337:
the non-interaction of light with surroundings. Therefore, it is essential to exploit novel fiber-optic structures to disturb the light propagation, thereby enabling the interaction of the light with surroundings and constructing fiber-optic sensors. Until now, several methods, including polishing, chemical etching, tapering, bending, as well as femtosecond grating inscription, have been proposed to tailor the light propagation and prompt the interaction of light with sensing materials. In the above-mentioned fiber-optic structures, the enhanced evanescent fields can be efficiently excited to induce the light to expose to and interact with the surrounding medium. However, the fibers themselves can only sense very few kinds of analytes with low-sensitivity and zero-selectivity, which greatly limits their development and applications, especially for biosensors that require both high-sensitivity and high-selectivity. To overcome the issue, an efficient way is to resort to responsive materials, which possess the ability to change their properties, such as RI, absorption, conductivity, etc., once the surrounding environments change. Due to the rapid progress of functional materials in recent years, various sensing materials are available for fiber-optic chemical sensors and biosensors fabrication, including graphene, metals and metal oxides, carbon nanotubes, nanowires, nanoparticles, polymers, quantum dots, etc. Generally, these materials reversibly change their shape/volume upon stimulation by the surrounding environments (the target analysts), which then leads to the variation of RI or absorption of the sensing materials. Consequently, the surrounding changes will be recorded and interrogated by the optical fibers, realizing sensing functions of optical fibers. Currently, various fiber-optic chemical sensors and biosensors have been proposed and demonstrated.
273:
extensively in several industries like telecommunication, automotive, aerospace, energy, etc. Fiber Bragg gratings are sensitive to the static pressure, mechanical tension and compression and fiber temperature changes. The efficiency of fiber Bragg grating based fiber-optic sensors can be provided by means of central wavelength adjustment of light emitting source in accordance with the current Bragg gratings reflection spectra.
325:, the temperature changes are translated into resistance changes. The PRT must therefore have an electrical power supply. The modulated voltage level at the output of the PRT can then be injected into the optical fiber via the usual type of transmitter. This complicates the measurement process and means that low-voltage power cables must be routed to the transducer.
44:
either as the sensing element ("intrinsic sensors"), or as a means of relaying signals from a remote sensor to the electronics that process the signals ("extrinsic sensors"). Fibers have many uses in remote sensing. Depending on the application, fiber may be used because of its small size, or because
113:
or transit time of light in the fiber. Sensors that vary the intensity of light are the simplest, since only a simple source and detector are required. A particularly useful feature of intrinsic fiber-optic sensors is that they can, if required, provide distributed sensing over very large distances.
336:
It is well-known the propagation of light in optical fiber is confined in the core of the fiber based on the total internal reflection (TIR) principle and near-zero propagation loss within the cladding, which is very important for the optical communication but limits its sensing applications due to
163:
applications. Hydrophone systems with more than one hundred sensors per fiber cable have been developed. Hydrophone sensor systems are used by the oil industry as well as a few countries' navies. Both bottom-mounted hydrophone arrays and towed streamer systems are in use. The German company
272:
Fiber Bragg grating based fiber-optic sensors significantly enhance performance, efficiency and safety in several industries. With FBG integrated technology, sensors can provide detailed analysis and comprehensive reports on insights with very high resolution. These type of sensors are used
214:. This is particularly useful when acquiring information from small or complex structures. Fiber optic sensors are also particularly well suited for remote monitoring, and they can be interrogated 290 km away from the monitoring station using an optical fiber cable.
320:
Extrinsic fiber-optic sensors provide excellent protection of measurement signals against noise corruption. Unfortunately, many conventional sensors produce electrical output which must be converted into an optical signal for use with fiber. For example, in the case of a
293:
light from either a non-fiber optical sensor, or an electronic sensor connected to an optical transmitter. A major benefit of extrinsic sensors is their ability to reach places which are otherwise inaccessible. An example is the measurement of temperature inside
249:
cause considerable phase change in the presence of the external field. With appropriate sensor design, this type of fiber can be used to measure different electrical and magnetic quantities and different internal parameters of fiber material.
