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2981:) and the only means of transport is dog-drawn sled. There lived a mysterious people who were reluctant to show themselves. They traded with southern people in a peculiar way. Southern merchants brought various goods and placed them in an open area on the snow in the night, then returned to their tents. Next morning they came to the place again and found their merchandise taken by the mysterious people, but in exchange they found fur-skins which could be used for making valuable coats, jackets, and other winter garments. The trade was done between merchants and the mysterious people without seeing each other. As Ibn Battuta was not a merchant and saw no benefit of going there he abandoned the travel to this land of darkness.
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1331:. He met two ascetic pious men in Alexandria. One was Sheikh Burhanuddin, who is supposed to have foretold the destiny of Ibn Battuta as a world traveller and told him, "It seems to me that you are fond of foreign travel. You must visit my brother Fariduddin in India, Rukonuddin in Sind, and Burhanuddin in China. Convey my greetings to them." Another pious man, Sheikh Murshidi, interpreted the meaning of a dream of Ibn Battuta as being that he was meant to be a world traveller.
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4986:. He states that he then left for India and arrived at the Indus river on 12 September 1333; however, although he does not specify exact dates, the description of his complex itinerary and the clues in the text to the chronology suggest that this journey to India lasted around three years. He must have therefore either left Mecca two years earlier than stated or arrived in India two years later. The issue is discussed by
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3476:. The empire spanned 2 months of travel, and ruled over the country of Qaqula and Qamara. He arrived at the walled city named Qaqula/Kakula, and observed that the city had war junks for pirate raiding and collecting tolls and that elephants were employed for various purposes. He met the ruler of Mul Jawa and stayed as a guest for three days.
4329:. All of the local buildings were made from slabs of salt by the slaves of the Masufa tribe, who cut the salt in thick slabs for transport by camel. Taghaza was a commercial centre and awash with Malian gold, though Ibn Battuta did not form a favourable impression of the place, recording that it was plagued by flies and the water was
2881:. Ibn Battuta stated that the ruler of the Beylik of Aydin had twenty Greek slaves at the entrance of his palace and Ibn Battuta was given a Greek slave as a gift. His visit to Anatolia was the first time in his travels he acquired a servant; the ruler of Aydin gifted him his first slave. Later, he purchased a young Greek girl for 40
3610:. He also mentioned Chinese cuisine and its use of animals such as frogs, pigs, and even dogs, which were sold in the markets, and noted that the chickens in China were larger than those in the west. Scholars however have pointed out numerous errors given in Ibn Battuta's account of China, for example confusing the
1813:
5629:"Ibn Battuta, also spelled Ibn Baṭṭūṭah, in full Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Lawātī al-Ṭanjī ibn Baṭṭūṭah, (born February 24, 1304, Tangier, Morocco—died 1368/69 or 1377, Morocco), the greatest medieval Muslim traveler and the author of one of the most famous travel books, the Riḥlah (Travels)."
3386:
mosque in a cave, where his only item of value was a goat he kept for milk, butter, and yogurt. He observed that the companions of the Shah Jalal were foreign and known for their strength and bravery. He also mentions that many people would visit the Shah to seek guidance. Ibn
Battuta went further north into
4621:
in regions he visited where the local customs of recently converted peoples did not fit in with his orthodox Muslim background. Among the Turks and
Mongols, he remarked that on seeing a Turkic couple in a bazaar one might assume that the man was the woman's servant when he was in fact her husband. He
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were used by Ibn
Battuta such as in Delhi. He wedded several women, divorced at least some of them, and in Damascus, Malabar, Delhi, Bukhara, and the Maldives had children by them or by concubines. Ibn Battuta insulted Greeks as "enemies of Allah", drunkards and "swine eaters", while at the same time
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There is no indication that Ibn
Battuta made any notes or had any journal during his twenty-nine years of travelling. When he came to dictate an account of his experiences he had to rely on memory and manuscripts produced by earlier travellers. Ibn Juzayy did not acknowledge his sources and presented
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Ibn
Battuta took on his duties as a judge with keenness and strived to transform local practices to conform to a stricter application of Muslim law. He commanded that men who did not attend Friday prayer be publicly whipped, and that robbers' right hand be cut off. He forbade women from being topless
4526:
do not believe that Ibn
Battuta visited all the places he described and argue that in order to provide a comprehensive description of places in the Muslim world, he relied on hearsay evidence and made use of accounts by earlier travellers. For example, it is considered very unlikely that Ibn Battuta
3310:
were looking for a chief judge, someone who knew Arabic and the Qur'an. To convince him to stay they gave him pearls, gold jewellery, and slaves, while at the same time making it impossible for him to leave by ship. Compelled into staying, he became a chief judge and married into the royal family of
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Neither de Slane's 19th century catalogue nor the modern online equivalent provide any information on the provenance of the manuscripts. Dunn states that all five manuscripts were "found in
Algeria" but in their introduction Defrémery and Sanguinetti mention that the BNF had acquired one manuscript
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personal experiences and there is sufficient time between leaving Mecca in mid-November 1330 and reaching Eğirdir on the way back from
Erzurum at the start of Ramadan (8 June) in 1331. Gibb still admits that he found it difficult to believe that Ibn Battuta actually travelled as far east as Erzurum.
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Ibn
Battuta left Cairo on around 16 July 1326 and arrived in Damascus three weeks later on 9 August 1326. He described travelling on a complicated zig-zag route across Palestine in which he visited more than twenty cities. Such a journey would have been impossible in the allotted time and both Gibb
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surrounded by gentle green hills. He mentions the city's Muslim quarter and resided as a guest with a family of
Egyptian origin. During his stay at Hangzhou he was particularly impressed by the large number of well-crafted and well-painted Chinese wooden ships, with coloured sails and silk awnings,
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The greatest of the kings of the Turkmens and the richest in wealth, lands and military forces. Of fortresses, he possesses nearly a hundred, and for most of his time, he is continually engaged in making a round of them, staying in each fortress for some days to put it in good order and examine its
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I set out alone, having neither fellow-traveller in whose companionship I might find cheer, nor caravan whose part I might join, but swayed by an overmastering impulse within me and a desire long-cherished in my bosom to visit these illustrious sanctuaries. So I braced my resolution to quit my dear
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into English. His intention was to divide the translated text into four volumes, each volume corresponding to one of the volumes published by Defrémery and Sanguinetti. The first volume was not published until 1958. Gibb died in 1971, having completed the first three volumes. The fourth volume was
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near Sylhet to meet him. On his way to Sylhet, Ibn Battuta was greeted by several of Shah Jalal's disciples who had come to assist him on his journey many days before he had arrived. At the meeting in 1345 CE, Ibn Battuta noted that Shah Jalal was tall and lean, fair in complexion and lived by the
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This is one of several occasions where Ibn Battuta interrupts a journey to branch out on a side trip only to later skip back and resume the original journey. Gibb describes these side trips as "divagations". The divagation through Anatolia is considered credible as Ibn Battuta describes numerous
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After a ten-day stay in Taghaza, the caravan set out for the oasis of Tasarahla (probably Bir al-Ksaib), where it stopped for three days in preparation for the last and most difficult leg of the journey across the vast desert. From Tasarahla, a Masufa scout was sent ahead to the oasis town of
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4936:(1958) and Hrbek (1962) have argued that Ibn Battuta conflated this journey with later journeys that he made in the region. Elad (1987) has shown that Ibn Battuta's descriptions of most of the sites in Palestine were not original but were copied (without acknowledgement) from the earlier
3416:, after 40 days voyage from Sunur Kawan. He notes in his travel log that the ruler of Samudra Pasai was a pious Muslim named Sultan Al-Malik Al-Zahir Jamal-ad-Din, who performed his religious duties with utmost zeal and often waged campaigns against animists in the region. The island of
4730:
scholar Ralph Elger views Battuta's travel account as an important literary work but doubts the historicity of much of its content, which he suspects to be a work of fiction compiled and inspired from other contemporary travel reports. Various other scholars have raised similar doubts.
4393:
that black Africans were characterised by "ill manners" and "contempt for white men", and that he "was long astonished at their feeble intellect and their respect for mean things." He left the capital in February accompanied by a local Malian merchant and journeyed overland by camel to
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5567:
His full name, as given in the Rihla, was Shams al-Din Abu’Abdallah Muhammad ibn’Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Lawati al-Tanji ibn Battuta and all that is known of his family comes from the Rihla which records references to his education and provides his
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3081:
After this I proceeded to the city of Barwan, in the road to which is a high mountain, covered with snow and exceedingly cold; they call it the Hindu Kush, that is Hindu-slayer, because most of the slaves brought thither from India die on account of the intenseness of the
4688:
acquired five manuscripts of Ibn Battuta's travels, in which two were complete. One manuscript containing just the second part of the work is dated 1356 and is believed to be Ibn Juzayy's autograph. The BNF manuscripts were used in 1843 by the Irish-French orientalist
4275:, so in 1350, Ibn Battuta joined a group of Muslims leaving Tangier with the intention of defending the port. By the time he arrived, the Black Death had killed Alfonso and the threat of invasion had receded, so he turned the trip into a sight-seeing tour ending up in
7877:
5021:
the date of Ibn Battuta's departure from Delhi is given as 17 Safar 743 AH or 22 July 1342. Dunn has argued that this is probably an error and to accommodate Ibn Battuta's subsequent travels and visits to the Maldives it is more likely that he left Delhi in
9787:
8555:
He had a son to a Moroccan woman/wife in Damascus ... a daughter to a slave girl in Bukhara ... a daughter in Delhi to a wife, another to a slave girl in Malabar, a son in the Maldives to a wife ... in the Maldives at least he divorced his wives before he
3523:. Their opposition to the Mongols might indicate 2 possible locations: Japan and Java (Majapahit). In modern times, Urduja has been featured in Filipino textbooks and films as a national heroine. Numerous other locations have been proposed, ranging from
6721:
6682:
3326:
Throughout his travels, Ibn Battuta kept close company with women, usually taking a wife whenever he stopped for any length of time at one place, and then divorcing her when he moved on. While in the Maldives, Ibn Battuta took four wives. In his
1582:
coast. From there he followed the coast in a series of boats (known as a jalbah, these were small craft made of wooden planks sewn together, lacking an established phrase) making slow progress against the prevailing south-easterly winds. Once in
3319:
in public, which had previously been the custom. However, these and other strict judgments began to antagonize the island nation's rulers, and involved him in power struggles and political intrigues. Ibn Battuta resigned from his job as chief
4701:
of the Arabic text together with a translation into French. In their introduction Defrémery and Sanguinetti praised Lee's annotations but were critical of his translation which they claimed lacked precision, even in straightforward passages.
3202:
in India, describing it as "among the most beautiful cities, the best constructed and the most populated; it is surrounded with a strong wall, and its founder is said to be one of the great non-Muslim kings, called Tara". Upon his arrival in
2790:. The associations specialised in welcoming travellers. Ibn Battuta was very impressed with the hospitality that he received and would later stay in their hospices in more than 25 towns in Anatolia. From Antalya Ibn Battuta headed inland to
1667:
When Ibn Battuta arrived in 1332, Mogadishu stood at the zenith of its prosperity. He described it as "an exceedingly large city" with many rich merchants, noted for its high-quality fabric that was exported to other countries, including
5481:
After outlining the extensive route of Ibn Battuta's Journey, Nehru notes: "This is a record of travel which is rare enough today with our many conveniences. ... In any event, Ibn Battuta must be amongst the great travellers of all
1342:. After spending about a month in Cairo, he embarked on the first of many detours within the relative safety of Mamluk territory. Of the three usual routes to Mecca, Ibn Battuta chose the least-travelled, which involved a journey up the
3461:, because no territory east of this was ruled by a Muslim. Here he stayed for about two weeks in the wooden walled town as a guest of the sultan, and then the sultan provided him with supplies and sent him on his way on one of his own
9493:
The Travels of Ibn Batuta, translated from the abridged Arabic manuscript copies, preserved in the Public Library of Cambridge. With notes, illustrative of the history, geography, botany, antiquities, &c. occurring throughout the
6350:
4573:
Some scholars have also questioned whether he really visited China. Ibn Battuta may have plagiarized entire sections of his descriptions of China lifted from works by other authors like "Masalik al-absar fi mamalik al-amsar" by
4320:
on the northern edge of the Sahara in present-day Morocco. There he bought a number of camels and stayed for four months. He set out again with a caravan in February 1352 and, after 25 days, arrived at the dry salt lake bed of
3587:), but Ibn Battuta could not find any olives anywhere. He mentioned local artists and their mastery in making portraits of newly arrived foreigners; these were for security purposes. Ibn Battuta praised the craftsmen and their
1270:
ones, female and male, and forsook my home as birds forsake their nests. My parents being yet in the bonds of life, it weighed sorely upon me to part from them, and both they and I were afflicted with sorrow at this separation.
3663:, and musicians. Ibn Battuta noted that the Muslim populace lived within a separate portion in the city where they had their own mosques, bazaars, and hospitals. In Quanzhou, he met two prominent Iranians, Burhan al-Din of
2844:. Orhan was away and his wife was in command of the nearby stationed soldiers, Ibn Battuta gave this account of Orhan's wife: "A pious and excellent woman. She treated me honourably, gave me hospitality and sent gifts."
4640:(1767–1811) acquired a collection of manuscripts in the Middle East, among which was a 94-page volume containing an abridged version of Ibn Juzayy's text. Three extracts were published in 1818 by the German orientalist
350:
4398:. Though in the next two centuries it would become the most important city in the region, at that time it was a small city and relatively unimportant. It was during this journey that Ibn Battuta first encountered a
6835:
1392:. After four days in the town, he journeyed on to Mecca while visiting holy sites along the way; upon his arrival to Mecca he completed his first pilgrimage, in November, and he took the honorific status of
1735:, which had become an important transit centre of the gold trade. He described the city as "one of the finest and most beautifully built towns; all the buildings are of wood, and the houses are roofed with
6705:
6666:
7119:
4509:
some of the earlier descriptions as Ibn Battuta's own observations. When describing Damascus, Mecca, Medina, and some other places in the Middle East, he clearly copied passages from the account by the
9002:
6475:
1762:
in the south and was particularly impressed by the planning of the city, believing it to be the reason for Kilwa's success along the coast. During this period, he described the construction of the
2970:, which became the northernmost point he reached, and noted its unusually short nights in summer (by the standards of the subtropics). Then he returned to the Khan's court and with it moved to
7044:
Al-Hind, the Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries, Volume 2 of Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest 11th–13th Centuries
1526:
mystic who gave him some silver coins. Once back in Mosul, he joined a "feeder" caravan of pilgrims heading south to Baghdad, where they would meet up with the main caravan that crossed the
6334:
1679:, Abu Bakr ibn Shaikh 'Umar. He noted that Sultan Abu Bakr had dark skin complexion and spoke in his native tongue (Somali), but was also fluent in Arabic. The Sultan also had a retinue of
1484:
invaders on many more northerly towns. Finally, he returned across the mountains to Baghdad, arriving there in June 1327. Parts of the city were still ruined from the damage inflicted by
4594:. Furthermore, Ibn Battuta's description and Marco Polo's writings share extremely similar sections and themes, with some of the same commentary, e.g. it is unlikely that the 3rd Caliph
3350:. Ibn Battuta's ship almost sank on embarking from Sri Lanka, only for the vessel that came to his rescue to suffer an attack by pirates. Stranded onshore, he worked his way back to the
9064:
3799:
Battuta claimed that the Emperor Huizong of Yuan had interred with him in his grave six slave soldiers and four girl slaves. Silver, gold, weapons, and carpets were put into the grave.
1495:, the last Mongol ruler of the unified Ilkhanate, leaving the city and heading north with a large retinue. Ibn Battuta joined the royal caravan for a while, then turned north on the
5586:
3723:
assembling in the canals. Later he attended a banquet of the Yuan administrator of the city named Qurtai, who according to Ibn Battuta, was very fond of the skills of local Chinese
3291:. Following the overthrow of the sultanate, Ibn Battuta had no choice but to leave India. Although determined to continue his journey to China, he first took a detour to visit the
9965:. Contains an introduction by Mackintosh-Smith and then an abridged version (around 40 per cent of the original) of the translation by H.A.R. Gibb and C.E. Beckingham (1958–1994).
