Guifang - Knowledge

706: 29: 1999:

dating from 1400-700 BC. It would have taken a large labour force to create the mounds of stones that make up khirigsuurs, which seem to have been both burial and ceremonial sites for central figures of the many small groups of Mongolian mobile pastoralist societies. (...) In some tombs are horse fittings, such as bits. Parts of hundreds of horses might be interred over time around a major khirigsuur. (...) Deer stones tell the same story (fig 20). Although the majority are stylised, a few of these tall, originally standing, stones have a human head carved on one side at the rounded top, sometimes with temple rings shown on two of the other three sides, perhaps representing a powerful individual, or the more general concept of powerful leaders. (...) Then comes a horizontal belt and from this hang weapons, especially knives or daggers, and shafted axes, with curved rein holders below. A shield is often shown higher up. Not only do these deer stones represent people, they memorialise the achievements of warriors with their personal weapons. (...) These developments had probably had an impact on the peoples in the arc who had then interacted with the late Shang and early Zhou states.

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or mushroom-shaped jingle pommels and socketed yue axes. (...) The eyes of the animals are often highlighted with turquoise. Hilts on these knives and daggers were bordered with diagonal or parallel striations, a northern decorative tradition. (...) Knives with animal pommels were likely inspired by daggers with such terminals, while jingle-headed knives have been argued to have originated on the Inner Asia Frontier. (...) In general, bronze weapons and tools found in the Yan mountainous region show stylistic analogies to those found in the Jin-Shaan Plateau west of the Taihang Mountains, in the Transbaikal in Buryatia and in Karasuk sites in the Minusinsk Basin (c. 1500–800 BCE). (...) A very recent study proposed that trade between the Shang and Zhou in the Central Plain and bronze cultures in north central Mongolia brought artifacts to the Chinese northern frontier

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knife with deer-head pommel (Figure 15:6) were unearthed from the tomb of Fu Hao at the Yin ruins. A similar knife with deer-head pommel is also in the collection of the Baoji Museum of Bronze Collections (Figure 12:4). These discoveries and collected artifacts reveal the cultural transmission between ancient inhabitants of the Yellow River region and nomads of the Eurasian Steppe.(...) The Illustrious Ancestor disciplines the Devil's Country. After three years he conquers it." (...) Seima-Turbino-style artifacts unearthed at the Yin ruins, including the bronze socketed spearhead with a single side hook, the jade figurine and the knife with deer-head pommel, indicate that the "Devil's Country" refers to the far-away Altai Mountains.

286: 624: 530: 688: 662:, are similar to Seima-Turbino culture artifacts, such as socketed spearheads with a single side hook, jade figurines and knives with deer-headed pommel. These Late Shang artifacts, visibly derived from the Seima-Turbino culture to the north, were made precisely at the same time the Shang reported intense protracted conflicts with the northern tribes of the "Guifang". This would suggest that the Guifang were the Altaic Seima-Turbino culture itself, and that their century-long conflict with the Shang led to the transfer of various object and manufacturing techniques. 521: 697: 873:"The guests assumed position. served the guests. The king called out: 'Serve!' Yu in their...presented guests... At mid-morning, three Zhou...entered to serve wine. The king entered the temple. The invocator...the state guests grandly toasted...used a victim in ancestral sacrifice to the king of Zhou , to King and to King Cheng...divination cracks have pattern. The king toasted. Toast followed toast: the king and the state guests. The king called out to...to command Yu with the booty to enter. All of the booty was registered." 539: 2604: 63: 860: 848: 866:"It was the eighth month, after the full moon, the day was on jiashen ; in the morning dusk, the three officials of the left and the three officials of the right and the many rulers entered to serve the wine. When it became light the king approached the Zhou temple and performed the guo-libation rite. The king's state guests attended. The state guests offered their travel garments and faced east." 756:

multiple finds of horse skeletons with heavy wear. These powerful nomadic leaders, leading large-scale organized nomadic groups capable of building monumental decorated stone tombs, may have being part of the nomadic challenge to the early Chinese dynasties. They may also be connected to the rise of the horse chariot during the Shang dynasty.

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observation makes sense, it may have more to do with the problematic definition of the archaeological "culture" rather than with Xianyun society. Pushing the location of the Xianyun further north and identifying them with a vaguely defined "Northern Zone" tradition (p. 188) certainly does not advance our under standing of the Xianyun society.

28: 868:"Yu with many flags with suspended Guifang...entered the Southern Gate, and reported saying: 'The king commanded Yu to take... to attack the Guifang and shackle chiefs and take trophies. shackled two chiefs, took 482 trophies, captured 13,081 men, captured...horses, captured 30 chariots, captured 355 oxen and 38 sheep.'" 335:(along with the Marquis of E (鄂侯) and the Western Count Chang (西伯昌)) and married his beloved daughter to Di Xin. However, Di Xin considered her detestably ugly (惡), so he killed her and boiled alive the Marquis of Gui; the Marquis of E sharply criticized Di Xin and was butchered. A parallel account in 1481:

We can immediately recognise the engagement of the Shang with their neighbours by looking at the nearly two hundred weapons buried with Fu Hao, who, as consort of the powerful Shang king, Wu Ding (c. 1200 BC), is mentioned in oracle bone inscriptions as a leader in battle. In her tomb were large axes

