Clearwater; et al. (2016).
3557:
3548:
3484:
3472:
3378:
2791:"Canada Is Using Genetics to Make Cows Less Gassy"
2583:
2087:
1976:https://www.unep.org/resources/making-peace-nature
915:and animal agriculture practices have an outsized
292:relates to the changes in quantity and quality of
3913:"Regenerative agriculture – the soil is the base"
2473:Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change
2217:"Risk of pesticide pollution at the global scale"
1806:
1785:
5328:
2355:
2139:Damalas, C. A.; Eleftherohorinos, I. G. (2011).
1776:
1061:Tillage erosion in field with diversion terraces
2656:"How livestock farming affects the environment"
2504:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN.
1901:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
977:Large scale farming can cause large amounts of
690:livestock farming is affected by climate change
1581:Environmental effects of soybean imports to EU
4489:
4415:
4055:
3387:
3360:"1% of farms operate 70% of world's farmland"
3032:United States Environmental Protection Agency
3003:
2745:United Nations Environment Programme (2022).
1970:United Nations Environment Programme (2021).
1673:
656:emissions. With regards to direct emissions,
4258:, Cambridge University Press, archived from
4251:
2090:Sustaining the Earth: An Integrated Approach
1524:Biological control can have side-effects on
4272:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2997:
1349:are taking action to fight climate change.
1224:
644:greenhouse gas emissions (for example from
582:film, row coverings, high and low tunnels (
183:. The livestock sector also includes wool,
141:environmental impacts of animal agriculture
133:Environmental impacts of animal agriculture
120:
37:tend to be more environmentally destructive
4496:
4482:
4422:
4408:
4354:Environmental Issues in Animal Agriculture
3596:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3464:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3303:National Estuarine Research Reserve System
3065:
2425:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2032:
2004:
1644:Research Institute for Organic Agriculture
1389:
1173:
891:which can have major environmental impacts
839:area of New Zealand (photographed in 2003)
468:, animals and humans. Over 98% of sprayed
5007:Environmental issues in the United States
4142:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
3936:
3887:
3797:
3671:
3619:
3185:
3128:
3028:"Agricultural Nonpoint Source Fact Sheet"
2900:
2605:
2240:
2166:
2156:
2054:
1988:Mitigation of Climate Change: Full report
1930:
1912:
1855:
1767:
1734:
921:Special Report on Climate Change and Land
634:greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture
618:Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture
610:
377:to carry the salts away. Irrigation with
326:. Soil can be over-irrigated due to poor
4992:Effects of climate change on agriculture
4348:Environmental Impacts of Food Production
4112:"Conservation tillage | ClimateTechWiki"
3653:
1674:Frouz, Jan; Frouzová, Jaroslava (2022).
1419:
1402:
1351:
1237:
1056:
1034:
964:
935:
826:
623:
602:, are beginning to regulate its use and
532:
438:
269:
254:
237:
75:
4139:
4081:
2005:Carrington, Damian (October 10, 2018).
1788:Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
1370:
809:Genetically modified food controversies
721:are also effective. This could include
365:on the soil surface in areas with high
219:land use, land-use change, and forestry
5329:
4997:Effects of climate change on livestock
3876:Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
3327:
3211:"Understanding the Global Food System"
2928:
2760:"Bovine Genomics | Genome Canada"
2086:George Tyler Miller (1 January 2004).
1596:Concentrated animal feeding operations
1039:Eroded hilltops due to tillage erosion
802:
4477:
4403:
4197:
4106:
4104:
3965:regenerativeagriculturedefinition.com
3269:
3267:
3117:Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
2955:
2882:
2397:(First American ed.). New York.