4417:
commanding him to return home. He set off for Sijilmasa in September 1353, accompanying a large caravan transporting 600 female slaves, and arrived back in Morocco early in 1354.
4402:. The animals were feared by the local boatmen and hunted with lances to which strong cords were attached. After a short stay in Timbuktu, Ibn Battuta journeyed down the Niger to
3218:
The Sultan was erratic even by the standards of the time and for six years Ibn Battuta veered between living the high life of a trusted subordinate and falling under suspicion of
4516:
which had been written more than 150 years earlier. Similarly, most of Ibn Juzayy's descriptions of places in Palestine were copied from an account by the 13th-century traveller
1727:. Although relatively small at the time, Mombasa would become important in the following century. After a journey along the coast, Ibn Battuta next arrived in the island town of
1503:, the first major city in the region to open its gates to the Mongols and by then an important trading centre as most of its nearby rivals had been razed by the Mongol invaders.
1265:, a journey that would ordinarily take sixteen months. He was eager to learn more about far-away lands and craved adventure. He would not return to Morocco again for 24 years.
10696:
3244:. Separated from his companions, he was robbed, kidnapped, and nearly lost his life. Despite this setback, within ten days he had caught up with his group and continued on to
3264:. While Ibn Battuta visited a mosque on shore, a storm arose and one of the ships of his expedition sank. The other ship then sailed without him only to be seized by a local
5255:
3850:
but returned to Damascus that July, where the death toll had reached 2,400 victims each day. When he stopped in Gaza, he found it was depopulated, and in Egypt he stayed at
2786:
associations. These were a feature of most Anatolian towns in the 13th and 14th centuries. The members were young artisans and had at their head a leader with the title of
1255:
On 2 Rajab in the Muslim year 725 Anno Hegirae (14 June 1325 Anno Domini on the Christian calendar), at the age of twenty-one, Ibn Battuta set off from his home town on a
3746:
and was invited to the Yuan imperial court of Emperor Huizong (who according to Ibn Battuta was worshipped by some people in China). Ibn Batutta noted that the palace of
1563:
suggests about three years, from September 1327 until autumn 1330). Problems with chronology, however, lead commentators to suggest that he may have left after the 1328
7618:
5224:
9320:
4797:
is named for him and features both areas designed to recreate the exotic lands he visited on his travels and statuary tableaus depicting scenes from his life history.
9839:
6827:
4469:, a scholar whom he had previously met in Granada. The account is the only source for Ibn Battuta's adventures. The full title of the manuscript may be translated as
10580:
9361:
9332:
9308:
9293:
3811:, he once again considered throwing himself at the mercy of Muhammad bin Tughluq in Delhi, but thought better of it and decided to carry on to Mecca. On his way to
10150:
10220:
10139:
4341:, where he arranged for water to be transported a distance of four days travel where it would meet the thirsty caravan. Oualata was the southern terminus of the
3271:
Afraid to return to Delhi and be seen as a failure, he stayed for a time in southern India under the protection of Jamal-ud-Din, ruler of the small but powerful
3240:
Ibn Battuta was given charge of the embassy but en route to the coast at the start of the journey to China, he and his large retinue were attacked by a group of
10128:
7115:
3796:
heading for Southeast Asia, whereupon Ibn Battuta was unfairly charged a hefty sum by the crew and lost much of what he had collected during his stay in China.
6790:
8994:
5075:
has studied the times given by Ibn Battuta for the various stages of his journey and proposed that the capital is likely to have been on the left side of the
11148:
3053:, the latter of which he praised as "one of the grandest and finest cities, and the most perfect of them". Here he visited the court of another Mongol khan,
445:
All that is known about Ibn Battuta's life comes from the autobiographical information included in the account of his travels, which records that he was of
9810:. Includes the text of Ibn Battuta's account of his visit to China. The translation is from the French text of Defrémery & Sanguinetti (1858) Volume 4.
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condition. It is said that he has never stayed for a whole month in any one town. He also fights with the infidels continually and keeps them under siege.
2711:
11138:
10689:
10228:
8282:, Princeton 2005, pp. 45–46. Four generations before Mansa Suleiman who died in 1360 CE, his grandfather's grandfather (Saraq Jata) had embraced Islam.
4718:
prepared by Charles Beckingham and published in 1994. Defrémery and Sanguinetti's printed text has now been translated into number of other languages.
10643:
4665:. He gave a brief overview of their content in a book published posthumously in 1819. The Arabic text was translated into English by the orientalist
10080:
4614:, Khorasan, Africa, and Palestine. It was two decades before he again returned to find out what happened to one of his wives and child in Damascus.
62:
4644:. A fourth extract was published the following year. French scholars were alerted to the initial publication by a lengthy review published in the
3029:
priest about his travels in the city of Jerusalem. After a month in the city, Ibn Battuta returned to Astrakhan, then arrived in the capital city
9636:
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9556:
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4385:, king since 1341. Ibn Battuta disapproved of the fact that female slaves, servants, and even the daughters of the sultan went about exposing
10682:
3335:
and female non-mobility combined to, in effect, make a marriage a convenient temporary arrangement for visiting male travellers and sailors.
2977:
Ibn Battuta recorded that while in Bolghar he wanted to travel further north into the land of darkness. The land is snow-covered throughout (
8149:
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9882:
Relations de voyages et textes géographiques arabes, persans et turks relatifs à l'Extrème-Orient du 8e au 18e siècles (Volumes 1 and 2)
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to Mecca, then he decided to return to Morocco, nearly a quarter of a century after leaving home. On the way he made one last detour to
3137:, and other functionaries in order to consolidate his rule. On the strength of his years of study in Mecca, Ibn Battuta was appointed a
361:
Ibn Battuta travelled more than any other explorer in pre-modern history, totalling around 117,000 km (73,000 mi), surpassing
8772:
3777:. However, Ibn Battuta, who asked about the wall in China, could find no one who had either seen it or knew of anyone who had seen it.
489:
at that time. Maliki Muslims requested that Ibn Battuta serve as their religious judge, as he was from an area where it was practised.
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9747:
9718:
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called "Abu'l Barakat the Berber" converted the Maldives to Islam is contradicted by an entirely different story which says that the
3014:
to give birth. Ibn Battuta talked his way into this expedition, which would be his first beyond the boundaries of the Islamic world.
1302:, but soon left her due to a dispute with the father. That was the first in a series of marriages that would feature in his travels.
10179:
4636:
Ibn Battuta's work was unknown outside the Muslim world until the beginning of the 19th century, when the German traveller-explorer
10124:
French text from Defrémery and Sanguinetti (1853–1858) with an introduction and footnotes by Stéphane Yérasimos published in 1982:
5071:
The location of the Malian capital has been the subject of considerable scholarly debate, but there is no consensus. The historian
3827:, had died in Iran. Abu Sa'id's territories had subsequently collapsed due to a fierce civil war between the Iranians and Mongols.
10588:
5247:
4878:
Shams al-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Yūsuf al-Lawātī al-Ṭanji
7448:
2829:. Historians believe that Ibn Battuta visited a number of towns in central Anatolia, but not in the order in which he describes.
10175:
Interactive scholarly edition, with critical English translation and multimodal resources mashup (publications, images, videos)
8511:
4944:. Because of these difficulties, it is not possible to determine an accurate chronology of Ibn Battuta's travels in the region.
4605:
is not fully based on what its author personally witnessed, it provides an important account of much of the 14th-century world.
1506:
Ibn Battuta left again for Baghdad, probably in July, but first took an excursion northwards along the river Tigris. He visited
7080:
3621:
In Quanzhou, Ibn Battuta was welcomed by the head of the local Muslim merchants (possibly a fānzhǎng or "Leader of Foreigners"
1609:, but whether he actually did so is doubtful. In all likelihood, he went directly from Ta'izz to the important trading port of
9446:
8108:
Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 131
5616:
3834:. He then learned that his father had died 15 years earlier, and death became the dominant theme for the next year or so. The
3458:
10052:
9997:
9978:
9959:
9940:
9918:
9899:
9867:
9542:
9535:
Proceedings of the Ninth Congress of the Union Européenne des Arabisants et Islamisants: Amsterdam, 1st to 7th September 1978
9519:
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9154:
8951:
8579:
8548:
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7871:
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7484:
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5503:
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was stymied by the Sultan. The opportunity for Battuta to leave Delhi finally arose in 1341 when an embassy arrived from the
3154:
9770:
7741:
7702:
7529:
7490:
6293:
5770:
9819:
7583:
5523:
4709:
published an English translation of selected portions of Defrémery and Sanguinetti's Arabic text. Gibb had proposed to the
3174:
but it is known that he was kidnapped and robbed by rebels on his journey to the Indian coast. He may have entered via the
1377:, the Mamluk authorities kept the route safe for pilgrims. Without this help many travellers would be robbed and murdered.
6957:
3738:
on a boat watching crop fields, orchids, merchants in black silk, and women in flowered silk and priests also in silk. In
1361:. During his first trip he had encountered a holy man who prophesied that he would only reach Mecca by travelling through
1305:
11103:
9353:
7276:
7023:
6992:
4693:
to produce a translation into French of Ibn Battuta's visit to the Sudan. They were also studied by the French scholars
4681:
4282:
After his departure from al-Andalus he decided to travel through Morocco. On his return home, he stopped for a while in
10147:
9525:. First published in 1981. pp. 279–304 contain a translation of Ibn Battuta's account of his visit to West Africa.
9465:
8439:
6344:
6287:
5554:
4641:
1323:
In the early spring of 1326, after a journey of over 3,500 km (2,200 mi), Ibn Battuta arrived at the port of
10136:
8487:
Many Ways of Speaking about the Self: Middle Eastern Ego-documents in Arabic, Persian, and Turkish (14th–20th Century)
4800:
A giant semblance of Battuta, alongside two others from the history of Arab exploration, the geographer and historian
11113:
10125:
9235:
8716:
5355:
2870:
which at the time was the capital of the Ottoman Beylik, he described Bursa as "a great and important city with fine
433:
6786:
4898:
4539:
and there are serious doubts about a number of other journeys such as his trip to Sana'a in Yemen, his journey from
11158:
10294:
8596:
8569:
7861:
7834:
6229:
5034:
4706:
3762:
1417:
On 17 November 1326, following a month spent in Mecca, Ibn Battuta joined a large caravan of pilgrims returning to
5193:
11108:
10204:
7351:
3536:
3381:, who became so renowned that Ibn Battuta, then in Chittagong, made a one-month journey through the mountains of
2917:
9892:
When Asia was the World: Traveling Merchants, Scholars, Warriors, and Monks who created the "Riches of the East"
7186:
11203:
11118:
10386:
10309:
9652:
Peacock, David; Peacock, Andrew (2008), "The enigma of 'Aydhab: a medieval Islamic port on the Red Sea coast",
9032:
6643:
3878:
3835:
3699:, where he took up residence with Zahir al-Din and met Kawam al-Din and a fellow countryman named Al-Bushri of
3630:
1398:. Rather than returning home, Ibn Battuta decided to continue travelling, choosing as his next destination the
506:
10935:
10499:
9348:. This volume was translated by Beckingham after Gibb's death in 1971. A separate index was published in 2000.
5964:
2763:
and then travelled north again through some of the towns that he had visited in 1326. From the Syrian port of
312:
traveller, explorer and scholar. Over a period of thirty years from 1325 to 1354, Ibn Battuta visited most of
10494:
5377:
Chism, Christine (2013). "Between Islam and Christendom: Ibn Battuta's Travels in Asia Minor and the North".
4349:. Altogether, the caravan took two months to cross the 1,600 km (990 mi) of desert from Sijilmasa.
3622:
3129:
was renowned as the wealthiest man in the Muslim world at that time. He patronized various scholars, Sufis,
1806:
11193:
11173:
11168:
11123:
9877:
4823:
4228:
1747:
1240:
31:
10189:
4374:
From there, Ibn Battuta travelled southwest along a river he believed to be the Nile (it was actually the
3718:
was one of the largest cities he had ever seen, and he noted its charm, describing that the city sat on a
11183:
11153:
11133:
10983:
10545:
10355:
9145:
Chittick, H. Neville (1977), "The East Coast, Madagascar and the Indian Ocean", in Oliver, Roland (ed.),
8691:
5062:. The oasis is 265 km (165 mi) south of Taghaza and 470 km (290 mi) north of Oualata.
4610:
in Ephesus he purchased and used a Greek girl who was one of his many slave girls in his "harem" through
2696:
1244:
Ibn Battuta Itinerary 1325–1332 (North Africa, Iraq, Iran, the Arabian Peninsula, Somalia, Swahili Coast)
9127:
5130:
La version de M. Lee manque quelquefois d'exactitude, même dans des passage fort simples et très-faciles
11178:
11128:
11003:
10898:
10197:
5098:
A Gift to the Observers Concerning the Curiosities of the Cities and the Marvels Encountered in Travels
4941:
4517:
3298:
He spent nine months on the islands, much longer than he had intended. When he arrived at the capital,
3007:
3004:
2716:
430:
17:
10953:
10862:
1384:, during August, in Damascus, he joined a caravan travelling the 1,300 km (810 mi) south to
1365:. The diversion held an added advantage; because of the holy places that lay along the way, including
11163:
9803:
8122:"'Race', slavery and Islam in Maghribi Mediterranean thought: the question of the Haratin in Morocco"
5464:
4705:
In 1929, exactly a century after the publication of Lee's translation, the historian and orientalist
4690:
3820:
3473:
3062:
1751:
1492:
425:
10008:
9242:
Elad, Amikam (1987), "The description of the travels of Ibn Baṭūṭṭa in Palestine: is it original?",
4884:شمس الدين أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله بن محمد بن إبراهيم بن محمد بن إبراهيم بن يوسف اللواتي الطنجي
3358:
under Ghiyas-ud-Din Muhammad Damghani, from where he returned to the Maldives and boarded a Chinese
11198:
10971:
10453:
10396:
9632:
9612:
9592:
9572:
9552:
9123:
8910:
4658:
3793:
1381:
1362:
1339:
4697:
and Beniamino Sanguinetti. Beginning in 1853 they published a series of four volumes containing a
4259:
After a few days in Tangier, Ibn Battuta set out for a trip to the Muslim-controlled territory of
3457:
Muslims, who were also followers of Imam Al-Shafi‘i. At that time Samudra Pasai marked the end of
3096:
on 12 September 1333. From there, he made his way to Delhi and became acquainted with the sultan,
10856:
6234:
The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: With Some Extracts from Agatharkhidēs "On the Erythraean Sea"
5420:
4662:
3026:
10819:
10674:
8121:
7796:, Volume 3 of Routledge studies in the early history of Asia, Psychology Press, pp. 52–57,
4978:
of 1327, 1328, 1329 and 1330 but gives comparatively little information on his stays. After the
3830:
In 1348, Ibn Battuta arrived in Damascus with the intention of retracing the route of his first
2700:
Ibn Battuta Itinerary 1332–1346 (Black Sea Area, Central Asia, India, South East Asia and China)
10759:
10612:
7116:"The Travels of Ibn Battuta: Escape from Delhi to the Maldive Islands and Sri Lanka: 1341–1344"
4750:, in which he reports on previously unknown manuscripts of Islamic law kept in the archives of
4587:
4286:, which was almost a ghost town following the recent plague and the transfer of the capital to
3312:
1763:
1648:
further down the Somali seaboard, spending about a week in each location. Later he would visit
151:
9172:. The text of these volumes has been used as the source for translations into other languages.
8941:
8538:
8258:
8234:
8214:
8174:
8074:
8038:
8014:
7063:
6743:
6455:
6424:
6168:
6149:
6105:
6090:
6071:
6040:
6000:
5881:
5278:
4646:
3703:, who had become a wealthy merchant in China. Al-Bushri accompanied Ibn Battuta northwards to
3583:. One of the first things he noted was that Muslims referred to the city as "Zaitun" (meaning
1425:. The group headed north to Medina and then, travelling at night, turned northeast across the
10904:
9693:
9500:
9487:
9278:
8848:
8782:
8699:
8647:
8482:
7791:
7407:
6908:
5842:
5823:
5799:
5750:
5726:
5687:
4666:
4637:
4559:
4268:
3307:
3108:
1767:
10723:
8317:
7090:
5654:
4738:
similarly expressed doubts that any evidence would be found to support the narrative of the
11098:
11093:
10874:
10777:
10753:
10427:
10334:
9928:
9855:
9661:
8726:
5416:
4743:
3343:
3191:
3159:
3126:
3113:
3097:
2949:
2728:
1295:
1274:
He travelled to Mecca overland, following the North African coast across the sultanates of
10110:
9735:
9706:
5119:(MS Supplément arabe 909/Arabe 2287) from M. Delaporte, a former French consul to Morocco.