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Parallels with bronze-using cultures further to the north and west in eastern and central Eurasia. (...) Frontier-style bronze weapons and tools dominated the findings from caches at Chaodaogou and Xiaohe'nan. They include straight-bladed bronze daggers, curve-bladed knives with animal head terminals

1390:

In subsequent centuries such knives were more popular with peoples of the northern zone than with the Shang and Zhou inhabitants of Shaanxi and Henan. It is, therefore, possible that even in the Erlitou period such knives illustrate contact with northern peoples. Alternatively, the spread of Erligang

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There is research on the ethnic image of the northern nomadic people of the Altaic language family. It may be that this is the image of the Xianyun tribe that once posed a serious military threat to the northern border of the Zhou Dynasty. They were called "Ghost people" (Guifang) because they looked

2016:

Taylor, William T. T.; Cao, Jinping; Fan, Wenquan; Ma, Xiaolin; Hou, Yanfeng; Wang, Juan; Li, Yue; Zhang, Chengrui; Miton, Helena; Chechushkov, Igor; Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav; Cook, Robert; Jones, Emily L.; Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar; Odbaatar, Tserendorj; Bayandelger, Chinbold; Morrison, Barbara; Miller,

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They were equipped with weapons and instruments of war, such as daggers, shafted axes, or curved rein holders for their horses. They may not have ridden on horseback, but they are documented to have possessed horse-drawn charriots, with two or four horses, as shown in the drawings on Deer Stones and

1998:

We can look first at Mongolia to explain this shift, for a new development, the creation of large stone monuments, khirigsuurs (fig. 19) and deer stones (fig. 20), marks significant on-going changes in steppe societies. These impressive structures are widespread across western and central Mongolia,

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The report on the archaeological excavation of the Yin (Shang) ruins published in 2011 shows a Seima-Turbino style bronze socketed spearhead with a single side hook. (...) It is worth noting that a jade figurine (Figure 15:5) that resembles a Seima-Turbino-style bronze figurine (Figure 15:3) and a

893:

Anderson (2015) interprets oracle bone inscriptions wherein the Shang divined about whether disasters would happen to Guifang Tang (鬼方昜) (either a Guifang person named Tang or the polities named Guifang and Tang) as possible proofs for the viewpoint that Guifang were not hostile; even so, Anderson

1424:

Enough northern bronze knives, tools, and fittings have been recovered from royal burials at the Shang capital of Anyang to suggest that people of northern heritage mingled with the Chinese in their capital city. These artifacts must have entered Shang domain through trade, war, intermarriage, or

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Li argues that the Xianyun cannot be identified with the archaeological remains of the Siwa culture because all the sites that are associated with this archaeological culture are small and simple, whereas the activities of the Xianyun suggest a much more complex society (p. 187). While this

773:, seem to have been more advanced, using bronze weapons and chariots. According to Feng Li, the archaeological remains of the Siwa culture suggest that they could not have sustained an advanced society capable of rivalizing with contemporary Chinese armies. The debate remains open. 871:"The king called out to...to command Yu with his trophies to enter the gate and present them in the Western Passageway... entered and performed a burnt offering in the Zhou temple,... entered the Third Gate, assumed a position in the central court, facing north. Yu reported..." 382:

The Guifang do not seem to have seriously challenged Chinese rule, they did not invade China, and on the contrary were the victims of Chinese expeditions. They may only have been an early people which was conquered by the Western Zhou, and ultimately disappeared from history.

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Ancient China and its Eurasian Neighbors: Artifacts, Identity and Death in the Frontier, 3000–700 BCE. Chapter Three - Identity and Artifacts on the North Central and Northeastern Frontier during the Period of State Expansion in the Late Second and the Early First Millennium

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culture is sometimes proposed as being connected to the northern tribes which challenged the Shang and Zhou dynasties, but questions are raised against this theory because the Siwa sites are small with low subsistence levels, whereas the northern tribes, particularly the

673:

initially derived from the cultures of the Eurasian steppes. Soon however, China was able to appropriate this technology and refine it, particularly through its mastery of bronze casting, to create a highly sophisticated and massive bronze industry.

1608:

In general the Guifang do not seem to have posed any serious threat to the Zhou frontier and must have been either conquered by the Zhou at an early stage or dissolved politically, since their name soon disappears from the patchy sources at our

894:

admits that " the context is too limited and incomplete for this to serve as solid evidence". Yu (2000) interprets the same inscriptions as the Shang's wish that disasters would happen to the Guifang & other hostile polities.

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made the names more superficially similar than they really had been, and prompted later commentators to conclude that those names must have referred to one same people in different epochs, even though people during the

370:, the Zhou victors brought captured enemies to the Zhou temple and offered to the king. The prisoners numbered over 13,000 with four chiefs who were subsequently executed. Zhou also captured a large amount of booty. 705: 1482:(fig. 1a), derived from the shapes of ancient jade examples, standard spearheads and dagger-axes, ge, for an accompanying fighting force, and knives (fig. 1b) similar to those used in the steppe. 576:, which record Shang troops fighting frequent wars with neighboring nomadic herdsmen from the inner Asian steppes. In his oracular divinations, a Shang king repeatedly showed concern about the 1967:

The discovery of the Seima-Turbino culture in China is of great importance, as it demonstrates with material evidence that Chinese metallurgy derives from the cultures of the Eurasian Steppe.

