Hypertension - Knowledge

2555:(ARBs). These medications may be used alone or in combination (ACE inhibitors and ARBs are not recommended for use together); the latter option may serve to minimize counter-regulatory mechanisms that act to restore blood pressure values to pre-treatment levels, although the evidence for first-line combination therapy is not strong enough. Most people require more than one medication to control their hypertension. Medications for blood pressure control should be implemented by a stepped care approach when target levels are not reached. Withdrawal of such medications in the elderly can be considered by healthcare professionals, because there is no strong evidence of an effect on mortality, 2654: 2813: 1693:

measurement requires the person whose blood pressure is being measured to sit quietly for at least five minutes which is then followed by application of a properly fitted blood pressure cuff to a bare upper arm. The person should be seated with their back supported, feet flat on the floor, and with their legs uncrossed. The person whose blood pressure is being measured should avoid talking or moving during this process. The arm being measured should be supported on a flat surface at the level of the heart. Blood pressure measurement should be done in a quiet room so the medical professional checking the blood pressure can hear the

2903: 1520: 2362:, but whether this translates into a reduction in mortality and cardiovascular disease remains uncertain. Estimated sodium intake ≥6 g/day and <3 g/day are both associated with high risk of death or major cardiovascular disease, but the association between high sodium intake and adverse outcomes is only observed in people with hypertension. Consequently, in the absence of results from randomized controlled trials, the wisdom of reducing levels of dietary sodium intake below 3 g/day has been questioned. ESC guidelines mention 2646: 1512: 51: 12234: 943: 939:. The effect of treatment of blood pressure between 130/80 mmHg and 160/100 mmHg is less clear, with some reviews finding benefit and others finding unclear benefit. High blood pressure affects 33% of the population globally. About half of all people with high blood pressure do not know that they have it. In 2019, high blood pressure was believed to have been a factor in 19% of all deaths (10.4 million globally). 3119: 12246: 2304:

pressure on three or more occasions equal or higher than the 95th percentile appropriate for the sex, age and height of the child. High blood pressure must be confirmed on repeated visits however before characterizing a child as having hypertension. In adolescents, it has been proposed that hypertension is diagnosed and classified using the same criteria as in adults.

11032:"2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension: Developed by the task force on the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and endorsed by the European Society of Endocrinology (ESE) and the European Stroke Organisation (ESO)" 7004:"2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension: Developed by the task force on the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and endorsed by the European Society of Endocrinology (ESE) and the European Stroke Organisation (ESO)" 2955:

distended and tense vessels, fullness of the pulse, distension of the skin, coloured and dense urine, loss of appetite, weak eyesight, impairment of thinking, yawning, drowsiness, vascular rupture, and hemorrhagic stroke. Fullness disease was presumed to be due to an excessive amount of blood within the blood vessels.

3144:(WHL), an umbrella organization of 85 national hypertension societies and leagues, recognized that more than 50% of the hypertensive population worldwide are unaware of their condition. To address this problem, the WHL initiated a global awareness campaign on hypertension in 2005 and dedicated 17 May of each year as 7306:"European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts)" 7290:

The results showed that cardiovascular disease and death are increased with low sodium intake (compared with moderate intake) irrespective of hypertension status, whereas there is a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and death only in individuals with hypertension consuming more than 6 g of sodium

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Normal blood pressure in dogs can differ substantially between breeds but hypertension is often diagnosed if systolic blood pressure is above 160 mmHg particularly if this is associated with target organ damage. Inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system and calcium channel blockers are often used to

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face many obstacles to achieving blood pressure control, including resistance to taking multiple medications to reach blood pressure goals. People also face the challenges of adhering to medicine schedules and making lifestyle changes. Nonetheless, the achievement of blood pressure goals is possible,

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High blood pressure is the most common chronic medical problem prompting visits to primary health care providers in US. The American Heart Association estimated the direct and indirect costs of high blood pressure in 2010 as $ 76.6 billion. In the US 80% of people with hypertension are aware of their

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were estimated to have hypertension. Of all people with hypertension, about 46% do not have a diagnosis of hypertension and are unaware that they have the condition. In 1975, almost 600 million people had a diagnosis of hypertension, a number which increased to 1.13 billion by 2015 mostly due to risk

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Hypertension is slightly more frequent in men. In people aged under 50 years, more men than women have hypertension, and in ages above 50 years the prevalence of hypertension is the same in men and women. In ages above 65 years, more women than men have hypertension. Hypertension becomes more common

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For people who have never experienced cardiovascular disease who are at a 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease of less than 10%, the 2017 American Heart Association guidelines recommend medications if the systolic blood pressure is >140 mmHg or if the diastolic BP is >90 mmHg. For people who

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or 'borderline hypertension' have high cardiac output, an elevated heart rate and normal peripheral resistance, termed hyperkinetic borderline hypertension. These individuals develop the typical features of established essential hypertension in later life as their cardiac output falls and peripheral

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Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke H, Graham I, Reiner Z, Verschuren M, Albus C, Benlian P, Boysen G, Cifkova R, Deaton C, Ebrahim S, Fisher M, Germano G, Hobbs R, Hoes A, Karadeniz S, Mezzani A, Prescott E, Ryden L, Scherer M, Syvänne M, Scholte op Reimer WJ, Vrints C, Wood D, Zamorano JL, Zannad F (July

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may be considered as an add-on to other treatments to reduce hypertension, but do not have evidence for preventing cardiovascular disease on their own. Self-monitoring and appointment reminders might support the use of other strategies to improve blood pressure control, but need further evaluation.

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should be emptied before a person's blood pressure is measured since this can increase blood pressure by up to 15/10 mmHg. Multiple blood pressure readings (at least two) spaced 1–2 minutes apart should be obtained to ensure accuracy. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring over 12 to 24 hours is the

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and lifestyle and the risk of becoming hypertensive in later life is significant. Several environmental factors influence blood pressure. High salt intake raises the blood pressure in salt sensitive individuals; lack of exercise and central obesity can play a role in individual cases. The possible

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The prescription of antihypertensive medication for children with hypertension has limited evidence. There is limited evidence which compare it with placebo and shows modest effect to blood pressure in short term. Administration of higher dose did not make the reduction of blood pressure greater.

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In 1995 it was estimated that 24% of the United States population had hypertension or were taking antihypertensive medication. By 2004 this had increased to 29% and further to 32% (76 million US adults) by 2017. In 2017, with the American guidelines' change in definition for hypertension, 46% of

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reviews recommend similar targets for subgroups such as people with diabetes and people with prior cardiovascular disease. Additionally, Cochrane reviews have found that for older individuals with moderate to high cardiovascular risk, the benefits of trying to achieve a lower than standard blood

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Mente A, O'Donnell M, Rangarajan S, Dagenais G, Lear S, McQueen M, Diaz R, Avezum A, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Lanas F, Li W, Lu Y, Yi S, Rensheng L, Iqbal R, Mony P, Yusuf R, Yusoff K, Szuba A, Oguz A, Rosengren A, Bahonar A, Yusufali A, Schutte AE, Chifamba J, Mann JF, Anand SS, Teo K, Yusuf S (July

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In 2019, rates of diagnosed hypertension were highest in Africa (30% for both sexes), and lowest in the Americas (18% for both sexes). Rates also vary markedly within regions with country-level rates as low as 22.8% (men) and 18.4% (women) in Peru and as high as 61.6% (men) and 50.9% (women) in

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systematic review found no evidence (due to lack of data) for effects of weight loss diets on death, long-term complications or adverse events in persons with hypertension. The review did find a decrease in body weight and blood pressure. Their potential effectiveness is similar to and at times

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that the available evidence is insufficient to determine the balance of benefits and harms of screening for hypertension in children and adolescents who do not have symptoms. The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening adults 18 years or older for hypertension with office blood

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Hypertension defined as elevated blood pressure over several visits affects 1% to 5% of children and adolescents and is associated with long-term risks of ill-health. Blood pressure rises with age in childhood and, in children, hypertension is defined as an average systolic or diastolic blood

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The symptoms similar to symptoms of patients with hypertensive crisis are discussed in medieval Persian medical texts in the chapter of "fullness disease". The symptoms include headache, heaviness in the head, sluggish movements, general redness and warm to touch feel of the body, prominent,

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technique to be used. Improper measurement of blood pressure is common and can change the blood pressure reading by up to 10 mmHg, which can lead to misdiagnosis and misclassification of hypertension. Correct blood pressure measurement technique involves several steps. Proper blood pressure

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Rates of high blood pressure in children and adolescents have increased in the last 20 years in the United States. Childhood hypertension, particularly in pre-adolescents, is more often secondary to an underlying disorder than in adults. Kidney disease is the most common secondary cause of

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has a potential benefit for lowering the risk of hypertension. The 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) stated that potassium is one of the shortfall nutrients which is under-consumed in the United States. However, people who take certain antihypertensive medications (such as

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were thought to have similar beneficial effects when used as first-line therapy for hypertension. However, a Cochrane review that included 13 trials found that the effects of beta-blockers are inferior to that of other antihypertensive medications in preventing cardiovascular disease.

2461:, but others recommend the same target as for the general population. The issue of what is the best target and whether targets should differ for high risk individuals is unresolved, although some experts propose more intensive blood pressure lowering than advocated in some guidelines. 1379:

has been found in untreated people with hypertension in comparison with people with normal blood pressure, although it is uncertain whether the former plays a causal role or is subsidiary to poor kidney function. Average blood pressure may be higher in the winter than in the summer.

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even though mechanisms underlying these associations are not understood. Single variant test performed in this study for the 35 sentinel SNP (known and new) showed that genetic variants singly or in aggregate contribute to risk of clinical phenotypes related to high blood pressure.

3467:"2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines" 3464:

Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, DePalma SM, Gidding S, Jamerson KA, Jones DW, MacLaughlin EJ, Muntner P, Ovbiagele B, Smith SC, Spencer CC, Stafford RS, Taler SJ, Thomas RJ, Williams KA, Williamson JD, Wright JT (June 2018).

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unmitigated by five or more concurrent antihypertensive agents of different classes. People with refractory hypertension typically have increased sympathetic nervous system activity, and are at high risk for more severe cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality.

3541:"2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: Endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA)" 1828:(ECG/EKG). Serum creatinine is measured to assess for the presence of kidney disease, which can be either the cause or the result of hypertension. eGFR can also provide a baseline measurement of kidney function that can be used to monitor for side effects of certain 11070:"2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: Endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA)" 6691:

When plasma renin activity (PRA) is plotted against 24-h sodium excretion, ~10–15% of hypertensive patients have high PRA and 25% have low PRA. High-renin patients may have a vasoconstrictor form of hypertension, whereas low-renin patients may have volume-dependent

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condition, 71% take some antihypertensive medication, but only 48% of people aware that they have hypertension adequately control it. Adequate management of hypertension can be hampered by inadequacies in the diagnosis, treatment, or control of high blood pressure.

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Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT, Roccella EJ, et al. (Joint National Committee on Prevention, National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee) (December 2003).

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Hypertension occurs in approximately 8–10% of pregnancies. Two blood pressure measurements six hours apart of greater than 140/90 mmHg are diagnostic of hypertension in pregnancy. High blood pressure in pregnancy can be classified as pre-existing hypertension,

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Nagele E, Jeitler K, Horvath K, Semlitsch T, Posch N, Herrmann KH, Grouven U, Hermanns T, Hemkens LG, Siebenhofer A (October 2014). "Clinical effectiveness of stress-reduction techniques in patients with hypertension: systematic review and meta-analysis".

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the usual first-line treatment. A cat with a systolic blood pressure above 170 mmHg is considered hypertensive. If a cat has other problems such as any kidney disease or retina detachment then a blood pressure below 160 mmHg may also need to be monitored.

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resistance rises with age. Whether this pattern is typical of all people who ultimately develop hypertension is disputed. The increased peripheral resistance in established hypertension is mainly attributable to structural narrowing of small arteries and

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The value of routine screening for hypertension is debated. In 2004, the National High Blood Pressure Education Program recommended that children aged 3 years and older have blood pressure measurement at least once at every health care visit and the

7609: 1585:(the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure) is frequently increased in older people with hypertension. This can mean that systolic pressure is abnormally high, but diastolic pressure may be normal or low, a condition termed 2439:

Various expert groups have produced guidelines regarding how low the blood pressure target should be when a person is treated for hypertension. These groups recommend a target below the range 140–160 / 90–100 mmHg for the general population.

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Jiang J, Liu M, Parvez F, Wang B, Wu F, Eunus M, Bangalore S, Newman JD, Ahmed A, Islam T, Rakibuz-Zaman M, Hasan R, Sarwar G, Levy D, Slavkovich V, Argos M, Scannell Bryan M, Farzan SF, Hayes RB, Graziano JH, Ahsan H, Chen Y (August 2015).

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Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ, Brown C, Cutler JA, Higgins M, Horan MJ, Labarthe D (March 1995). "Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population. Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1991".

1202:. Usually there are no symptoms in pre-eclampsia and it is detected by routine screening. When symptoms of pre-eclampsia occur the most common are headache, visual disturbance (often "flashing lights"), vomiting, pain over the stomach, and 7105:

National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children Adolescents (August 2004). "The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents".

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has led to a change in protocols. In the United Kingdom, current best practice is to follow up a single raised clinic reading with ambulatory measurement, or less ideally with home blood pressure monitoring over the course of 7 days. The

7960:"Pharmacologic Treatment of Hypertension in Adults Aged 60 Years or Older to Higher Versus Lower Blood Pressure Targets: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians and the American Academy of Family Physicians" 2465:

have experienced cardiovascular disease or those who are at a 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease of greater than 10%, it recommends medications if the systolic blood pressure is >130 mmHg or if the diastolic BP is >80 mmHg.

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Effective lifestyle modification may lower blood pressure as much as an individual antihypertensive medication. Combinations of two or more lifestyle modifications can achieve even better results. There is considerable evidence that

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are used. Up to three medications taken concurrently can control blood pressure in 90% of people. The treatment of moderately high arterial blood pressure (defined as >160/100 mmHg) with medications is associated with an improved

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Many mechanisms have been proposed to account for the rise in peripheral resistance in hypertension. Most evidence implicates either disturbances in the kidneys' salt and water handling (particularly abnormalities in the intrarenal

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Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R (December 2002). "Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies".

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people in the United States are affected. African-American adults in the United States have among the highest rates of hypertension in the world at 44%. Differences in hypertension rates are multifactorial and under study.

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In the 19th and 20th centuries, before effective pharmacological treatment for hypertension became possible, three treatment modalities were used, all with numerous side-effects: strict sodium restriction (for example the

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and most importantly, lowering blood pressure significantly reduces the risk of death due to heart disease and stroke, the development of other debilitating conditions, and the cost associated with advanced medical care.

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Blood pressure measurements can be influenced by circumstances of measurement. Guidelines use different thresholds for office (also known as clinic), home (when the patient measures their own blood pressure at home), and

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James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, Lackland DT, LeFevre ML, MacKenzie TD, Ogedegbe O, Smith SC, Svetkey LP, Taler SJ, Townsend RR, Wright JT, Narva AS, Ortiz E (February 2014).

2618:. As many as one in five people with resistant hypertension have primary aldosteronism, which is a treatable and sometimes curable condition. Resistant hypertension may also result from chronically high activity of the 2452:

recommend the target of 150/90 mmHg for those over 60 years of age, but some experts within these groups disagree with this recommendation. Some expert groups have also recommended slightly lower targets in those with

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Hypertension occurs in around 0.2 to 3% of newborns; however, blood pressure is not measured routinely in healthy newborns. Hypertension is more common in high risk newborns. A variety of factors, such as

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Hypertension is diagnosed on the basis of a persistently high resting blood pressure. Elevated blood pressure measurements on at least two separate occasions is required for a diagnosis of hypertension.

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Sundström J, Arima H, Jackson R, Turnbull F, Rahimi K, Chalmers J, Woodward M, Neal B (February 2015). "Effects of blood pressure reduction in mild hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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systolic and 60–90 mmHg diastolic. For most adults, high blood pressure is present if the resting blood pressure is persistently at or above 130/80 or 140/90 mmHg. Different numbers apply to children.

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in the diet leads to excessive intracellular sodium, which contracts vascular smooth muscle, restricting blood flow and so increases blood pressure. Non-modulating essential hypertension is a form of

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and environmental factors. Numerous common genetic variants with small effects on blood pressure have been identified as well as some rare genetic variants with large effects on blood pressure. Also,

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In hypertensive urgency, there is no evidence of end organ damage resulting from the elevated blood pressure. In these cases, oral medications are used to lower the BP gradually over 24 to 48 hours.