1440:, green background), an example of a
373:to remove these salts or a method of
361:with the consequent buildup of toxic
125:
87:
16:Agricultural and environmental issues
5251:
5107:Tropical cyclones and climate change
4298:
4232:
3429:
3098:United Nations Environment Programme
2558:
2321:The Science of the Total Environment
497:
312:. The effects stem from the altered
143:vary because of the wide variety of
111:United Nations Environment Programme
5337:Environmental impact of agriculture
5140:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion
4430:Environmental impact of agriculture
3989:Regenerative Agriculture Foundation
3847:"What is Regenerative Agriculture?"
3747:Journal of Environmental Management
3275:"Soil Erosion – Causes and Effects"
2788:
2531:
2392:
1319:" and/or "reduced till" practices.
1106:
931:
899:and can be found in lakes, rivers,
761:, 22% due to the growing sector of
453:environmental effects of pesticides
59:
13:
4282:
4173:. University of California Press.
4101:
3433:The nature and properties of soils
3264:
1021:
998:decline. A study from 2020 by the
889:in global agricultural practices,
401:Environmental impact of pesticides
337:water, chemicals, and may lead to
290:environmental impact of irrigation
249:Environmental impact of irrigation
63:
14:
5348:
4787:pharmaceuticals and personal care
4343:Holistic Management International
4336:
4187:from the original on 15 May 2016.
3402:10.1002/9780470057339.vas031.pub2
3081:https://www.ipcc.ch/report/srccl/
1639:Principles of Organic Agriculture
1626:Food and Agriculture Organization
793:Food and Agriculture Organisation
566:/tubing, plastic plant packaging
5314:
5302:
5262:
5261:
5250:
4938:decline in amphibian populations
4643:Deforestation and climate change
3799:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01005.x
3654:Hemphill, Delbert (March 1993).
2569:. pp. 67–69. Archived from
2094:. Thomson/Brooks/Cole. pp.
1395:This section is an excerpt from
1230:This section is an excerpt from
1150:Environmentalists attribute the
1027:This section is an excerpt from
819:This section is an excerpt from
753:, 5% of deforestation is due to
737:
616:This section is an excerpt from
525:This section is an excerpt from
425:
411:
399:This section is an excerpt from
247:This section is an excerpt from
131:This section is an excerpt from
5072:Land surface effects on climate
4529:Environmental impact assessment
4505:Human impact on the environment
4191:
4160:
4133:
4075:
4049:
3863:
3838:
3814:
3773:
3738:
3687:
3647:
3613:
3493:
3423:
3352:
3321:
3291:
3239:
3202:
3145:
3104:
3059:
3020:
2972:
2949:
2922:
2909:
2876:
2850:
2815:
2801:
2782:
2752:
2715:
2648:
2622:
2577:
2551:
2488:
2433:
2386:
2333:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.226
2308:
2208:
2183:
1455:, whether pest animals such as
1412:hoverfly larva (below) feed on
1169:(Socioeconomic Drivers Section)
1140:from livestock in New Zealand.
960:
713:. On the demand side, limiting
284:crises if the aquifers run dry.
83:
79:
4226:
3394:Encyclopedia of Environmetrics
3299:"Agricultural Land Use Issues"
3251:Office of Environment Heritage
3006:"Population and deforestation"
2956:Hance, Jeremy (May 15, 2008).
1964:
1947:
1888:
1743:
1710:
1667:
672:consumption for transport and
177:intensive livestock production
1:
4943:decline in insect populations
4056:Moebius-Clune, B. N. (2016).
3759:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.018
3004:Alain Marcoux (August 2000).
2836:10.1080/21553769.2015.1063550
2693:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61753-0
1800:10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00354-1
1660:
1451:or biocontrol is a method of
1365:
1347:individuals as well as groups
1144:Climate change in New Zealand
813:
676:production. For example, the
393:
233:
4082:Perroni, Eva (16 May 2018).
2943:10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.010
2056:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000010
1992:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
1601:List of environmental issues
1278:resilience to climate change
1000:International Land Coalition
897:greatly affect water quality
895:Pollutants from agriculture
864:point source water pollution
860:contamination or degradation
765:plantations, and 54% due to
600:Circular Economy Action Plan
221:. Together with methane and
7:
3223:10.1007/978-3-030-23969-5_1
1769:10.3390/agriculture11040303
1736:10.3390/agriculture10100438
1532:
1330:and harbor fewer pests and
1242:Biodiversity of Pune, India
973:as a result of agriculture.