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Khayutina, Maria. (2016). "The Tombs of the Rulers of Peng and Relationships between Zhou and Northern Non-Zhou Lineages (Until the Early Ninth Century B.C.)" in Shaughnessy, Edward L. (ed.)

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No events involving the Guifang are reported after 650 BCE, which is also the last mention of the Northern Rong (北戎). They were replaced by a new group of Northern foreigners, the

201:(fl. 1200s BCE), he attacked the Guifang, and stationed at Jing (荊); and in the thirty-fourth year, after a campaign of three years, the King's armies subdued the Guifang, and the 2302: 343:

states Marquis of Gui's daughter disapproved of Di Xin's debaucheries so Di Xin killed her and her father; and Di Xin had Marquis of Xing butchered instead of Marquis of E.

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The oracle bones indicate that, following Wu Ding's conquest, the Guifang became Shang's subjects and even assisted the Shang against other polities, e.g. the

1254:殷墟卜辞研究, tr. Pu Maozuo 濮茅左 and Gu Weiliang 顧偉良 (Shanghai: Shanghai Guji chubanshe, 2006), pp. 802-04; Wang Yuzhe, “Guifang kao buzheng” 鬼方考補正, in Wang Yuzhe, 1766:. Penn Museum International Research Conferences, vol. 2. Ed. Paula L.W. Sabloff. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. 2011. p. 225-226; p. 237, n.22 982: 339:

features Marquis of Jiu (九侯), his daughter (九侯女), and Marquis of E (鄂侯); Marquis of Jiu was identified with Marquis of Gui. Another parallel account in

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quote: "Wu Ding was a great warrior and was able to defeat the Guifang 鬼方 (or Gongfang 方) in the north Wu Ding's dynastic temple name is Gaozong 高宗."

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Loewe M. and Shaughnessy E.L., eds., The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C., New York, Cambridge, 1999,

174:. Extant oracle bones record no military action between Shang and Guifang, yet Guifang have been interpreted as hostile towards Shang or not hostile. 2295: 1032: 281:

curved bronze knives with turquoise inlays and animal pommel. 12th-11th century BCE. Such knives may be the result of contacts with northern people.

274: 158:"side, border, country, region"), a suffix referring to "non-Shang or enemy countries that existed in and beyond the borders of the Shang polity." 669:, when the earliest and most faithful Seima-Turbino types start to appear in China, circa 2100-2000 BCE. These early artifacts suggest that 2288: 1214:

Imprints of Kinship: Studies of Recently Discovered Bronze Inscriptions from Ancient China Publisher: Chinese University of Hong Kong Press

1085: 221:. Gui officials even managed to achieve high statuses in the Shang court; for examples, a Gui official, Geng, was ordered to perform the 34:

Anthropomorphic axe, bronze, excavated in the tomb of Heibo (潶伯), a military noble in charge of protecting the northern frontier, at

985:

also mentions that "Marquis of Xing had been King Zhòu's Three Ducal Ministers; because he'd loyally admonished he was executed",

1759: 2165: 2141: 2070: 1404: 1173: 118:(1600–1046 BCE). Chinese historical tradition used various names, at different periods, for northern tribes such as Guifang, 2603: 391:

As a result of phonetical studies and comparisons based on the inscriptions on bronze and the structure of the characters,

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Sun, Yan (June 2006). "Colonizing China's Northern Frontier: Yan and Her Neighbors During the Early Western Zhou Period".

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Particularly, the introduction of the socketed spearheads with a single side hook seems to date back to the period of the

1624:觀堂集林, (1923; rpt. Shijiazhuang: Hebei Jiaoyu chubanshe, 2001), pp. 296-307, esp. p. 300. cited in Khayutina (2016). p. 26 1417: 1821:

Anderson, Matthew Mccutchen. (2015). "Change and Standardization in Anyang: Writing and Culture in Bronze Age China".

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Anderson, Matthew Mccutchen. (2015). "Change and Standardization in Anyang: Writing and Culture in Bronze Age China".

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Shang dynasty Bronze ibex-headed knife with ring, 13th-11th century BCE. These weapons, already found in the tomb of

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and other sources, Vsevolod Taskin proposes that in the earlier pre-historic period (i.e. the time of the legendary

319:'), Gui chiefs had been long-enfeoffed vassals of Shang and even participated in the Shang royal government. In 2275: 603:

region, is regularly mentioned in divinatory records. Another Chinese ethnonym for the animal husbandry nomads was

1741:。" Legge's translation: "King Wen said, 'Alas! Alas! you Yin-shang, Indignation is rife against you here in the 730:

dynasties of China to their south. Their chariot technology may have stimulated the development of Shang chariots.