4694:
4471:
A Masterpiece to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling
4406:
in a canoe carved from a single tree. At the time Gao was an important commercial center.
1357:
Ibn Battuta returned to Cairo and took a second side trip, this time to Mamluk-controlled
8:
10886:
10660:
10631:
10619:
10248:
10176:
9491:
5810:
The Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325–1354: Volume I, translated by H.A.R Gibb, pp. 23–24
5683:
4751:
4409:
After spending a month in Gao, Ibn Battuta set off with a large caravan for the oasis of
4342:
3766:
3735:
3615:
3564:
3559:
3516:
3496:
3171:
3003:
had just given permission for one of his pregnant wives, Princess Bayalun, a daughter of
9665:
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4243:
3512:
11065:
10813:
10468:
10391:
10365:
10289:
9677:
9438:
9402:
9394:
9259:
8141:
5347:
5185:
4850:
4623:
4248:
3843:
3807:
After returning to Quanzhou in 1346, Ibn Battuta began his journey back to Morocco. In
3677:
as "A-mi-li-ding" and "Sai-fu-ding", respectively). While in Quanzhou he ascended the "
3528:
3272:
3261:
3077:, he mentions these mountains and the history of the range in slave trading. He wrote,
2760:
10929:
10504:
10069:
7437:
3260:
would land two centuries later. While in Calicut, Battuta was the guest of the ruling
10831:
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10535:
10258:
10048:
10014:
9993:
9974:
9955:
9936:
9914:
9895:
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9538:
9515:
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9406:
9338:
9263:
9231:
9220:
9150:
9133:
9111:
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8575:
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8517:
8490:
8445:
8337:
8145:
7867:
7840:
7797:
7731:
7692:
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7519:
7480:
7413:
7194:
6998:
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6672:
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6283:
6256:
6250:
6246:
5693:
5499:
5470:
5426:
5390:
5351:
5339:
5286:
5177:
4845:
4651:
4591:
4583:
4579:
4264:
3487:, a local princess. Urduja was a brave warrior, and her people were opponents of the
3468:
Ibn Battuta first sailed for 21 days to a place called "Mul Jawa" (island of Java or
3399:
3355:
3208:
2933:
2768:
2723:
After his third pilgrimage to Mecca, Ibn Battuta decided to seek employment with the
1422:
462:
396:
341:
87:
10550:
3499:. The locations of Kaylukari and Tawalisi are disputed. Kaylukari might referred to
11143:
11077:
11041:
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10284:
10279:
10075:
10031:
9831:
9669:
9507:
9430:
9415:
9386:
9251:
8483:"Lying, forging, plagiarism: some narrative techniques in Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's travelogue"
8441:
Perspectives on Modern South Asia: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation
8133:
5692:. Vol. I: Economic Foundations. University of California Press. pp. 67–.
5608:
5460:
5382:
5331:
5169:
4840:
4794:
4698:
4595:
4548:
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4453:
Historic copy of selected parts of the Travel Report by Ibn Battuta, 1836 CE, Cairo
4382:
4302:
3816:
3347:
3058:
3018:
2978:
2921:
1787:
1653:
1473:
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879:
409:
Abu’Abdallah Muhammad ibn’Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Yusuf
351:
A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling
262:
10947:
10566:
7661:
7476:
Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia
3323:, although in all likelihood it was inevitable that he would have been dismissed.
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10422:
10183:
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10143:
10132:
10105:
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9285:
9201:
9189:
9177:
9165:
9105:
7725:
7686:
7567:
7513:
7474:
7277:"Ibn Battuta's Trip: Chapter 9 Through the Straits of Malacca to China 1345–1346"
6752:
6652:
6277:
5968:
5762:
4868:
4727:
4710:
4657:
Three copies of another abridged manuscript were acquired by the Swiss traveller
4598:
had someone with the identical name in China who was encountered by Ibn Battuta.
4575:
4458:
3847:
3743:
3673:
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2878:
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2724:
1743:
1434:
1354:. Upon approaching the town, however, a local rebellion forced him to turn back.
392:
389:
10892:
9860:
Journeys to the Other Shore: Muslim and Western Travelers in Search of Knowledge
9764:
9471:
De Mohamedde ebn Batuta Arabe Tingitano ejusque itineribus commentatio academica
8943:
Journeys to the Other Shore: Muslim and Western Travelers in Search of Knowledge
5519:
5320:"The adventures of Ibn Battuta: a Muslim traveller of the 14th century (review)"
3708:
11188:
11053:
11017:
10868:
10837:
10795:
10437:
10274:
9055:"50-foot giants and superstar architects: Inside Expo 2020's Mobility pavilion"
7225:
Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times
6941:
Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times
4746:
completed a multi-volume field study in dozens of the locales mentioned in the
4462:
4414:
3678:
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3288:
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3011:
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1309:
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687:
386:
385:
literally meaning "son of the duckling". His most common full name is given as
333:
213:
9434:
9390:
9255:
8137:
4982:
of 1330 he left for East Africa, arriving back again in Mecca before the 1332
4809:
3222:
for a variety of offences. His plan to leave on the pretext of taking another
3034:
3000:
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68:
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10637:
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10329:
10018:
9479:
9115:
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5697:
5609:"Ibn Battuta | Biography, History, Travels, & Map | Britannica"
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and other waterways, as well as believing that porcelain was made from coal.
3450:
3405:
3257:
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2957:
2929:
2874:
and wide streets, surrounded on all sides with gardens and running springs".
2809:
becomes confused. Ibn Battuta describes travelling westwards from Eğirdir to
2732:
2495:
1875:
1746:
in 1330, and commented favourably on the humility and religion of its ruler,
1712:
1403:
1334:
He spent several weeks visiting sites in the area, and then headed inland to
1328:
1167:
10959:
5546:
5386:
4457:
After returning home from his travels in 1354, and at the suggestion of the
4316:
In the autumn of 1351, Ibn Battuta left Fez and made his way to the town of
1452:
with the caravan, Ibn Battuta started a six-month detour that took him into
11060:
11029:
10977:
10921:
10848:
10747:
10463:
10432:
10324:
10319:
10243:
10219:
10026:
Norris, H.T. (1994), "Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's journey in the north-eastern Balkans",
9835:
9212:
5072:
4770:
4735:
4399:
4298:
3854:. Reportedly deaths in Cairo had reached levels of 1,100 each day. He made
3788:. Upon his return to Quanzhou, he soon boarded a Chinese junk owned by the
3770:
3695:
From Guangzhou he went north to Quanzhou and then proceeded to the city of
3611:
3580:
3488:
3227:
3183:
3030:
3022:
2989:
2937:
1939:
1294:, where he stayed for two months. For safety, Ibn Battuta usually joined a
486:
406:
373:
of some of Ibn Battuta's travels, particularly as they reach farther East.
348:. Near the end of his life, he dictated an account of his journeys, titled
325:
313:
10035:
9137:
7569:
The Adventures of Ibn Battuta, a Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century
6871:
Ibn Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta (Translated by Samuel Lee, 2009),
6745:
The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century
5335:
5319:
4876:
3692:, where he lodged for two weeks with one of the city's wealthy merchants.
3354:
kingdom in India. Here he spent some time in the court of the short-lived
1510:, where he was the guest of the Ilkhanate governor, and then the towns of
10989:
10771:
7366:
7311:
7254:
5076:
4826:
is an international airport located in his hometown of Tangier, Morocco.
4532:
4528:
4375:
4346:
3884:
3728:
3600:
3520:
3462:
3441:
3359:
3302:, Ibn Battuta did not plan to stay. However, the leaders of the formerly
3280:
3212:
3175:
3093:
3066:
3054:
3038:
3017:
Arriving in Constantinople towards the end of 1332 (or 1334), he met the
2984:
2897:. The conspicuous evidence of his wealth and prestige continued to grow.
2748:
2211:
2019:
1955:
1812:
1485:
1457:
1287:
559:
512:
477:
470:
370:
345:
321:
317:
171:
133:
7281:
The Travels of Ibn Battuta A Virtual Tour with the 14th Century Traveler
5425:, vol. 15 (illustrated ed.), United States: World Book, Inc.,
10880:
10729:
10412:
10314:
10253:
10101:
9799:
9499:. The text is discussed in Defrémery & Sanguinetti (1853) Volume 1
9377:
Hunwick, John O. (1973), "The mid-fourteenth century capital of Mali",
5189:
5157:
4958:
4633:
in 1355. He was appointed a judge in Morocco and died in 1368 or 1369.
4606:
4513:
4466:
4326:
4260:
4252:
4123:
3995:
3979:
3751:
3742:, Ibn Battuta referred to himself as the long-lost ambassador from the
3567:
with regard to medieval geographic studies, although he did not see it.
3532:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3276:
3070:
2953:
2527:
2463:
2447:
2227:
1324:
719:
382:
366:
329:
208:
Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Muḥammad ibn Yūsuf
179:
129:
9398:
7659:
7343:
4713:
in 1922 that he should prepare an annotated translation of the entire
4352:
3866:, only to discover that his mother had also died a few months before.
2791:
1351:
369:
with 24,000 km (15,000 mi). There have been doubts over the
10765:
10735:
10540:
10350:
10299:
7932:
7920:
7068:
6963:
4813:
4805:
4611:
4555:
4510:
4317:
4283:
4272:
4232:
Ibn Battuta Itinerary 1349–1354 (North Africa, Spain and West Africa)
4187:
4171:
4027:
3824:
3808:
3747:
3724:
3719:
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3606:
He described the manufacturing process of large ships in the city of
3592:
3469:
3425:
3362:, still intending to reach China and take up his ambassadorial post.
3339:
3253:
3187:
3163:
3143:, or judge, by the sultan. However, he found it difficult to enforce
3050:
2971:
2913:
2894:
2813:
and then skipping 420 km (260 mi) eastward past Eğirdir to
2591:
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2479:
2163:
2083:
2003:
1907:
1891:
1771:
1759:
1649:
1606:
1592:
1550:
1531:
1496:
1433:, on a journey that lasted about two weeks. In Najaf, he visited the
1399:
1374:
1370:
1103:
1055:
1039:
783:
767:
401:
101:
10160:
9933:
Travels with a Tangerine: A Journey in the Footnotes of Ibn Battutah
9024:
8995:"Ibn Battuta Mall: Shopping centre that lets you explore new places"
8981:
The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the 14th Century
7187:"Review: The Travels of Ibn Battutah edited by Tim Mackintosh-Smith"
5173:
4219:
3761:" that was "sixty days' travel" from the city of Zeitun (Quanzhou);
3061:. He also noted the ruined state of the city walls, a result of the
10509:
10360:
10304:
10164:
10045:
The Odyssey of Ibn Battuta: Uncommon Tales of a Medieval Adventurer
7641:
6994:
The Odyssey of Ibn Battuta: Uncommon Tales of a Medieval Adventurer
5961:
4801:
4755:
4413:. On his journey across the desert, he received a message from the
4395:
4330:
4306:
4155:
4091:
3899:
3859:
3715:
3704:
3607:
3572:
3544:
3540:
3480:
3479:
Ibn Battuta then sailed to a state called Kaylukari in the land of
3382:
3303:
3292:
3245:
3231:
3179:
3042:
3021:
emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos. He visited the great church of
2795:
2736:
2559:
2339:
2307:
2147:
2067:
1971:
1827:
1732:
1584:
1442:
1389:
1358:
1298:
to reduce the risk of being robbed. He took a bride in the town of
1135:
751:
466:
410:
362:
9971:
Hall of a Thousand Columns: Hindustan to Malabar with Ibn Battutah
5031:
Bir al-Ksaib (also Bir Ounane or El Gçaib) is in northern Mali at
3539:
consider both Tawalisi and Urduja to be entirely fictitious. (See
2890:
2817:. He then continues travelling in an easterly direction, reaching
1754:. He further wrote that the authority of the Sultan extended from
1588:
1023:
671:
10741:
10704:
10519:
10514:
10370:
10109:
9107:
Descriptio terrae Malabar ex Arabico Ebn Batutae Itinerario Edita
7832:
7773:
7771:
5084:
4778:
4677:
4629:
Little is known about Ibn Battuta's life after completion of his
4536:
4443:
4410:
4378:), until he reached the capital of the Mali Empire. There he met
4338:
4322:
4276:
4203:
4139:
4059:
4043:
3963:
3915:
3851:
3781:
3739:
3664:
3660:
3492:
3491:. She was described as an "idolater", but could write the phrase
3454:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3351:
3332:
3265:
3249:
3241:
3219:
3046:
2967:
2886:
2818:
2799:
2779:
2764:
2740:
2623:
2387:
2355:
2259:
2195:
2115:
2099:
2035:
1987:
1779:
1755:
1724:
1673:
1641:
1621:
1596:
1579:
1469:
1449:
1406:
1347:
1283:
1215:
1119:
831:
623:
607:
543:
527:
458:
454:
446:
414:
309:
255:(24 February 1304 – 1368/1369), commonly known as
137:
83:
6959:
Muslim Saints of South Asia: The Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries
3449:, whose customs were similar to those he had previously seen in
3299:
10807:
10478:
8052:
6645:
The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire
6609:
5080:
4954:
4670:
4567:
4563:
4544:
4465:, Ibn Battuta dictated an account in Arabic of his journeys to
4360:
4356:
3789:
3785:
3696:
3682:
3668:
3638:
3576:
3548:
3508:
3504:
3484:
3374:
3195:
3144:
3134:
2882:
2871:
2772:
2687:
2655:
2639:
2607:
2323:
2243:
1843:
1775:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1575:
1546:
1519:
1515:
1500:
1481:
1477:
1461:
1385:
1366:
1199:
1151:
1007:
975:
959:
911:
895:
847:
799:
655:
639:
482:
473:
43:
7768:
6574:
6562:
6502:
1695:
1480:, a large, flourishing city spared the destruction wrought by
274:
10825:
10625:
8866:
6526:
4786:
4685:
4540:
4502:
4433:
4421:
4386:
4368:
4364:
4011:
3931:
3812:
3774:
3707:
and paid for the gifts that Ibn Battuta would present to the
3700:
3596:
3584:
3515:. Filipinos widely believe that Kaylukari was in present-day
3507:(now southern Vietnam), and Urduja might be an aristocrat of
3429:
3387:
3204:
3199:
3148:
3065:
and subsequent infighting. From there, he journeyed south to
2867:
2848:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2752:
2671:
2543:
2371:
2275:
2051:
1859:
1704:
1669:
1637:
1626:
1605:) Mujahid Nur al-Din Ali. Ibn Battuta also mentions visiting
1601:
1559:
1511:
1507:
1465:
1430:
1394:
1335:
1317:
1313:
1291:
1262:
1183:
1087:
991:
943:
927:
863:
815:
735:
575:
450:
337:
300:
294:
230:
196:
163:
141:
9862:, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 63–89,
7793:
Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan
7409:
Marco Polo's China: A Venetian in the Realm of Khubilai Khan
4420:
Ibn Battuta's itinerary gives scholars a glimpse as to when
27:
14th-century Muslim Maghrebi traveller, explorer and scholar
9766:
Département des Manuscrits: Catalogue des manuscrits arabes
9149:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 183–231,
9147:
Cambridge History of Africa Vol. 3. From c. 1050 to c. 1600
8890:
7396:تحفة النظار في غرائب الأمصار وعجائب الأسفار,ابن بطوطة,ص 398
7096:
6621:
6468:"The Red Sea to East Africa and the Arabian Sea: 1328–1330"
4310:
3855:
3839:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3588:
3524:
3409:
3390:, then turned around and continued with his original plan.
3320:
3139:
3130:
3122:
or judge for six years during Muhammad bin Tughluq's reign.