791:In 2000 the United Nations
519:
357:, which leads to increased
163:, disease, and significant
10:
5353:
4154:10.1016/j.agee.2003.12.018
3985:"Regenerative Agriculture"
3961:"Regenerative Agriculture"
3851:Regeneration International
3786:Journal of Applied Ecology
3568:. Ottawa. pp. 77–89.
2797:– via www.wired.com.
2242:10.1038/s41561-021-00712-5
1493:integrated pest management
1394:
1374:
1229:
1177:
1026:
868:non-point source pollution
818:
806:
741:
615:
524:
502:integrated pest management
398:
246:
130:
91:
5245:
5180:Environmental engineering
5130:
5027:Environmental degradation
4918:
4804:fishing down the food web
4581:
4511:
4435:
4313:10.1016/j.nbt.2010.07.009
3938:10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100404
3526:10.1191/0309133306pp487ra
3178:10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100408
3130:10.3389/fsufs.2020.546167
2824:Frontiers in Life Science
2636:. University of Cambridge
2481:10.1017/9781009157926.009
1994:. 2022. 7.3.2.1 page 771.
1686:10.1007/978-3-030-83225-4
1550:Agro-hydro-salinity model
1337:Regenerative agriculture
1133:Phosphate mining in Nauru
858:practices that result in
707:climate-smart agriculture
550:is the practice of using
201:. Cows, sheep, and other
187:, the livestock used for
115:environmental degradation
56:environmental degradation
5321:Agriculture and agronomy
5185:Environmental mitigation
5042:Greenhouse gas emissions
5002:Environmental insecurity
4013:thecarbonunderground.org
3673:10.21273/HORTTECH.3.1.70
3620:Kidd, Greg (1999–2000).
1561:Digital Product Passport
1444:biological control agent
1339:mitigates climate change
1247:Regenerative agriculture
1232:Regenerative agriculture
1225:Regenerative agriculture
1067:
917:impact on climate change
757:, 19% due to over-heavy
638:greenhouse gas emissions
460:, can affect non-target
351:subsurface land drainage
199:greenhouse gas emissions
185:egg and dairy production
157:greenhouse gas emissions
121:By agricultural practice
21:environmental impact of
5232:Sustainable consumption
4573:Social ecology (ethics)
4116:www.climatetechwiki.org
2607:10.1111/1477-8947.12183
2594:Natural Resources Forum
2286:10.1126/science.1237227
2125:13 October 2007 at the
2039:emissions this century"
1914:10.1073/pnas.1116437108
1848:10.1126/science.1234485
1522:, and plant pathogens.
1397:Biological pest control
1390:Biological pest control
1285:sustainable agriculture
1204:sustainable agriculture
1185:Sustainable agriculture
1180:Sustainable agriculture
1174:Sustainable agriculture
925:sustainable food system
831:Water pollution due to
731:methanotrophic bacteria
506:sustainable agriculture
369:. This requires either
328:distribution uniformity
314:hydrological conditions
213:are the main source of
181:subsistence agriculture
107:sustainable agriculture
32:sustainable agriculture
5175:Ecological engineering
4955:runaway climate change
4198:Unruh, Tom R. (1993).
4064:(Edition 3.2 ed.)
2660:www.downtoearth.org.in
1649:Stock-free agriculture
1545:Agricultural pollution
1445:
1417:
1360:
1343:carbon dioxide removal
1243:
1119:in the United Kingdom.
1062:
1040:
974:
969:An example of drastic
941:
844:Agricultural pollution
840:
821:Agricultural pollution
640:. Emissions come from
629:
611:By environmental issue
544:
448:
285:
267:
243:
4558:List of global issues
3889:10.2489/jswc.71.2.156
3430:Weil, Ray R. (2016).