8231:"An effective approach to high blood pressure control: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" 2473:

The first line of treatment for hypertension is lifestyle changes, including dietary changes, physical activity, and weight loss. Though these have all been recommended in scientific advisories, a

945: 2121: 3699:"Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants" 1398:

Secondary hypertension results from an identifiable cause. Kidney disease is the most common secondary cause of hypertension. Hypertension can also be caused by endocrine conditions, such as

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In hypertensive emergency, there is evidence of direct damage to one or more organs. The most affected organs include the brain, kidney, heart and lungs, producing symptoms which may include

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Severely elevated blood pressure (equal to or greater than a systolic 180 mmHg or diastolic of 120 mmHg) is referred to as a hypertensive crisis. Hypertensive crisis is categorized as either

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Resistant hypertension is defined as high blood pressure that remains above a target level, in spite of being prescribed three or more antihypertensive drugs simultaneously with different

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Secondary hypertension is hypertension due to an identifiable cause, and may result in certain specific additional signs and symptoms. For example, as well as causing high blood pressure,

7041:"Harmonization of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association and European Society of Cardiology/European Society of Hypertension Blood Pressure/Hypertension Guidelines" 5775:

Yang BY, Qian Z, Howard SW, Vaughn MG, Fan SJ, Liu KK, Dong GH (April 2018). "Global association between ambient air pollution and blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Until the 1990s, systolic hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure of 160 mm Hg or greater. In 1993, the WHO/ISH guidelines defined 140 mmHg as the threshold for hypertension.

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Andersson OK, Lingman M, Himmelmann A, Sivertsson R, Widgren BR (2004). "Prediction of future hypertension by casual blood pressure or invasive hemodynamics? A 30-year follow-up study".

1327:. These sentinel SNP are located within genes related to vascular smooth muscle and renal function. DNA methylation might affect in some way linking common genetic variation to multiple 2117: 2485:(Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension), which was the best against 11 other diet in an umbrella review, and plant-based diets. A 2024 clinical guideline recommended an increase 4021:

Xie X, Atkins E, Lv J, Bennett A, Neal B, Ninomiya T, Woodward M, MacMahon S, Turnbull F, Hillis GS, Chalmers J, Mant J, Salam A, Rahimi K, Perkovic V, Rodgers A (January 2016).

1136:, drowsiness, chest pain and breathlessness. In hypertensive emergency, the blood pressure must be reduced more rapidly to stop ongoing organ damage; however, there is a lack of 2316:

are required to reduce the consequences of high blood pressure and reduce the need for antihypertensive medications. Lifestyle changes are recommended to lower blood pressure.

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and for cardiovascular risk stratification. Electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG) testing is done to check for evidence that the heart is under strain from high blood pressure, such as

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exceeds a single medication. If hypertension is high enough to justify immediate use of medications, lifestyle changes are still recommended in conjunction with medication.

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Coles S, Fisher L, Lin KW, Lyon C, Vosooney AA, Bird MD (December 2022). "Blood Pressure Targets in Adults With Hypertension: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the AAFP".

1605:. These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and it is likely that both contribute to some extent in most cases of essential hypertension. It has also been suggested that 11235:"2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)" 8559:"Lifestyle management of hypertension: International Society of Hypertension position paper endorsed by the World Hypertension League and European Society of Hypertension" 7734:"The 2015 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for blood pressure measurement, diagnosis, assessment of risk, prevention, and treatment of hypertension" 3889:"2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)" 2946:

that are heard when the artery is ausculted with a stethoscope while the sphygmomanometer cuff is deflated. This permitted systolic and diastolic pressure to be measured.

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Dickinson HO, Campbell F, Beyer FR, Nicolson DJ, Cook JV, Ford GA, Mason JM (January 2008). "Relaxation therapies for the management of primary hypertension in adults".

9866:"Trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in older U.S. adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988 to 2004" 7592: 6386:

Esler M, Lambert E, Schlaich M (December 2010). "Point: Chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system is the dominant contributor to systemic hypertension".

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made the first published measurement of blood pressure in 1733. However, hypertension as a clinical entity came into its own with the invention of the cuff-based

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pressure target (at or below 140/90 mmHg) are outweighed by the risk associated with the intervention. These findings may not be applicable to other populations.

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may be risk factors for adult essential hypertension, although the mechanisms linking these exposures to adult hypertension remain unclear. An increased rate of

9823:"Trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the adult US population. Data from the health examination surveys, 1960 to 1991" 8811:

Brook RD, Appel LJ, Rubenfire M, Ogedegbe G, Bisognano JD, Elliott WJ, Fuchs FD, Hughes JW, Lackland DT, Staffileno BA, Townsend RR, Rajagopalan S (June 2013).

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of the arteries resulting in abnormally high blood pressure readings with a blood pressure cuff while intra arterial measurements of blood pressure are normal.

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for accurate blood pressure measurements. The blood pressure cuff should be deflated slowly (2–3 mmHg per second) while listening for the Korotkoff sounds. The

7244:"Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled analysis of data from four studies" 4499: 3070:). None of these were well tolerated. A major breakthrough was achieved with the discovery of the first well-tolerated orally available agents. The first was 7521: 6859: 5683:

Meng L, Chen D, Yang Y, Zheng Y, Hui R (May 2012). "Depression increases the risk of hypertension incidence: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies".

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can be associated with hypertension in newborns and young infants. In older infants and children, hypertension can cause headache, unexplained irritability,

11193:"2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults" 8428:"Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group" 868:

use. The remaining 5–10% of cases are categorized as secondary hypertension, defined as high blood pressure due to a clearly identifiable cause, such as

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Williams GH, Hollenberg NK (November 1985). "Non-modulating essential hypertension: a subset particularly responsive to converting enzyme inhibitors".

9486:"Baroreceptors in the carotid and hypertension-systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of baroreflex activation therapy on blood pressure" 8097:

Cheung AK, Chang TI, Cushman WC, Furth SL, Hou FF, Ix JH, Knoll GA, Muntner P, Pecoits-Filho R, Sarnak MJ, Tobe SW, Tomson CR, Mann JF (March 2021).

9630: 5166: 3301: 3123: 3309:(1st ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization. p. 38. 1710:

most accurate method to confirm the diagnosis. An exception to this is those with very high blood pressure readings especially when there is poor

1315:(GWAS) have identified 35 genetic loci related to blood pressure; 12 of these genetic loci influencing blood pressure were newly found. Sentinel 6759:

Vischer AS, Burkard T (2017). "Principles of Blood Pressure Measurement – Current Techniques, Office vs Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurement".

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Struijker Boudier HA, le Noble JL, Messing MW, Huijberts MS, le Noble FA, van Essen H (December 1992). "The microcirculation and hypertension".

4818:"Association Between Chronic Hypertension and the Risk of 12 Cardiovascular Diseases Among Parous Women: The Role of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes" 3611: 12271: 8377:"Effect of dose and duration of reduction in dietary sodium on blood pressure levels: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials" 9822: 9042:

Chen JM, Heran BS, Wright JM (October 2009). "Blood pressure lowering efficacy of diuretics as second-line therapy for primary hypertension".

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Daniels SR, Gidding SS (March 2013). "Blood pressure screening in children and adolescents: is the glass half empty or more than half full?".

5820:"Sex-Specific Associations Between Alcohol Consumption and Incidence of Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies" 5073:"Trans-ancestry genome-wide association study identifies 12 genetic loci influencing blood pressure and implicates a role for DNA methylation" 3340:

Hernandorena I, Duron E, Vidal JS, Hanon O (July 2017). "Treatment options and considerations for hypertensive patients to prevent dementia".

9679: 8813:"Beyond medications and diet: alternative approaches to lowering blood pressure: a scientific statement from the american heart association" 2448:

Many expert groups recommend a slightly higher target of 150/90 mmHg for those over somewhere between 60 and 80 years of age. The JNC 8 and

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Santschi V, Chiolero A, Burnier M (November 2009). "Electronic monitors of drug adherence: tools to make rational therapeutic decisions".

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is used as a secondary indicator of kidney disease. Lipid panel and glucose tests are done to identify comorbidities such as diabetes and

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ACE-inhibitors or ARBs) should not take potassium supplements or potassium-enriched salts due to the risk of high levels of potassium.

5215:"The effect of coffee on blood pressure and cardiovascular disease in hypertensive individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 3235: 2371: 10973:"ACVIM consensus statement: Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats" 5587:"Association between Arsenic Exposure from Drinking Water and Longitudinal Change in Blood Pressure among HEALS Cohort Participants" 910:

Lifestyle changes and medications can lower blood pressure and decrease the risk of health complications. Lifestyle changes include

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Muñoz Aguilera E, Suvan J, Buti J, Czesnikiewicz-Guzik M, Barbosa Ribeiro A, Orlandi M, et al. (January 2020). Lembo G (ed.).

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A 2018 review found that any alcohol increased blood pressure in males while over one or two drinks increased the risk in females.

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Emtiazy M, Choopani R, Khodadoost M, Tansaz M, Dehghan S, Ghahremani Z (2014). "Avicenna's doctrine about arterial hypertension".

4735:"Impact of Chronic Hypertension and Antihypertensive Treatment on Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 8001:"Evidence supporting a systolic blood pressure goal of less than 150 mm Hg in patients aged 60 years or older: the minority view" 4535: 3193: 2548: 7474:"Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report" 7156:"Guidelines for management of hypertension: report of the fourth working party of the British Hypertension Society, 2004-BHS IV" 6719:

Viera AJ (July 2017). "Screening for Hypertension and Lowering Blood Pressure for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Events".

4023:"Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: updated systematic review and meta-analysis" 1785:

is more common in adolescents and adults and has multiple risk factors, including obesity and a family history of hypertension.

4703: 1235: 7553:"Screening for primary hypertension in children and adolescents: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement" 4058: 3005:. The therapeutic approach for the treatment of hard pulse disease included changes in lifestyle (staying away from anger and 2312:

Much of the disease burden of high blood pressure is experienced by people who are not labeled as hypertensive. Consequently,

801:

is persistently elevated. High blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms itself. It is, however, a major risk factor for

11803: 10419: 10316: 6776: 6684: 5533: 4684: 4438: 4422: 4255: 3778: 3668: 3314: 2379: 11808: 11385: 10874:

Coca A (2008). "Economic benefits of treating high-risk hypertension with angiotensin II receptor antagonists (blockers)".

4585:"Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure" 1269: 972:. Half of all people with hypertension are unaware that they have it. Hypertension is usually identified as part of health 900: 8606:

Jama, HA, Snelson M, Schutte AE (2024). "Recommendations for the Use of Dietary Fiber to Improve Blood Pressure Control".

6339:"Counterpoint: Activation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system is the dominant contributor to systemic hypertension" 3697:

Ezzati M, Zhou B, Carrillo-Larco RM, Danaei G, Riley LM, et al. (NCD Risk Factor Collaboration) (11 September 2021).

1589:. The high pulse pressure in elderly people with hypertension or isolated systolic hypertension is explained by increased 11334: 10082: 4238:

Fisher ND, Williams GH (2005). "Hypertensive vascular disease". In Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al. (eds.).

2821: 1018:

correlates roughly with the duration or the severity of the hypertension. Other hypertension-caused organ damage include

10068: 9081:

Garjón J, Saiz LC, Azparren A, Gaminde I, Ariz MJ, Erviti J, et al. (Cochrane Hypertension Group) (February 2020).

9652: 5905:

Palatini P, Julius S (June 2009). "The role of cardiac autonomic function in hypertension and cardiovascular disease".

5549:

Grossman E, Messerli FH (January 2012). "Drug-induced hypertension: an unappreciated cause of secondary hypertension".

3179:

treat hypertension in dogs, although other drugs may be indicated for specific conditions causing high blood pressure.

2981:

Historically the treatment for what was called the "hard pulse disease" consisted in reducing the quantity of blood by

350: 174: 8931: 8643:"Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses" 1179:. Women who have high blood pressure and had complications in their pregnancy have three times the risk of developing 11154: 1735: 307: 4886: 4884: 3013:, meat, and pastries, reducing the volume of food in a meal, maintaining a low-energy diet and the dietary usage of 1555:

of arteriolar blood vessels plays a role in hypertension. Hypertension is also associated with decreased peripheral

11958: 11575: 7424:

Schmidt BM, Durao S, Toews I, Bavuma CM, Hohlfeld A, Nury E, et al. (Cochrane Hypertension Group) (May 2020).

2798:

hypertension in children and adolescents. Nevertheless, primary or essential hypertension accounts for most cases.

1528: 956: 9343:

Sarwar MS, Islam MS, Al Baker SM, Hasnat A (May 2013). "Resistant hypertension: underlying causes and treatment".

9228:

Chaturvedi S, Lipszyc DH, Licht C, Craig JC, Parekh R, et al. (Cochrane Hypertension Group) (February 2014).

9130:

Reeve E, Jordan V, Thompson W, Sawan M, Todd A, Gammie TM, et al. (Cochrane Hypertension Group) (June 2020).

7529: 6478:

Marchesi C, Paradis P, Schiffrin EL (July 2008). "Role of the renin-angiotensin system in vascular inflammation".

3262:

Lackland DT, Weber MA (May 2015). "Global burden of cardiovascular disease and stroke: hypertension at the core".

3122:

Graph showing prevalence of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension compared between the four studies of

11590: 11451: 4881: 2552: 2359: 2330: 1506: 1084:

frequently causes a decreased blood pressure in the lower extremities relative to the arms, or delayed or absent

759: 535: 10436: 8769:"Hyperkalemia associated with use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers" 7641:"Screening for Hypertension in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Reaffirmation Recommendation Statement" 2966:

in 1836. The first report of elevated blood pressure in a person without evidence of kidney disease was made by

11909: 6063:"Reactivity of small blood vessels in hypertension: relation with structural changes. State of the art lecture" 2773:

with age. Hypertension is common in high, medium, and low-income countries. It is more common in people of low

2449: 2375: 2031: 1915: 1586: 1316: 723: 4927:

Dionne JM, Abitbol CL, Flynn JT (January 2012). "Hypertension in infancy: diagnosis, management and outcome".

3044:, was used in 1900 but had many side effects and was unpopular. Several other agents were developed after the 1738:

or noncompressibility artery syndrome may also require consideration. This condition is believed to be due to

11721: 10268:"Historical trends and milestones in hypertension research: a model of the process of translational research" 5818:

Roerecke M, Tobe SW, Kaczorowski J, Bacon SL, Vafaei A, Hasan OS, Krishnan RJ, Raifu AO, Rehm J (June 2018).

5126:"Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: The Framingham Heart Study" 3141: 3098: 3094: 2807: 2657: 1312: 356: 22: 10533:

Dustan HP, Roccella EJ, Garrison HH (September 1996). "Controlling hypertension. A research success story".

1167:. Women who have chronic hypertension before their pregnancy are at increased risk of complications such as 12026: 11946: 11651: 9273:

Giacona JM, Kositanurit W, Vongpatanasin W (April 2024). "Management of Resistant Hypertension-An Update".

6805:"Screening for high blood pressure in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement" 3049: 2293: 1841: 1767: 1598: 1023: 513: 11233:

James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, et al. (February 2014).

7552: 6513:

Gooch JL, Sharma AC (September 2014). "Targeting the immune system to treat hypertension: where are we?".

3037:), and pyrogen therapy (injection of substances that caused a fever, indirectly reducing blood pressure). 12041: 12036: 11763: 11753: 9850: 9626: 8332:

He FJ, Li J, Macgregor GA (April 2013). "Effect of longer-term modest salt reduction on blood pressure".

4783:"Pregnancy complications increase the risk of heart attacks and stroke in women with high blood pressure" 2833: 1622: 1532: 1137: 895:(second number) pressures. For most adults, normal blood pressure at rest is within the range of 100–140 818: 708: 126: 3320: 2653: 12224: 12142: 11793: 11768: 11585: 11514: 11444: 8099:"KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Blood Pressure in Chronic Kidney Disease" 3034: 2963: 2812: 2661: 2396: 1919: 1689: 1602: 904: 752: 226: 10917:

Taylor SS, Sparkes AH, Briscoe K, Carter J, Sala SC, Jepson RE, Reynolds BS, Scansen BA (March 2017).

10568:

Lyons HH, Hoobler SW (February 1948). "Experiences with tetraethylammonium chloride in hypertension".

12167: 12110: 11758: 11711: 11561: 11524: 7776: 7154:

Williams B, Poulter NR, Brown MJ, Davis M, McInnes GT, Potter JF, Sever PS, McG Thom S (March 2004).

3853: 3660: 3603: 3130: 2520: 1899: 1854: 1797: 1718: 1172: 931: 844:. About 90–95% of cases are primary, defined as high blood pressure due to nonspecific lifestyle and 331: 6931:"Orthostatic hypertension: a measure of blood pressure variation for predicting cardiovascular risk" 6145:"Higher heart rate variability as a predictor of atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertensione" 1056:, a hump of fat behind the neck and shoulders (referred to as a buffalo hump), and purple abdominal 12152: 11965: 11919: 11914: 11738: 11716: 11345: 7732:

Daskalopoulou SS, Rabi DM, Zarnke KB, Dasgupta K, Nerenberg K, Cloutier L, et al. (May 2015).