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Traders and raiders on China's northern frontier: 19 November 1995 - 2 September 1996, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

670: 432: 2170:

CHINA HERITAGE QUARTERLY China Heritage Project, China Heritage Quarterly. The Australian National University

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CHINA HERITAGE QUARTERLY China Heritage Project, China Heritage Quarterly. The Australian National University

285: 2162:

Edward Shaughnessy, in Loewe and Shaughnessy, eds., Cambridge History of Ancient China, 1999, p.320ff, in

623: 1044: 1866:

Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1988). "Historical Perspectives on The Introduction of The Chariot Into China".

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Comments about the conflicts against the Guifang appear in bronze inscriptions of the Western Zhou.

218: 206: 35: 2213: 1531: 1217: 324: 2091:"Review of Landscape and Power in Early China: The Crisis and Fall of the Western Zhou 1045-771 BC" 744:, dated to 1400-700 BCE, leading large-scale organized nomadic groups, may have affected the late 366:, probably located northeast of the initial Zhou domain. After two successful battles against the 1381: 627:

Seima-Turbino socketed spearheads with single side hook started to appear in China circa 2100 BCE

612: 47: 1567: 1496: 1108: 2930: 2200: 2019:"Understanding early horse transport in eastern Eurasia through analysis of equine dentition" 632: 504: 332: 529: 2450: 1057:

different from the Chinese. 有考证系阿尔泰语系的北方游牧民族人种形象。可能是曾经对周朝北方边境构成严重军事威胁的猃狁部族，因相貌异于华夏，被称作"鬼方"。

375: 202: 1551: 8: 2756: 2086: 908: 722:(1400-700 BCE), leading large-scale organized nomadic groups, may have affected the late 696: 351: 186: 1742: 2118: 2063:

Landscape and Power in Early China: The Crisis and Fall of the Western Zhou 1045–771 BC

1883: 1634: 945: 687: 328: 2280: 2831: 2688: 2630: 2402: 2260: 2237: 2110: 2066: 2040: 1958: 1924: 1800: 1729: 1413: 1169: 1153: 973:' "current text" version (今本) also mentions Marquis of Jiu instead of Marquis of Gui. 924: 904: 821: 814: 608: 520: 359: 190: 182: 2935: 2370: 2102: 2030: 1914: 1875: 1848: 1826: 1764:

Mapping Mongolia: Situating Mongolia in the World from Geologic Time to the Present

1445: 1366:

The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China//The Cambridge History of Ancient China

1238: 957: 253: 87: 607:(馬) or "horse" barbarians mentioned at the Shang western military frontier in the 498:; and comments all three names are "manifestly unrelated". He further states that 209:

came as guests. Wu Ding's conquests against the Guifang are also mentioned in the

1312: 636: 302: 242: 2893: 2862: 2724: 2693: 932: 572:

The Shang state had a system of writing attested to by bronze inscriptions and

436: 316: 95: 39: 2360: 2106: 1852: 1449: 2919: 2765: 2741: 2731: 2709: 2655: 2650: 2535: 2114: 2044: 1962: 1928: 1804: 1703: 970: 745: 723: 640: 600: 596: 581: 555: 456: 424:

designated one and the same people, who later entered history under the name

420: 340: 294: 278: 234: 178: 115: 2355: 1603:

Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China (Cambridge History of Ancient China)

1586:

Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China (Cambridge History of Ancient China)

1438: 591:(土) regions in the center of Shang territory. A particularly hostile tribe, 2872: 2770: 2417: 2407: 1638:

ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art

1512: 1334:

ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art

920: 765: 749: 727: 499: 464: 448: 347: 238: 171: 43: 2035: 2018: 1919: 1902: 1620:

Wang Guowei 王國維, “Guifang Kun Yi Xianyun kao” 鬼方昆夷獫狁考, in Peng Lin 彭林 ed.

1280: 919:" or in the same location as the polity Jingfang (井方) and the Ji-surnamed 538: 2836: 2719: 2645: 2640: 2412: 2395: 2312: 1527: 1412:. Seattle: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Inst. pp. 35–36. 1196:

Yu Taishan. (2000). "A Hypothesis about the Source of the Sai Tribes" in

1105: 737: 715: 573: 483: 472: 444: 392: 320: 2122: 2090: 1734: 1538:; he commanded the Marquis of Jiu, Marquis of Zhou, and Marquis of Yu ." 1348: 2846: 2841: 2678: 2625: 2562: 2470: 2365: 1887: 1699: 1391:

culture may have taken such knives from central Henan to the periphery.

835: 395:

came to the conclusion that the tribal names in the annalistic sources

443:; and in the late pre-historic period (i.e. the time of the legendary 185:(died 296 BC) and re-discovered nearly six centuries later in 281 AD ( 155: 147: 2780: 2662: 2434: 1986:"Steppe Weapons in Ancient China and the Role of Hand-to-hand Combat" 1691: 1469:"Steppe Weapons in Ancient China and the Role of Hand-to-hand Combat" 1985: 1946: 1879: 1788: 1515:" quote: "以西伯昌、九侯、鄂侯為三公。九侯有好女，入之紂。九侯女不喜淫，紂怒，殺之，而醢九侯。鄂侯爭之彊，辨之疾，并脯鄂侯。" 1468: 62: 2567: 2540: 2485: 1601: 1584: 741: 719: 111: 402: 2898: 2775: 2751: 2746: 2714: 2683: 2635: 2584: 2550: 2528: 2523: 2490: 2390: 2385: 928: 770: 406: 298: 210: 198: 135: 131: 51: 1499:

quote: "昔者，鬼侯之鄂侯、文王，紂之三公也。鬼侯有子而好，故入之於紂，紂以為惡，醢鬼侯。鄂侯爭之急，辯之疾，故脯鄂侯。"

1437:

Linduff, Katheryn M.; Sun, Yan; Cao, Wei; Liu, Yuanqing (2017).