3118:
3087:
Ibn Battuta, Chapter XIII, Rihla – Khorasan
2945:
2941:
2778:
He then journeyed westwards along the coast to the port of
2417:
2291:
1783:
1720:
1633:
1610:
1534:, he arrived in the city weak and exhausted for his second
1453:
1426:
1418:
1343:
1299:
1257:
1071:
703:
438:
6514:
5919:
5847:
4953:
Most of Ibn Battuta's descriptions of the towns along the
3543:
for details.) From Kaylukari, Ibn Battuta finally reached
3283:. This area is today known as Hosapattana and lies in the
3194:, before crossing southwest into Rajput country. From the
2782:. In the town he met members of one of the semi-religious
71:
showing Ibn Battuta (center) and his guide (left) in Egypt
9802:(1916), "IV. Ibn Battuta's travels in Bengal and China",
9529:
Mattock, J.N. (1981), "Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's use of Ibn Jubayr's
9059:
6279:
Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4
4790:
4566:
named Maulana Shaikh Yusuf Shams-ud-din according to the
4481:
Tuḥfat an-Nuẓẓār fī Gharāʾib al-Amṣār wa ʿAjāʾib al-Asfār
4403:
4287:
4107:
3947:
3863:
3433:
3190:, in modern-day Pakistan, where he paid obeisance at the
3069:, then crossed into India via the mountain passes of the
1438:
591:
282:
268:
9416:"Ibn Baṭūṭṭa's journey to Bulghàr: is it a fabrication?"
9277:. Reissued several times. Extracts are available on the
8489:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 71–88 .
5931:
2821:
from where he skips 1,160 km (720 mi) back to
1518:
in modern-day Turkey. At a hermitage on a mountain near
10221:
Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world
10010:
Die Reise des Arabers Ibn Baṭūṭa durch Indien und China
7660:
Ibn Batuta, S.; Lee; Oriental Translation Fund (1829).
6490:
5907:
4622:
also felt that dress customs in the Maldives, and some
3757:
Ibn Battuta also wrote he had heard of "the rampart of
3170:
It is uncertain by which route Ibn Battuta entered the
1574:
in either 1328 or 1330, he made his way to the port of
8803:
7515:
Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past
7299:
7242:
6923:
6921:
6045:
4895:
Aydhad was a port on the west coast of the Red Sea at
4251:, which was the final vestige of the Arab populace in
2731:. In the autumn of 1330 (or 1332), he set off for the
11001:
9334:
The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 4)
9322:
The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 3)
9310:
The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 2)
9295:
The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 1)
7518:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 131.
7323:
6638:
6636:
6538:
5974:
5704:
5443:
5441:
5311:
4424:
first began to spread into the heart of west Africa.
2805:
From this point his itinerary across Anatolia in the
465:. His family belonged to a Berber tribe known as the
265:
9694:"Review of: De Mohamedde ebn Batuta Arabe Tingitano"
9199:
9187:
9175:
9163:
8844:
8833:
8829:
8825:
8821:
8778:
8695:
8669:
8643:
8313:
8254:
8230:
8210:
8192:
8170:
8088:
8070:
8034:
8010:
7756:
7544:
7378:
7230:
7086:
7059:
6904:
6451:
6420:
6164:
6145:
6101:
6086:
6067:
6036:
5996:
5877:
5838:
5819:
5795:
5746:
5722:
5650:
4816:
in Dubai in a section of the exhibition designed by
3727:. Ibn Battuta also mentions locals who worshipped a
3671:(both of whom were influential figures noted in the
3256:(now known as Kozhikode), where Portuguese explorer
297:
291:
285:
279:
271:
10087:
article by Tim Mackintosh-Smith (March/April 2006).
9884:(in French), Paris: Ernest Laroux, pp. 426–437
9273:
Ibn Battuta Travels in Asia and Africa (selections)
7688:
Traveling Man: The Journey of Ibn Battuta 1325–1354
6918:
6550:
6123:
6111:
5763:"Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa 1325–1354"
5381:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 59–78.
5370:
4974:Ibn Battuta states that he stayed in Mecca for the
3750:
was made of wood and that the ruler's "head wife" (
3688:He then travelled south along the Chinese coast to
3033:and reported the accounts of his travels to Sultan
2739:to take an overland route to India. He crossed the
1782:winds, Ibn Battuta sailed back to Arabia, first to
288:
8760:
8657:
8536:
8437:
7826:
7227:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 126.
6943:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 121.
6882:
6742:Ross E. Dunn, Muḥammad Ibn-ʿAbdallāh Ibn-Baṭṭūṭa,
6633:
6336:The Earth and Its Peoples, Brief Edition, Complete
6255:. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.
6216:J. D. Fage, Roland Oliver, Roland Anthony Oliver,
6207:, (Cambridge University Press: 1998), pp. 120–121.
5895:
5438:
4765:
3846:, and Arabia. He heard of terrible death tolls in
3331:he wrote that in the Maldives the effect of small
10120:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). pp. 219–220.
9990:Landfalls: On the Edge of Islam with Ibn Battutah
9635:. Bibliothèque de France: Archive et manuscrits.
9615:. Bibliothèque de France: Archive et manuscrits.
9595:. Bibliothèque de France: Archive et manuscrits.
9575:. Bibliothèque de France: Archive et manuscrits.
9555:. Bibliothèque de France: Archive et manuscrits.
8878:
8854:
8567:
6245:
5579:"Ibn Battuta (1304–1368) | Encyclopedia.com"
5270:
3563:Ibn Battuta provides the earliest mention of the
1613:, arriving around the beginning of 1329 or 1331.
1557:Ibn Battuta remained in Mecca for some time (the
11085:
8704:
8431:
5943:
3579:province, then under the rule of the Mongol-led
2948:of the Khan, then to the large and rich city of
1723:") with an overnight stop at the island town of
9506:
9200:Defrémery, C.; Sanguinetti, B.R., eds. (1858),
9188:Defrémery, C.; Sanguinetti, B.R., eds. (1855),
9176:Defrémery, C.; Sanguinetti, B.R., eds. (1854),
9164:Defrémery, C.; Sanguinetti, B.R., eds. (1853),
8262:
8238:
8218:
8178:
8078:
8058:
8042:
8018:
7341:
3862:, then, in 1349, returned to Tangier by way of
365:with about 50,000 km (31,000 mi) and
9894:, Philadelphia: Da Capo Press, Perseus Books,
9651:
9512:Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa
9330:
9206:(in French and Arabic), Paris: Société Asiatic
9194:(in French and Arabic), Paris: Société Asiatic
9182:(in French and Arabic), Paris: Société Asiatic
9170:(in French and Arabic), Paris: Société Asiatic
8896:
8872:
8594:
8561:
8509:
8474:
8182:
7938:
7926:
7777:
7647:
7372:
7317:
7260:
7172:
7156:
7144:
7074:
5962:Islamic Hijri Calendar For Ramadan – 726 Hijri
5853:
5217:"Sur les traces d'Ibn Battuta : le Maroc"
4676:In the 1830s, during the French occupation of
4483:). However, it is often simply referred to as
2893:by the Sultan, and purchased a second girl in
1683:(ministers), legal experts, commanders, royal
253:Abū Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Abd Allāh Al-Lawātī
10705:Notable foreigners who visited pre-Qing China
10690:
10205:
10097:article by Douglas Bullis (July/August 2000).
10091:The Longest Hajj: The Journeys of Ibn Battuta
10030:, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 209–220,
9762:
9654:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
9331:Gibb, H.A.R.; Beckingham, C.F., eds. (1994),
8722:
7836:Continuing Perspectives on the Black Diaspora
6814:A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East
5520:"Ibn Battuta - Biography, Facts and Pictures"
5109:Though he mentions being robbed of some notes
3773:to contain Gog and Magog as mentioned in the
1672:. Battuta added that the city was ruled by a
1636:, Ibn Battuta embarked on a ship heading for
469:. As a young man, he would have studied at a
461:on 24 February 1304, during the reign of the
11149:Travel writers of the medieval Islamic world
9769:(in French). Paris: Bibliothèque nationale.
8530:
8303:
7859:
7833:Aubrey W. Bonnett; Calvin B. Holder (2009).
7271:
7269:
5276:
4882:
4754:in Cairo that were copied by Ibn Battuta in
4492:
4474:
3408:Sultanate (called "al-Jawa") in present-day
3230:of China asking for permission to rebuild a
2775:on the southern coast of modern-day Turkey.
1687:, and other officials at his beck and call.
1388:, site of the Mosque of the Islamic prophet
453:(known as qadis in the Muslim traditions of
10100:
8946:. Princeton University Press. p. 220.
8588:
8503:
8327:
8325:
7853:
7839:. University Press of America. p. 26.
7561:
7559:
7479:. Cambridge University Press. p. 237.
6812:Foltz, Richard (2019). "Tajiks and Turks".
6326:
6220:(Cambridge University Press: 1977), p. 190.
4781:, repurposed as Ibn Battuta Memorial Museum
4476:تحفة النظار في غرائب الأمصار وعجائب الأسفار
3037:(r. 1313–1341). Then he continued past the
1711:Ibn Battuta continued by ship south to the
485:school), the dominant form of education in
10697:
10683:
10212:
10198:
9464:
9122:
8687:
8651:
8285:
6664:
4345:route and had recently become part of the
3151:, due to lack of Islamic appeal in India.
3112:Tomb of Feroze Shah Tughluq, successor of
61:
11139:Geographers of the medieval Islamic world
9808:, London: Hakluyt Society, pp. 1–106
9792:The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume 1: A–B
9785:
9733:
9704:
9631:
9611:
9591:
9571:
9551:
9354:"The chronology of Ibn Battuta's travels"
8809:
8798:
8794:
8754:
8750:
8746:
8742:
8738:
7723:
7266:
7108:
6867:
6865:
6779:
6544:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6275:
6269:
4238:
3765:notes that Ibn Battuta believed that the
3571:In the year 1345, Ibn Battuta arrived at
10047:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
9817:
9497:, London: Oriental Translation Committee
9413:
9144:
8598:The Role of Women in Ibn Battuta's Rihla
8444:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 164–.
8390:
8331:
8322:
8119:
7727:Encyclopedia of the Literature of Empire
7717:
7678:
7653:
7556:
7511:
7505:
7472:
6955:
6591:
6589:
6384:
5469:. Oxford University Press. p. 752.
5239:
4769:
4570:, the official history of the Maldives.
4448:
4437:
4389:not befitting a Muslim. He wrote in his
4351:
4297:
4242:
3558:
3420:, according to Ibn Battuta, was rich in
3153:
3107:
2983:
2904:
2710:
1694:
1620:
1545:
1304:
872:
424:
9707:"Voyage dans la Soudan par Ibn Batouta"
9688:
9528:
9474:(in Latin and Arabic). Jena: Croecker.
9376:
9110:(in Latin and Arabic). Jena: Croecker.
9025:"Largest Themed Shopping Mall In Dubai"
8675:
8360:
8094:
7684:
7616:
7466:
6332:
6117:
5682:
5403:
5214:
5149:
4758:in 1326, corroborating the date in the
4626:regions in Africa were too revealing.
2172:
1715:, a region then known in Arabic as the
1468:. His next destination was the town of
497:
449:descent, born into a family of Islamic
14:
11086:
10042:
9842:from the original on 24 September 2015
9824:Journal de la Société des Africanistes
9773:from the original on 20 September 2023
9633:"MS Arabe 2291 (Supplément arabe 907)"
9613:"MS Arabe 2290 (Supplément arabe 908)"
9593:"MS Arabe 2289 (Supplément arabe 910)"
9573:"MS Arabe 2288 (Supplément arabe 911)"
9553:"MS Arabe 2287 (Supplément arabe 909)"
8516:. Perseus Books Group. pp. 114–.
8485:. In Elger, Ralf; Köse, Yavuz (eds.).
7426:from the original on 24 December 2016.
7354:from the original on 27 September 2013
7329:
7184:
7032:from the original on 24 February 2018.
7011:from the original on 24 February 2018.
6990:
6980:from the original on 24 February 2018.
6862:
6793:from the original on 24 September 2014
6308:
6205:The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama
6197:
5491:
5415:
5155:
4442:Purported Mausoleum of Ibn Battuta in
3869:
3103:
3092:Ibn Battuta and his party reached the
2771:ship took him (and his companions) to
2124:
1916:
1797:
1742:Ibn Battuta recorded his visit to the
10678:
10193:
9805:Cathay and the Way Thither (Volume 4)
9639:from the original on 21 December 2014
9619:from the original on 21 December 2014
9599:from the original on 21 December 2014
9579:from the original on 21 December 2014
9559:from the original on 21 December 2014
9351:
9103:
9067:from the original on 20 December 2021
9035:from the original on 16 December 2021
9005:from the original on 16 December 2021
8939:
8908:
8663:
8480:
8458:from the original on 19 January 2017.
7880:from the original on 2 December 2017.
7810:from the original on 24 December 2016
7744:from the original on 24 February 2018
7705:from the original on 24 February 2018
7532:from the original on 24 February 2018
7493:from the original on 24 February 2018
7025:The land of the five rivers and Sindh
6951:
6949:
6811:
6603:
6586:
6353:from the original on 15 November 2020
5937:
5632:
5589:from the original on 25 November 2020
5459:
5376:
5317:
4991:
4836:List of places visited by Ibn Battuta
3198:kingdom of Sarsatti, Battuta visited
2802:(June 1331 or May 1333) in the city.
2488:
10071:Travels In Asia And Africa 1325–1354
10006:
9798:
9452:from the original on 21 January 2023
9423:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
9318:
9306:
9291:
9270:
9244:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
9241:
9211:
9089:
8978:
8884:
8860:
8766:
8631:
8627:
8615:
8611:
8468:
8425:
8413:
8401:
8386:
8375:
8371:
8356:
8309:
8266:
8242:
8198:
8186:
8126:The Journal of North African Studies
8082:
8046:
8022:
7998:
7986:
7974:
7962:
7950:
7914:
7902:
7890:
7820:
7762:
7604:
7586:from the original on 10 October 2014
7565:
7550:
7438:"Jewel of Chinese Muslim's Heritage"
7384:
7305:
7248:
7236:
7205:from the original on 7 December 2017
7160:
7140:
7122:from the original on 16 January 2017
7102:
7055:
7021:
6927:
6912:
6900:
6856:
6838:from the original on 6 December 2017
6773:
6668:A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul
6627:
6615:
6599:
6595:
6580:
6568:
6556:
6532:
6520:
6508:
6496:
6478:from the original on 6 December 2017
6447:
6435:
6408:
6396:
6321:Somalia: Nation in Search of a State
6296:from the original on 16 October 2015
6191:
6179:
6160:
6141:
6129:
6082:
6063:
6051:
6032:
6020:
6016:
6004:
5992:
5980:
5949:
5925:
5913:
5901:
5889:
5885:
5865:
5834:
5791:
5742:
5730:
5710:
5670:
5658:
5638:
5619:from the original on 9 November 2022
5557:from the original on 7 February 2023
5526:from the original on 24 October 2020
5447:
5245:
5227:from the original on 7 December 2022
5196:from the original on 7 December 2022
5096:Dunn gives the clunkier translation
4995:
4987:
4293:
3842:as the plague spread through Syria,
3338:From the Maldives, he carried on to
1932:
1707:, is the largest Mosque of its kind.
1652:, the then pre-eminent city of the "
10074:– Gibb's 1929 translation from the
9950:Mackintosh-Smith, Tim, ed. (2003),
9750:from the original on 6 October 2022
9721:from the original on 7 October 2022
9537:, Leiden: Brill, pp. 209–218,
9510:; Hopkins, John F.P., eds. (2000),
9486:
9466:Kosegarten, Johann Gottfried Ludwig
9364:from the original on 7 October 2022
8921:from the original on 9 January 2023
8710:
7789:
7454:from the original on 2 January 2017
7405:
6888:
6703:
6373:The Rise and Fall of Swahili States
5773:from the original on 20 August 2017
5379:Cosmopolitanism and the Middle Ages
5299:from the original on 2 January 2023
5158:"Ibn Baṭṭūṭah's Andalusian Journey"
4883:
4872:
4804:and the navigator and cartographer
4562:after miracles were performed by a
4493:
4475:
3784:to Hangzhou, and then proceeded to
3681:" and briefly visited a well-known
3603:and the advantages of paper money.