3090: 2959: 2885: 2881: 2619: 2615: 2544: 1881: 1743: 1455: 1242: 1160: 1149: 1081: 1015: 728: 71: 9821:

Burt VL, Cutler JA, Higgins M, Horan MJ, Labarthe D, Whelton P, Brown C, Roccella EJ (July 1995).

4850: 4733:

Al Khalaf SY, O'Reilly ÉJ, Barrett PM, B Leite DF, Pawley LC, McCarthy FP, Khashan AS (May 2021).

2336:

engage in regular aerobic physical activity with moderate intensity (minimum 150 minutes per week)

12207: 12189: 11671: 11666: 11630: 11600: 9918:"Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association" 9916:

Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, Carnethon M, Dai S, De Simone G, et al. (February 2010).

7856:"Blood pressure targets for the treatment of people with hypertension and cardiovascular disease" 2967: 2897: 2629: 2599: 2474: 2441: 1869: 1726: 1606: 1556: 1431: 806: 688: 595: 283: 252: 114: 109: 67: 8469:"Efficacy of different dietary patterns on lowering of blood pressure level: an umbrella review" 8229:

Go AS, Bauman MA, Coleman King SM, Fonarow GC, Lawrence W, Williams KA, Sanchez E (April 2014).

7690:"Lowering blood pressure to prevent myocardial infarction and stroke: a new preventive strategy" 6253:

Chobanian AV (August 2007). "Clinical practice. Isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly".

4273:"Lay perspectives on hypertension and drug adherence: systematic review of qualitative research" 4247: 3849: 12179: 12162: 12157: 12147: 11988: 11924: 11566: 11467: 9727:"Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease: Clinical Insights and Vascular Mechanisms" 8741: 3145: 2994: 2853: 2837: 2825: 2458: 2422: 2406: 1782: 1771: 1763: 1755: 1572: 1393: 1302: 1211: 1180: 1123: 1035: 1019: 919: 869: 841: 837: 826: 682: 134: 11396: 7639:

Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, Cabana M, Caughey AB, Davis EM, et al. (April 2021).

6863: 6556:

Adrogué HJ, Madias NE (May 2007). "Sodium and potassium in the pathogenesis of hypertension".

4970:

Ehret GB, Munroe PB, Rice KM, Bochud M, Johnson AD, Chasman DI, et al. (September 2011).

1844:

or whether the heart has experienced a prior minor disturbance such as a silent heart attack.

1006:

Long-standing untreated hypertension can cause organ damage with signs such as changes in the

12266: 12184: 11929: 11788: 11780: 11748: 11635: 11298: 10160:"Management of hypertension in peripheral arterial disease: does the choice of drugs matter?" 8375:

Huang L, Trieu K, Yoshimura S, Neal B, Woodward M, Campbell NR, et al. (February 2020).

4972:"Genetic variants in novel pathways influence blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk" 3170:

Hypertension in cats is indicated with a systolic blood pressure greater than 150 mmHg, with

3158: 2607: 2603: 2556: 2533: 2489:

intake, with a minimum of 28g/day for women and 38g/day for men diagnosed with hypertension.

1829: 1722: 1568: 1423: 1399: 1368: 1223: 1073: 1041: 896: 873: 713: 588: 464: 424: 10483:"1993 guidelines for the management of mild hypertension: memorandum from a WHO/ISH meeting" 7733: 7569: 6675:

Harrison TR, Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo J, eds. (2018).

4789:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 21 November 2023. 4563: 4239: 1613:

may also contribute to increased peripheral resistance and vascular damage in hypertension.

12098: 12093: 11897: 11689: 10971:

Acierno MJ, Brown S, Coleman AE, Jepson RE, Papich M, Stepien RL, Syme HM (November 2018).

10083:"Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks" 8426:

Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, et al. (January 2001).

6158: 5784: 4983: 3224: 3066: 2873: 2774: 2592: 1793: 1777:

Secondary hypertension is more common in preadolescent children, with most cases caused by

1754:

Once the diagnosis of hypertension has been made, further testing may be performed to find

1564: 1345: 1340: 1119: 973: 698: 650: 384: 1482:

exposure through drinking water has been shown to correlate with elevated blood pressure.

8: 12174: 11941: 11323: 7347:"Screening for elevated blood pressure in children and adolescents: a critical appraisal" 4363: 2935: 2857: 2588: 2509: 2300:

needs to be taken into account when deciding if a blood pressure is normal in a newborn.

1576: 1435: 1381: 1199: 1113: 1049: 881: 861: 814: 718: 629: 530: 494: 419: 394: 341: 11030:

McEvoy JW, McCarthy CP, Bruno RM, Brouwers S, Canavan MD, et al. (30 August 2024).

10945: 10918: 9437:"Autonomic-immune-vascular interaction: an emerging concept for neurogenic hypertension" 9250: 9229: 8583: 8558: 8257: 8230: 7831: 7810: 7002:

McEvoy JW, McCarthy CP, Bruno RM, Brouwers S, Canavan MD, et al. (30 August 2024).

6763:(Review). Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 956. pp. 85–96. 6162: 5788: 5165:

Carrera-Bastos P, Fontes-Villalba M, O'Keefe JH, Lindeberg S, Cordain L (9 March 2011).

4987: 4892: 4858: 3654: 2626:

are being studied as an option for lowering blood pressure in people in this situation.

12088: 11998: 11580: 10997: 10972: 10899: 10856: 10843: 10816: 10797: 10749: 10724: 10700: 10675: 10507: 10482: 10360: 10333: 10284: 10267: 10240: 10215: 10140: 10024: 9999: 9975: 9958: 9893: 9800: 9751: 9726: 9603: 9578: 9554: 9529: 9461: 9452: 9436: 9417: 9368: 9205: 9180: 9156: 9131: 9107: 9083:"First-line combination therapy versus first-line monotherapy for primary hypertension" 9082: 9063: 9019: 8994: 8932:"Interventions used to improve control of blood pressure in patients with hypertension" 8878: 8718: 8691: 8667: 8642: 8534: 8509: 8403: 8376: 8357: 8309: 8284: 8283:

Semlitsch T, Krenn C, Jeitler K, Berghold A, Horvath K, Siebenhofer A (February 2021).

8167: 8074: 8041: 7932: 7907: 7880: 7855: 7670: 7582: 7498: 7473: 7450: 7425: 7281: 7243: 7223: 7075: 7040: 6906: 6889: 6625: 6600: 6581: 6538: 6455: 6430: 6411: 6363: 6338: 6314: 6297: 6278: 6230: 6203: 6179: 6149: 6144: 5973: 5930: 5844: 5819: 5752: 5728:"Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms" 5727: 5708: 5660: 5635: 5611: 5586: 5454: 5429: 5405: 5380: 5361: 5349: 5313: 5296: 5272: 5255: 5188: 5097: 5072: 5004: 4971: 4952: 4798: 4759: 4734: 4653: 4628: 4601: 4584: 4481: 4345: 4297: 4272: 4212: 4187: 4163: 4138: 4119: 4106: 4081: 4050: 4003: 3954: 3929: 3746: 3733: 3698: 3429: 3365: 3041: 3006: 2902: 2869: 2501: 1801: 1590: 1419: 1415: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1194:. It occurs in about 5% of pregnancies and is responsible for approximately 16% of all 996: 969: 923: 888: 877: 555: 346: 99: 10740: 10691: 10605:"The evolution of antihypertensive therapy: an overview of four decades of experience" 10128: 9934: 9917: 9594: 8619: 8203: 8186: 8155: 7259: 7211: 6431:"Endothelium-dependent contractions and endothelial dysfunction in human hypertension" 5479:"Periodontitis is associated with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 5045: 5028: 4834: 4817: 4333: 4038: 3815: 3798: 3715: 3417: 2622:, an effect known as neurogenic hypertension. Electrical therapies that stimulate the 2333:

to <100 mmol/day (<6 g of salt (sodium chloride) or <2.4 g of sodium per day)

1462:, excessive drinking of alcohol, certain prescription medicines, herbal remedies, and 892: 11879: 11828: 11728: 11356: 11256: 11214: 11145: 11137: 11109: 11101: 11068:

Mancia G, Kreutz R, Brunström M, Burnier M, Grassi G, et al. (1 December 2023).

11049: 11002: 10950: 10891: 10887: 10848: 10833: 10789: 10754: 10705: 10626: 10621: 10604: 10585: 10581: 10550: 10512: 10494: 10464: 10456: 10452: 10415: 10392: 10365: 10312: 10289: 10245: 10181: 10132: 10060: 10029: 9980: 9939: 9885: 9881: 9842: 9792: 9756: 9707: 9699: 9608: 9559: 9507: 9466: 9409: 9360: 9325: 9290: 9255: 9210: 9161: 9112: 9055: 9024: 8960: 8909: 8870: 8834: 8790: 8785: 8768: 8723: 8672: 8623: 8588: 8539: 8490: 8449: 8408: 8349: 8314: 8262: 8208: 8159: 8120: 8079: 8061: 8022: 7981: 7937: 7885: 7836: 7755: 7711: 7674: 7662: 7574: 7503: 7455: 7403: 7368: 7327: 7273: 7227: 7215: 7177: 7133: 7080: 7062: 7021: 6979: 6952: 6911: 6826: 6782: 6772: 6736: 6680: 6657: 6630: 6573: 6530: 6495: 6460: 6446: 6403: 6368: 6354: 6319: 6270: 6235: 6184: 6125: 6084: 6043: 6039: 6008: 5965: 5922: 5884: 5849: 5800: 5757: 5700: 5665: 5616: 5566: 5529: 5520: 5500: 5459: 5410: 5353: 5318: 5277: 5236: 5147: 5102: 5050: 5009: 4944: 4839: 4802: 4764: 4680: 4658: 4606: 4555: 4473: 4418: 4337: 4302: 4251: 4240: 4217: 4168: 4137:

Garrison SR, Kolber MR, Korownyk CS, McCracken RK, Heran BS, Allan GM (August 2017).

4111: 4042: 3995: 3959: 3910: 3820: 3774: 3750: 3738: 3720: 3664: 3580: 3572: 3539:

Mancia G, Kreutz R, Brunström M, Burnier M, Grassi G, et al. (1 December 2023).

3488: 3433: 3421: 3357: 3310: 3279: 2939: 2348: 1825: 1483: 1273: 1253: 1045: 787: 605: 414: 303: 293: 234: 181: 158: 83: 11328: 10860: 10801: 10325: 10144: 9897: 9804: 9421: 9286: 9067: 8882: 8467:

Sukhato K, Akksilp K, Dellow A, Vathesatogkit P, Anothaisintawee T (December 2020).

8361: 8171: 7587: 7399: 7363: 7346: 7285: 7039:

Whelton PK, Carey RM, Mancia G, Kreutz R, Bundy JD, Williams B (14 September 2022).

6585: 6542: 6399: 6282: 6204:"Vascular stiffness and increased pulse pressure in the aging cardiovascular system" 6079: 6062: 5977: 5934: 5712: 5365: 5071:

Kato N, Loh M, Takeuchi F, Verweij N, Wang X, Zhang W, et al. (November 2015).

4956: 4485: 4349: 4123: 4054: 4007: 3369: 2938:

in 1896. This allowed easy measurement of systolic pressure in the clinic. In 1905,

1548:, although a reduction in the number or density of capillaries may also contribute. 1519: 1245:

is defined as new-onset hypertension during pregnancy without protein in the urine.

1183:

compared to women with normal blood pressure who had no complications in pregnancy.

11884: 11533: 11436: 11407: 11246: 11204: 11091: 11081: 11039: 10992: 10984: 10940: 10930: 10919:"ISFM Consensus Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertension in Cats" 10903: 10883: 10838: 10828: 10781: 10744: 10736: 10695: 10687: 10653: 10616: 10577: 10542: 10502: 10448: 10355: 10345: 10279: 10235: 10227: 10171: 10124: 10019: 10011: 9970: 9929: 9877: 9834: 9784: 9746: 9738: 9691: 9598: 9590: 9549: 9541: 9497: 9456: 9448: 9399: 9388:"Diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism: practical clinical perspectives" 9372: 9352: 9317: 9282: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9051: 9047: 9014: 9010: 9006: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8905: 8901: 8862: 8824: 8780: 8713: 8703: 8662: 8654: 8615: 8578: 8570: 8529: 8521: 8480: 8439: 8398: 8388: 8345: 8341: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8252: 8242: 8198: 8151: 8110: 8069: 8053: 8012: 7971: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7745: 7701: 7652: 7564: 7493: 7485: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7395: 7358: 7317: 7263: 7255: 7207: 7167: 7123: 7115: 7070: 7052: 7011: 6942: 6901: 6816: 6764: 6728: 6620: 6612: 6565: 6522: 6487: 6450: 6442: 6415: 6395: 6358: 6350: 6309: 6262: 6225: 6215: 6174: 6166: 6115: 6074: 6035: 6000: 5957: 5914: 5876: 5839: 5831: 5792: 5747: 5739: 5692: 5655: 5647: 5606: 5598: 5558: 5490: 5449: 5441: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5345: 5336:

Lawlor DA, Smith GD (May 2005). "Early life determinants of adult blood pressure".

5308: 5267: 5226: 5192: 5178: 5137: 5092: 5084: 5040: 4999: 4991: 4936: 4829: 4790: 4754: 4746: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4596: 4547: 4465: 4329: 4292: 4284: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4034: 3987: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3900: 3810: 3728: 3710: 3562: 3552: 3478: 3413: 3349: 3271: 3102: 2943: 2931: 2918:

Modern understanding of the cardiovascular system began with the work of physician

2765: 2611: 2505: 1805: 1593:, which typically accompanies aging and may be exacerbated by high blood pressure. 1552: 1439: 1364: 1089: 645: 640: 520: 404: 399: 366: 336: 288: 59: 11191:

Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE, Collins KJ, et al. (15 May 2018).

9579:"Refractory hypertension: A novel phenotype of antihypertensive treatment failure" 9545: 8641:

Aburto NJ, Hanson S, Gutierrez H, Hooper L, Elliott P, Cappuccio FP (April 2013).

7999:

Wright JT, Fine LJ, Lackland DT, Ogedegbe G, Dennison Himmelfarb CR (April 2014).

6004: 5880: 5867:

Conway J (April 1984). "Hemodynamic aspects of essential hypertension in humans".

4022: 3353: 2645: 2481:

Dietary changes shown to reduce blood pressure include diets with low sodium, the

21:

This article is about arterial hypertension. For other forms of hypertension, see

12250: 12076: 12071: 11983: 11706: 11661: 11541: 11350: 11086: 11069: 10546: 9695: 9321: 8866: 8829: 8812: 8574: 8247: 6601:"Sodium-to-potassium ratio and blood pressure, hypertension, and related factors" 6526: 5796: 5696: 5562: 5164: 4469: 3768: 3557: 3540: 3483: 3466: 2849: 2845: 2324: 1817: 1789: 1711: 1706: 1698: 1694: 1688:

For an accurate diagnosis of hypertension to be made, it is essential for proper

1664: 1617:

has garnered interest for its role in increasing the production of several other

1540: 1475: 1427: 1403: 1320: 1285: 1231: 1206:. Pre-eclampsia can occasionally progress to a life-threatening condition called 1061: 984: 936: 620: 575: 525: 475: 452: 446: 389: 361: 11413: 11044: 11031: 10772:

Alcocer L, Cueto L (June 2008). "Hypertension, a health economics perspective".

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Novello FC, Sprague JM (1957). "Benzothiadiazine dioxides as novel diuretics".

10231: 10176: 10159: 9742: 8115: 8098: 7750: 7322: 7305: 7128: 6732: 6491: 6170: 4794: 3275: 3137: 3134: 3071: 2990: 2919: 2633: 2493: 2402: 1837: 1821: 1778: 1668: 1614: 1582: 1536: 1407: 1277: 1227: 1219: 1195: 1085: 1011: 1000: 865: 794: 733: 560: 470: 409: 326: 11361: 10015: 7854:

Saiz LC, Gorricho J, Garjón J, Celaya MC, Erviti J, Leache L (November 2022).

7119: 5961: 5918: 5743: 5213:

Mesas AE, Leon-Muñoz LM, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Lopez-Garcia E (October 2011).

4940: 12260: 11993: 11656: 11251: 11234: 11163: 11141: 11105: 11053: 10935: 10785: 10498: 10460: 10350: 10048: 9703: 8525: 8065: 7066: 7025: 6947: 6930: 5212: 3905: 3888: 3724: 3576: 3082: 3053: 3030: 2927: 2841: 2816:

Diagram illustrating the main complications of persistent high blood pressure

2567: 2486: 2414: 2363: 2313: 1739: 1657: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1560: 1491: 1376: 1372: 1168: 1164: 1153: 1057: 810: 693: 614: 545: 298: 162: 122: 11820: 11313: 10000:"Hypertension in children and adolescents: epidemiology and natural history" 9788: 7489: 6970:

Luma GB, Spiotta RT (May 2006). "Hypertension in children and adolescents".