3334:Ecology Law Quarterly
2158:10.3390/ijerph8051402
1477:using other organisms
1471:affecting animals or
1423:
1406:
1375:Further information:
1355:
1241:
1060:
1038:
968:
939:
830:
627:
536:
442:
355:soil salinity control
308:and downstream of an
282:
258:
241:
205:digest their food by
5160:Community resilience
4960:in the United States
4928:Biodiversity threats
4601:cannabis cultivation
4568:Planetary boundaries
4534:Environmental issues
4524:Ecological footprint
4247:on 12 December 2014.
4200:"Biological control"
3917:Global Food Security
3279:www.omafra.gov.on.ca
3158:Global Food Security
2919:4 : pp 351-365.
2573:on 12 December 2014.
1381:Conservation tillage
1371:Conservation tillage
1167:Environmental factor
207:enteric fermentation
5222:Restoration ecology
5155:Climate engineering
5092:Ocean acidification
5082:Loss of green belts
5052:Holocene extinction
5047:Habitat destruction
4722:Environmental crime
4350:– Our World in Data
4037:us.organicindia.com
3929:2020GlFS...2600404S
3716:10.1038/nature11069
3708:2012Natur.485..229S
3518:2006PrPG...30..443V
3170:2021GlFS...2800408L
2984:National Geographic
2864:. 30 September 2021
2764:www.genomecanada.ca
2687:(9706): 2016–2025.
2393:Nex, Sally (2021).
2278:2013Sci...341..742L
2233:2021NatGe..14..206T
1907:(50): 20260–20264.
1840:2013Sci...341...33G
1611:Holistic management
1586:Single cell protein
1313:holistic management
1305:restoration ecology
1209:soil organic matter
803:Genetic engineering
797:population pressure
682:nitrogen fertilizer
652:farming). And from
508:techniques such as
165:consumption of land
76:genetic engineering
5237:Waste minimization
5195:Mitigation banking
5190:Industrial ecology
5150:Cleaner production
5102:Resource depletion
4638:Corporate behavior
4596:animal agriculture
4393:2010-12-27 at the
4382:2011-02-09 at the
4262:on 29 October 2014
4233:HLPE (June 2012).
4210:on 6 December 2018
3629:Pesticides and You
3366:. 24 November 2020
3247:"Soil Degradation"
2559:HLPE (June 2012).
1449:Biological control
1446:
1431:Cotesia congregata
1418:
1361:
1270:ecosystem services
1244:
1202:is a multifaceted
1063:
1041:
975:
948:is the decline in
942:
841:
630:
606:produced on farms.
545:
449:
347:watertable control
286:
268:
244:
173:free-range farming
126:Animal agriculture
5290:
5289:
5112:Water degradation
4987:Ecological crisis
4933:biodiversity loss
4732:Industrialisation
4717:Genetic pollution
4563:Impact assessment
4471:
4470:
4301:New Biotechnology
4294:978-1-305-25716-0
4180:978-0-520-21801-7
3702:(7397): 229–232.
3575:978-0-660-04855-0
3443:978-0-13-325448-8
3411:978-0-471-89997-6
3328:Ruhl, JB (2000).
3232:978-3-030-23968-8
3217:. pp. 3–23.
3034:. EPA. 2015-02-20
2931:Livestock Science
2889:Can. J. Anim. Sci
2883:Boadi, D (2004).