3182:, or further south. He crossed the
2940:realm. He went to the port town of
2204:
2012:
1948:
1766:and a significant extension to the
1660:, the medieval Arabic term for the
1380:After spending the Muslim month of
1250:
24:
9794:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 321–323.
9360:, vol. 30, pp. 409–486,
9219:, University of California Press,
8909:Gropp, Lewis (17 September 2010).
8152:from the original on 30 April 2022
7619:"The Enduring Message of Hangzhou"
7572:. University of California Press.
7185:Buchan, James (21 December 2002).
6946:
6816:. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 95.
6319:David D. Laitin, Said S. Samatar,
5769:. Indiana University Bloomington.
5215:Roynard, Romy (22 November 2018).
4503:standard form of Arabic literature
4116:
3988:
3754:) held processions in her honour.
3734:He described floating through the
3116:in Delhi. Ibn Battuta served as a
2966:. From there he made a journey to
2520:
2456:
2440:
2220:
1778:of its kind. With a change in the
1048:
1032:
712:
25:
11215:
10063:
10013:(in German). Hamburg: Gutenberg.
9514:, New York: Marcus Weiner Press,
9203:Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah (Volume 4)
9191:Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah (Volume 3)
9179:Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah (Volume 2)
9167:Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah (Volume 1)
8983:. University of California Press.
8960:from the original on 4 April 2023
8601:. Indiana University. p. 45.
7617:Elliott, Michael (21 July 2011).
6755:, University of California Press.
6724:from the original on 27 June 2023
6685:from the original on 27 June 2023
6665:Boyar, Ebru; Fleet, Kate (2010).
6598:, pp. 149–150, 157 Note 13;
6339:. Cengage Learning. p. 313.
4180:
4164:
4020:
3404:In 1345, Ibn Battuta traveled to
3393:
2584:
2568:
2472:
2156:
2076:
1996:
1900:
1884:
1476:in Iran. He then headed south to
1096:
776:
760:
11071:
11059:
11047:
11035:
11023:
11011:
10295:Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani
10168:
9674:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2007.00172.x
9047:
9017:
8987:
8972:
8933:
8902:
8845:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853
8834:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858
8830:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1855
8826:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854
8822:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853
8815:
8788:
8779:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853
8732:
8696:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853
8681:
8644:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853
8637:
8621:
8605:
8462:
8419:
8407:
8395:
8380:
8365:
8350:
8314:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853
8294:
8272:
8255:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858
8248:
8231:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858
8224:
8211:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858
8204:
8171:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858
8164:
8113:
8100:
8071:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858
8064:
8035:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858
8028:
8011:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858
8004:
7992:
7980:
7968:
7956:
7944:
7908:
7896:
7884:
7814:
7783:
7666:. Oriental Translation Committee
7610:
7598:
7430:
7399:
7390:
7335:
7217:
7178:
7166:
7150:
7134:
7087:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858
7060:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1855
7049:
7036:
7015:
6905:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1855
6452:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854
6421:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854
6323:, (Westview Press: 1987), p. 15.
6230:George Wynn Brereton Huntingford
6165:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854
6146:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854
6102:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854
6087:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854
6068:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854
6037:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854
5997:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853
5878:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853
5839:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853
5820:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853
5796:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853
5747:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853
5723:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853
5651:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853
5544:
5358:from the original on 6 July 2022
5258:from the original on 1 July 2022
5122:
5112:
5103:
5090:
5065:
5025:
5011:
4560:Maldives were converted to Islam
4551:, and his trip around Anatolia.
4211:
4195:
4179:
4163:
4148:
4147:
4131:
4115:
4099:
4084:
4083:
4067:
4051:
4035:
4019:
4003:
3987:
3971:
3955:
3939:
3923:
3907:
3892:
3891:
3883:
3877:
3763:Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb
3158:Ibn Battuta in 1334 visited the
3010:, to return to her home city of
2836:, it had just been conquered by
2679:
2663:
2647:
2631:
2615:
2599:
2583:
2567:
2552:
2551:
2535:
2519:
2503:
2487:
2471:
2455:
2439:
2426:
2425:
2409:
2396:
2395:
2379:
2363:
2347:
2332:
2331:
2315:
2300:
2299:
2283:
2267:
2251:
2235:
2219:
2203:
2187:
2171:
2155:
2140:
2139:
2123:
2107:
2091:
2075:
2060:
2059:
2043:
2027:
2011:
1995:
1979:
1964:
1963:
1947:
1931:
1915:
1899:
1883:
1867:
1851:
1835:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1805:
1750:, a descendant of the legendary
1690:
1412:
1312:17th century tile depicting the
1223:
1207:
1191:
1175:
1159:
1143:
1128:
1127:
1111:
1095:
1079:
1063:
1047:
1031:
1015:
999:
983:
967:
951:
935:
919:
903:
887:
871:
855:
839:
823:
807:
791:
775:
759:
744:
743:
727:
711:
695:
679:
663:
647:
631:
615:
599:
583:
567:
551:
535:
519:
511:
505:
261:
9082:
8571:City of Djinns: A Year in Delhi
6984:
6933:
6894:
6850:
6820:
6805:
6767:
6758:
6736:
6697:
6658:
6460:
6441:
6429:
6414:
6402:
6390:
6378:
6375:, (AltaMira Press: 1999), p. 58
6365:
6239:
6236:(Hakluyt Society: 1980), p. 83.
6223:
6218:The Cambridge History of Africa
6210:
6185:
6173:
6154:
6135:
6076:
6057:
6026:
6010:
5986:
5955:
5871:
5859:
5828:
5813:
5804:
5785:
5755:
5736:
5716:
5676:
5664:
5644:
5601:
5571:
5538:
5512:
5485:
5453:
5318:Pryor, John H. (3 April 2013).
5281:. In Ian Richard Netton (ed.).
5001:
4968:
4947:
4929:
4889:
4766:Present-day cultural references
4196:
4132:
4052:
4036:
3956:
3908:
3237:popular with Chinese pilgrims.
3211:that lived on the banks of the
2918:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
2900:
2616:
2380:
2348:
2252:
2188:
2108:
2092:
2028:
1980:
1591:and later the highland town of
1448:Then, instead of continuing to
1208:
1160:
1112:
824:
680:
616:
600:
536:
520:
10310:Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad
9988:Mackintosh-Smith, Tim (2010),
9969:Mackintosh-Smith, Tim (2005),
9099:. Travancore Government press.
7283:. Berkeley.edu. Archived from
6764:Safarname Ibn Battutah, vol. 1
6671:. Cambridge University Press.
5495:The Sahara: A Cultural History
5409:
5208:
4862:
4721:
4617:Ibn Battuta often experienced
4269:Alfonso XI of Castile and León
4212:
3643:
3634:
3626:
2962:), which was at the time near
2889:, was gifted another slave in
2680:
2648:
2632:
2600:
2504:
2316:
2236:
1836:
1456:. From Najaf, he journeyed to
1192:
1144:
1000:
968:
952:
904:
888:
840:
792:
648:
632:
552:
13:
1:
10177:Engineering Historical Memory
9820:"Ibn Baṭṭūṭa and East Africa"
9818:Chittick, H. Neville (1968).
9763:de Slane, Baron (1883–1895).
9217:The Adventures of Ibn Battuta
7691:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
5138:
4068:
4004:
3972:
3924:
3651:), who came to meet him with
3252:. From there, they sailed to
3147:beyond the sultan's court in
2999:When they reached Astrakhan,
2952:. He left Majar to meet with
2866:Ibn Battuta had also visited
2794:which was the capital of the
2664:
2536:
2364:
2268:
2044:
1868:
1852:
1282:. The route took him through
1224:
1176:
1080:
1016:
984:
936:
920:
856:
808:
728:
664:
568:
420:
10007:Mžik, Hans von, ed. (1911).
8574:. Penguin Publishing Group.
6602:, pp. 533–535, Vol. 2;
6371:Chapurukha Makokha Kusimba,
5246:Meri, Yousef (2 July 2019).
5143:
4824:Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport
3595:, as well as fruits such as
3472:Java) which was a center of
3295:where he worked as a judge.
2832:When Ibn Battuta arrived in
2755:. From there he crossed the
2410:
2284:
1748:Sultan al-Hasan ibn Sulaiman
1064:
696:
405:, he gives his full name as
54:
32:Ibn Battuta (disambiguation)
7:
10984:Johann Adam Schall von Bell
10546:Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi
10167:(public domain audiobooks)
9952:The Travels of Ibn Battutah
9337:, London: Hakluyt Society,
9230:. First published in 1986,
8537:Michael N. Pearson (2003).
8471:, pp. 253, 262 Note 20
8438:Kamala Visweswaran (2011).
8334:The Travels of Ibn Battutah
8280:Ibn Battuta in Black Africa
8263:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
8239:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
8219:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
8185:, pp. 969–970 Vol. 4;
8179:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
8079:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
8059:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
8043:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
8019:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
7866:. I.B. Tauris. p. 51.
7512:Wade, G.; Tana, L. (2012).
7342:Balmaceda Guiterrez, Chit.
7159:, pp. 773–782 Vol. 4;
6915:, pp. 178, 181 Note 26
6655:. Oxford University Press.
6618:, pp. 533–535, Vol. 2.
6019:, pp. 255–257 Vol. 1;
5767:Deborah Mauskopf Deliyannis
5498:. Oxford University Press.
5422:The World Book Encyclopedia
4990:, pp. 528–537 Vol. 2,
4877:
4829:
4785:The largest themed mall in
4554:Ibn Battuta's claim that a
4100:
3940:
3780:Ibn Battuta travelled from
3207:, Ibn Battuta mentions the
2932:he took a sea route to the
2706:
1625:The port and waterfront of
584:
492:
10:
11220:
11104:14th-century Berber people
10598:Book of Roads and Kingdoms
10590:Book of Roads and Kingdoms
10028:Journal of Islamic Studies
9786:Taeschner, Franz (1986) .
9414:Janicsek, Stephen (1929),
9379:Journal of African History
9319:Gibb, H.A.R., ed. (1971),
9307:Gibb, H.A.R., ed. (1962),
9292:Gibb, H.A.R., ed. (1958),
9271:Gibb, H.A.R., ed. (1929),
8940:Euben, Roxanne L. (2008).
8911:"Zeitzeuge oder Fälscher?"
8897:Gibb & Beckingham 1994
8873:Gibb & Beckingham 1994
8568:William Dalrymple (2003).
8543:. Routledge. p. 112.
8183:Gibb & Beckingham 1994
7939:Gibb & Beckingham 1994
7927:Gibb & Beckingham 1994
7778:Gibb & Beckingham 1994
7648:Gibb & Beckingham 1994
7375:, pp. 884–885 Vol. 4.
7373:Gibb & Beckingham 1994
7320:, pp. 880–883 Vol. 4.
7318:Gibb & Beckingham 1994
7263:, pp. 873–874 Vol. 4.
7261:Gibb & Beckingham 1994
7173:Gibb & Beckingham 1994
7157:Gibb & Beckingham 1994
7145:Gibb & Beckingham 1994
7075:Gibb & Beckingham 1994
6787:"The_Longest_Hajj_Part2_6"
6583:, pp. 424–428 Vol. 2.
6571:, pp. 422–423 Vol. 2.
6511:, pp. 413–416 Vol. 2.
5854:Peacock & Peacock 2008
5551:World History Encyclopedia
5285:. Routledge. p. 253.
4431:
3397:
3008:Andronikos III Palaiologos
2717:Andronikos III Palaiologos
1616:
1488:'s invading army in 1258.
1460:, then followed the river
1327:, at the time part of the
29:
10920:
10847:
10710:
10653:
10579:
10559:
10528:
10487:
10446:
10405:
10379:
10343:
10267:
10236:
10227:
9913:, New York: I.B. Tauris,
9876:Ferrand, Gabriel (1913),
9734:de Slane, Baron (1843b).
9705:de Slane, Baron (1843a).
9435:10.1017/S0035869X00070015
9391:10.1017/s0021853700012512
9325:, London: Hakluyt Society
9313:, London: Hakluyt Society
9256:10.1017/S0035869X00140651
8138:10.1080/13629380208718472
8120:El Hamel, Chouki (2002).
7724:Snodgrass, M. E. (2010).
7663:The Travels of Ibn Batūta
7412:. Routledge. p. 67.
7344:"In search of a Princess"
7175:, pp. 814–815 Vol. 4
6642:Leslie P. Peirce (1993).
6535:, pp. 418–16 Vol. 2.
6333:Bulliet, Richard (2011).
5466:Glimpses of World History
4762:of his sojourn in Syria.
4271:had threatened to attack
3802:
3306:nation that had recently
3268:king a few months later.
2847:Ibn Battuta's account of
2751:and then headed north to
2715:Ibn Battuta may have met
1790:then on to Mecca for the
1752:Ali ibn al-Hassan Shirazi
1541:
1346:valley, then east to the
246:
229:
212:
195:
178:
169:
157:
147:
124:
109:
94:
76:
60:
53:
41:
11114:14th-century geographers
10495:Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī
10106:Beazley, Charles Raymond
9890:Gordon, Stewart (2008),
9742:. Series 4 (in French).
9713:. Series 4 (in French).
9533:", in Peters, R. (ed.),
9104:Apetz, Heinrich (1819).
8630:, pp. ix–x Vol. 1;
8336:. Picador. p. 141.
7790:Haw, Stephen G. (2006),
7406:Haw, Stephen G. (2006).
6276:Versteegh, Kees (2008).
6252:Somalia: A Country Study
5162:The Geographical Journal
4856:
4427:
4247:Ibn Battuta visited the
3819:, where he learned that
3794:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
3554:
2944:, where he met with the
2840:, Sultan of the nascent
2735:controlled territory of
1514:(Jazirat ibn 'Umar) and
354:, but commonly known as
11159:Moroccan travel writers
10954:Fernão Pires de Andrade
10899:Giovanni de' Marignolli
10863:Niccolò and Maffeo Polo
10857:Ajall Shams al-Din Omar
10117:Encyclopædia Britannica
9992:, London: John Murray,
9973:, London: John Murray,
9858:(2006), "Ibn Battuta",
9279:Fordham University site
9132:. London: John Murray.
9096:Travancore State Manual
8595:Kate S. Hammer (1999).
8513:When Asia was the World
8510:Stewart Gordon (2009).
6956:Suvorova, Anna (2004).
6182:, pp. 115–116, 134
5689:A Mediterranean Society
5492:Gearon, Eamonn (2011).
5387:10.1057/9781137045096_4
4663:University of Cambridge
3709:Emperor Huizong of Yuan
3667:and Sharif al-Din from
3647:) and Sheikh al-Islam (
3453:, especially among the
3373:intending to travel to
3365:He reached the port of
3248:in the Indian state of
3063:Mongol invasion in 1220
2912:(one of the symbols of
376:
11109:14th-century explorers
10936:Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh
10613:Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar
10500:Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh
10043:Waines, David (2010),
9836:10.3406/jafr.1968.1485
9124:Burckhardt, John Lewis
8979:Dunn, Ross E. (2012).
8332:Battutah, Ibn (2002).
7118:. orias.berkeley.edu.
7058:, p. 596 Vol. 3;
7046:(Brill, 2002), p. 229.
6991:Waines, David (2012).
6903:, p. 592 Vol. 3;
6630:, p. 535, Vol. 2.
6450:, p. 380 Vol. 2;
6282:. Brill. p. 276.
5419:(2004), "Marco Polo",
5283:Encyclopaedia of Islam
5156:Norris, H. T. (1959).
4808:, is displayed at the
4782:
4682:Bibliothèque Nationale
4661:and bequeathed to the
4454:
4446:
4371:
4313:
4256:
4239:Spain and North Africa
3836:Black Death had struck
3815:he passed through the
3714:Ibn Battuta said that
3568:
3531:, China. However, Sir
3167:
3123:
3090:
3057:(r. 1331–1334) of the
2996:
2925:
2916:caravans) in front of
2864:
2720:
1764:Palace of Husuni Kubwa
1708:
1644:. He then moved on to
1629:
1554:
1320:
1272:
442:
152:Post-classical history
115:The Islamic Marco Polo
11204:Moroccan slave owners
11119:14th-century scholars
10397:Abu'l Abbas al-Hijazi
10182:13 April 2020 at the
9929:Mackintosh-Smith, Tim
9909:Harvey, L.P. (2007),
9736:"Lettre à M. Reinaud"
8428:, p. 157 Note 13
8416:, p. 180 Note 23
8404:, p. 134 Note 17
7941:, p. 919 Vol. 4.