6120: 6103: 5835: 5231: 5214: 5142: 5125: 4816:

Al Khalaf S, Chappell LC, Khashan AS, McCarthy FP, O'Reilly ÉJ (July 2023).

4750: 2500:

Physical exercise regimens which are shown to reduce blood pressure include

1788:

Initial assessment upon diagnosis of hypertension should include a complete

1734:

also recommends getting measurements outside of the healthcare environment.

12046: 11861: 11551: 11494: 11424: 11260: 11218: 11149: 11113: 11006: 10954: 10895: 10852: 10793: 10758: 10709: 10589: 10396: 10369: 10293: 10185: 10136: 10064: 10033: 9984: 9943: 9889: 9838: 9760: 9711: 9612: 9563: 9511: 9470: 9413: 9364: 9356: 9329: 9294: 9259: 9214: 9165: 9116: 9059: 9028: 8964: 8913: 8874: 8838: 8794: 8727: 8676: 8627: 8592: 8543: 8494: 8485: 8468: 8453: 8412: 8353: 8318: 8266: 8212: 8163: 8124: 8083: 8026: 7985: 7941: 7889: 7840: 7759: 7715: 7666: 7657: 7640: 7578: 7507: 7459: 7407: 7372: 7331: 7277: 7219: 7181: 7172: 7155: 7137: 7084: 6983: 6956: 6915: 6830: 6786: 6740: 6634: 6577: 6534: 6499: 6464: 6407: 6372: 6323: 6274: 6239: 6188: 5969: 5926: 5853: 5804: 5761: 5704: 5669: 5620: 5570: 5504: 5463: 5414: 5357: 5322: 5281: 5240: 5151: 5124:, Seshadri S, Larson MG, Kannel WB, D'Agostino RB, Levy D (February 2002). 5121: 5106: 5054: 5013: 4948: 4843: 4768: 4662: 4610: 4559: 4477: 4341: 4306: 4221: 4172: 4115: 4046: 3999: 3963: 3914: 3824: 3742: 3584: 3492: 3425: 3361: 3283: 3086: 3045: 2982: 2297: 1610: 1261: 1069: 1007: 927: 738: 673: 655: 540: 480: 10630: 10554: 10516: 10468: 10249: 9846: 9796: 7958:

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has identified hypertension (high blood pressure) as the leading cause of

2319:

Recommended lifestyle changes for the prevention of hypertension include:

1126:, according to the absence or presence of end organ damage, respectively. 12199: 11595: 11391: 11168: 9502: 9485: 6768: 6569: 6266: 6025: 5528:(9th ed.). Philadelphia; Montreal: W.B. Saunders. pp. 729–749. 5495: 5478: 4456:

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factors for hypertension increasing in low- and middle-income countries.

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Pre-eclampsia is a serious condition of the second half of pregnancy and

1101: 1093: 1065: 911: 822: 635: 570: 565: 278: 273: 263: 153: 130: 11096: 10657: 8285:"Long-term effects of weight-reducing diets in people with hypertension" 6849:"7 Diagnosis of Hypertension, 7.5 Link from evidence to recommendations" 5991:

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Musini VM, Gueyffier F, Puil L, Salzwedel DM, Wright JM (August 2017).

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consume a diet rich in whole grains, fruit and vegetables, such as the

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limit alcohol consumption, max 1 drink for women and 2 for men per day

11869: 11610: 11546: 11502: 11485: 11480: 11402: 8742:"Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee" 8393: 8017: 8000: 7976: 7959: 6821: 6804: 5445: 5297:"Obesity hypertension in children: a problem of epidemic proportions" 3991: 3061: 3026: 2482: 2343: 1645: 1545: 1459: 1451: 1328: 1281: 1215: 1207: 1133: 1053: 678: 11281: 10808: 9865: 8040:

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7706: 7689: 7240: 6104:"Arterial and venous compliance in sustained essential hypertension" 5947: 5256:"Vitamin D and hypertension: current evidence and future directions" 5088: 1319:

for each new genetic locus identified has shown an association with

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may cause abrupt episodes of hypertension accompanied by headache,

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6429:

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1725:

machines, the importance of not wrongly diagnosing those who have

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Descriptions of hypertension as a disease came among others from

2922:(1578–1657), who described the circulation of blood in his book " 1479: 1471: 1443: 988: 857: 848:

factors. Lifestyle factors that increase the risk include excess

790: 610: 460: 248: 170: 11339: 9576: 6298:"Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and therapy of arterial stiffness" 5633: 4897:

eMedicine Pediatrics: Cardiac Disease and Critical Care Medicine

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Musini VM, Tejani AM, Bassett K, Puil L, Wright JM (June 2019).

3009:) and dietary program for patients (avoiding the consumption of 1539:

remains normal. There is evidence that some younger people with

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Abhyankar LN, Jones MR, Guallar E, Navas-Acien A (April 2012).

4136: 3656:

Global report on hypertension: the race against a silent killer

2908:

Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus

2861: 2829: 2598:

Some common secondary causes of resistant hypertension include

2560: 1661: 1653: 1641: 1467: 1097: 802: 798: 703: 118: 63: 10216:"From blood pressure to hypertension: the history of research" 9915: 8895: 6890:"Unusual hypertensive phenotypes: what is their significance?" 4679:(18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 2011. pp. 55–61. 3930:"Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in adults 60 years or older" 3696: 3118: 1190:

characterised by increased blood pressure and the presence of

903:

over a 24-hour period appears more accurate than office-based

833:. Hypertension is a major cause of premature death worldwide. 11123: 9577:

Dudenbostel T, Siddiqui M, Oparil S, Calhoun DA (June 2016).

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Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control

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National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)

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Acelajado MC, Hughes ZH, Oparil S, Calhoun DA (March 2019).

9527: 9230:"Pharmacological interventions for hypertension in children" 9178: 6428: 6201: 5817: 4629:"Pharmacological interventions for hypertensive emergencies" 4185: 3538: 2532:

Several classes of medications, collectively referred to as

2401:

According to one review published in 2003, reduction of the

2353:

stress reduction and management, e.g. by meditation and yoga

11852: 11029: 9863: 9227: 8810: 8640: 8228: 7638: 7522:"Hypertension – Clinical Preventive Service Recommendation" 7001: 4581: 3403: 3339: 3010: 1873: 1649: 1308: 1080:

to the left or right of the midline, or in both locations.

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Diao D, Wright JM, Cundiff DK, Gueyffier F (August 2012).

4079: 3048:, the most popular and reasonably effective of which were 999:. These symptoms, however, might be related to associated 10970: 9342: 9080: 8929: 7784: 7302: 7291:

per day (representing only 10% of the population studied)

7153: 6887: 5719: 5119: 4139:"Blood pressure targets for hypertension in older adults" 1523:

Illustration depicting the effects of high blood pressure

1344:

roles of other factors such as caffeine consumption, and

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Franklin SS, Wilkinson IB, McEniery CM (February 2012).

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frequently causes weight loss with increased appetite,

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Zubcevic J, Waki H, Raizada MK, Paton JF (June 2011).

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Hypertension: From basic research to clinical practice

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Lau DH, Nattel S, Kalman JM, Sanders P (August 2017).

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is associated with poor cardiovascular health status.

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Blood pressure is classified by two measurements, the

12222: 10441:

JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association

10334:"The medieval origins of the concept of hypertension" 10164:

European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery

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National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence

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Comparison of international blood pressure guidelines

2435:

Comparison of international blood pressure guidelines

2405:

by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34%, of

976:

or when seeking healthcare for an unrelated problem.

11466: 11271: 9678:

Leng B, Jin Y, Li G, Chen L, Jin N (February 2015).