2770:on 10 August 2019
2727:Our World in Data
2511:978-92-5-105571-7
2445:Our World in Data
2404:978-0-7440-2928-4
2221:Nature Geoscience
2118:Tashkent (1998),
2105:978-0-534-40088-0
1695:978-3-030-83224-7
1453:controlling pests
1138:Methane emissions
1123:Soil salinisation
903:, estuaries, and
727:meat alternatives
719:plant-based diets
686:Livestock farming
562:film, irrigation
540:used for growing
310:irrigation scheme
280:
215:methane emissions
161:biodiversity loss
68:biodiversity loss
5344:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5307:
5306:
5298:
5265:
5264:
5254:
5253:
5087:Phosphorus cycle
5067:Land consumption
5062:Land degradation
5037:Freshwater cycle
4836:Overexploitation
4809:marine pollution
4616:cocoa production
4498:
4491:
4484:
4475:
4474:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4401:
4400:
4360:magazine article
4332:
4277:
4271:
4263:
4248:
4243:. Archived from
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4206:. Archived from
4195:
4189:
4188:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4118:. Archived from
4108:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3940:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3891:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3801:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3675:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3626:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3595:
3587:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3463:
3455:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3309:on 24 April 2015
3305:. Archived from
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3271:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3189:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3132:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3090:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3063:
3057:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2968:on May 29, 2012.
2964:. Archived from
2953:
2947:
2946:
2926:
2920:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2789:Airhart, Ellen.
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2766:. Archived from
2756:
2750:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2609:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2521:on 25 June 2008.
2520:
2514:. Archived from
2503:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2470:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2424:
2416:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2366:
2353:
2352:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2244:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2160:
2136:
2130:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2093:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2058:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1984:
1978:
1968:
1962:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1916:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1859:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1794:(1–3): 131–145.
1783:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1671:
1495:(IPM) programs.
1274:biosequestration
1264:, improving the
1125:, especially in
1117:Hedgerow removal
1107:Issues by region
1002:, together with
946:Soil degradation
932:Soil degradation
913:land use changes
723:milk substitutes
429:
415:
349:by some form of
281:
88:soil degradation
5352:
5351:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5315:
5313:
5301:
5293:
5291:
5286:
5241:
5200:Organic farming
5126:
5117:Water pollution
5097:Ozone depletion
5077:Loss and damage
4977:Desertification
4914:
4826:Overconsumption
4747:cleaning agents
4648:Energy industry
4611:meat production
4577:
4507:
4502:
4472:
4467:
4431:
4428:
4395:Wayback Machine
4384:Wayback Machine
4339:
4285:
4283:Further reading
4265:
4264:
4239:. Rome, Italy:
4229:
4224:
4223:
4213:
4211:
4196:
4192:
4181:
4165:
4161:
4138:
4134:
4125:
4123:
4110:
4109:
4102:
4092:
4090:
4080:
4076:
4067:
4065:
4054:
4050:
4041:
4039:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4017:
4015:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3993:
3991:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3969:
3967:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3909:
3905:
3868:
3864:
3855:
3853:
3843:
3839:
3830:
3828:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3778:
3774:
3743:
3739:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3652:
3648:
3638:
3636:
3624:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3589:
3588:
3576:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3473:
3457:
3456:
3444:
3428:
3424:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3386:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3326:
3322:
3312:
3310:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3283:
3281:
3273:
3272:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3207:
3203:
3150:
3146:
3109:
3105:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3075:
3064:
3060:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2980:"Deforestation"
2978:
2977:
2973:
2954:
2950:
2927:
2923:
2914:
2910:
2902:10.4141/a03-109
2881:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2820:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2744:
2740:
2731:
2729:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2677:
2673:
2664:
2662:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2589:
2582:
2578:
2565:. Rome, Italy:
2556:
2552:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2512:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2475:. p. 750.
2468:
2462:
2458:
2449:
2447:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2418:
2417:
2405:
2391:
2387:
2378:
2376:
2368:
2367:
2356:
2313:
2309:
2272:(6147): 742–6.
2262:
2258:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2151:(12): 1402–19.
2137:
2133:
2127:Wayback Machine
2117:
2113:
2106:
2084:
2080:
2049:(2): e0000010.
2038:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2003:
1999:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1969:
1965:
1952:
1948:
1893:
1889:
1834:(AAAS): 33–34.