179:
and fiber-optic based headphone are useful in areas with strong electrical or magnetic fields, such as communication amongst the team of people working on a patient inside a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine during MRI-guided surgery.
973:
Yin, Ming-jie; Gu, Bobo; An, Quan-Fu; Yang, Chengbin; Guan, Yong Liang; Yong, Ken-Tye (December 1, 2018). "Recent development of fiber-optic chemical sensors and biosensors: Mechanisms, materials, micro/nano-fabrications and applications".
183:
Optical fiber sensors for temperature and pressure have been developed for downhole measurement in oil wells. The fiber-optic sensor is well suited for this environment as it functions at temperatures too high for semiconductor sensors
253:
Electrical power can be measured in a fiber by using a structured bulk fiber ampere sensor coupled with proper signal processing in a polarimetric detection scheme. Experiments have been carried out in support of the technique.
530:
53:
along the length of a fiber by using light wavelength shift for each sensor, or by sensing the time delay as light passes along the fiber through each sensor. Time delay can be determined using a device such as an
951:
736:
Soto, Marcelo A.; Angulo-Vinuesa, Xabier; Martin-Lopez, Sonia; Chin, Sang-Hoon; Ania-Castanon, Juan Diego; Corredera, Pedro; Rochat, Etienne; Gonzalez-Herraez, Miguel; Thevenaz, Luc (2004).
241:
High frequency (5 MHz–1 GHz) electromagnetic fields can be detected by induced nonlinear effects in fiber with a suitable structure. The fiber used is designed such that the
538:
442:
Zhao, Donghui; Zhou, Kaiming; Chen, Xianfeng F.; Zhang, Lin; Bennion, Ian; Flockhart, Gordon M. H.; MacPherson, William N.; Barton, James S.; Jones, Julian D. C. (July 2004).
405:
Strong, Andrew P.; Lees, Gareth; Hartog, Arthur H.; Twohig, Richard; Kader, Kamal; Hilton, Graeme (December 2009). "An
Integrated System for Pipeline Condition Monitoring".
137:
effects in specially-doped fiber, which alter the polarization of light as a function of voltage or electric field. Angle measurement sensors can be based on the
591:
829:
Ghosh, S.K.; Sarkar, S.K.; Chakraborty, S.; Dan, S. (2006). "High frequency electric field effect on plane of polarization in single-mode optical fiber".
561:
928:
881:"Add Trip Security to Arc-Flash Detection for Safety and Reliability, Proceedings of the 35th Annual Western Protective Relay Conference, Spokane, WA"
691:
DeMiguel-Soto, Veronica (2018). "Ultra-long (290 km) remote interrogation sensor network based on a random distributed feedback fiber laser".
767:
226:
A fiber-optic AC/DC voltage sensor in the middle and high voltage range (100–2000 V) can be created by inducing measurable amounts of
669:
622:"Dual temperature and strain sensor using a combined fiber Bragg grating and fluorescence intensity ratio technique in Er-doped fiber"
486:"Use of Dual-Grating Sensors Formed by Different Types of Fiber Bragg Gratings for Simultaneous Temperature and Strain Measurements"
929:"A New Fiber Optical Thermometer and Its Application for Process Control in Strong Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields"
210:
Fiber-optic sensors have been developed to measure co-located temperature and strain simultaneously with very high accuracy using
508:
798:
328:
Extrinsic sensors are used to measure vibration, rotation, displacement, velocity, acceleration, torque, and temperature.
896:"Central wavelength adjustment of light emitting source in interferometric sensors based on fiber-optic Bragg gratings"
814:
Ghosh, S.K.; Sarkar, S.K.; Chakraborty, S. (2002). "Design and development of a fiber optic intrinsic voltage sensor".
17:
309:
located outside the engine. Extrinsic sensors can also be used in the same way to measure the internal temperature of
844:
Ghosh, S.K.; Sarkar, S.K.; Chakraborty, S. (2006). "A proposal for single mode fiber optic watt measurement scheme".