9530:"Treatment of resistant and refractory hypertension" 8605: 8556: 8507: 8187:"Intensive blood pressure lowering – Authors' reply" 7908:"Blood pressure targets in adults with hypertension" 7344: 6385: 6295: 5774: 1762:, identify hypertension-caused organ damage such as 995:(buzzing or hissing in the ears), altered vision or 7905: 7808: 7722: 5026: 3299: 1857:(using an automated device over a 24-hour period). 1671:. They make up 25% of the hypertensive population. 1352:, which is common in obesity and is a component of 1307:Hypertension results from a complex interaction of 11186: 11169:"Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management" 11127: 8845: 8278: 8276: 8184: 8042:"Hypertension Management in Diabetes: 2018 Update" 6647: 6302:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 5583: 5519: 5027:Lifton RP, Gharavi AG, Geller DS (February 2001). 4926: 4020: 3335: 3333: 2593:Failing to take prescribed medications as directed 2360:reducing dietary salt intake lowers blood pressure 188:≥ 130/80 mmHg or ≥ 140/90 mmHg 8689: 8599: 8550: 8137: 7906:Arguedas JA, Leiva V, Wright JM (December 2020). 7901: 7899: 6847:National Clinical Guidance Centre (August 2011). 5682: 5524:. In Wilson JD, Foster DW, Kronenberg HM (eds.). 4246:(16th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 3799:"Modifiable Risk Factors and Atrial Fibrillation" 2595:is an important cause of resistant hypertension. 1442:. Other causes of secondary hypertension include 1198:globally. Pre-eclampsia also doubles the risk of 12258: 11228: 10669: 10667: 10437:"Determinants of Isolated Systolic Hypertension" 9724: 9483: 8992: 7809:Arguedas JA, Leiva V, Wright JM (October 2013). 5548: 4536:"Hypertensive crises: challenges and management" 4319: 3649: 3085:, which became available in 1958. Subsequently, 2539:First-line medications for hypertension include 1746:is when blood pressure increases upon standing. 1214:and has several serious complications including 10261: 10259: 10209: 10207: 10205: 10203: 10201: 10199: 10197: 10195: 9816: 9814: 9041: 8273: 6842: 6840: 5725: 4698: 4696: 4271:Marshall IJ, Wolfe CD, McKevitt C (July 2012). 4233: 4231: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3330: 1621:thought to be involved in hypertension such as 10774:Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease 10643: 10602: 10306: 8185:Xie X, Atkins E, Lv J, Rodgers A (June 2016). 7896: 7385: 6758: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6515:Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 5904: 5338:Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 4891:Rodriguez-Cruz E, Ettinger LM (6 April 2010). 4237: 11452: 11197:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 10867: 10765: 10725:"World Hypertension Day and global awareness" 10716: 10664: 10609:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 10376: 10151: 10107: 9991: 9857: 9677: 9266: 8806: 8804: 8501: 8331: 8325: 7687: 7345:Chiolero A, Bovet P, Paradis G (March 2013). 6798: 6796: 6555: 6296:Zieman SJ, Melenovsky V, Kass DA (May 2005). 5517: 3399: 3261: 2323:maintain normal body weight for adults (e.g. 1384:is also associated with high blood pressure. 1076:may be associated with a localized abdominal 760: 16:Long-term high blood pressure in the arteries 10771: 10722: 10673: 10567: 10309:A century of arterial hypertension 1896–1996 10256: 10192: 9811: 9767: 6963: 6837: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6668: 6136: 5294: 5288: 5253: 5029:"Molecular mechanisms of human hypertension" 4963: 4693: 4669: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4228: 3626: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 2777:. Hypertension is around twice as common in 2378:made a similar recommendation. However, the 1732:United States Preventive Services Task Force 1003:rather than the high blood pressure itself. 979:Some people with high blood pressure report 10570:Journal of the American Medical Association 10414:. Oxford: Blackwell Science. p. xiii. 10046: 9911: 9909: 9907: 9234:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9185:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9136:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9087:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9044:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8999:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8993:Wright JM, Musini VM, Gill R (April 2018). 8939:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8898:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8690:Stone MS, Martyn L, Weaver CM (July 2016). 8334:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8289:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7953: 7951: 7912:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7860:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7815:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7804: 7802: 7430:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7193: 7191: 7032: 6969: 6747: 6512: 6101: 5900: 5898: 5430:"Winter Hypertension: Potential mechanisms" 5385:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5335: 5329: 4633:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4626: 4192:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4143:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4086:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3934:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3598: 3596: 3594: 3105:were developed as antihypertensive agents. 2822:preventable risk factor for premature death 2536:, are available for treating hypertension. 1847: 1571:. For patients having hypertension, higher 1387: 930:. If lifestyle changes are not sufficient, 12032:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency 11459: 11445: 10528: 10526: 10157: 10049:"Hypertension in children and adolescents" 9870:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 9725:Petrie JR, Guzik TJ, Touyz RM (May 2018). 9653:"WHO Disease and injury country estimates" 9484:Wallbach M, Koziolek MJ (September 2018). 8801: 8473:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 8224: 8222: 8090: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6793: 6677:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 6598: 6142: 5219:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 5066: 5064: 4677:Harrison's principles of internal medicine 4533: 4264: 4242:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3792: 3790: 3766: 3762: 3760: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3230:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2649:Rates of hypertension in adult men in 2014 2468: 1200:death of the baby around the time of birth 767: 753: 49: 44:Arterial hypertension, high blood pressure 11250: 11208: 11095: 11085: 11043: 10996: 10944: 10934: 10842: 10832: 10748: 10699: 10620: 10506: 10487:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 10409: 10359: 10349: 10283: 10239: 10175: 10023: 9974: 9933: 9750: 9645: 9602: 9553: 9501: 9460: 9403: 9249: 9204: 9155: 9106: 9018: 8954: 8828: 8784: 8717: 8707: 8666: 8582: 8557:Charchar FJ, Prestes PR, Mills C (2024). 8533: 8484: 8443: 8402: 8392: 8336:(Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis). 8308: 8256: 8246: 8202: 8114: 8073: 8016: 7975: 7931: 7879: 7830: 7749: 7705: 7656: 7586: 7568: 7544: 7497: 7449: 7362: 7321: 7267: 7171: 7127: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7074: 7056: 7015: 6946: 6905: 6820: 6697: 6624: 6506: 6454: 6362: 6313: 6252: 6229: 6219: 6178: 6119: 6078: 6060: 5843: 5824:Journal of the American Heart Association 5751: 5659: 5610: 5494: 5453: 5404: 5378: 5312: 5271: 5230: 5182: 5141: 5096: 5044: 5003: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4833: 4758: 4739:Journal of the American Heart Association 4652: 4600: 4522: 4296: 4211: 4162: 4105: 3953: 3904: 3814: 3732: 3714: 3608:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute 3566: 3556: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3482: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3376: 3295: 3293: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 2942:improved the technique by describing the 2872:. Hypertension is also a risk factor for 2582: 2372:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute 1029: 10603:Bakris GL, Frohlich ED (December 1989). 10220:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 9956: 9904: 9523: 9521: 8508:Joshi S, Ettinger L, Liebman SE (2020). 8138:Brunström M, Carlberg B (January 2016). 8033: 7948: 7799: 7771: 7769: 7188: 7149: 7147: 5895: 5726:Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT (October 2010). 5434:International Journal of Health Sciences 4622: 4620: 4313: 4073: 3591: 3117: 2901: 2811: 2652: 2644: 2549:angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors 2428: 1683: 1518: 1510: 941: 10977:Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 10814: 10523: 10434: 10265: 10071:from the original on 26 September 2007. 9997: 8219: 7570:10.7326/0003-4819-159-9-201311050-00725 7426:"Screening strategies for hypertension" 6990: 5171:Research Reports in Clinical Cardiology 5061: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4443:Center for Drug Evaluation and Research 4408: 4406: 4404: 4082:"Pharmacotherapy for mild hypertension" 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3831: 3787: 3757: 3677: 3250: 3194:Health effects of ultra-processed foods 2764:As of 2019, one in three or 33% of the 2632:is described by one source as elevated 1749: 1535:) accounts for the high pressure while 1296: 12259: 10966: 10964: 10923:Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 10213: 8925: 8923: 8766: 8514:American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 7091: 5990: 5866: 4915: 4856: 4413:O'Brien E, Beevers DG, Lip GY (2007). 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 3499: 3440: 3300:Mendis S, Puska P, Norrving B (2011). 3290: 3206: 3108: 2664:per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004: 1800:suggests the following initial tests: 1531:, increased resistance to blood flow ( 1515:Determinants of mean arterial pressure 1236:disseminated intravascular coagulation 1107: 968:Hypertension is rarely accompanied by 12272:Medical conditions related to obesity 11804:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia 11440: 10817:"The economic impact of hypertension" 10095:from the original on 14 February 2012 10040: 9659:from the original on 11 November 2009 9518: 9490:Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation 9385: 7766: 7550: 7484:(Suppl 5): S213–S256. December 2011. 7419: 7417: 7144: 6928: 6718: 6336: 5427: 5254:Vaidya A, Forman JP (November 2010). 4617: 3604:"How Is High Blood Pressure Treated?" 3040:The first chemical for hypertension, 2610:, and some rare secondary causes are 2409:by 21%, and reduce the likelihood of 2380:American Academy of Family Physicians 2122:International Society of Hypertension 1494:may be associated with hypertension. 1360:), also contributes to hypertension. 963: 836:High blood pressure is classified as 148:Usually lifestyle and genetic factors 11809:Generalized essential telangiectasia 10873: 9316:(11): 2294–2295, author reply 2295. 8510:"Plant-Based Diets and Hypertension" 7598:from the original on 19 August 2017. 6721:The Medical Clinics of North America 5379:Gois PH, Souza ER (September 2020). 4627:Perez MI, Musini VM (January 2008). 4570: 3868: 2824:worldwide. It increases the risk of 2666: 2515:Stress reduction techniques such as 901:Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring 10961: 10088:. World Health Organization. 2009. 9655:. World Health Organization. 2009. 8995:"First-line drugs for hypertension" 8920: 8432:The New England Journal of Medicine 6802: 6599:Perez V, Chang ET (November 2014). 6558:The New England Journal of Medicine 6255:The New England Journal of Medicine 6102:Safar ME, London GM (August 1987). 5577: 5295:Sorof J, Daniels S (October 2002). 4903:from the original on 15 August 2009 4863:eMedicine Obstetrics and Gynecology 4381: 3033:(surgical ablation of parts of the 2820:Hypertension is the most important 2384:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 13: 11017: 10729:The Canadian Journal of Cardiology 10680:The Canadian Journal of Cardiology 10676:"Impact of World Hypertension Day" 10311:. Chichester: Wiley. p. 213. 10285:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.177766 9976:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.178541 9731:The Canadian Journal of Cardiology 9633:from the original on 18 April 2017 9453:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.169748 8974:from the original on 12 April 2019 8861:(10): 1936–1944, discussion 1944. 8748:from the original on 26 April 2017 7738:The Canadian Journal of Cardiology 7414: 6907:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.182956 6650:Journal of Hypertension Supplement 6480:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 6315:10.1161/01.ATV.0000160548.78317.29 6028:Journal of Hypertension Supplement 5526:Williams textbook of endocrinology 5350:10.1097/01.mnh.0000165893.13620.2b 5314:10.1161/01.HYP.0000032940.33466.12 5273:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.140160 4602:10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2 4061:from the original on 16 April 2019 3264:The Canadian Journal of Cardiology 3081:and developed from the antibiotic 3064:(derived from the medicinal plant 1500: 351:Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome 204:33% (all adults), 16% (diagnosed) 14: 12283: 9935:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192667 9595:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.06587 8620:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.22575 7614:uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org 6394:(6): 1996–1998, discussion 2016. 6349:(6): 1998–2000, discussion 2015. 5640:Environmental Health Perspectives 5591:Environmental Health Perspectives 4869:from the original on 24 July 2009 4835:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20628 4714:from the original on 4 March 2016 4510:from the original on 25 July 2015 3816:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.023163 3614:from the original on 6 April 2016 3342:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 2949: 1758:, identify comorbidities such as 1736:Pseudohypertension in the elderly 1717:With the availability of 24-hour 1486:was also linked to hypertension. 12244: 12232: 11959:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis 10910: 10888:10.2165/00044011-200828040-00002 10834:10.1111/j.1524-6175.2003.02463.x 10821:Journal of Clinical Hypertension 10637: 10596: 10582:10.1001/jama.1948.02890260016005 10561: 10475: 10453:10.1001/jama.1988.03410230069030 10428: 10403: 10300: 10075: 10047:Luma GB, Spiotta RT (May 2006). 9950: 9882:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01215.x 9718: 9671: 9619: 9570: 9477: 9428: 9379: 9336: 9301: 9221: 9181:"Beta-blockers for hypertension" 9172: 9123: 9074: 9035: 8986: 8889: 8786:10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00258.x 8760: 8734: 8683: 8634: 8460: 8419: 8368: 8178: 8131: 7992: 7847: 7688:Law M, Wald N, Morris J (2003). 7681: 7632: 7602: 6447:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00240.x 6355:10.1152/japplphysiol.00182.2010a 6208:Cardiology Research and Practice 6143:Kim SH, Lim KR, Chun KJ (2022). 6040:10.1097/00004872-199212000-00016 5551:The American Journal of Medicine 3238:from the original on 20 May 2024 3165: 2279: 2276: 2267: 2264: 2253: 2250: 2241: 2238: 2201: 2198: 2189: 2186: 2175: 2172: 2163: 2160: 2149: 2146: 2137: 2134: 2118:European Society of Hypertension 1656:intake does not modulate either 1527:In most people with established 874:narrowing of the kidney arteries 838:primary (essential) hypertension 186:Resting blood pressure in adults 10435:Wilking SV (16 December 1988). 10385:Acta medico-historica Adriatica 10158:Singer DR, Kite A (June 2008). 9287:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.8555 7514: 7466: 7400:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.439 7379: 7364:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.438 7338: 7296: 7234: 7114:(2 Suppl 4th Report): 555–576. 6922: 6881: 6641: 6592: 6549: 6471: 6435:British Journal of Pharmacology 6422: 6400:10.1152/japplphysiol.00182.2010 6379: 6330: 6289: 6246: 6195: 6095: 6080:10.1161/01.HYP.19.2_Suppl.II1-a 6054: 6019: 5984: 5941: 5860: 5811: 5768: 5676: 5627: 5542: 5511: 5470: 5421: 5372: 5247: 5206: 5158: 5113: 5020: 4809: 4775: 4726: 4534:Marik PE, Varon J (June 2007). 4492: 4449: 4431: 4356: 4179: 4130: 4014: 3970: 3921: 2640: 2512:, and device-guided breathing. 1861:Blood pressure classifications 1832:on kidney function. Testing of 1652:-sensitive hypertension, where 1551:It is not clear whether or not 1507:Pathophysiology of hypertension 1313:genome-wide association studies 11910:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease 9242:10.1002/14651858.CD008117.pub2 9197:10.1002/14651858.CD002003.pub5 9148:10.1002/14651858.CD012572.pub2 9099:10.1002/14651858.CD010316.pub3 9052:10.1002/14651858.CD007187.pub2 9011:10.1002/14651858.CD001841.pub3 8947:10.1002/14651858.cd005182.pub4 8906:10.1002/14651858.CD004935.pub2 8346:10.1002/14651858.CD004937.pub2 8301:10.1002/14651858.CD008274.pub4 7924:10.1002/14651858.CD004349.pub3 7872:10.1002/14651858.CD010315.pub5 7823:10.1002/14651858.cd008277.pub2 7442:10.1002/14651858.CD013212.pub2 6061:Schiffrin EL (February 1992). 5518:Dluhy RG, Williams GH (1998). 5397:10.1002/14651858.CD008652.pub4 4645:10.1002/14651858.CD003653.pub3 4204:10.1002/14651858.CD008276.pub2 4155:10.1002/14651858.CD011575.pub2 4098:10.1002/14651858.CD006742.pub2 3946:10.1002/14651858.CD000028.pub3 2913: 2880:. Other complications include 2527: 2450:American College of Physicians 2376:American Academy of Pediatrics 2032:European Society of Cardiology 1916:American College of Cardiology 1842:thickening of the heart muscle 1768:thickening of the heart muscle 1619:immune system chemical signals 1587:isolated systolic hypertension 1363:Events in early life, such as 1024:thickening of the heart muscle 724:Social determinants of obesity 196:Lifestyle changes, medications 1: 11722:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva 11576:Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis 10741:10.1016/S0828-282X(08)70617-2 10692:10.1016/S0828-282X(07)70795-X 10535:Archives of Internal Medicine 10129:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11911-8 9629:. World Health Organization. 9546:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312156 8204:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30366-X 8156:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00816-8 7260:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30467-6 7212:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31205-3 7160:Journal of Human Hypertension 6862:. p. 102. Archived from 6388:Journal of Applied Physiology 6343:Journal of Applied Physiology 6005:10.1152/physrev.1982.62.2.347 5881:10.1152/physrev.1984.64.2.617 5732:Annals of Behavioral Medicine 5046:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00241-0 4334:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60198-6 4039:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00805-3 3716:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01330-1 3418:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61468-9 3354:10.1080/14656566.2017.1333599 3199: 3142:The World Hypertension League 3099:angiotensin receptor blockers 3095:angiotensin converting enzyme 2906:Image of veins from Harvey's 2808:Complications of hypertension 2792: 2658:Disability-adjusted life year 2553:angiotensin receptor blockers 2502:isometric resistance exercise 2390: 2307: 2286: 1238:(a blood clotting disorder). 357:Metabolically healthy obesity 23:Hypertension (disambiguation) 12027:Chronic venous insufficiency 11652:Aortoiliac occlusive disease 11087:10.1097/HJH.0000000000003480 10723:Chockalingam A (June 2008). 10622:10.1016/0735-1097(89)90002-8 10547:10.1001/archinte.156.17.1926 10307:Postel-Vinay N, ed. (1996). 