1006:, a connection also later noticed by Sinologist Ulrich Theobald. 580:(方, likely meaning "border-region"; the modern term for them is 2888: 2867: 2802: 2797: 2572: 2545: 2502: 2480: 2429: 2424: 2380: 2375: 2350: 2334: 916: 859: 659: 648: 618: 563: 410: 290: 248: 139: 119: 1530:

quote: "元年己亥，王即位，居殷。命九侯、周侯、邘侯。" translation: " first year was

2792: 2785: 2589: 2577: 2518: 2495: 2475: 2465: 1760:"Steppe Nomads as a Philosophical Problem in Classical China" 1535: 912: 847: 666: 644: 414: 398: 331:) related that the Marquis of Gui (鬼侯) ranked among Di Xin's 262: 127: 123: 1650:"Materials on history of nomadic tribes in China 3rd-5th cc" 1554:" quote: "以西伯昌、鬼侯、邢侯為三公。鬼侯有好女，入之紂。鬼侯女不僖淫，紂殺之，而醢鬼侯。刑侯爭之，并脯之。" 1146:"Materials on history of nomadic tribes in China 3rd-5th cc" 2736: 2460: 1040: 677: 587:"fang-countries"), groups of barbarians outside his inner 50:. This is considered as a possible Chinese depiction of a 2310: 2065:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 187. 1990:故宮學術季刊 (The National Palace Museum Research Quarterly) 1473:故宮學術季刊 (The National Palace Museum Research Quarterly) 1319:，三年克之" James Legge's translation: ", who attacked the 475:

period (221–206 BC) the Chinese annalists called them

1669:(觀堂集林, Wang Guowei collection of works), Ch.2, Ch. 13 166:

Chinese annals contain a number of references to the

1497:"Stratagems of Zhao 3 - Qin besieged Zhao's Handan" 1043:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences). Archived from 983:

Yuanhe Maps and Records of Prefectures and Counties

358:(小盂鼎) –cast in the twenty-fifth year (976 BCE) of 170:. Earliest sources mentioning the Guifang are the 1606:. Cambridge University Press, 2008. p. 919. 2917: 2236:. Taiyuan: Shanxi Education Press. p. 133. 1827:https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1589 1589:. Cambridge University Press, 2008. p. 919. 1566:"vol. 19" Zhejiang University Library's version 1534:; when the king was just enthroned, he dwelt at 1436: 1239:https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1589 1229: 1227: 1225: 482:Even so, Paul R. Goldin (2011) reconstructs the 1947:"Seima-Turbino Culture and the Proto-Silk Road" 1841:International Journal of Historical Archaeology 1789:"Seima-Turbino Culture and the Proto-Silk Road" 903:Identified as either Jing Canyon (井經) north of 70: 2015: 1444:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 89–91. 759: 114:for a northern people that fought against the 2296: 1258:, pp. 309-17. cited in Khayutina (2016) p. 26 1222: 1080: 1078: 562:: possible Chinese jade adaptation (tomb of 2263:(Old Text Bamboo Annals - Collected Proofs) 2190:"INSCRIPTIONAL RECORDS OF THE WESTERN ZHOU" 1865: 1358: 455:; in the literate period starting with the 310: 233:In the thirty-fifth year of the Shang King 105: 2303: 2289: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1072:. The University of Chicago Press. p. 232. 110:'Demon Territory') was an ancient 2034: 1918: 1900: 1578: 1576: 1075: 2258:Fang Shiming & Wang Xiuling (1981). 1940: 1938: 1901:Meicun, Lin; Liu, Xiang (October 2017). 1402: 678:Northern tribes in the Late Shang period 622: 486:pronunciations of 葷粥 ~ 獯鬻 ~ 獯鬻 ~ 薰育 as * 284: 273: 197:In the thirty-second year of Shang King 2163: 2139: 2085: 2011: 2009: 2007: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1179: 631:The Guifang may also correspond to the 510: 100: 2918: 1983: 1823:Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 1573: 1466: 1403:So, Jenny F.; Bunker, Emma C. (1995). 1323:, but was three years in subduing it." 1235:Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 611:, where they fought and may have used 467:period (1045–256 BC) they were called 2284: 2056: 2054: 1935: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1599: 1582: 1376: 1374: 789: 309:Up to the time of Shang king Di Xin ( 2231: 2060: 2004: 1972: 1903:"The origins of metallurgy in China" 998:with the leaders of the Red Di (赤狄, 994:Specifically, Wang connected the 鬼方 362:(r. 1005/03–978 BCE)– mentioned the 260:) in Xiluo (西落) and captured twenty 2187: 1944: 1838: 1832: 1786: 1396: 944:who was posthumously derided as 紂王 752:dynasties of China to their south. 507:would never have been thus misled. 301:(died c. 1190 BCE), are similar to 266:kings. Historians believe that the 13: 2252: 2234:Outlines of Ethnic Groups in China 2166:"The Triumph: A Heritage of Sorts" 2142:"The Triumph: A Heritage of Sorts" 2051: 1868:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 1769: 1371: 1070:The Origins of Statecraft in China 839:made two years before, in 981 BCE: 619:Seima-Turbino culture as "Guifang" 386: 14: 2947: 1332:Theobald, U. (2011) "Wu Ding 武丁" 1152:, "Science", Moscow, 1992, p.10, 658:), excavated in Shang capital of 2602: 2276:Ethnic groups in Chinese history 1733:"Major Hymns - Decade of Dang - 1039:. The Institute of Archaeology ( 858: 846: 736:The nomadic leaders depicted in 704: 695: 686: 537: 528: 519: 459:(1600–1046 BC) they were called 61: 27: 2180: 2156: 2133: 2079: 1894: 1859: 1815: 1752: 1722: 1717:"Materials on history of Sünnu" 1709: 1685: 1680:"Materials on history of Sünnu" 1672: 1659: 1642: 1627: 1614: 1593: 1557: 1541: 1518: 1502: 1487: 1460: 1430: 1339: 1326: 1303: 1294: 1270: 1261: 1244: 988: 976: 963: 950: 938: 911:, "about 500 km from Wu Ding’s 897: 887: 321:Stratagem of the Warring States 68:Respective areas of the Shang ( 1737:" quote: "文王曰咨、咨女殷商。……內奰于中國、覃及 1206: 1162: 1138: 1109:"Vol. 97, section Northern Di" 1099: 1062: 1025: 935:, only 125 km north of Anyang" 433:Records of the Grand Historian 270:were identical to the Guifang. 1: 1552:Sovereigns and Kings - Part 8 1203:. Ed. Victor Mair. p. 106-109 1013: 652: 2095:The Journal of Asian Studies 1382:"Shang knife British Museum" 1018: 833:was probably similar to the 776: 714:Nomadic leaders depicted in 431:Likewise, using Sima Qian's 150:"ghost, spirit, devil") and 7: 2269: 2186:See another translation at 931:邢臺 in the southern part of 760:Siwa culture (1300–600 BCE) 161: 10: 2952: 2224: 1525:Current Text Bamboo Annals 1346:Current Text Bamboo Annals 1277:Current Text Bamboo Annals 1068:Creel, Herrlee G. (1970). 1002:) who were surnamed 隗 ~ 媿 439:) the Xiongnu were called 2881: 2855: 2824: 2817: 2702: 2671: 2618: 2611: 2600: 2511: 2443: 2343: 2327: 2320: 2107:10.1017/S0021911808000259 1853:10.1007/s10761-006-0005-3 1682:, "Science", Moscow, p.10 1600:Cosmo, Nicola Di (2008). 1583:Cosmo, Nicola Di (2008). 1450:10.1017/9781108290555.004 1267:Khayutina (2016) p. 26-27 798: 795: 792: 671:Chinese bronze metallurgy 257: 91: 2926:Ancient peoples of China 1984:Rawson, Jessica (2015). 1467:Rawson, Jessica (2015). 1084:Old Text Bamboo Annals. 880: 471:, and starting from the 2232:Wang, Zhonghan (2004). 2017:Bryan (December 2021). 1951:Chinese Cultural Relics 1793:Chinese Cultural Relics 1216:. pp. 71-132. p. 26 of 46:period (1045–771 BCE). 