7929:, p. 918 Vol. 4.
7860:L. P. Harvey (2007).
7105:, p. 238 Note 4.
7077:, p. 775 Vol. 4.
6704:Kia, Mehrdad (2008).
6523:, p. 417 Vol. 2.
6203:Sanjay Subrahmanyam,
5928:, p. 81 Note 48.
5336:10.1353/pgn.1992.0050
5277:Paul Starkey (2013).
4914:22.33083°N 36.49028°E
4773:
4638:Ulrich Jasper Seetzen
4601:However, even if the
4501:), in reference to a
4452:
4441:
4432:Further information:
4387:parts of their bodies
4355:
4301:
4246:
3562:
3445:he observed was Imam
3157:
3111:
3079:
2987:
2956:'s travelling court (
2908:
2853:
2714:
1768:Great Mosque of Kilwa
1698:
1624:
1549:
1491:In Baghdad, he found
1338:, the capital of the
1308:
1267:
483:Islamic jurisprudence
428:
67:1878 illustration by
10875:John of Montecorvino
10778:Sugawara no Kiyotomo
10754:Takamuko no Kuromaro
10428:Ibn Said al-Maghribi
10161:Works by Ibn Battuta
10142:16 June 2011 at the
10131:16 June 2011 at the
10081:A Tangerine in Delhi
9352:Hrbek, Ivan (1962),
8614:, pp. 480–481;
8481:Elger, Ralf (2010).
8359:, pp. 313–314;
8312:, pp. 310–311;
7685:Rumford, J. (2001).
7650:, pp. 904, 907.
7566:Dunn, R. E. (1986).
7147:, p. 777 Vol. 4
7028:. Chapman and Hall.
7022:Ross, David (1883).
6751:5 April 2023 at the
6651:4 April 2023 at the
6399:, p. 379 Vol. 2
6194:, p. 373 Vol. 2
6085:, pp. 100–101;
6007:, p. 249 Vol. 1
5684:Goitein, Shelomo Dov
5583:www.encyclopedia.com
5050:21.29250°N 5.62500°W
4744:Tim Mackintosh-Smith
4582:, and possibly from
4229:class=notpageimage|
3838:, and he stopped in
3823:, last ruler of the
3275:on the banks of the
3192:shrine of Baba Farid
3160:shrine of Baba Farid
3127:Muhammad bin Tughluq
3114:Muhammad bin Tughluq
3098:Muhammad bin Tughluq
2992:during the reign of
2877:He also visited the
2825:which lies north of
2729:Muhammad bin Tughluq
2697:class=notpageimage|
1774:and was the largest
1770:, which was made of
1699:The Great Mosque of
1409:, to the northeast.
1261:, or pilgrimage, to
1241:class=notpageimage|
498:Itinerary, 1325–1332
434:Maqamat of Al-Hariri
395:ibn Battuta. In his
118:Ibn battuta al-Tanji
30:For other uses, see
11194:Scholars from Delhi
11174:Pilgrimage accounts
11169:People from Tangier
11124:Explorers of Arabia
10974:(fl. ca. 1500–1516)
10887:Odoric of Pordenone
10760:Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas
10632:The Meadows of Gold
10249:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
10153:29 May 2016 at the
10036:10.1093/jis/5.2.209
9954:, London: Picador,
9935:, London: Picador,
9698:Journal des Savants
9666:2008IJNAr..37...32P
9284:13 May 2011 at the
9275:, London: Routledge
9001:. 25 October 2021.
6606:, pp. 455–462.
6499:, pp. 137–139.
6163:, pp. 102–03;
6066:, pp. 98–100;
5971:. hijri.habibur.com
5967:19 May 2023 at the
5940:, pp. 421–425.
5916:, pp. 71, 118.
5221:National Geographic
5046: /
4998:, pp. 132–133.
4910: /
4752:Al-Azhar University
4650:by the orientalist
4527:made a trip up the
4343:trans-Saharan trade
3870:Itinerary 1349–1354
3767:Great Wall of China
3679:Mount of the Hermit
3631:traditional Chinese
3565:Great Wall of China
3537:William Henry Scott
3517:Pangasinan Province
3497:Islamic calligraphy
3172:Indian subcontinent
3104:Indian subcontinent
1798:Itinerary 1332–1347
1794:of 1330 (or 1332).
1654:Land of the Berbers
1595:, where he met the
1530:to Mecca. Ill with
1329:Bahri Mamluk empire
104:, Marinid Sultanate
11184:Slavery in Morocco
11154:Moroccan explorers
11134:Explorers of India
10972:'Ali Akbar Khata'i
10905:Sa'id of Mogadishu
10814:Abu Zayd Al-Sirafi
10469:Hamdallah Mustawfi
10392:Muhammad al-Idrisi
10366:Mahmud al-Kashgari
10290:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
10111:"Ibn Batuta"
10095:Saudi Aramco World
10085:Saudi Aramco World
9746:(March): 241–246.
9717:(March): 181–240.
9690:de Sacy, Silvestre
8723:de Slane 1883–1895
8374:, pp. 63–64;
8001:, pp. 286–287
7989:, pp. 283–284
7953:, pp. 274–275
7905:, pp. 268–269
7823:, pp. 259–261
7629:on 17 January 2012
7445:Muslimheritage.com
7348:Filipinas Magazine
7163:, pp. 213–217
6859:, pp. 171–178
6776:, pp. 169–171
6707:The Ottoman Empire
6472:orias.berkeley.edu
6438:, pp. 126–127
6054:, pp. 41, 97.
5995:, pp. 88–89;
5613:www.britannica.com
5079:somewhere between
5055:21.29250; -5.62500
4942:Mohammed al-Abdari
4919:22.33083; 36.49028
4851:Benjamin of Tudela
4783:
4647:Journal de Savants
4518:Muhammad al-Abdari
4461:ruler of Morocco,
4455:
4447:
4372:
4359:salt caravan from
4314:
4257:
4249:Emirate of Granada
3623:simplified Chinese
3569:
3529:Guangdong Province
3308:converted to Islam
3279:river next to the
3273:Nawayath Sultanate
3168:
3124:
3025:and spoke with an
2997:
2936:, arriving in the
2926:
2721:
1709:
1630:
1555:
1551:Old City of Sana'a
1321:
443:
11179:Arab slave owners
11129:Explorers of Asia
10999:
10998:
10832:Sulaiman al-Tajir
10802:Yamanoue no Okura
10672:
10671:
10575:
10574:
10536:Sulaiman Al Mahri
10356:Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī
10335:Qudama ibn Ja'far
10259:Sulaiman al-Tajir
10054:978-0-226-86985-8
9999:978-0-7195-6787-2
9980:978-0-7195-6710-0
9961:978-0-330-41879-9
9942:978-0-330-49114-3
9920:978-1-84511-394-0
9901:978-0-306-81556-0
9869:978-0-691-12721-7
9856:Euben, Roxanne L.
9740:Journal Asiatique
9711:Journal Asiatique
9544:978-90-04-06380-8
9521:978-1-55876-241-1
9508:Levtzion, Nehemia
9358:Archiv Orientální
9344:978-0-904180-37-4
9226:978-0-520-24385-9
9156:978-0-521-20981-6
8953:978-1-4008-2749-7
8581:978-1-101-12701-8
8550:978-1-134-60959-8
8523:978-0-306-81739-7
8496:978-3-447-06250-3
8451:978-1-4051-0062-5
8343:978-0-330-41879-9
8278:Noel King (ed.),
7873:978-1-84511-394-0
7846:978-0-7618-4662-8
7803:978-0-415-34850-8
7737:978-1-4381-1906-9
7730:. Facts on File.
7698:978-0-547-56256-8
7579:978-0-520-05771-5
7525:978-981-4311-96-0
7486:978-1-107-01868-6
7473:Park, H. (2012).
7419:978-1-134-27542-7
7251:, pp. 91–92.
7004:978-0-85773-065-7
6973:978-1-134-37006-1
6877:978-1-60520-621-9
6789:. hajjguide.org.
6717:978-0-313-34441-1
6678:978-1-139-48444-2
6262:978-0-8444-0775-3
6247:Helen Chapin Metz
6232:, Agatharchides,
5983:, pp. 66–79.
5713:, pp. 30–31.
5505:978-0-19-986195-8
5476:978-0-19-561323-0
5461:Nehru, Jawaharlal
5432:978-0-7166-0104-3
5396:978-1-349-34108-5
5292:978-1-135-17960-1
4940:by the traveller
4846:Ibrahim ibn Yaqub
4810:Mobility pavilion
4695:Charles Defrémery
4669:and published in
4659:Johann Burckhardt
4652:Silvestre de Sacy
4642:Johann Kosegarten
4592:Alexander romance
4580:Sulaiman al-Tajir
4415:Sultan of Morocco
4294:Mali and Timbuktu
4265:Iberian Peninsula
3825:Ilkhanate Dynasty
3551:Province, China.
3400:Golden Chersonese
3356:Madurai Sultanate
3209:Indian rhinoceros
3186:near the city of
3005:Byzantine emperor
2934:Crimean Peninsula
1423:Arabian Peninsula
436:of pilgrims on a
429:A miniature from
381:Ibn Battuta is a
342:Iberian Peninsula
250:
249:
238:
221:
204:
187:
98:1369 (aged 64–65)
88:Marinid Sultanate
16:(Redirected from
11211:
11164:Moroccan writers
11076:
11075:
11074:
11064:
11063:
11052:
11051:
11050:
11040:
11039:
11038:
11028:
11027:
11026:
11016:
11015:
11014:
11007:
10699:
10692:
10685:
10676:
10675:
10620:Mu'jam Al-Buldan
10606:Tabula Rogeriana
10600:(ibn Khordadbeh)
10285:Ahmad ibn Fadlan
10280:Ahmad ibn Rustah
10234:
10233:
10214:
10207:
10200:
10191:
10190:
10172:
10171:
10121:
10113:
10076:Internet Archive
10057:
10038:
10022:
10002:
9983:
9964:
9945:
9923:
9904:
9885:
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9847:
9809:
9795:
9782:
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9326:
9314:
9302:
9276:
9266:
9229:
9207:
9195:
9183:
9171:
9159:
9141:
9129:Travels in Nubia
9119:
9100:
9077:
9076:
9074:
9072:
9051:
9045:
9044:
9042:
9040:
9029:Ibn Battuta Mall
9021:
9015:
9014:
9012:
9010:
8991:
8985:
8984:
8976:
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8969:
8967:
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8702:
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8673:
8667:
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8655:
8641:
8635:
8625:
8619:
8609:
8603:
8602:
8592:
8586:
8585:
8565:
8559:
8558:
8540:The Indian Ocean
8534:
8528:
8527:
8507:
8501:
8500:
8478:
8472:
8466:
8460:
8459:
8435:
8429:
8423:
8417:
8411:
8405:
8399:
8393:
8384:
8378:
8369:
8363:
8354:
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8307:
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8283:
8276:
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8008:
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7990:
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7972:
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7751:
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7721:
7715:
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7682:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7671:
7657:
7651:
7645:
7639:
7638:
7636:
7634:
7625:. Archived from
7614:
7608:
7602:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7591:
7563:
7554:
7548:
7542:
7541:
7539:
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7509:
7503:
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7500:
7498:
7470:
7464:
7463:
7461:
7459:
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7434:
7428:
7427:
7403:
7397:
7394:
7388:
7382:
7376:
7370:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7359:
7339:
7333:
7327:
7321:
7315:
7309:
7308:, p. 96–97.
7303:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7292:
7287:on 17 March 2013
7273:
7264:
7258:
7252:
7246:
7240:
7234:
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7019:
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6898:
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6886:
6880:
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6854:
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6809:
6803:
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6783:
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6762:
6756:
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6729:
6701:
6695:
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6690:
6662:
6656:
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6625:
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6607:
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6506:
6500:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6464:
6458:
6445:
6439:
6433:
6427:
6418:
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6406:
6400:
6394:
6388:
6382:
6376:
6369:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6330:
6324:
6317:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6273:
6267:
6266:
6243:
6237:
6227:
6221:
6214:
6208:
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6195:
6189:
6183:
6177:
6171:
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6139:
6133:
6127:
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6115:
6109:
6099:
6093:
6080:
6074:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6043:
6030:
6024:
6023:, pp. 89–90
6014:
6008:
5990:
5984:
5978:
5972:
5959:
5953:
5947:
5941:
5935:
5929:
5923:
5917:
5911:
5905:
5899:
5893:
5875:
5869:
5868:, pp. 53–54
5863:
5857:
5851:
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5802:
5789:
5783:
5782:
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5778:
5759:
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5702:
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5674:
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5662:
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5605:
5599:
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5596:
5594:
5575:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5545:Mark, Joshua J.
5542:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5531:
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5510:
5509:
5489:
5483:
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5044:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5029:
5023:
5015:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4972:
4966:
4957:are copied from
4951:
4945:
4933:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4874:
4866:
4795:Ibn Battuta Mall
4699:critical edition
4596:Uthman ibn Affan
4496:
4495:
4488:
4478:
4477:
4303:Sankore Madrasah
4215:
4214:
4199:
4198:
4183:
4182:
4167:
4166:
4151:
4150:
4135:
4134:
4119:
4118:
4103:
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3990:
3975:
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3959:
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3927:
3926:
3911:
3910:
3895:
3894:
3887:
3881:
3817:Strait of Hormuz
3685:monk in a cave.