9957:Frohlich ED (October 2011). 9696:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000428 9392:Journal of Internal Medicine 9322:10.1097/hjh.0b013e328332a501 8867:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000298 8830:10.1161/HYP.0b013e318293645f 8575:10.1097/HJH.0000000000003563 8248:10.1161/HYP.0000000000000003 7694:Health Technology Assessment 6527:10.1097/MNH.0000000000000052 5907:Current Hypertension Reports 5797:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.001 5697:10.1097/hjh.0b013e32835080b7 5563:10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.05.024 4859:"Hypertension and Pregnancy" 4470:10.1097/CRD.0b013e3181c307b7 3558:10.1097/HJH.0000000000003480 3484:10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065 3151: 3113: 3050:tetramethylammonium chloride 2989:. This was advocated by The 2976: 2801: 2534:antihypertensive medications 2331:reduce dietary sodium intake 1674: 1143: 1140:evidence for this approach. 514:Obesity-associated morbidity 214:10.4 million; 19% of deaths 7: 12042:Inferior vena cava syndrome 12037:Superior vena cava syndrome 11764:Vertebral artery dissection 11754:Intracranial berry aneurysm 10876:Clinical Drug Investigation 10815:Elliott WJ (October 2003). 10674:Chockalingam A (May 2007). 10266:Kotchen TA (October 2011). 8773:Cardiovascular Therapeutics 8445:10.1056/NEJM200101043440101 8005:Annals of Internal Medicine 7964:Annals of Internal Medicine 7557:Annals of Internal Medicine 6809:Annals of Internal Medicine 3980:Annals of Internal Medicine 3225:"About High Blood Pressure" 3182: 2834:peripheral vascular disease 2296:, postconceptional age and 1623:tumor necrosis factor alpha 1575:(HRV) is a risk factor for 1533:total peripheral resistance 1248: 1138:randomized controlled trial 819:peripheral arterial disease 709:Obesity and the environment 127:peripheral arterial disease 10: 12288: 12143:Hypertensive heart disease 11794:Arteriovenous malformation 11769:Familial aortic dissection 11210:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.006 10232:10.1177/014107689108401019 10214:Esunge PM (October 1991). 10177:10.1016/j.ejvs.2008.01.007 9743:10.1016/j.cjca.2017.12.005 9386:Young WF (February 2019). 8116:10.1016/j.kint.2020.11.003 7751:10.1016/j.cjca.2015.02.016 7551:Moyer VA (November 2013). 6856:Hypertension (NICE CG 127) 6733:10.1016/j.mcna.2017.03.003 6492:10.1016/j.tips.2008.05.003 6337:Navar LG (December 2010). 6171:10.1038/s41598-022-07783-3 4795:10.3310/nihrevidence_60660 3767:Naish J, Court DS (2014). 3663:(WHO). 19 September 2023. 3276:10.1016/j.cjca.2015.01.009 3035:sympathetic nervous system 2895: 2891: 2805: 2662:hypertensive heart disease 2432: 2397:Management of hypertension 2394: 1920:American Heart Association 1690:blood pressure measurement 1603:sympathetic nervous system 1601:) or abnormalities of the 1504: 1391: 1335:Blood pressure rises with 1300: 1147: 1111: 1033: 932:blood pressure medications 905:blood pressure measurement 897:millimeters mercury (mmHg) 20: 12198: 12168:Renovascular hypertension 12133: 12124: 12111:Hepatic artery thrombosis 12059: 12019: 11974: 11878: 11860: 11851: 11819: 11779: 11759:Carotid artery dissection 11712:Abdominal aortic aneurysm 11684: 11644: 11621: 11562:Intermittent claudication 11532: 11525:Peripheral artery disease 11523: 11493: 11475: 11371: 11275: 11130:American Family Physician 11045:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae178 10053:American Family Physician 10016:10.1007/s00467-009-1200-3 7206:(10043): 438. July 2016. 7120:10.1542/peds.114.2.S2.555 7058:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac432 7017:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae178 6972:American Family Physician 5962:10.1080/08037050410004819 5919:10.1007/s11906-009-0035-4 5744:10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8 4941:10.1007/s00467-010-1755-z 4857:Gibson P (30 July 2009). 3854:World Health Organization 3661:World Health Organization 3131:World Health Organization 2926:". The English clergyman 2759: 2521:transcendental meditation 2382:supports the view of the 2116: 2030: 1914: 1880: 1877: 1868: 1855:ambulatory blood pressure 1834:urine samples for protein 1798:World Health Organization 1719:ambulatory blood pressure 1291: 332:Classification of obesity 210: 200: 192: 180: 152: 144: 108: 98: 82: 66:hypertension (shown by a 57: 48: 40: 35: 12153:Hypertensive nephropathy 11966:Post-thrombotic syndrome 11947:Paget–Schroetter disease 11739:Coronary artery aneurysm 11717:Thoracic aortic aneurysm 11252:10.1001/jama.2013.284427 10936:10.1177/1098612X17693500 10786:10.1177/1753944708090572 10351:10.4103/1995-705X.144807 8526:10.1177/1559827619875411 7323:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs092 6948:10.1253/circj.cj-09-0286 6803:Siu AL (November 2015). 5521:"Endocrine hypertension" 3906:10.1001/jama.2013.284427 3091:calcium channel blockers 2886:hypertensive nephropathy 2882:hypertensive retinopathy 2620:autonomic nervous system 2616:coarctation of the aorta 2545:calcium channel blockers 1882:Diastolic blood pressure 1848:Classification in adults 1744:Orthostatic hypertension 1599:renin–angiotensin system 1456:coarctation of the aorta 1243:gestational hypertension 1161:gestational hypertension 1150:Gestational hypertension 1082:Coarctation of the aorta 1016:hypertensive retinopathy 729:Social stigma of obesity 72:diastolic blood pressure 12208:Orthostatic hypotension 12190:White coat hypertension 11667:Fibromuscular dysplasia 11631:Carotid artery stenosis 11074:Journal of Hypertension 10410:Swales JD, ed. (1995). 9998:Falkner B (July 2010). 9789:10.1161/01.HYP.25.3.305 9684:Journal of Hypertension 9310:Journal of Hypertension 8855:Journal of Hypertension 8767:Raebel MA (June 2012). 8563:Journal of Hypertension 7490:10.1542/peds.2009-2107C 6121:10.1161/01.HYP.10.2.133 5836:10.1161/JAHA.117.008202 5777:Environmental Pollution 5685:Journal of Hypertension 5483:Cardiovascular Research 5232:10.3945/ajcn.111.016667 5143:10.1001/jama.287.8.1003 4751:10.1161/JAHA.120.018494 3545:Journal of Hypertension 2968:Frederick Akbar Mahomed 2962:in 1808 and especially 2898:History of hypertension 2838:cardiovascular diseases 2630:Refractory hypertension 2600:obstructive sleep apnea 2469:Lifestyle modifications 1870:Systolic blood pressure 1830:anti-hypertensive drugs 1727:white coat hypertension 1697:while listening to the 1607:endothelial dysfunction 1567:and, ultimately, cause 1490:is also a risk factor. 1432:fibromuscular dysplasia 1339:when associated with a 1270:difficulty in breathing 1086:femoral arterial pulses 807:coronary artery disease 689:Fat acceptance movement 596:Anti-obesity medication 284:Gestational weight gain 115:Coronary artery disease 78:of 80 beats per minute) 68:systolic blood pressure 12180:Pulmonary hypertension 12163:Secondary hypertension 12158:Essential hypertension 12148:Hypertensive emergency 11989:Portacaval anastomosis 11925:Portal vein thrombosis 11567:Critical limb ischemia 11468:Cardiovascular disease 11036:European Heart Journal 10412:Manual of hypertension 9839:10.1161/01.HYP.26.1.60 9357:10.1055/s-0033-1337930 7658:10.1001/jama.2021.4987 7310:European Heart Journal 7173:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001683 7045:European Heart Journal 7008:European Heart Journal 3146:World Hypertension Day 3126: 2985:or the application of 2910: 2854:chronic kidney disease 2826:ischemic heart disease 2817: 2756: 2650: 2583:Resistant hypertension 2551:(ACE inhibitors), and 2459:chronic kidney disease 2423:cardiovascular disease 2407:ischemic heart disease 2387:pressure measurement. 2259:Hypertension, grade 3 2233:Hypertension, grade 2 2207:Hypertension, grade 1 2005:Hypertension, stage 2 1979:Hypertension, stage 1 1783:essential hypertension 1772:cardiovascular disease 1764:chronic kidney disease 1756:secondary hypertension 1573:heart rate variability 1529:essential hypertension 1524: 1516: 1458:, excessive eating of 1394:Secondary hypertension 1388:Secondary hypertension 1303:Essential hypertension 1212:hypertensive emergency 1181:cardiovascular disease 1124:hypertensive emergency 1036:Secondary hypertension 1030:Secondary hypertension 1020:chronic kidney disease 960: 870:chronic kidney disease 842:secondary hypertension 827:chronic kidney disease 135:chronic kidney disease 12185:Systolic hypertension 11930:Renal vein thrombosis 11789:Arteriovenous fistula 11781:Vascular malformation 11749:Intracranial aneurysm 11636:Renal artery stenosis 6929:Kario K (June 2009). 6617:10.3945/an.114.006783 6605:Advances in Nutrition 5993:Physiological Reviews 5869:Physiological Reviews 5428:Fares A (June 2013). 4552:10.1378/chest.06-2490 4500:"Hypertensive Crisis" 4417:. London: BMJ Books. 3610:. 10 September 2015. 3159:Health care providers 3121: 2905: 2815: 2656: 2648: 2608:renal artery stenosis 2604:primary aldosteronism 2557:myocardial infarction 2429:Target blood pressure 2314:population strategies 1774:risk stratification. 1684:Measurement technique 1569:diastolic dysfunction 1559:, which may increase 1522: 1514: 1424:renal artery stenosis 1276:, failure to thrive, 1074:Renal artery stenosis 954: 714:Obesity and sexuality 589:Management of obesity 465:Binge eating disorder 425:Waist-to-height ratio 12099:Paradoxical embolism 12094:Cholesterol embolism 11920:May–Thurner syndrome 11915:Budd–Chiari syndrome 11898:Deep vein thrombosis 11893:primarily lower limb 11672:Raynaud's phenomenon 10493:(5): 503–517. 1993. 10004:Pediatric Nephrology 9853:on 20 December 2012. 9534:Circulation Research 8486:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa252 8103:Kidney International 6769:10.1007/5584_2016_49 6570:10.1056/NEJMra064486 6267:10.1056/NEJMcp071137 4929:Pediatric Nephrology 4458:Cardiology in Review 3856:(WHO). 16 March 2023 3067:Rauvolfia serpentina 2874:cognitive impairment 2775:socioeconomic status 2589:mechanisms of action 1794:physical examination 1750:Other investigations 1377:high blood uric acid 1346:vitamin D deficiency 1297:Primary hypertension 1192:protein in the urine 1120:hypertensive urgency 699:Health at Every Size 651:Weight loss coaching 385:Body adiposity index 60:blood pressure meter 12175:Benign hypertension 11155:Key recommendations 10827:(3 Suppl 2): 3–13. 10658:10.1021/ja01565a079 10123:(9349): 1903–1913. 7129:2027/uc1.c095473177 6935:Circulation Journal 6221:10.4061/2011/263585 6163:2022NatSR..12.3702K 5789:2018EPoll.235..576Y 5652:10.1289/ehp.1103988 5603:10.1289/ehp.1409004 5184:10.2147/RRCC.S16919 4996:10.1038/nature10405 4988:2011Natur.478..103T 4566:on 4 December 2012. 4415:ABC of hypertension 3109:Society and culture 2936:Scipione Riva-Rocci 2858:atrial fibrillation 2510:resistance exercise 1862: 1723:home blood pressure 1577:atrial fibrillation 1563:, increase cardiac 1436:hyperparathyroidism 1382:Periodontal disease 1323:at multiple nearby 1114:Hypertensive crisis 1108:Hypertensive crisis 1050:glucose intolerance 891:(first number) and 882:birth control pills 862:physical inactivity 815:atrial fibrillation 784:high blood pressure 719:Sedentary lifestyle 531:Fatty liver disease 495:Starvation response 395:Body fat percentage 342:Genetics of obesity 12089:Pulmonary embolism 11999:Esophageal varices 11937:upper limb / torso 11581:Arteriolosclerosis 11372:External resources 10989:10.1111/jvim.15331 9503:10.1093/ndt/gfx279 9405:10.1111/joim.12831 8150:(10017): 405–406. 7532:on 1 November 2014 7254:(10043): 464–475. 6150:Scientific Reports 6073:(2 Suppl): II1-9. 5496:10.1093/cvr/cvz201 4033:(10017): 435–443. 3709:(10304): 957–980. 3326:on 17 August 2014. 3127: 3097:(ACE) inhibitors, 3042:sodium thiocyanate 3007:sexual intercourse 2911: 2870:pulmonary embolism 2818: 2757: 2651: 2541:thiazide-diuretics 1860: 1802:serum electrolytes 1591:arterial stiffness 1525: 1517: 1420:hyperaldosteronism 1400:Cushing's syndrome 1358:metabolic syndrome 1350:Insulin resistance 1188:following delivery 1102:excessive sweating 1044:frequently causes 1042:Cushing's syndrome 1014:. The severity of 964:Signs and symptoms 961: 878:endocrine disorder 854:excess body weight 556:Obesity and cancer 437:Related conditions 347:Metabolic syndrome 167:excess body weight 12220: 12219: 12216: 12215: 12060:Arteries or veins 12055: 12054: 11880:Venous thrombosis 11847: 11846: 11829:Cherry hemangioma 11729:Aortic dissection 11680: 11679: 11515:Buerger's disease 11434: 11433: 11203:(19): e127–e248. 11175:. 28 August 2019. 11080:(12): 1874–2071. 10541:(17): 1926–1935. 10447:(23): 3451–3455. 10421:978-0-86542-861-4 10318:978-0-471-96788-0 8709:10.3390/nu8070444 8659:10.1136/bmj.f1378 8058:10.2337/ds17-0085 8046:Diabetes Spectrum 7787:on 3 October 2006 7651:(16): 1650–1656. 7316:(13): 1635–1701. 7051:(35): 3302–3311. 6778:978-3-319-44250-1 6686:978-1-259-64404-7 6564:(19): 1966–1978. 5535:978-0-7216-6152-0 5083:(11): 1282–1293. 4982:(7367): 103–109. 4686:978-0-07-174889-6 4424:978-1-4051-3061-5 4328:(9559): 425–435. 4289:10.1136/bmj.e3953 4257:978-0-07-139140-5 3780:978-0-7020-5249-1 3670:978-92-4-008106-2 3551:(12): 1874–2071. 3412:(9995): 801–812. 3316:978-92-4-156437-3 2940:Nikolai Korotkoff 2754: 2753: 2494:dietary potassium 2284: 2283: 1826:electrocardiogram 1557:venous compliance 1254:Failure to thrive 997:fainting episodes 952: 916:physical exercise 791:medical condition 777: 776: 606:Bariatric surgery 415:Relative Fat Mass 304:Childhood obesity 294:Weight management 235:Human body weight 220: 219: 182:Diagnostic method 74:99 mmHg and 30:Medical condition 12279: 12249: 12248: 12247: 12237: 12236: 12228: 12131: 12130: 11942:Mondor's disease 11885:Thrombophlebitis 11858: 11857: 11534:Arteriosclerosis 11530: 11529: 11491: 11490: 11461: 11454: 11447: 11438: 11437: 11273: 11272: 11264: 11254: 11230: 11222: 11212: 11188: 11184: 11176: 11165: 11153: 11125: 11117: 11099: 11089: 11065: 11057: 11047: 11027: 11011: 11010: 11000: 10983:(6): 1803–1822. 10968: 10959: 10958: 10948: 10938: 10914: 10908: 10907: 10871: 10865: 10864: 10846: 10836: 10812: 10806: 10805: 10769: 10763: 10762: 10752: 10720: 10714: 10713: 10703: 10671: 10662: 10661: 10652:(8): 2028–2029. 10646:J. Am. Chem. Soc 10641: 10635: 10634: 10624: 10615:(7): 1595–1608. 10600: 10594: 10593: 10565: 10559: 10558: 10530: 10521: 10520: 10510: 10479: 10473: 10472: 10432: 10426: 10425: 10407: 10401: 10400: 10380: 10374: 10373: 10363: 10353: 10329: 10323: 10322: 10304: 10298: 10297: 10287: 10263: 10254: 10253: 10243: 10211: 10190: 10189: 10179: 10155: 10149: 10148: 10111: 10105: 10104: 10102: 10100: 10094: 10087: 10079: 10073: 10072: 10059:(9): 1558–1568. 10044: 10038: 10037: 10027: 10010:(7): 1219–1224. 9995: 9989: 9988: 9978: 9954: 9948: 9947: 9937: 9913: 9902: 9901: 9876:(7): 1056–1065. 9861: 9855: 9854: 9849:. Archived from 9818: 9809: 9808: 9771: 9765: 9764: 9754: 9722: 9716: 9715: 9675: 9669: 9668: 9666: 9664: 9649: 9643: 9642: 9640: 9638: 9627:"Blood Pressure" 9623: 9617: 9616: 9606: 9589:(6): 1085–1092. 9574: 9568: 9567: 9557: 9540:(7): 1061–1070. 9525: 9516: 9515: 9505: 9496:(9): 1485–1493. 9481: 9475: 9474: 9464: 9447:(6): 1026–1033. 9432: 9426: 9425: 9407: 9383: 9377: 9376: 9340: 9334: 9333: 9305: 9299: 9298: 9270: 9264: 9263: 9253: 9225: 9219: 9218: 9208: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9159: 9127: 9121: 9120: 9110: 9078: 9072: 9071: 9039: 9033: 9032: 9022: 8990: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8973: 8958: 8936: 8927: 8918: 8917: 8893: 8887: 8886: 8849: 8843: 8842: 8832: 8823:(6): 1360–1383. 8808: 8799: 8798: 8788: 8764: 8758: 8757: 8755: 8753: 8738: 8732: 8731: 8721: 8711: 8687: 8681: 8680: 8670: 8638: 8632: 8631: 8614:(7): 1450–1459. 8603: 8597: 8596: 8586: 8554: 8548: 8547: 8537: 8505: 8499: 8498: 8488: 8479:(6): 1584–1598. 8464: 8458: 8457: 8447: 8423: 8417: 8416: 8406: 8396: 8394:10.1136/bmj.m315 8372: 8366: 8365: 8329: 8323: 8322: 8312: 8280: 8271: 8270: 8260: 8250: 8226: 8217: 8216: 8206: 8182: 8176: 8175: 8135: 8129: 8128: 8118: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8077: 8037: 8031: 8030: 8020: 8018:10.7326/m13-2981 7996: 7990: 7989: 7979: 7977:10.7326/M16-1785 7955: 7946: 7945: 7935: 7918:(12): CD004349. 7903: 7894: 7893: 7883: 7866:(11): CD010315. 7851: 7845: 7844: 7834: 7817:(10): CD008277. 7806: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7783:. Archived from 7773: 7764: 7763: 7753: 7729: 7720: 7719: 7709: 7685: 7679: 7678: 7660: 7636: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7616:. Archived from 7606: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7590: 7572: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7528:. Archived from 7518: 7512: 7511: 7501: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7453: 7421: 7412: 7411: 7383: 7377: 7376: 7366: 7342: 7336: 7335: 7325: 7300: 7294: 7293: 7271: 7238: 7232: 7231: 7195: 7186: 7185: 7175: 7151: 7142: 7141: 7131: 7102: 7089: 7088: 7078: 7060: 7036: 7030: 7029: 7019: 6999: 6988: 6987: 6978:(9): 1558–1568. 6967: 6961: 6960: 6950: 6941:(6): 1002–1007. 6926: 6920: 6919: 6909: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6868: 6853: 6844: 6835: 6834: 6824: 6822:10.7326/m15-2223 6800: 6791: 6790: 6756: 6745: 6744: 6716: 6695: 6694: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6628: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6510: 6504: 6503: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6458: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6366: 6334: 6328: 6327: 6317: 6293: 6287: 6286: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6233: 6223: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6182: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6123: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6082: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6023: 6017: 6016: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5902: 5893: 5892: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5847: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5755: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5663: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5614: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5523: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5498: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5457: 5446:10.12816/0006044 5425: 5419: 5418: 5408: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5316: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5275: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5234: 5225:(4): 1113–1126. 5210: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5186: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5145: 5136:(8): 1003–1010. 5117: 5111: 5110: 5100: 5068: 5059: 5058: 5048: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5007: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4924: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4888: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4837: 4828:(7): 1427–1438. 4813: 4807: 4806: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4762: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4700: 4691: 4690: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4656: 4624: 4615: 4614: 4604: 4595:(6): 1206–1252. 4579: 4568: 4567: 4562:. Archived from 4546:(6): 1949–1962. 4531: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4410: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4368:ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 4360: 4354: 4353: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4300: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4245: 4235: 4226: 4225: 4215: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4166: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4109: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4018: 4012: 4011: 3992:10.7326/M14-0773 3974: 3968: 3967: 3957: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3908: 3883: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3846: 3829: 3828: 3818: 3794: 3785: 3784: 3770:Medical sciences 3764: 3755: 3754: 3736: 3718: 3694: 3675: 3674: 3651: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3600: 3589: 3588: 3570: 3560: 3536: 3497: 3496: 3486: 3461: 3438: 3437: 3401: 3374: 3373: 3348:(10): 989–1000. 