2208:Cite journal requires 2164:Minford, John (2009). 2140:Minford, John (2009). 628: 306: 282: 229:亯 sacrificial temple. 138:peoples. This Chinese 2036:10.15184/aqy.2021.146 1920:10.15184/aqy.2017.177 1745:, and extends to the 1386:www.britishmuseum.org 1300:Creel (1970), p. 232. 785:Guifang inscriptions 647:and from the tomb of 633:Seima-Turbino culture 626: 505:Warring States period 346:Among the succeeding 333:Three Ducal Ministers 288: 277: 2188:Eno, Robert (2012). 1945:Lin, Meicun (2016). 1787:Lin, Meicun (2016). 1633:Theobald, U. (2012) 1564:Yuanhe junxian tuzhi 1425:other circumstances. 1351:quote: "三十五年，周公季歷伐西落 1198:Sino-Platonic Papers 511:Other fang-countries 303:those of the steppes 1678:Taskin V.S., 1968, 1570:quote: "侯為紂三公以忠諫被誅" 1088:quote: "三十五年，周王季伐西落 786: 451:) they were called 352:bronze inscriptions 293:at the time of the 225:sacrifice 剛 in the 187:Western Jin dynasty 1957:(1–002): 256–257. 1847:(2): 159–177(19). 1799:(1–002): 256–257. 1033:"灵台白草坡西周墓葬里的青铜王国" 784: 629: 558:bronze figurines. 307: 283: 213:"Book of Changes". 2913: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2813: 2812: 2598: 2597: 2072:978-1-139-45688-3 2061:Feng, Li (2006). 1730:Classic of Poetry 1364:Nicola Di Cosmo, 1252:Yinxu buci yanjiu 1250:Shima Kunio 島邦男, 1174:978-0-521-47030-8 927:near present-day 905:Taihang Mountains 878: 877: 822:Taiping Rebellion 643:artifacts of the 639:. Several of the 609:Taihang Mountains 360:King Kang of Zhou 313: 237:(i.e. 1119 BCE), 191:Jizhong discovery 183:King Xiang of Wei 108: 75: 2943: 2822: 2821: 2616: 2615: 2606: 2325: 2324: 2315:peoples in China 2305: 2298: 2291: 2282: 2281: 2247: 2218: 2217: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2196: 2194: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2058: 2049: 2048: 2038: 2013: 2002: 2001: 1981: 1970: 1969: 1942: 1933: 1932: 1922: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1836: 1830: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1784: 1767: 1758:Goldin, Paul R. 1756: 1750: 1726: 1720: 1715:in Taskin V.S., 1713: 1707: 1689: 1683: 1676: 1670: 1667:"Guantang Jilin" 1663: 1657: 1646: 1640: 1631: 1625: 1618: 1612: 1611: 1597: 1591: 1590: 1580: 1571: 1561: 1555: 1545: 1539: 1522: 1516: 1506: 1500: 1491: 1485: 1484: 1464: 1458: 1457: 1434: 1428: 1427: 1411: 1400: 1394: 1393: 1378: 1369: 1362: 1356: 1343: 1337: 1330: 1324: 1307: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1283:" quote: "三十二年，伐 1274: 1268: 1265: 1259: 1248: 1242: 1231: 1220: 1210: 1204: 1194: 1177: 1166: 1160: 1142: 1136: 1103: 1097: 1082: 1073: 1066: 1060: 1059: 1053: 1052: 1037:www.kaogu.net.cn 1029: 1007: 992: 986: 980: 974: 967: 961: 958:King Wen of Zhōu 954: 948: 942: 936: 901: 895: 891: 862: 850: 787: 783: 708: 699: 690: 657: 654: 541: 532: 523: 314: 311: 259: 181:, interred with 109: 106: 102: 93: 74: 73: 69: 65: 31: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2941: 2940: 2916: 2915: 2914: 2905: 2877: 2851: 2809: 2698: 2667: 2607: 2594: 2507: 2439: 2339: 2316: 2311:Historical non- 2309: 2272: 2255: 2253:Further reading 2250: 2244: 2227: 2222: 2221: 2209: 2207: 2198: 2197: 2192: 2185: 2181: 2161: 2157: 2138: 2134: 2087:Shelach, Gideon 2084: 2080: 2073: 2059: 2052: 2014: 2005: 1982: 1973: 1943: 1936: 1899: 1895: 1880:10.2307/2719276 1864: 1860: 1837: 1833: 1820: 1816: 1785: 1770: 1757: 1753: 1727: 1723: 1714: 1710: 1690: 1686: 1677: 1673: 1664: 1660: 1647: 1643: 1632: 1628: 1619: 1615: 1598: 1594: 1581: 1574: 1562: 1558: 1546: 1542: 1523: 1519: 1507: 1503: 1492: 1488: 1465: 1461: 1435: 1431: 1420: 1409: 1401: 1397: 1380: 1379: 1372: 1363: 1359: 1344: 1340: 1331: 1327: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1295: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1249: 1245: 1232: 1223: 1211: 1207: 1195: 1180: 1167: 1163: 1143: 1139: 1104: 1100: 1083: 1076: 1067: 1063: 1050: 1048: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1010: 993: 989: 981: 977: 968: 964: 955: 951: 943: 939: 925:Huabei 華北 Plain 902: 898: 892: 888: 883: 874: 855: 854: 853: 852: 851: 840: 827: 826: 825: 812: 810: 808: 807: 779: 762: 734: 733: 732: 731: 711: 710: 709: 701: 700: 692: 691: 680: 656: 1200 BCE 655: 637:Altai Mountains 621: 570: 569: 568: 567: 544: 543: 542: 534: 533: 525: 524: 513: 389: 387:Interpretations 164: 81: 80: 79: 78: 77: 71: 66: 57: 56: 55: 32: 23: 22: 20: 12: 11: 5: 2949: 2939: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2903: 2902: 2901: 2896: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2863:Khalkha Mongol 2859: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2828: 2826: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2807: 2806: 2805: 2795: 2790: 2789: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2768: 2763: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2717: 2712: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2665: 2660: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2622: 2620: 2613: 2609: 2608: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2521: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2505: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2338: 2337: 2331: 2329: 2322: 2318: 2317: 2308: 2307: 2300: 2293: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2248: 2242: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2210:|journal= 2179: 2155: 2132: 2101:(1): 281–284. 2078: 2071: 2050: 2003: 1971: 1934: 1893: 1874:(1): 189–237. 