3645:
3636:
3628:
3527:to somewhere in
3348:Tenavaram temple
3088:
3059:Chagatai Khanate
3027:Eastern Orthodox
2979:northern Siberia
2862:
2683:
2682:
2667:
2666:
2651:
2650:
2635:
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2619:
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2603:
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2110:
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2094:
2079:
2078:
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2031:
2030:
2015:
2014:
1999:
1998:
1983:
1982:
1967:
1966:
1951:
1950:
1935:
1934:
1919:
1918:
1903:
1902:
1887:
1886:
1871:
1870:
1855:
1854:
1839:
1838:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1809:
1788:Strait of Hormuz
1758:in the north to
1640:on the coast of
1474:Zagros Mountains
1340:Mamluk Sultanate
1251:First pilgrimage
1227:
1226:
1211:
1210:
1195:
1194:
1179:
1178:
1163:
1162:
1147:
1146:
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1099:
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954:
939:
938:
923:
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890:
880:Zagros Mountains
875:
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827:
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110:Other names
80:24 February 1304
65:
39:
38:
21:
11219:
11218:
11214:
11213:
11212:
11210:
11209:
11208:
11199:Delhi Sultanate
11084:
11083:
11082:
11072:
11070:
11058:
11048:
11046:
11036:
11034:
11024:
11022:
11012:
11010:
11002:
11000:
10995:
10966:Leonel de Sousa
10942:Galeote Pereira
10930:Kenchū Keimitsu
10916:
10907:(1301– ? )
10843:
10790:Awata no Mahito
10784:Abe no Nakamaro
10706:
10703:
10673:
10668:
10649:
10644:Kitab al-Kharaj
10571:
10555:
10524:
10505:Ahmad ibn Mājid
10483:
10442:
10423:Yaqut al-Hamawi
10401:
10375:
10339:
10263:
10223:
10218:
10184:Wayback Machine
10169:
10155:Wayback Machine
10144:Wayback Machine
10133:Wayback Machine
10066:
10061:
10055:
10025:
10000:
9987:
9981:
9968:
9962:
9949:
9943:
9927:
9921:
9908:
9902:
9889:
9875:
9870:
9854:
9845:
9843:
9813:
9776:
9774:
9753:
9751:
9724:
9722:
9642:
9640:
9622:
9620:
9602:
9600:
9582:
9580:
9562:
9560:
9545:
9522:
9455:
9453:
9449:
9418:
9367:
9365:
9345:
9300:Hakluyt Society
9286:Wayback Machine
9227:
9157:
9085:
9080:
9070:
9068:
9053:
9052:
9048:
9038:
9036:
9023:
9022:
9018:
9008:
9006:
8993:
8992:
8988:
8977:
8973:
8963:
8961:
8954:
8938:
8934:
8924:
8922:
8915:Deutschlandfunk
8907:
8903:
8895:
8891:
8883:
8879:
8871:
8867:
8859:
8855:
8843:
8839:
8820:
8816:
8808:
8804:
8793:
8789:
8777:
8773:
8765:
8761:
8737:
8733:
8721:
8717:
8709:
8705:
8692:533–537 Note 82
8688:Burckhardt 1819
8686:
8682:
8674:
8670:
8662:
8658:
8652:Kosegarten 1818
8642:
8638:
8626:
8622:
8610:
8606:
8593:
8589:
8582:
8566:
8562:
8551:
8535:
8531:
8524:
8508:
8504:
8497:
8479:
8475:
8467:
8463:
8452:
8436:
8432:
8424:
8420:
8412:
8408:
8400:
8396:
8389:, p. 179;
8385:
8381:
8370:
8366:
8355:
8351:
8344:
8330:
8323:
8308:
8304:
8299:
8295:
8290:
8286:
8277:
8273:
8265:, p. 303;
8253:
8249:
8241:, p. 299;
8229:
8225:
8209:
8205:
8197:
8193:
8181:, p. 299;
8169:
8165:
8155:
8153:
8118:
8114:
8105:
8101:
8093:
8089:
8081:, p. 284;
8069:
8065:
8057:
8053:
8045:, p. 282;
8033:
8029:
8021:, p. 282;
8009:
8005:
7997:
7993:
7985:
7981:
7973:
7969:
7961:
7957:
7949:
7945:
7937:
7933:
7925:
7921:
7913:
7909:
7901:
7897:
7889:
7885:
7874:
7858:
7854:
7847:
7831:
7827:
7819:
7815:
7804:
7788:
7784:
7776:
7769:
7761:
7757:
7747:
7745:
7738:
7722:
7718:
7708:
7706:
7699:
7683:
7679:
7669:
7667:
7658:
7654:
7646:
7642:
7632:
7630:
7615:
7611:
7603:
7599:
7589:
7587:
7580:
7564:
7557:
7549:
7545:
7535:
7533:
7526:
7510:
7506:
7496:
7494:
7487:
7471:
7467:
7457:
7455:
7451:
7440:
7436:
7435:
7431:
7420:
7404:
7400:
7395:
7391:
7383:
7379:
7371:
7367:
7357:
7355:
7340:
7336:
7328:
7324:
7316:
7312:
7304:
7300:
7290:
7288:
7275:
7274:
7267:
7259:
7255:
7247:
7243:
7235:
7231:
7222:
7218:
7208:
7206:
7183:
7179:
7171:
7167:
7155:
7151:
7143:, p. 215;
7139:
7135:
7125:
7123:
7114:
7113:
7109:
7101:
7097:
7085:
7081:
7073:
7069:
7054:
7050:
7041:
7037:
7020:
7016:
7005:
6997:. I.B. Tauris.
6989:
6985:
6974:
6954:
6947:
6938:
6934:
6926:
6919:
6899:
6895:
6887:
6883:
6870:
6863:
6855:
6851:
6841:
6839:
6826:
6825:
6821:
6810:
6806:
6796:
6794:
6785:
6784:
6780:
6772:
6768:
6763:
6759:
6753:Wayback Machine
6741:
6737:
6727:
6725:
6718:
6702:
6698:
6688:
6686:
6679:
6663:
6659:
6653:Wayback Machine
6641:
6634:
6626:
6622:
6614:
6610:
6594:
6587:
6579:
6575:
6567:
6563:
6555:
6551:
6543:
6539:
6531:
6527:
6519:
6515:
6507:
6503:
6495:
6491:
6481:
6479:
6466:
6465:
6461:
6446:
6442:
6434:
6430:
6419:
6415:
6407:
6403:
6395:
6391:
6383:
6379:
6370:
6366:
6356:
6354:
6347:
6331:
6327:
6318:
6309:
6299:
6297:
6290:
6274:
6270:
6263:
6244:
6240:
6228:
6224:
6215:
6211:
6202:
6198:
6190:
6186:
6178:
6174:
6159:
6155:
6144:, p. 102;
6140:
6136:
6128:
6124:
6116:
6112:
6100:
6096:
6081:
6077:
6062:
6058:
6050:
6046:
6031:
6027:
6015:
6011:
5991:
5987:
5979:
5975:
5969:Wayback Machine
5960:
5956:
5948:
5944:
5936:
5932:
5924:
5920:
5912:
5908:
5900:
5896:
5876:
5872:
5864:
5860:
5852:
5848:
5833:
5829:
5818:
5814:
5809:
5805:
5790:
5786:
5776:
5774:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5741:
5737:
5721:
5717:
5709:
5705:
5681:
5677:
5669:
5665:
5649:
5645:
5637:
5633:
5622:
5620:
5607:
5606:
5602:
5592:
5590:
5577:
5576:
5572:
5560:
5558:
5543:
5539:
5529:
5527:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5506:
5490:
5486:
5477:
5458:
5454:
5446:
5439:
5433:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5397:
5375:
5371:
5361:
5359:
5316:
5312:
5302:
5300:
5293:
5275:
5271:
5261:
5259:
5244:
5240:
5230:
5228:
5213:
5209:
5199:
5197:
5174:10.2307/1790500
5154:
5150:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5127:
5123:
5117:
5113:
5108:
5104:
5095:
5091:
5070:
5066:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5016:
5012:
5006:
5002:
4973:
4969:
4952:
4948:
4934:
4930:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4832:
4768:
4742:, but in 2010,
4728:Islamic studies
4724:
4711:Hakluyt Society
4576:Shihab al-Umari
4486:
4436:
4430:
4296:
4241:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4216:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4200:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4184:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4168:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4152:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4136:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4120:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4104:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4088:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4072:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4056:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4040:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4024:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4008:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3992:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3976:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3960:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3944:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3928:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3912:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3896:
3888:
3872:
3805:
3759:Yajuj and Majuj
3744:Delhi Sultanate
3557:
3483:, where he met
3402:
3396:
3293:Maldive Islands
3235:Buddhist temple
3106:
3089:
3086:
2920:in the city of
2903:
2879:Beylik of Aydin
2863:
2860:
2757:Sinai Peninsula
2725:Sultan of Delhi
2709:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2684:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2668:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2636:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2604:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2572:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2556:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2508:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2476:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2460:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2414:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2384:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2336:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2256:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2128:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2080:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1936:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1920:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1816:
1800:
1744:Kilwa Sultanate
1731:in present-day
1693:
1658:Balad al-Barbar
1619:
1544:
1415:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1004:
996:
995:
994:
988:
980:
979:
978:
972:
964:
963:
962:
956:
948:
947:
946:
940:
932:
931:
930:
924:
916:
915:
914:
908:
900:
899:
898:
892:
884:
883:
882:
876:
868:
867:
866:
860:
852:
851:
850:
844:
836:
835:
834:
828:
820:
819:
818:
812:
804:
803:
802:
796:
788:
787:
786:
780:
772:
771:
770:
764:
756:
755:
754:
748:
740:
739:
738:
732:
724:
723:
722:
716:
708:
707:
706:
700:
692:
691:
690:
684:
676:
675:
674:
668:
660:
659:
658:
652:
644:
643:
642:
636:
628:
627:
626:
620:
612:
611:
610:
604:
596:
595:
594:
588:
580:
579:
578:
572:
564:
563:
562:
556:
548:
547:
546:
540:
532:
531:
530:
524:
516:
500:
495:
463:Marinid dynasty
423:
379:
278:
264:
260:
225:ʾAbū ʿAbd Allāh
214:Teknonymic
197:Patronymic
158:
105:
99:
90:
81:
72:
56:
49:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11217:
11207:
11206:
11201:
11196:
11191:
11186:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11161:
11156:
11151:
11146:
11141:
11136:
11131:
11126:
11121:
11116:
11111:
11106:
11101:
11096:
11081:
11080:
11068:
11056:
11044:
11032:
11020:
10997:
10996:
10994:
10993:
10987:
10981:
10975:
10969:
10963:
10957:
10951:
10945:
10939:
10933:
10926:
10924:
10918:
10917:
10915:
10914:
10908:
10902:
10896:
10890:
10884:
10878:
10872:
10869:Ahmad Fanakati
10866:
10860:
10853:
10851:
10845:
10844:
10842:
10841:
10838:Vairocanavajra
10835:
10829:
10823:
10820:Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn
10817:
10811:
10805:
10799:
10796:Kibi no Makibi
10793:
10787:
10781:
10775:
10769:
10763:
10757:
10751:
10745:
10739:
10733:
10727:
10724:Śubhakarasiṃha
10721:
10714:
10712:
10708:
10707:
10702:
10701:
10694:
10687:
10679:
10670:
10669:
10667:
10666:
10657:
10655:
10651:
10650:
10648:
10647:
10640:
10635:
10628:
10623:
10616:
10609:
10602:
10594:
10585:
10583:
10577:
10576:
10573:
10572:
10570:
10569:
10563:
10561:
10557:
10556:
10554:
10553:
10548:
10543:
10538:
10532:
10530:
10526:
10525:
10523:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10491:
10489:
10485:
10484:
10482:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10450:
10448:
10444:
10443:
10441:
10440:
10438:Ibn al-Mujawir
10435:
10430:
10425:
10420:
10415:
10409:
10407:
10403:
10402:
10400:
10399:
10394:
10389:
10383:
10381:
10377:
10376:
10374:
10373:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10353:
10347:
10345:
10341:
10340:
10338:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10322:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10275:Ibn Khordadbeh
10271:
10269:
10265:
10264:
10262:
10261:
10256:
10251:
10246:
10240:
10238:
10231:
10225:
10224:
10217:
10216:
10209:
10202:
10194:
10188:
10187:
10173:
10158:
10122:
10098:
10088:
10078:
10065:
10064:External links
10062:
10060:
10059:
10053:
10040:
10023:
10004:
9998:
9985:
9979:
9966:
9960:
9947:
9941:
9925:
9919:
9906:
9900:
9887:
9873:
9868:
9852:
9830:(2): 239–241.
9814:
9812:
9811:
9796:
9783:
9760:
9731:
9702:
9686:
9649:
9629:
9609:
9589:
9569:
9549:
9543:
9526:
9520:
9504:
9484:
9462:
9429:(4): 791–800,
9411:
9385:(2): 195–208,
9374:
9349:
9343:
9328:
9316:
9304:
9289:
9268:
9250:(2): 256–272,
9239:
9225:
9209:
9197:
9185:
9173:
9161:
9155:
9142:
9120:
9101:
9091:Aiya, V. Nagam
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9078:
9046:
9016:
8986:
8971:
8952:
8932:
8901:
8889:
8877:
8865:
8853:
8837:
8814:
8810:de Slane 1843a
8802:
8795:de Slane 1843b
8787:
8771:
8759:
8731:
8715:
8703:
8680:
8668:
8656:
8636:
8620:
8604:
8587:
8580:
8560:
8549:
8529:
8522:
8502:
8495:
8473:
8461:
8450:
8430:
8418:
8406:
8394:
8379:
8364:
8349:
8342:
8321:
8302:
8293:
8284:
8271:
8259:444–445 Vol. 4
8247:
8235:432–436 Vol. 4
8223:
8215:425–426 Vol. 4
8203:
8201:, p. 304.
8191:
8163:
8112:
8106:Jerry Bently,
8099:
8087:
8063:
8061:, p. 457.
8051:
8039:378–379 Vol. 4
8027:
8003:
7991:
7979:
7967:
7955:
7943:
7931:
7919:
7907:
7895:
7883:
7872:
7852:
7845:
7825:
7813:
7802:
7782:
7780:, p. 896.
7767:
7765:, p. 260.
7755:
7736:
7716:
7697:
7677:
7652:
7640:
7609:
7597:
7578:
7555:
7553:, p. 259.
7543:
7524:
7504:
7485:
7465:
7429:
7418:
7398:
7389:
7387:, p. 258.
7377:
7365:
7334:
7322:
7310:
7298:
7265:
7253:
7241:
7239:, p. 245.
7229:
7223:Jerry Bently,
7216:
7177:
7165:
7149:
7133:
7107:
7095:
7079:
7067:
7048:
7035:
7014:
7003:
6983:
6972:
6945:
6939:Jerry Bently,
6932:
6930:, p. 328.
6917:
6893:
6891:, p. 191.
6881:
6861:
6849:
6828:"Khan Academy"
6819:
6804:
6778:
6766:
6757:
6735:
6716:
6696:
6677:
6657:
6632:
6620:
6608:
6585:
6573:
6561:
6559:, p. 146.
6549:
6545:Taeschner 1986
6537:
6525:
6513:
6501:
6489:
6459:
6440:
6428:
6413:
6401:
6389:
6377:
6364:
6346:978-1133171102
6345:
6325:
6307:
6289:978-9004144767
6288:
6268:
6261:
6249:, ed. (1992).
6238:
6222:
6209:
6196:
6184:
6172:
6153:
6134:
6132:, p. 102.
6122:
6110:
6106:134–139 Vol. 2
6094:
6091:128–131 Vol. 2
6075:
6056:
6044:
6035:, p. 97;
6025:
6009:
5985:
5973:
5954:
5942:
5930:
5918:
5906:
5894:
5888:, p. 66;
5870:
5858:
5846:
5837:, p. 49;
5827:
5812:
5803:
5794:, p. 39;
5784:
5754:
5745:, p. 37;
5735:
5715:
5703:
5675:
5663:
5643:
5631:
5600:
5570:
5537:
5511:
5504:
5484:
5475:
5452:
5437:
5431:
5408:
5402:
5395:
5369:
5330:(2): 252–253.
5310:
5291:
5269:
5238:
5207:
5168:(2): 185–196.