595:
55:
621:
373:
353:
322:
185:
429:"Bend Sensors with Direction Recognition Based on Long-Period Gratings Written in D-Shaped Fiber by D. Zhao etc"
880:
463:
234:
by exposing a calculated length of fiber to the external electric field. The measurement technique is based on
565:
346:
66:
444:"Implementation of vectorial bend sensors using long-period gratings UV-inscribed in special shape fibres"
218:
effects can also be used to detect strain and temperature over large distances (20–120 kilometers).
86:
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145:
754:
286:
266:
737:
749:
485:
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and other quantities by modifying a fiber so that the quantity to be measured modulates the
738:"Extending the Real Remoteness of Long-Range Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Fiber Analyzers"
215:
130:
106:
59:
8:
912:
895:
282:
211:
148:(LPG) optical fibers can be used for direction recognition . Photonics Research Group of
122:
98:
893:
861:
794:
718:
459:
227:
894:
Aleynik A.S.; Kireenkova A.Yu.; Mekhrengin M.V.; Chirgin M.A.; Belikin M.N. (2015).
500:
1007:
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46:
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Scientific and
Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics
204:
118:
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242:
192:
987:
77:. Fiber-optic sensors can be designed to withstand high temperatures as well.
69:, and do not conduct electricity so they can be used in places where there is
1001:
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643:
238:
detection and high accuracy is achieved in a hostile industrial environment.
203:
and in some car models (for navigation purposes). They are also used to make
138:
102:
41:
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to enable fast tripping of a breaker to reduce the energy in the arc blast.
722:
70:
50:
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in UK has some publications on vectorial bend sensor applications.
94:
74:
793:. San Diego, California, USA: Academic Press. pp. Chapter 7.
735:
620:
Trpkovski, S.; Wade, S. A.; Baxter, G. W.; Collins, S. F. (2003).
49:
is needed at the remote location, or because many sensors can be
843:
816:
Proceedings of the 12th IMEKO TC4 International
Symposium Part 2
813:
37:
160:
133:
in the optical fiber. Electrical voltage can be sensed by
537:. Valley Forge Publishing. pp. 30–31. Archived from
121:
loss that varies with temperature, or by analyzing the
592:"Wellwatcher DTS Fibre Optic Monitoring product sheet"
404:
317:
present make other measurement techniques impossible.
117:
Temperature can be measured by using a fiber that has
62:
implementing optical frequency domain reflectometry.
331:
791:Structural Monitoring with Fiber Optic Technology
441:
409:. International Petroleum Technology Conference.
85:Optical fibers can be used as sensors to measure
999:
920:
878:
58:and wavelength shift can be calculated using an
690:
407:International Petroleum Technology Conference
972:
374:"Measuring strain on an aircraft in flight"
257:Fiber-optic sensors are used in electrical
73:electricity or flammable material such as
911:
753:
712:
637:
788:
589:
65:Fiber-optic sensors are also immune to
14:
1000:
954:from the original on November 29, 2014
926:
770:from the original on January 24, 2016
672:from the original on January 24, 2016
559:
511:from the original on December 7, 2008
281:Extrinsic fiber-optic sensors use an
261:to transmit light from an electrical
913:10.17586/2226-1494-2015-15-5-809-816
499:Roth, Wolf-Dieter (April 18, 2005).
498:
466:from the original on August 15, 2011
276:
80:
562:"Upstream oil & gas case study"
24:
666:"Optical sensors for ITER magnets"
531:"Case Study: Can You Hear Me Now?"
448:Measurement Science and Technology
25:
1024:
221:
56:optical time-domain reflectometer
927:Roland, U.; et al. (2003).
626:Review of Scientific Instruments
191:Optical fibers can be made into
966:
887:
879:Zeller, M.; Scheer, G. (2008).
872:
837:
822:
807:
782:
742:Journal of Lightwave Technology
729:
684:
658:
613:
354:Fiber Optic Sensing Association
332:Chemical sensors and biosensors
323:platinum resistance thermometer
186:distributed temperature sensing
976:Coordination Chemistry Reviews
583:
553:
523:
492:
478:
435:
421:
398:
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27:Sensor that uses optical fiber
13:
1:
789:Measures, Raymond M. (2001).
501:"Der Glasfaser-Schallwandler"
359:
301:by using a fiber to transmit
172:for use with optical fibers.