3337: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3319:. Archived from 3308: 3297: 3288: 3287: 3259: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3221: 3103:renin inhibitors 3046:Second World War 2995:Cornelius Celsus 2944:Korotkoff sounds 2932:sphygmomanometer 2846:aortic aneurysms 2766:world population 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2612:pheochromocytoma 2506:aerobic exercise 1863: 1859: 1806:serum creatinine 1695:Korotkoff sounds 1644:or insufficient 1553:vasoconstriction 1440:pheochromocytoma 1369:maternal smoking 1365:low birth weight 1348:are less clear. 1286:facial paralysis 1090:Pheochromocytoma 953: 880:, or the use of 782:, also known as 769: 762: 755: 646:Weight loss camp 641:Obesity medicine 521:Arteriosclerosis 405:Corpulence index 400:Body Shape Index 367:Set point theory 337:Exercise paradox 321:Medical concepts 289:Diet (nutrition) 243:General concepts 222: 221: 216:(globally, 2019) 206:(globally, 2019) 53: 33: 32: 12287: 12286: 12282: 12281: 12280: 12278: 12277: 12276: 12257: 12256: 12255: 12245: 12243: 12231: 12223: 12221: 12212: 12194: 12120: 12077:Microangiopathy 12072:Macroangiopathy 12051: 12015: 11984:Gastric varices 11970: 11883: 11874: 11843: 11815: 11775: 11707:Aortic aneurysm 11693: 11676: 11662:Erythromelalgia 11640: 11617: 11542:Atherosclerosis 11519: 11483: 11471: 11465: 11435: 11430: 11429: 11367: 11366: 11284: 11269: 11267: 11167: 11020: 11018:Further reading 11015: 11014: 10969: 10962: 10915: 10911: 10872: 10868: 10813: 10809: 10770: 10766: 10721: 10717: 10672: 10665: 10642: 10638: 10601: 10597: 10566: 10562: 10531: 10524: 10481: 10480: 10476: 10433: 10429: 10422: 10408: 10404: 10381: 10377: 10330: 10326: 10319: 10305: 10301: 10264: 10257: 10212: 10193: 10156: 10152: 10112: 10108: 10098: 10096: 10092: 10085: 10081: 10080: 10076: 10045: 10041: 9996: 9992: 9955: 9951: 9928:(7): e46–e215. 9914: 9905: 9862: 9858: 9819: 9812: 9772: 9768: 9723: 9719: 9676: 9672: 9662: 9660: 9651: 9650: 9646: 9636: 9634: 9625: 9624: 9620: 9575: 9571: 9526: 9519: 9482: 9478: 9433: 9429: 9384: 9380: 9341: 9337: 9306: 9302: 9275:JAMA Intern Med 9271: 9267: 9236:(2): CD008117. 9226: 9222: 9191:(1): CD002003. 9177: 9173: 9142:(6): CD012572. 9128: 9124: 9093:(2): CD010316. 9079: 9075: 9046:(4): CD007187. 9040: 9036: 9005:(4): CD001841. 8991: 8987: 8977: 8975: 8971: 8941:(3): CD005182. 8934: 8928: 8921: 8900:(1): CD004935. 8894: 8890: 8850: 8846: 8809: 8802: 8779:(3): e156–166. 8765: 8761: 8751: 8749: 8740: 8739: 8735: 8688: 8684: 8639: 8635: 8604: 8600: 8555: 8551: 8506: 8502: 8465: 8461: 8424: 8420: 8373: 8369: 8340:(4): CD004937. 8330: 8326: 8295:(2): CD008274. 8281: 8274: 8227: 8220: 8197:(10035): 2291. 8183: 8179: 8136: 8132: 8095: 8091: 8038: 8034: 7997: 7993: 7956: 7949: 7904: 7897: 7852: 7848: 7807: 7800: 7790: 7788: 7775: 7774: 7767: 7730: 7723: 7707:10.3310/hta7310 7686: 7682: 7637: 7633: 7623: 7621: 7608: 7607: 7603: 7595: 7549: 7545: 7535: 7533: 7520: 7519: 7515: 7472: 7471: 7467: 7436:(5): CD013212. 7422: 7415: 7388:JAMA Pediatrics 7384: 7380: 7351:JAMA Pediatrics 7343: 7339: 7301: 7297: 7239: 7235: 7197: 7196: 7189: 7152: 7145: 7103: 7092: 7037: 7033: 7000: 6991: 6968: 6964: 6927: 6923: 6886: 6882: 6872: 6870: 6869:on 23 July 2013 6866: 6851: 6845: 6838: 6815:(10): 778–786. 6801: 6794: 6779: 6757: 6748: 6717: 6698: 6687: 6673: 6669: 6646: 6642: 6597: 6593: 6554: 6550: 6511: 6507: 6476: 6472: 6427: 6423: 6384: 6380: 6335: 6331: 6294: 6290: 6251: 6247: 6200: 6196: 6141: 6137: 6100: 6096: 6059: 6055: 6034:(7): S147–156. 6024: 6020: 5989: 5985: 5946: 5942: 5903: 5896: 5865: 5861: 5830:(13): e008202. 5816: 5812: 5773: 5769: 5724: 5720: 5681: 5677: 5632: 5628: 5582: 5578: 5547: 5543: 5536: 5516: 5512: 5475: 5471: 5426: 5422: 5391:(9): CD008652. 5377: 5373: 5334: 5330: 5293: 5289: 5252: 5248: 5211: 5207: 5197: 5195: 5163: 5159: 5118: 5114: 5089:10.1038/ng.3405 5077:Nature Genetics 5069: 5062: 5025: 5021: 4968: 4964: 4925: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4889: 4882: 4872: 4870: 4855: 4851: 4814: 4810: 4781: 4780: 4776: 4731: 4727: 4717: 4715: 4702: 4701: 4694: 4687: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4639:(1): CD003653. 4625: 4618: 4580: 4571: 4532: 4523: 4513: 4511: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4454: 4450: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4411: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4362: 4361: 4357: 4318: 4314: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4236: 4229: 4198:(8): CD008276. 4184: 4180: 4149:(8): CD011575. 4135: 4131: 4092:(8): CD006742. 4078: 4074: 4064: 4062: 4019: 4015: 3975: 3971: 3940:(6): CD000028. 3926: 3922: 3884: 3869: 3859: 3857: 3848: 3847: 3832: 3795: 3788: 3781: 3765: 3758: 3695: 3678: 3671: 3653: 3652: 3627: 3617: 3615: 3602: 3601: 3592: 3537: 3500: 3477:(6): e13–e115. 3462: 3441: 3402: 3377: 3338: 3331: 3323: 3317: 3306: 3298: 3291: 3260: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3234:. 15 May 2024. 3223: 3222: 3207: 3202: 3185: 3168: 3154: 3116: 3111: 2979: 2952: 2916: 2900: 2894: 2850:atherosclerosis 2810: 2804: 2795: 2762: 2755: 2749: 2745: 2743: 2742: 1100–1600 2739: 2737: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2643: 2585: 2530: 2471: 2437: 2431: 2399: 2393: 2325:body mass index 2310: 2294:gestational age 2289: 1910:24h ambulatory 1850: 1818:fasting glucose 1752: 1699:brachial artery 1686: 1677: 1541:prehypertension 1509: 1503: 1501:Pathophysiology 1476:methamphetamine 1428:atherosclerosis 1416:Conn's syndrome 1404:hyperthyroidism 1396: 1390: 1321:DNA methylation 1305: 1299: 1294: 1251: 1232:pulmonary edema 1196:maternal deaths 1173:low birthweight 1169:premature birth 1156: 1148:Main articles: 1146: 1116: 1110: 1098:pale appearance 1066:fast heart rate 1062:Hyperthyroidism 1046:truncal obesity 1038: 1032: 985:lightheadedness 966: 955:Video summary ( 942: 937:life expectancy 773: 744: 743: 669: 661: 660: 621:Caloric deficit 591: 581: 580: 576:Type 2 diabetes 526:Atherosclerosis 516: 506: 505: 476:Hyperthyroidism 453:Eating disorder 438: 430: 429: 420:Waist–hip ratio 390:Body mass index 380: 372: 371: 362:Obesity paradox 322: 314: 313: 244: 215: 205: 187: 70:158 mmHg, 31: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12285: 12275: 12274: 12269: 12254: 12253: 12241: 12218: 12217: 12214: 12213: 12211: 12210: 12204: 12202: 12196: 12195: 12193: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12171: 12170: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12139: 12137: 12128: 12126:Blood pressure 12122: 12121: 12119: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12102: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12081: 12080: 12079: 12074: 12063: 12061: 12057: 12056: 12053: 12052: 12050: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12023: 12021: 12017: 12016: 12014: 12013: 12008: 12007: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11986: 11980: 11978: 11976:Varicose veins 11972: 11971: 11969: 11968: 11963: 11962: 11961: 11951: 11950: 11949: 11944: 11934: 11933: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11902: 11901: 11900: 11889: 11887: 11876: 11875: 11873: 11872: 11866: 11864: 11855: 11849: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11841: 11839:Spider angioma 11836: 11831: 11825: 11823: 11821:Vascular nevus 11817: 11816: 11814: 11813: 11812: 11811: 11806: 11799:Telangiectasia 11796: 11791: 11785: 11783: 11777: 11776: 11774: 11773: 11772: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11741: 11736: 11734:Aortic rupture 11731: 11726: 11725: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11699: 11697: 11695:pseudoaneurysm 11682: 11681: 11678: 11677: 11675: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11648: 11646: 11642: 11641: 11639: 11638: 11633: 11627: 11625: 11619: 11618: 11616: 11615: 11614: 11613: 11608: 11606:Oxycholesterol 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11578: 11572: 11571: 11570: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11538: 11536: 11527: 11521: 11520: 11518: 11517: 11512: 11511: 11510: 11499: 11497: 11488: 11473: 11472: 11464: 11463: 11456: 11449: 11441: 11432: 11431: 11428: 11427: 11416: 11399: 11388: 11376: 11375: 11373: 11369: 11368: 11365: 11364: 11353: 11342: 11331: 11316: 11301: 11285: 11280: 11279: 11277: 11276:Classification 11266: 11265: 11224: 11223: 11178: 11177: 11159: 11158: 11119: 11118: 11059: 11058: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11013: 11012: 10960: 10929:(3): 288–303. 10909: 10882:(4): 211–220. 10866: 10807: 10780:(3): 147–155. 10764: 10735:(6): 441–444. 10715: 10686:(7): 517–519. 10663: 10636: 10595: 10576:(9): 608–613. 10560: 10522: 10474: 10427: 10420: 10402: 10391:(1): 157–162. 10375: 10324: 10317: 10299: 10255: 10191: 10170:(6): 701–708. 10150: 10106: 10074: 10039: 9990: 9969:(4): 546–547. 9949: 9903: 9856: 9810: 9783:(3): 305–313. 9766: 9737:(5): 575–584. 9717: 9690:(2): 221–229. 9670: 9644: 9618: 9569: 9517: 9476: 9427: 9398:(2): 126–148. 9378: 9351:(5): 217–223. 9335: 9300: 9281:(4): 433–434. 9265: 9220: 9171: 9122: 9073: 9034: 8985: 8919: 8888: 8844: 8800: 8759: 8733: 8682: 8633: 8598: 8549: 8520:(4): 397–405. 8500: 8459: 8418: 8367: 8324: 8272: 8241:(4): 878–885. 8218: 8177: 8130: 8089: 8052:(3): 218–224. 8032: 8011:(7): 499–503. 7991: 7970:(6): 430–437. 7947: 7895: 7846: 7798: 7765: 7744:(5): 549–568. 7721: 7680: 7631: 7620:on 22 May 2020 7601: 7563:(9): 613–619. 7543: 7513: 7465: 7413: 7394:(3): 302–304. 7378: 7357:(3): 266–273. 7337: 7295: 7233: 7187: 7166:(3): 139–185. 7143: 7090: 7031: 6989: 6962: 6921: 6900:(2): 173–178. 6880: 6836: 6792: 6777: 6746: 6727:(4): 701–712. 6696: 6685: 6667: 6656:(2): S81–S87. 6640: 6611:(6): 712–741. 6591: 6548: 6521:(5): 473–479. 6505: 6486:(7): 367–374. 6470: 6441:(4): 527–536. 6421: 6378: 6329: 6308:(5): 932–943. 6288: 6261:(8): 789–796. 6245: 6194: 6135: 6114:(2): 133–139. 6094: 6053: 6018: 5999:(2): 347–504. 5983: 5956:(6): 350–354. 5950:Blood Pressure 5940: 5913:(3): 199–205. 5894: 5875:(2): 617–660. 5859: 5810: 5767: 5738:(2): 218–227. 5718: 5691:(5): 842–851. 5675: 5646:(4): 494–500. 5626: 5597:(8): 806–812. 5576: 5541: 5534: 5510: 5469: 5440:(2): 210–219. 5420: 5371: 5344:(3): 259–264. 5328: 5307:(4): 441–447. 5287: 5266:(5): 774–779. 5246: 5205: 5157: 5112: 5060: 5039:(4): 545–556. 5019: 4962: 4914: 4893:"Hypertension" 4880: 4849: 4808: 4774: 4745:(9): e018494. 4725: 4692: 4685: 4668: 4616: 4569: 4521: 4491: 4464:(2): 102–107. 4448: 4430: 4423: 4380: 4355: 4312: 4263: 4256: 4227: 4178: 4129: 4072: 4013: 3986:(3): 184–191. 3969: 3920: 3899:(5): 507–520. 3867: 3850:"Hypertension" 3830: 3809:(6): 583–596. 3786: 3779: 3756: 3676: 3669: 3625: 3590: 3498: 3439: 3375: 3329: 3315: 3289: 3270:(5): 569–571. 3249: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3196: 3191: 3184: 3181: 3167: 3164: 3153: 3150: 3135:cardiovascular 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3072:chlorothiazide 2991:Yellow Emperor 2978: 2975: 2964:Richard Bright 2951: 2950:Identification 2948: 2924:De motu cordis 2920:William Harvey 2915: 2912: 2896:Main article: 2893: 2890: 2806:Main article: 2803: 2800: 2794: 2791: 2761: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2748: >1600 2744: 2738: 2736: 990–1100 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2665: 2642: 2639: 2634:blood pressure 2584: 2581: 2529: 2526: 2470: 2467: 2430: 2427: 2403:blood pressure 2395:Main article: 2392: 2389: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2328: 2327:below 25 kg/m) 2309: 2306: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2114: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1879: 1876: 1867: 1849: 1846: 1838:hyperlipidemia 1822:urine dipstick 1779:kidney disease 1751: 1748: 1685: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1669:angiotensin II 1615:Interleukin 17 1583:Pulse pressure 1537:cardiac output 1505:Main article: 1502: 1499: 1408:hypothyroidism 1392:Main article: 1389: 1386: 1371:, and lack of 1301:Main article: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1278:blurred vision 1266:lack of energy 1250: 1247: 1228:kidney failure 1220:brain swelling 1145: 1142: 1112:Main article: 1109: 1106: 1072:, and tremor. 1034:Main article: 1031: 1028: 1012:ophthalmoscopy 965: 962: 924:alcohol intake 795:blood pressure 775: 774: 772: 771: 764: 757: 749: 746: 745: 742: 741: 736: 734:Weight cutting 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 676: 670: 668:Social aspects 667: 666: 663: 662: 659: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 623: 618: 608: 603: 598: 592: 587: 586: 583: 582: 579: 578: 573: 568: 563: 561:Osteoarthritis 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 517: 512: 511: 508: 507: 504: 503: 498: 488: 483: 478: 473: 471:Food addiction 468: 450: 439: 436: 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 422: 417: 412: 410:Lean body mass 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 381: 378: 377: 374: 373: 370: 369: 364: 359: 354: 344: 339: 334: 329: 327:Adipose tissue 323: 320: 319: 316: 315: 312: 311: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 245: 242: 241: 238: 237: 231: 230: 218: 217: 212: 208: 207: 202: 198: 197: 194: 190: 189: 184: 178: 177: 156: 150: 149: 146: 142: 141: 112: 106: 105: 102: 96: 95: 86: 80: 79: 58:Automated arm 55: 54: 46: 45: 42: 38: 37: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12284: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12264: 12262: 12252: 12242: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12229: 12226: 12209: 12206: 12205: 12203: 12201: 12197: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12169: 12166: 12165: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12140: 12138: 12136: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12123: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12086: 12085: 12082: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12069: 12068: 12065: 12064: 12062: 12058: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12024: 12022: 12018: 12012: 12009: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11994:Caput medusae 11992: 11991: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11981: 11979: 11977: 11973: 11967: 11964: 11960: 11957: 11956: 11955: 11952: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11939: 11938: 11935: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11907: 11906: 11903: 11899: 11896: 11895: 11894: 11891: 11890: 11888: 11886: 11881: 11877: 11871: 11868: 11867: 11865: 11863: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11850: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11826: 11824: 11822: 11818: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11801: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11786: 11784: 11782: 11778: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11746: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11709: 11708: 11704: 11701: 11700: 11698: 11696: 11691: 11687: 11683: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11657:Degos disease 11655: 11653: 11650: 11649: 11647: 11643: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11628: 11626: 11624: 11620: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11583: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11573: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11544: 11543: 11540: 11539: 11537: 11535: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11522: 11516: 11513: 11509: 11506: 11505: 11504: 11501: 11500: 11498: 11496: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11482: 11478: 11474: 11469: 11462: 11457: 11455: 11450: 11448: 11443: 11442: 11439: 11426: 11422: 11421: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11409: 11405: 11404: 11400: 11398: 11394: 11393: 11389: 11387: 11383: 11382: 11378: 11377: 11374: 11370: 11363: 11359: 11358: 11354: 11352: 11348: 11347: 11343: 11341: 11337: 11336: 11332: 11330: 11326: 11325: 11321: 11317: 11315: 11311: 11310: 11306: 11302: 11300: 11296: 11295: 11291: 11287: 11286: 11283: 11278: 11274: 11270: 11262: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11245:(5): 507–20. 11244: 11240: 11236: 11226: 11225: 11220: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11202: 11198: 11194: 11180: 11179: 11174: 11170: 11161: 11160: 11156: 11151: 11147: 11143: 11139: 11136:(6): Online. 11135: 11131: 11121: 11120: 11115: 11111: 11107: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11071: 11061: 11060: 11055: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11037: 11033: 11023: 11022: 11008: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10974: 10967: 10965: 10956: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10920: 10913: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10889: 10885: 10881: 10877: 10870: 10862: 10858: 10854: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10811: 10803: 10799: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10768: 10760: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10719: 10711: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10670: 10668: 10659: 10655: 10651: 10647: 10640: 10632: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10614: 10610: 10606: 10599: 10591: 10587: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10564: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10536: 10529: 10527: 10518: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10484: 10478: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10450: 10446: 10442: 10438: 10431: 10423: 10417: 10413: 10406: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10379: 10371: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10335: 10328: 10320: 10314: 10310: 10303: 10295: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10278:(4): 522–38. 10277: 10273: 10269: 10262: 10260: 10251: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10233: 10229: 10225: 10221: 10217: 10210: 10208: 10206: 10204: 10202: 10200: 10198: 10196: 10187: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10169: 10165: 10161: 10154: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10110: 10091: 10084: 10078: 10070: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10050: 10043: 10035: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10005: 10001: 9994: 9986: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9953: 9945: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9912: 9910: 9908: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9860: 9852: 9848: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9817: 9815: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9770: 9762: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9721: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9701: 9697: 9693: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9674: 9658: 9654: 9648: 9632: 9628: 9622: 9614: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9573: 9565: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9524: 9522: 9513: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9480: 9472: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9442: 9438: 9431: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9382: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9345:Drug Research 9339: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9304: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9269: 9261: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9243: 9239: 9235: 9231: 9224: 9216: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9175: 9167: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9126: 9118: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9084: 9077: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9038: 9030: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8989: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8933: 8926: 8924: 8915: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8892: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8856: 8848: 8840: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8807: 8805: 8796: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8763: 8747: 8743: 8737: 8729: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8686: 8678: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8637: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8602: 8594: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8553: 8545: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8504: 8496: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8463: 8455: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8422: 8414: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8371: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8328: 8320: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8279: 8277: 8268: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8225: 8223: 8214: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8181: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8134: 8126: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8109:(3): S1–S87. 