1818:Hoffmann, Irene
1814:
1807:
1784:
1777:
1748:
1744:
1715:
1711:
1696:
1677:Applied Ecology
1672:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1654:Tillage erosion
1535:
1530:
1529:
1479:. It relies on
1426:parasitoid wasp
1400:
1392:
1383:
1377:No-till farming
1373:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1328:extreme weather
1235:
1227:
1218:Organic farming
1200:Organic farming
1192:land conversion
1182:
1176:
1109:
1101:photodegradable
1070:
1065:
1064:
1044:Tillage erosion
1032:
1029:Tillage erosion
1024:
1022:Tillage erosion
963:
944:
934:
929:
928:
824:
816:
811:
805:
755:cattle ranching
746:
740:
735:
734:
646:rice production
621:
613:
608:
607:
530:
522:
517:
516:
498:pest resistance
493:pesticide drift
445:pesticide drift
437:
436:
435:
434:
433:
430:
421:
420:
419:
416:
404:
396:
391:
390:
339:water pollution
300:as a result of
270:
252:
236:
231:
230:
169:organic farming
149:meat production
136:
128:
123:
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5350:
5340:
5339:
5324:
5323:
5311:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5258:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5227:Sustainability
5224:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5136:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5122:Water scarcity
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5057:Nitrogen cycle
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5022:Forest dieback
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4950:Climate change
4947:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4924:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4767:nanotechnology
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4587:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4551:on marine life
4543:
4542:
4541:
4539:list of issues
4531:
4526:
4521:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4501:
4500:
4493:
4486:
4478:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4374:
4361:
4351:
4345:
4338:
4337:External links
4335:
4334:
4333:
4307:(5): 552–557.
4296:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4249:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4190:
4179:
4159:
4132:
4100:
4074:
4048:
4024:
4000:
3976:
3952:
3903:
3882:(2): 156–164.
3862:
3837:
3813:
3792:(2): 261–269.
3772:
3737:
3686:
3660:HortTechnology
3646:
3612:
3603:
3574:
3556:
3547:
3512:(4): 443–466.
3492:
3483:
3471:
3442:
3422:
3410:
3377:
3351:
3340:(2): 263–349.
3320:
3290:
3263:
3238:
3231:
3201:
3144:
3103:
3085:
3058:
3045:
3019:
3016:on 2011-06-28.
2996:
2971:
2948:
2937:(1–3): 47–56.
2921:
2908:
2895:(3): 319–335.
2875:
2849:
2830:(4): 371–378.
2814:
2800:
2781:
2751:
2738:
2714:
2671:
2647:
2621:
2600:(3): 135–153.
2587:
2576:
2550:
2524:
2510:
2487:
2456:
2432:
2403:
2385:
2354:
2307:
2256:
2227:(4): 206–210.
2207:
2182:
2131:
2111:
2104:
2078:
2036:
2025:
1997:
1979:
1963:
1946:
1887:
1805:
1775:
1742:
1709:
1694:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1630:United Nations
1624:Report by the
1621:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1566:Ethical eating
1563:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1401:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1309:keyline design
1236:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1178:Main article:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1156:Gulf of Mexico
1148:
1135:
1130:
1120:
1108:
1105:
1093:surface runoff
1081:soil nutrients
1075:is the use of
1069:
1066:
1033:
1025:
1023:
1020:
962:
959:
933:
930:
854:byproducts of
825:
817:
815:
812:
804:
801:
767:slash-and-burn
742:Main article:
739:
736:
632:The amount of
622:
614:
612:
609:
586:), to plastic
531:
523:
521:
518:
431:
424:
423:
422:
417:
410:
409:
408:
407:
406:
405:
397:
395:
392:
253:
245:
235:
232:
137:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
60:climate change
44:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5349:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5322:
5312:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5259:
5257:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5210:Reforestation
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5165:Cultured meat
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5145:Birth control
5143:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
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5018:
5015:
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5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4967:Deforestation
4965:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
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4911:
4908:
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4758:
4755:
4753:
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4748:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4742:Manufacturing
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4690:nuclear power
4688:
4686:
4685:fracking (US)
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4664:
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4499:
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4476:
4465:
4464:United States
4462:
4460:
4457:
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4450:
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4406:
4405:
4402:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4364:Waterlog.info
4362:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
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4306:
4302:
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4291:
4287:
4286:
4275:
4269:
4261:
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4237:
4231:
4230:
4209:
4205:
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4194:
4186:
4182:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4163:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4122:on 2017-05-05
4121:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4038:
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3074:
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3068:
3062:
3055:
3049:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3010:SD Dimensions
3007:
3000:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2912:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2810:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2748:
2742:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2635:
2634:Science Daily
2631:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2554:
2546:
2542:
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2528:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2500:
2499:
2491:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2428:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2115:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2029:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1810:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1780:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1687:
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1679:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
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1640:
1637:
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1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1576:Meat analogue
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:Cultured meat
1554:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1437:Manduca sexta
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1276:, increasing
1275:
1272:, supporting
1271:
1267:
1263:
1260:, increasing
1259:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1233:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1213:nitrous oxide
1210:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:plastic mulch
1074:
1073:Plasticulture
1059:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1046:is a form of
1045:
1037:
1030:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:Latin America
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
992:deforestation
988:
984:
983:United States
980:
972:
967:
958:
956:
951:
947:
938:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
872:air pollution
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
838:
834:
833:dairy farming
829:
822:
810:
800:
798:
794:
789:
787:
782:
778:
774:
773:Deforestation
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
745:
744:Deforestation
738:Deforestation
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
711:supply chains
708:
704:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:nitrous oxide
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
626:
619:
605:
604:plastic waste
601:
596:
595:microplastics
591:
589:
585:
581:
580:plastic mulch
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
554:materials in
553:
549:
548:Plasticulture
543:
539:
538:Plastic mulch
535:
528:
527:Plasticulture
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
478:agrochemicals
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
446:
441:
428:
414:
402:
388:
387:alkaline soil
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:soil salinity
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
266:
262:
257:
250:
240:
228:
224:
223:nitrous oxide
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
134:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:and improved
100:
99:food security
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
64:deforestation
61:
57:
53:
48:
40:
38:
33:
29:
25:
24:
4903:urban sprawl
4898:Urbanization
4846:Particulates
4831:Overdrafting
4590:
4546:Human impact
4519:Anthropocene
4372:salinization
4368:waterlogging
4357:
4304:
4300:
4260:the original
4254:
4245:the original
4235:
4212:. Retrieved
4208:the original
4203:
4193:
4169:
4162:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4124:. Retrieved
4120:the original
4115:
4091:. Retrieved
4087:
4077:
4066:. Retrieved
4061:
4051:
4040:. Retrieved
4036:
4027:
4016:. Retrieved
4012:
4003:
3992:. Retrieved
3988:
3979:
3968:. Retrieved
3964:
3955:
3920:
3916:
3906:
3879:
3875:
3865:
3854:. Retrieved
3850:
3840:
3829:. Retrieved
3826:csuchico.edu
3825:
3816:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3677:. Retrieved
3666:(1): 70–73.
3663:
3659:
3649:
3637:. Retrieved
3632:
3628:
3615:
3606:
3565:
3559:
3550:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3486:
3432:
3425:
3415:, retrieved
3393:
3368:. Retrieved
3364:the Guardian
3363:
3354:
3337:
3333:
3323:
3311:. Retrieved
3307:the original
3302:
3293:
3282:. Retrieved
3278:
3254:. Retrieved
3250:
3241:
3214:
3204:
3161:
3157:
3147:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3088:
3071:
3061:
3053:
3048:
3036:. Retrieved
3031:
3022:
3014:the original
3009:
2999:
2987:. Retrieved
2983:
2974:
2966:the original
2961:
2951:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2916:
2911:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2866:. Retrieved
2862:The Guardian
2861:
2852:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2803:
2794:
2784:
2772:. Retrieved
2768:the original
2763:
2754:
2741:
2730:. Retrieved
2726:
2717:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2663:. Retrieved
2659:
2650:
2638:. Retrieved
2633:
2624:
2597:
2593:
2579:
2571:the original
2561:
2553:
2532:FAO (2020).