1858: 1831: 1814: 1768: 1751: 1743:Middle kingdom 1721: 1708: 1706:, l. 1a, notes 1684: 1671: 1658: 1641: 1626: 1622:Guantang jilin 1613: 1592: 1572: 1556: 1540: 1517: 1501: 1486: 1459: 1429: 1419:978-0295974736 1418: 1395: 1370: 1357: 1338: 1325: 1302: 1293: 1269: 1260: 1243: 1221: 1205: 1178: 1161: 1137: 1098: 1074: 1061: 1023: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1008: 987: 975: 962: 949: 937: 933:Hebei province 909:Heng Mountains 896: 885: 884: 882: 879: 876: 875: 865: 863: 856: 845: 844: 843: 842: 841: 828: 824:(19th century) 818: 801: 800: 797: 794: 791: 778: 775: 761: 758: 713: 712: 703: 702: 694: 693: 685: 684: 683: 682: 681: 679: 676: 620: 617: 546: 545: 536: 535: 527: 526: 518: 517: 516: 515: 514: 512: 509: 437:Yellow Emperor 388: 385: 272: 271: 215: 214: 193:, state that: 163: 160: 67: 60: 59: 58: 40:Lingtai County 33: 26: 25: 24: 18: 17: 16: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2948: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2931:Shang dynasty 2929: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2742:Khamag Mongol 2740: 2739: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2264: 2262: 2257: 2256: 2245: 2243:7-5440-2660-4 2239: 2235: 2230: 2229: 2215: 2202: 2191: 2183: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2136: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2074: 2068: 2064: 2057: 2055: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1941: 1939: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1897: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1862: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1835: 1828: 1824: 1818: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1765: 1761: 1755: 1748: 1747:demon regions 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1731: 1725: 1718: 1712: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1681: 1675: 1668: 1665:Wang Guowei, 1662: 1655: 1651: 1648:Taskin V.S., 1645: 1639: 1636: 1630: 1623: 1617: 1610: 1605: 1604: 1596: 1588: 1587: 1579: 1577: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1553: 1549: 1548:Taiping Yulan 1544: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1521: 1514: 1513:Annals of Yin 1510: 1505: 1498: 1495: 1490: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1463: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1442: 1433: 1426: 1421: 1415: 1408: 1407: 1399: 1392: 1387: 1383: 1377: 1375: 1367: 1361: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1342: 1335: 1329: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1313:"䷾既濟 - Ji Ji" 1311: 1306: 1297: 1290: 1287:。次于荊。三十四年，王師克 1286: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1264: 1257: 1253: 1247: 1240: 1236: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1219: 1215: 1209: 1202: 1199: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1175: 1171: 1165: 1159: 1158:5-02-016746-0 1155: 1151: 1147: 1144:Taskin V.S., 1141: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1102: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1081: 1079: 1071: 1065: 1058: 1047:on 2019-09-16 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1028: 1024: 1005: 1001: 997: 991: 984: 979: 972: 971:Bamboo Annals 966: 959: 953: 947: 941: 934: 930: 926: 923:(邢國) "on the 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 900: 890: 886: 872: 869: 864: 861: 857: 849: 838: 837: 832: 823: 819: 816: 806: 803: 802: 788: 782: 774: 772: 767: 757: 753: 751: 747: 743: 739: 729: 725: 721: 717: 707: 698: 689: 675: 672: 668: 667:Taosi culture 663: 661: 650: 646: 642: 641:Shang dynasty 638: 634: 625: 616: 614: 610: 606: 602: 601:Yan Mountains 598: 594: 590: 586: 583: 579: 575: 565: 561: 557: 556:Seima-Turbino 553: 549: 540: 531: 522: 508: 506: 501: 500:sound changes 497: 494:, and 匈奴 as * 493: 489: 485: 480: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 457:Shang dynasty 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 429: 427: 423: 422: 417: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 394: 384: 380: 378: 377: 371: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 344: 342: 341:Taiping Yulan 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 315:'Thearch 304: 300: 296: 292: 287: 280: 279:Shang dynasty 276: 269: 265: 264: 255: 251: 250: 245:attacked the 244: 240: 236: 232: 231: 230: 228: 224: 220: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 195: 194: 192: 188: 184: 180: 179:Bamboo Annals 175: 173: 169: 159: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 116:Shang dynasty 113: 103: 97: 89: 85: 76:) and Guifang 64: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 30: 2818:Early Modern 2557: 2265:(in Chinese) 2259: 2233: 2201:cite journal 2182: 2173: 2169: 2158: 2149: 2145: 2135: 2126: 2098: 2094: 2081: 2062: 2026: 2022: 1997: 1996:(1): 59–60. 1993: 1989: 1966: 1954: 1950: 1910: 1906: 1896: 1871: 1867: 1861: 1844: 1840: 1834: 1822: 1817: 1808: 1796: 1792: 1763: 1754: 1746: 1738: 1728: 1724: 1716: 1711: 1695: 1687: 1679: 1674: 1666: 1661: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1637: 1629: 1621: 1616: 1607: 1602: 1595: 1585: 1568:p. 24 of 124 1563: 1559: 1547: 1543: 1524: 1520: 1508: 1504: 1493: 1489: 1480: 1479:(1): 38–39. 1476: 1472: 1462: 1453: 1439: 1432: 1423: 1405: 1398: 1389: 1385: 1365: 1360: 1352: 1345: 1341: 1333: 1328: 1321:Demon region 1320: 1316: 1309: 1305: 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