8108: 8104: 8100: 8093: 8085: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8036: 8028: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7995: 7987: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7954: 7952: 7943: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7902: 7900: 7891: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7850: 7842: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7805: 7803: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7772: 7770: 7761: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7728: 7726: 7717: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7684: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7635: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7605: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7547: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7517: 7509: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7469: 7461: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7420: 7418: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7382: 7374: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7341: 7333: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7299: 7292: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7237: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7194: 7192: 7183: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7150: 7148: 7139: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7086: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7035: 7027: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7009: 7005: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6966: 6958: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6925: 6917: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6884: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6850: 6843: 6841: 6832: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6799: 6797: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6693: 6692:hypertension. 6688: 6682: 6678: 6671: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6644: 6636: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6595: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6552: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6509: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6474: 6466: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6425: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6382: 6374: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6333: 6325: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6292: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6249: 6241: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6190: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6151: 6146: 6139: 6131: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6098: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6057: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6022: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5944: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5901: 5899: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5863: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5763: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5722: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5630: 5622: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5545: 5537: 5531: 5527: 5522: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5473: 5465: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5424: 5416: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5250: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5153: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5067: 5065: 5056: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4966: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4885: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4787:NIHR Evidence 4784: 4778: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4697: 4688: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4621: 4612: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4426: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4267: 4259: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4243: 4234: 4232: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3791: 3782: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3763: 3761: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3672: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3334: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3305: 3304: 3296: 3294: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3237: 3233: 3231: 3226: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3205: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3180: 3176: 3173: 3166:Other animals 3163: 3160: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3120: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3087:beta blockers 3084: 3083:sulfanilamide 3080: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3054:hexamethonium 3051: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3031:sympathectomy 3028: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2974: 2971: 2970:(1849–1884). 2969: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2928:Stephen Hales 2925: 2921: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2842:heart failure 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2814: 2809: 2799: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2767: 2730: 880–990 2724: 770–880 2718: 660–770 2713: 2710: 550–660 2704: 440–550 2698: 330–440 2692: 220–330 2686: 110–220 2680: <110 2674: no data 2669: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2647: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2580: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2568:beta-blockers 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2535: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2495: 2490: 2488: 2487:dietary fiber 2484: 2479: 2476: 2466: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2443: 2436: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2415:heart failure 2412: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2367: 2365: 2364:periodontitis 2361: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2305: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2273: 2270: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2247: 2244: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2195: 2192: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2169: 2166: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2143: 2140: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2091:Hypertension 2090: 2089: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2039:Non-elevated 2038: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1875: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1858: 1856: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1781:. Primary or 1780: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1740:calcification 1737: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1721:monitors and 1720: 1715: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1681: 1672: 1670: 1667:responses to 1666: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1635:interleukin 8 1632: 1631:interleukin 6 1628: 1627:interleukin 1 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1609:and vascular 1608: 1604: 1600: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1561:venous return 1558: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1521: 1513: 1508: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1492:Air pollution 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1395: 1385: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1373:breastfeeding 1370: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1304: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1246: 1244: 1241:In contrast, 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1210:, which is a 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1165:pre-eclampsia 1162: 1155: 1154:Pre-eclampsia 1151: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1115: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1058:stretch marks 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1037: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 983:, as well as 982: 977: 975: 971: 958: 940: 938: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 908: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 885: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 852:in the diet, 851: 847: 843: 839: 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 811:heart failure 808: 804: 800: 796: 793:in which the 792: 789: 785: 781: 770: 765: 763: 758: 756: 751: 750: 748: 747: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 694:Fat fetishism 692: 690: 687: 684: 680: 677: 675: 672: 671: 665: 664: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 631: 627: 624: 622: 619: 616: 615:List of diets 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 593: 590: 585: 584: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 546:Heart disease 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 518: 515: 510: 509: 502: 499: 496: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 466: 462: 458: 454: 451: 448: 444: 441: 440: 434: 433: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 382: 376: 375: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 352: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 324: 318: 317: 309: 305: 302: 300: 299:Overnutrition 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 254: 250: 247: 246: 240: 239: 236: 233: 232: 228: 224: 223: 213: 209: 203: 199: 195: 191: 185: 183: 179: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 159:Lack of sleep 157: 155: 151: 147: 143: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 123:heart failure 120: 116: 113: 111: 110:Complications 107: 103: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 56: 52: 47: 43: 39: 34: 28: 24: 19: 12267:Hypertension 12135:Hypertension 12134: 12047:Venous ulcer 11953: 11936: 11904: 11892: 11862:Inflammation 11743: 11702: 11591:Hyperplastic 11552:Fatty streak 11495:Inflammation 11425:Hypertension 11418: 11401: 11390: 11386:Hypertension 11379: 11355: 11344: 11333: 11318: 11303: 11288: 11268: 11242: 11238: 11200: 11196: 11172: 11133: 11129: 11097:11379/603005 11077: 11073: 11035: 10980: 10976: 10926: 10922: 10912: 10879: 10875: 10869: 10824: 10820: 10810: 10777: 10773: 10767: 10732: 10728: 10718: 10683: 10679: 10649: 10645: 10639: 10612: 10608: 10598: 10573: 10569: 10563: 10538: 10534: 10490: 10486: 10477: 10444: 10440: 10430: 10411: 10405: 10388: 10384: 10378: 10344:(3): 96–98. 10341: 10337: 10327: 10308: 10302: 10275: 10272:Hypertension 10271: 10223: 10219: 10167: 10163: 10153: 10120: 10116: 10109: 10097:. Retrieved 10077: 10056: 10052: 10042: 10007: 10003: 9993: 9966: 9963:Hypertension 9962: 9952: 9925: 9921: 9873: 9869: 9859: 9851:the original 9833:(1): 60–69. 9830: 9827:Hypertension 9826: 9780: 9777:Hypertension 9776: 9769: 9734: 9730: 9720: 9687: 9683: 9673: 9661:. Retrieved 9647: 9635:. Retrieved 9621: 9586: 9583:Hypertension 9582: 9572: 9537: 9533: 9493: 9489: 9479: 9444: 9441:Hypertension 9440: 9430: 9395: 9391: 9381: 9348: 9344: 9338: 9313: 9309: 9303: 9278: 9274: 9268: 9233: 9223: 9188: 9184: 9174: 9139: 9135: 9125: 9090: 9086: 9076: 9043: 9037: 9002: 8998: 8988: 8976:. Retrieved 8938: 8897: 8891: 8858: 8854: 8847: 8820: 8817:Hypertension 8816: 8776: 8772: 8762: 8750:. Retrieved 8736: 8699: 8695: 8685: 8650: 8646: 8636: 8611: 8608:Hypertension 8607: 8601: 8569:(1): 23–49. 8566: 8562: 8552: 8517: 8513: 8503: 8476: 8472: 8462: 8435: 8431: 8421: 8384: 8380: 8370: 8337: 8333: 8327: 8292: 8288: 8238: 8235:Hypertension 8234: 8194: 8190: 8180: 8147: 8143: 8133: 8106: 8102: 8092: 8049: 8045: 8035: 8008: 8004: 7994: 7967: 7963: 7915: 7911: 7863: 7859: 7849: 7814: 7789:. Retrieved 7785:the original 7780: 7741: 7737: 7700:(31): 1–94. 7697: 7693: 7683: 7648: 7644: 7634: 7622:. Retrieved 7618:the original 7613: 7604: 7560: 7556: 7546: 7534:. Retrieved 7530:the original 7525: 7516: 7481: 7477: 7468: 7433: 7429: 7391: 7387: 7381: 7354: 7350: 7340: 7313: 7309: 7298: 7289: 7251: 7247: 7236: 7203: 7199: 7163: 7159: 7111: 7107: 7048: 7044: 7034: 7007: 6975: 6971: 6965: 6938: 6934: 6924: 6897: 6894:Hypertension 6893: 6883: 6871:. Retrieved 6864:the original 6855: 6812: 6808: 6760: 6724: 6720: 6690: 6676: 6670: 6653: 6649: 6643: 6608: 6604: 6594: 6561: 6557: 6551: 6518: 6514: 6508: 6483: 6479: 6473: 6438: 6434: 6424: 6391: 6387: 6381: 6346: 6342: 6332: 6305: 6301: 6291: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6211: 6207: 6197: 6154: 6148: 6138: 6111: 6108:Hypertension 6107: 6097: 6070: 6067:Hypertension 6066: 6056: 6031: 6027: 6021: 5996: 5992: 5986: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5910: 5906: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5827: 5823: 5813: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5735: 5731: 5721: 5688: 5684: 5678: 5643: 5639: 5629: 5594: 5590: 5579: 5557:(1): 14–22. 5554: 5550: 5544: 5525: 5513: 5489:(1): 28–39. 5486: 5482: 5472: 5437: 5433: 5423: 5388: 5384: 5374: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5304: 5301:Hypertension 5300: 5290: 5263: 5260:Hypertension 5259: 5249: 5222: 5218: 5208: 5196:. Retrieved 5174: 5170: 5160: 5133: 5129: 5115: 5080: 5076: 5036: 5032: 5022: 4979: 4975: 4965: 4935:(1): 17–32. 4932: 4928: 4905:. Retrieved 4899:. Medscape. 4896: 4871:. Retrieved 4865:. Medscape. 4862: 4852: 4825: 4822:Hypertension 4821: 4811: 4786: 4777: 4742: 4738: 4728: 4716:. Retrieved 4708:uptodate.com 4707: 4676: 4671: 4636: 4632: 4592: 4589:Hypertension 4588: 4564:the original 4543: 4539: 4512:. Retrieved 4503: 4494: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4442: 4433: 4414: 4371:. Retrieved 4367: 4358: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4280: 4276: 4266: 4241: 4195: 4191: 4181: 4146: 4142: 4132: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4063:. Retrieved 4030: 4026: 4016: 3983: 3979: 3972: 3937: 3933: 3923: 3896: 3892: 3858:. Retrieved 3806: 3802: 3769: 3706: 3702: 3655: 3616:. Retrieved 3607: 3568:11379/603005 3548: 3544: 3474: 3471:Hypertension 3470: 3409: 3405: 3345: 3341: 3321:the original 3302: 3267: 3263: 3240:. Retrieved 3228: 3177: 3169: 3155: 3128: 3074:, the first 3065: 3039: 3023: 2983:bloodletting 2980: 2972: 2960:Thomas Young 2957: 2953: 2923: 2917: 2907: 2840:, including 2836:, and other 2819: 2796: 2787: 2783: 2771: 2763: 2641:Epidemiology 2628: 2597: 2586: 2577: 2566:Previously, 2565: 2538: 2531: 2514: 2499: 2491: 2480: 2472: 2463: 2447: 2438: 2400: 2368: 2356: 2318: 2311: 2302: 2298:birth weight 2290: 2181:High normal 1851: 1787: 1776: 1753: 1716: 1687: 1678: 1639: 1611:inflammation 1595: 1581: 1550: 1526: 1496: 1397: 1362: 1341:western diet 1334: 1306: 1262:irritability 1252: 1240: 1185: 1157: 1131: 1128: 1117: 1094:palpitations 1070:bulging eyes 1039: 1008:optic fundus 1005: 978: 967: 928:healthy diet 918:, decreased 909: 886: 835: 783: 780:Hypertension 779: 778: 739:Weight class 674:Comfort food 656:Yo-yo effect 551:Hypertension 550: 541:Gynecomastia 481:Malnutrition 379:Measurements 308:Epidemiology 253:Epidemiology 154:Risk factors 36:Hypertension 27: 18: 12200:Hypotension 11744:head / neck 11596:Cholesterol 11486:capillaries 11392:MedlinePlus 11231:guideline: 11189:guideline: 11166:guideline: 11126:guideline: 11066:guideline: 11028:guideline: 10338:Heart Views 10226:(10): 621. 10099:10 February 9922:Circulation 9663:11 November 8978:11 February 8438:(1): 3–10. 7269:10379/16625 6873:22 December 6157:(1): 3702. 5783:: 576–588. 4065:11 February 3803:Circulation 3058:hydralazine 3003:Hippocrates 2914:Measurement 2528:Medications 2517:biofeedback 2492:Increasing 2349:not smoking 1866:Categories 1810:lipid panel 1703:stethoscope 1448:sleep apnea 1216:vision loss 922:, reducing 920:salt intake 912:weight loss 823:vision loss 636:Liposuction 571:Sleep apnea 566:Prediabetes 279:Weight loss 274:Weight gain 264:Underweight 163:excess salt 131:vision loss 41:Other names 12261:Categories 12116:Vasculitis 12106:Thrombosis 12067:Angiopathy 12011:Varicocele 12004:Hemorrhoid 11834:Halo nevus 11690:dissection 11481:arterioles 11420:Patient UK 11357:DiseasesDB 8956:10344/9179 8702:(7): 444. 7536:13 October 7478:Pediatrics 7108:Pediatrics 6723:(Review). 6214:: 263585. 5198:9 February 5120:Vasan RS, 3805:(Review). 3703:The Lancet 3659:. Geneva: 3344:(Review). 3200:References 3172:amlodipine 2993:of China, 2848:, diffuse 2785:Paraguay. 2624:baroreflex 2433:See also: 2391:Management 2308:Prevention 1900:ambulatory 1770:, and for 1714:function. 1640:Excessive 1546:arterioles 1488:Loneliness 1484:Depression 1464:stimulants 1412:acromegaly 1354:syndrome X 1329:phenotypes 1282:nosebleeds 1177:stillbirth 601:Bariatrics 491:Starvation 269:Body shape 259:Overweight 93:Nephrology 89:Cardiology 76:heart rate 11870:Phlebitis 11611:Trans fat 11547:Foam cell 11503:Arteritis 11470:(vessels) 11414:emerg/267 11403:eMedicine 11142:1532-0650 11106:1473-5598 11054:0195-668X 10499:0042-9686 10461:0098-7484 9704:0263-6352 8696:Nutrients 8653:: f1378. 8066:1040-9165 7675:233409679 7228:205982690 7067:0195-668X 7026:0195-668X 5177:: 15–35. 4803:265356623 4504:heart.org 4283:: e3953. 3751:237286310 3725:0140-6736 3577:1473-5598 3434:208792897 3152:Economics 3138:mortality 3114:Awareness 3062:reserpine 3027:rice diet 2977:Treatment 2802:Prognosis 2779:diabetics 2483:DASH diet 2419:mortality 2344:DASH diet 2065:Elevated 1953:Elevated 1675:Diagnosis 1646:potassium 1460:liquorice 1452:pregnancy 1325:CpG sites 1208:eclampsia 1144:Pregnancy 1134:confusion 1054:moon face 981:headaches 974:screening 893:diastolic 788:long-term 683:Criticism 679:Fast food 201:Frequency 193:Treatment 84:Specialty 12251:Medicine 12084:Embolism 11686:Aneurysm 11623:Stenosis 11557:Atheroma 11508:Aortitis 11477:Arteries 11411:ped/1097 11408:med/1106 11261:24352797 11219:29146535 11150:36521481 11114:37345492 11007:30353952 10955:28245741 10946:11119534 10896:18345711 10861:26799038 10853:12826765 10802:31053059 10794:19124418 10759:18548140 10710:17534457 10590:18899127 10397:25310615 10370:25538828 10294:21859967 10186:18375152 10145:54363452 10137:12493255 10090:Archived 10069:Archived 10065:16719248 10034:19421783 9985:21911712 9944:20019324 9898:27522876 9890:17608879 9805:23660820 9761:29459239 9712:25479029 9657:Archived 9637:22 April 9631:Archived 9613:27091893 9564:30920924 9512:29136223 9471:21536990 9422:52824356 9414:30255616 9365:23526242 9330:20724871 9295:38372970 9260:24488616 9251:11056235 9215:28107561 9166:32519776 9117:32026465 9068:73993182 9060:19821398 9029:29667175 8969:Archived 8965:20238338 8914:18254065 8883:20098894 8875:25084308 8839:23608661 8795:21883995 8752:26 April 8746:Archived 8728:27455317 8677:23558164 8628:38586958 8593:37712135 8584:10713007 8544:33281520 8495:33022695 8454:11136953 8413:32094151 8387:: m315. 8362:23522004 8354:23633321 8319:33555049 8267:24243703 8258:10280688 8213:27302266 8172:44282689 8164:26559745 8125:33637192 8084:30140137 8027:24424788 7986:28135725 7942:33332584 7890:36398903 7841:24170669 7832:11365096 7791:4 August 7760:25936483 7716:14604498 7667:33904861 7624:22 April 7593:Archived 7588:20193715 7579:24097285 7508:22084329 7460:32378196 7408:23303514 7373:23303490 7332:22555213 7286:44581906 7278:27216139 7220:27507743 7182:14973512 7138:15286277 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