2527:
2516:the original
2497:
2490:
2472:
2459:
2448:. Retrieved
2444:
2435:
2394:
2388:
2377:. Retrieved
2373:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2198:. Retrieved
2194:
2185:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2114:
2089:
2081:
2046:
2043:PLOS Climate
2042:
2028:
2016:. Retrieved
2012:The Guardian
2010:
2000:
1982:
1971:
1966:
1949:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1827:
1821:
1791:
1787:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1676:
1669:
1632:
1616:
1571:Fermentation
1526:biodiversity
1501:
1497:
1447:
1442:hymenopteran
1435:
1429:
1407:
1384:
1336:
1321:
1301:agroforestry
1293:permaculture
1282:
1268:, enhancing
1262:biodiversity
1258:regeneration
1251:conservation
1245:
1197:
1189:
1183:
1152:hypoxic zone
1141:
1110:
1097:
1071:
1048:soil erosion
1042:
996:soil quality
979:soil erosion
976:
971:soil erosion
961:Soil erosion
950:soil quality
943:
880:
842:
790:
771:
751:Norman Myers
747:
694:
653:
641:
631:
572:nursery pots
556:agricultural
546:
542:strawberries
486:
470:insecticides
458:pest species
450:
324:overdrafting
306:river basins
287:
209:, and their
193:fish farming
151:, can cause
145:agricultural
138:
105:and promote
49:
41:
20:
18:
5309:Environment
5017:Externality
5012:Coral reefs
4972:Defaunation
4841:Overgrazing
4814:overfishing
4794:Marine life
4668:electricity
4591:Agriculture
4459:New Zealand
4227:Works cited
4148:(1): 1–25.
3753:: 309–320.
3370:25 November
3078:. In press.
2640:17 February
2374:www.bbc.com
2327:: 208–218.
2018:October 16,
1974:. Nairobi.
1857:10871/19385
1756:Agriculture
1729:(10): 438.
1723:Agriculture
1540:Agroecology
1516:competitors
1508:parasitoids
1324:soil health
1297:agroecology
1266:water cycle
1160:algae bloom
905:groundwater
887:fertilizers
781:water cycle
777:carbon sink
697:monogastric
680:and use of
678:manufacture
670:fossil fuel
588:greenhouses
584:polytunnels
510:polyculture
482:fertilizers
472:and 95% of
383:high-sodium
367:evaporation
263:gardens in
58:including:
28:agriculture
23:agriculture
5282:mitigation
5277:assessment
5272:by country
5170:Decoupling
5132:Mitigation
4861:Reservoirs
4782:pesticides
4727:Explosives
4705:reservoirs
4606:irrigation
4449:Madagascar
4214:8 November
4126:2017-05-04
4068:2021-04-17
4042:2017-03-09
4018:2017-03-07
3994:2017-03-09
3970:2017-03-07
3923:: 100404.
3856:2017-03-09
3831:2017-03-09
3635:(4): 22–23
3417:2021-03-30
3284:2018-04-11
3164:: 100408.
2868:1 December
2749:. Nairobi.
2732:2023-04-14
2681:The Lancet
2665:2022-02-10
2450:2023-07-20
2413:1241100709
2379:2021-03-27
1990:(Report).
1959:A/RES/70/1
1762:(4): 303.
1661:References
1520:herbivores
1485:parasitism
1366:Techniques
1089:pesticides
883:pesticides
876:dead zones
846:refers to
814:Pollutants
807:See also:
715:food waste
674:fertilizer
560:fumigation
480:, such as
474:herbicides
464:, such as
394:Pesticides
345:requiring
332:management
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