846:Journal of Optics (Calcutta)
347:Distributed acoustic sensing
67:electromagnetic interference
7:
831:Proceedings, Photonics 2006
340:
155:Optical fibers are used as
10:
1029:
460:10.1088/0957-0233/15/8/037
988:10.1016/j.ccr.2018.08.001
232:single-mode optical fiber
146:long-period fiber grating
764:10.1109/JLT.2013.2292329
267:digital protective relay
199:, which are used in the
311:electrical transformers
315:electromagnetic fields
197:fiber-optic gyroscopes
177:fiber-optic microphone
601:on September 28, 2011
415:10.2523/IPTC-13661-MS
705:10.1364/OE.26.027189
313:, where the extreme
216:Brillouin scattering
212:fiber Bragg gratings
144:Special fibers like
131:Brillouin scattering
948:10.1166/sl.2003.002
699:(21): 27189–27200.
386:on January 21, 2022
283:optical fiber cable
123:Rayleigh Scattering
858:10.1007/BF03354801
571:on October 5, 2011
34:fiber-optic sensor
18:Fiber optic sensor
800:978-0-12-487430-5
639:10.1063/1.1569406
305:into a radiation
289:one, to transmit
277:Extrinsic sensors
228:Kerr nonlinearity
135:nonlinear optical
81:Intrinsic sensors
16:(Redirected from
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646:on July 20, 2012
642:. Archived from
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594:. Archived from
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564:. Archived from
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541:on July 25, 2011
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454:(8): 1647–1650.
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379:. Archived from
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205:hydrogen sensors
195:sensors such as
170:laser microphone
159:for seismic and
150:Aston University
127:Raman scattering
47:electrical power
21:
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193:interferometric
83:
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1016:
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994:
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965:
936:Sensor Letters
919:
906:(5): 809–816.
886:
871:
852:(2): 118–124.
836:
821:
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799:
781:
748:(1): 152–162.
728:
693:Optics Express
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590:Schlumberger.
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605:September 22,
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507:(in German).
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1013:Fiber optics
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958:November 21,
956:. Retrieved
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784:
772:. Retrieved
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696:
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674:. Retrieved
660:
648:. Retrieved
644:the original
629:
625:
615:
603:. Retrieved
596:the original
585:
575:December 19,
573:. Retrieved
566:the original
555:
543:. Retrieved
539:the original
534:
525:
513:. Retrieved
505:Heise Online
504:
494:
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468:. Retrieved
451:
447:
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423:
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388:. Retrieved
381:the original
368:
335:
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271:
256:
252:
247:Kerr effects
240:
236:polarimetric
225:
209:
190:
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174:
168:developed a
154:
143:
116:
107:polarization
84:
71:high voltage
64:
33:
31:
29:
632:(5): 2880.
560:Sensornet.
299:jet engines
157:hydrophones
91:temperature
51:multiplexed
1002:Categories
818:: 415–419.
714:2454/31116
360:References
259:switchgear
201:Boeing 767
166:Sennheiser
119:evanescent
111:wavelength
60:instrument
40:that uses
866:0972-8821
774:August 3,
750:CiteSeerX
676:August 4,
545:March 11,
307:pyrometer
303:radiation
291:modulated
287:multimode
263:arc flash
99:intensity
952:Archived
942:: 93–8.
768:Archived
723:30469792
670:Archived
535:Rt Image
509:Archived
470:June 15,
464:Archived
390:July 25,
341:See also
296:aircraft
95:pressure
75:jet fuel
1008:Sensors
982:: 348.
650:July 4,
515:July 4,
243:Faraday
129:or the
864:
797:
752:
721:
87:strain
38:sensor
932:(PDF)
599:(pdf)
569:(pdf)
384:(PDF)
377:(PDF)
265:to a
161:sonar
103:phase
36:is a
960:2014
862:ISSN
795:ISBN
776:2015
719:PMID
678:2015
652:2008
607:2010
577:2008
547:2010
517:2008
472:2011
392:2013
245:and
984:doi
980:376
944:doi
908:doi
854:doi
760:doi
709:hdl
701:doi
634:doi
456:doi
411:doi
230:in
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