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5121:
5111:
5102:
5089:
5064:
5024:
5010:
5000:
4967:
4946:
4928:
4888:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4831:
4828:
4767:
4764:
4723:
4720:
4691:Baron de Slane
4463:Abu Inan Faris
4429:
4426:
4295:
4292:
4240:
4237:
4227:
4226:
4218:
4217:
4210:
4209:
4202:
4201:
4194:
4193:
4186:
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4178:
4177:
4170:
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4154:
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4130:
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4098:
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4066:
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3922:
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3914:
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3906:
3905:
3898:
3897:
3890:
3889:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3804:
3801:
3720:beautiful lake
3556:
3553:
3501:Po Klong Garai
3474:a Hindu empire
3395:
3394:Southeast Asia
3392:
3369:in modern-day
3289:Uttara Kannada
3285:Honnavar Taluk
3105:
3102:
3084:
3031:Sarai al-Jadid
3012:Constantinople
2910:Bactrian camel
2902:
2899:
2858:
2842:Ottoman Empire
2745:Eastern Desert
2708:
2705:
2695:
2694:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2669:
2662:
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2654:
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2250:
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2218:
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2210:
2209:
2202:
2201:
2194:
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2186:
2185:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2137:
2132:Uttara Kannada
2130:
2129:
2122:
2121:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2017:
2010:
2009:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1929:
1924:Constantinople
1922:
1921:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1849:
1842:
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1834:
1833:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1719:("Land of the
1701:Kilwa Kisiwani
1692:
1689:
1662:Horn of Africa
1656:" (بلد البربر
1646:Cape Guardafui
1618:
1615:
1599:dynasty king (
1543:
1540:
1528:Arabian Desert
1414:
1411:
1252:
1249:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1222:
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1214:
1213:
1206:
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949:
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926:
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918:
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910:
909:
902:
901:
894:
893:
886:
885:
878:
877:
870:
869:
862:
861:
854:
853:
846:
845:
838:
837:
830:
829:
822:
821:
814:
813:
806:
805:
798:
797:
790:
789:
782:
781:
774:
773:
766:
765:
758:
757:
750:
749:
742:
741:
734:
733:
726:
725:
718:
717:
710:
709:
702:
701:
694:
693:
686:
685:
678:
677:
670:
669:
662:
661:
654:
653:
646:
645:
638:
637:
630:
629:
622:
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614:
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605:
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589:
582:
581:
574:
573:
566:
565:
558:
557:
550:
549:
542:
541:
534:
533:
526:
525:
518:
517:
510:
504:
503:
502:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
451:legal scholars
422:
419:
378:
375:
334:Southeast Asia
248:
247:
244:
243:
240:
227:
226:
223:
210:
209:
206:
193:
192:
189:
176:
175:
167:
166:
161:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
126:
122:
121:
120:
119:
116:
111:
107:
106:
100:
96:
92:
91:
82:
78:
74:
73:
66:
58:
57:
51:
50:
47:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11216:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
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11137:
11135:
11132:
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11125:
11122:
11120:
11117:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11095:
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11091:
11089:
11079:
11069:
11067:
11062:
11057:
11055:
11045:
11043:
11033:
11031:
11021:
11019:
11009:
11008:
11005:
10991:
10988:
10985:
10982:
10979:
10976:
10973:
10970:
10967:
10964:
10961:
10958:
10955:
10952:
10949:
10948:Jorge Álvares
10946:
10943:
10940:
10938:(fl. 1419-22)
10937:
10934:
10931:
10928:
10927:
10925:
10923:
10919:
10912:
10909:
10906:
10903:
10900:
10897:
10894:
10891:
10888:
10885:
10882:
10879:
10876:
10873:
10870:
10867:
10864:
10861:
10858:
10855:
10854:
10852:
10850:
10846:
10839:
10836:
10833:
10830:
10827:
10824:
10821:
10818:
10815:
10812:
10809:
10806:
10803:
10800:
10797:
10794:
10791:
10788:
10785:
10782:
10779:
10776:
10773:
10770:
10767:
10764:
10761:
10758:
10755:
10752:
10749:
10746:
10743:
10740:
10737:
10734:
10731:
10728:
10725:
10722:
10719:
10716:
10715:
10713:
10709:
10700:
10695:
10693:
10688:
10686:
10681:
10680:
10677:
10665:
10663:
10659:
10658:
10656:
10652:
10646:
10645:
10641:
10639:
10638:Piri Reis map
10636:
10634:
10633:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10621:
10617:
10615:
10614:
10610:
10608:
10607:
10603:
10601:
10599:
10595:
10593:
10591:
10587:
10586:
10584:
10582:
10578:
10568:
10567:Evliya Çelebi
10565:
10564:
10562:
10558:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10533:
10531:
10527:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
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10496:
10493:
10492:
10490:
10486:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10451:
10449:
10445:
10439:
10436:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10419:
10418:Saadi Shirazi
10416:
10414:
10411:
10410:
10408:
10404:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10384:
10382:
10378:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10348:
10346:
10342:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10330:Al-Ramhormuzi
10328:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10272:
10270:
10266:
10260:
10257:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10241:
10239:
10235:
10232:
10230:
10226:
10222:
10215:
10210:
10208:
10203:
10201:
10196:
10195:
10192:
10185:
10181:
10178:
10174:
10166:
10162:
10159:
10156:
10152:
10149:
10145:
10141:
10138:
10134:
10130:
10127:
10123:
10119:
10118:
10112:
10107:
10103:
10099:
10096:
10092:
10089:
10086:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10073:
10072:
10068:
10067:
10056:
10050:
10046:
10041:
10037:
10033:
10029:
10024:
10020:
10016:
10012:
10011:
10005:
10001:
9995:
9991:
9986:
9982:
9976:
9972:
9967:
9963:
9957:
9953:
9948:
9944:
9938:
9934:
9930:
9926:
9922:
9916:
9912:
9907:
9903:
9897:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9879:
9874:
9871:
9865:
9861:
9857:
9853:
9841:
9837:
9833:
9829:
9825:
9821:
9816:
9815:
9807:
9806:
9801:
9797:
9793:
9789:
9784:
9772:
9768:
9767:
9761:
9749:
9745:
9741:
9737:
9732:
9720:
9716:
9712:
9708:
9703:
9699:
9695:
9691:
9687:
9683:
9679:
9675:
9671:
9667:
9663:
9659:
9655:
9650:
9638:
9634:
9630:
9618:
9614:
9610:
9598:
9594:
9590:
9578:
9574:
9570:
9558:
9554:
9550:
9546:
9540:
9536:
9532:
9527:
9523:
9517:
9513:
9509:
9505:
9502:
9496:
9495:
9489:
9485:
9481:
9477:
9473:
9472:
9467:
9463:
9448:
9444:
9440:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9424:
9417:
9412:
9408:
9404:
9400:
9396:
9392:
9388:
9384:
9380:
9375:
9363:
9359:
9355:
9350:
9346:
9340:
9336:
9335:
9329:
9324:
9323:
9317:
9312:
9311:
9305:
9301:
9297:
9296:
9290:
9287:
9283:
9280:
9274:
9269:
9265:
9261:
9257:
9253:
9249:
9245:
9240:
9237:
9236:0-520-05771-6
9233:
9228:
9222:
9218:
9214:
9213:Dunn, Ross E.
9210:
9205:
9204:
9198:
9193:
9192:
9186:
9181:
9180:
9174:
9169:
9168:
9162:
9158:
9152:
9148:
9143:
9139:
9135:
9131:
9130:
9125:
9121:
9117:
9113:
9109:
9108:
9102:
9098:
9097:
9092:
9088:
9087:
9066:
9062:
9061:
9056:
9050:
9034:
9030:
9026:
9020:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8990:
8982:
8975:
8959:
8955:
8949:
8945:
8944:
8936:
8920:
8917:(in German).
8916:
8912:
8905:
8898:
8893:
8886:
8881:
8875:, p. ix.
8874:
8869:
8862:
8857:
8850:
8846:
8841:
8835:
8831:
8827:
8823:
8818:
8811:
8806:
8800:
8799:MS Arabe 2291
8796:
8791:
8784:
8780:
8775:
8768:
8763:
8756:
8755:MS Arabe 2291
8752:
8751:MS Arabe 2290
8748:
8747:MS Arabe 2289
8744:
8743:MS Arabe 2288
8740:
8739:MS Arabe 2287
8735:
8728:
8724:
8719:
8712:
8707:
8701:
8697:
8693:
8689:
8684:
8677:
8672:
8665:
8660:
8653:
8649:
8645:
8640:
8634:, p. 318
8633:
8629:
8624:
8618:, p. 168
8617:
8613:
8608:
8600:
8599:
8591:
8583:
8577:
8573:
8572:
8564:
8557:
8552:
8546:
8542:
8541:
8533:
8525:
8519:
8515:
8514:
8506:
8498:
8492:
8488:
8484:
8477:
8470:
8465:
8457:
8453:
8447:
8443:
8442:
8434:
8427:
8422:
8415:
8410:
8403:
8398:
8392:
8391:Janicsek 1929
8388:
8383:
8377:
8373:
8368:
8362:
8358:
8353:
8345:
8339:
8335:
8328:
8326:
8319:
8315:
8311:
8306:
8297:
8288:
8281:
8275:
8269:, p. 306
8268:
8264:
8260:
8256:
8251:
8245:, p. 305
8244:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8227:
8221:, p. 297
8220:
8216:
8212:
8207:
8200:
8195:
8189:, p. 304
8188:
8184:
8180:
8176:
8172:
8167:
8151:
8147:
8143:
8139:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8116:
8109:
8103:
8096:
8091:
8085:, p. 298
8084:
8080:
8076:
8072:
8067:
8060:
8055:
8049:, p. 297
8048:
8044:
8040:
8036:
8031:
8025:, p. 295
8024:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8007:
8000:
7995:
7988:
7983:
7977:, p. 282
7976:
7971:
7965:, p. 278
7964:
7959:
7952:
7947:
7940:
7935:
7928:
7923:
7917:, p. 269
7916:
7911:
7904:
7899:
7893:, p. 261
7892:
7887:
7879:
7875:
7869:
7865:
7864:
7856:
7848:
7842:
7838:
7837:
7829:
7822:
7817:
7809:
7805:
7799:
7795:
7794:
7786:
7779:
7774:
7772:
7764:
7759:
7743:
7739:
7733:
7729:
7728:
7720:
7704:
7700:
7694:
7690:
7689:
7681:
7665:
7664:
7656:
7649:
7644:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7613:
7607:, p. 260
7606:
7601:
7585:
7581:
7575:
7571:
7570:
7562:
7560:
7552:
7547:
7531:
7527:
7521:
7517:
7516:
7508:
7492:
7488:
7482:
7478:
7477:
7469:
7450:
7446:
7439:
7433:
7425:
7421:
7415:
7411:
7410:
7402:
7393:
7386:
7381:
7374:
7369:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7338:
7332:, p. 61.
7331:
7326:
7319:
7314:
7307:
7302:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7272:
7270:
7262:
7257:
7250:
7245:
7238:
7233:
7226:
7220:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7181:
7174:
7169:
7162:
7158:
7153:
7146:
7142:
7137:
7121:
7117:
7111:
7104:
7099:
7092:
7088:
7083:
7076:
7071:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7052:
7045:
7039:
7031:
7027:
7026:
7018:
7010:
7006:
7000:
6996:
6995:
6987:
6979:
6975:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6960:
6952:
6950:
6942:
6936:
6929:
6924:
6922:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6897:
6890:
6885:
6878:
6874:
6868:
6866:
6858:
6853:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6823:
6815:
6808:
6792:
6788:
6782:
6775:
6770:
6761:
6754:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6739:
6723:
6719:
6713:
6709:
6708:
6700:
6684:
6680:
6674:
6670:
6669:
6661:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6639:
6637:
6629:
6624:
6617:
6612:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6592:
6590:
6582:
6577:
6570:
6565:
6558:
6553:
6546:
6541:
6534:
6529:
6522:
6517:
6510:
6505:
6498:
6493:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6463:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6444:
6437:
6432:
6426:
6422:
6417:
6411:, p. 126
6410:
6405:
6398:
6393:
6387:, p. 191
6386:
6385:Chittick 1977
6381:
6374:
6368:
6352:
6348:
6342:
6338:
6337:
6329:
6322:
6316:
6314:
6312:
6295:
6291:
6285:
6281:
6280:
6272:
6264:
6258:
6254:
6253:
6248:
6242:
6235:
6231:
6226:
6219:
6213:
6206:
6200:
6193:
6188:
6181:
6176:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6157:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6138:
6131:
6126:
6119:
6114:
6107:
6103:
6098:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6079:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6060:
6053:
6048:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6029:
6022:
6018:
6013:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5989:
5982:
5977:
5970:
5966:
5963:
5958:
5951:
5946:
5939:
5934:
5927:
5922:
5915:
5910:
5904:, p. 54.
5903:
5898:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5874:
5867:
5862:
5855:
5850:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5831:
5825:
5821:
5816:
5807:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5788:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5758:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5739:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5719:
5712:
5707:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5679:
5672:
5667:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5647:
5640:
5635:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5574:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5547:"Ibn Battuta"
5541:
5525:
5521:
5515:
5507:
5501:
5497:
5496:
5488:
5478:
5472:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5456:
5450:, p. 20.
5449:
5444:
5442:
5434:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5412:
5406:
5398:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5373:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5314:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5279:"Ibn Battuta"
5273:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5248:"Ibn Baṭṭūṭa"
5242:
5226:
5223:(in French).
5222:
5218:
5211:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5152:
5148:
5131:
5125:
5115:
5106:
5099:
5093:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5059:
5028:
5020:
5014:
5004:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4971:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4950:
4943:
4939:
4932:
4923:
4892:
4879:
4870:
4865:
4861:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4819:
4818:Weta Workshop
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4732:
4729:
4719:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4707:Hamilton Gibb
4703:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4632:
4627:
4625:
4620:
4619:culture shock
4615:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4588:Rashid al din
4585:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4525:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4490:
4482:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4451:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4425:
4423:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4230:
4221:
4205:
4189:
4173:
4157:
4141:
4125:
4109:
4093:
4077:
4061:
4045:
4029:
4013:
3997:
3981:
3965:
3949:
3933:
3917:
3901:
3886:
3880:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3769:was built by
3768:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3691:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3632:
3624:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3561:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3451:coastal India
3448:
3444:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3406:Samudra Pasai
3401:
3391:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3258:Vasco da Gama
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3083:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2964:Mount Beshtau
2961:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2861:Ibn Battuta,
2857:
2852:
2850:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2747:to reach the
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:in late 1332.
2718:
2713:
2698:
2689:
2673:
2657:
2641:
2625:
2609:
2593:
2577:
2561:
2545:
2529:
2513:
2497:
2496:Uttar Pradesh
2481:
2465:
2449:
2419:
2389:
2373:
2357:
2341:
2325:
2309:
2293:
2277:
2261:
2245:
2229:
2213:
2197:
2181:
2165:
2149:
2133:
2117:
2101:
2085:
2069:
2053:
2037:
2021:
2005:
1989:
1973:
1957:
1941:
1925:
1909:
1893:
1877:
1861:
1845:
1829:
1814:
1808:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1717:Bilad al-Zanj
1714:
1713:Swahili coast
1706:
1702:
1697:
1691:Swahili coast
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1623:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1552:
1548:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1443:Fourth Caliph
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:Iraq and Iran
1410:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1242:
1233:
1217:
1201:
1185:
1169:
1153:
1137:
1121:
1105:
1089:
1073:
1057:
1041:
1025:
1009:
993:
977:
961:
945:
929:
913:
897:
881:
865:
849:
833:
817:
801:
785:
769:
753:
737:
721:
705:
689:
673:
657:
641:
625:
609:
593:
577:
561:
545:
529:
514:
508:
490:
488:
484:
480:
479:
475:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
441:
440:
435:
432:
427:
418:
417:ibn Battuta.
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:
398:
394:
391:
388:
384:
374:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
352:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
305:
258:
254:
245:
241:
239:
236:
228:
224:
222:
219:
211:
207:
205:
202:
194:
190:
188:
185:
180:Personal
177:
174:
173:
168:
165:
162:
156:
153:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
125:Occupation(s)
123:
117:
114:
113:
112:
108:
103:
97:
93:
89:
85:
79:
75:
70:
64:
59:
52:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
10978:Matteo Ricci
10922:Ming dynasty
10910:
10893:Dhyānabhadra
10849:Yuan dynasty
10748:Ono no Imoko
10661:
10642:
10630:
10618:
10611:
10604:
10597:
10589:
10560:17th century
10529:16th century
10488:15th century
10473:
10464:Ibn al-Wardi
10447:14th century
10433:Ibn al-Nafis
10406:13th century
10380:12th century
10344:11th century
10325:Al-Muqaddasi
10320:Ibn al-Faqih
10268:10th century
10244:Al-Khwarizmi
10115:
10094:
10084:
10070:
10044:
10027:
10009:
9989:
9970:
9951:
9932:
9910:
9891:
9881:
9878:"Ibn Batūtā"
9859:
9844:. Retrieved
9827:
9823:
9804:
9791:
9775:. Retrieved
9765:
9752:. Retrieved
9743:
9739:
9723:. Retrieved
9714:
9710:
9697:
9660:(1): 32–48,
9657:
9653:
9641:. Retrieved
9621:. Retrieved
9601:. Retrieved
9581:. Retrieved
9561:. Retrieved
9534:
9530:
9511:
9501:pp. xvi–xvii
9492:
9470:
9454:, retrieved
9426:
9422:
9382:
9378:
9366:, retrieved
9357:
9333:
9321:
9309:
9294:
9272:
9247:
9243:
9216:
9202:
9190:
9178:
9166:
9146:
9128:
9106:
9095:
9083:Bibliography
9069:. Retrieved
9058:
9049:
9037:. Retrieved
9028:
9019:
9007:. Retrieved
8999:gulfnews.com
8998:
8989:
8980:
8974:
8962:. Retrieved
8942:
8935:
8923:. Retrieved
8914:
8904:
8892:
8880:
8868:
8856:
8840:
8817:
8805:
8790:
8774:
8769:, p. 4.
8762:
8734:
8718:
8706:
8683:
8676:de Sacy 1820
8671:
8659:
8648:pp. xiii–xiv
8639:
8623:
8607:
8597:
8590:
8570:
8563:
8554:
8539:
8532:
8512:
8505:
8486:
8476:
8464:
8440:
8433:
8421:
8409:
8397:
8382:
8367:
8361:Mattock 1981
8352:
8333:
8305:
8296:
8287:
8279:
8274:
8250:
8226:
8206:
8194:
8166:
8154:. Retrieved
8132:(3): 29–52.
8129:
8125:
8115:
8107:
8102:
8095:Hunwick 1973
8090:
8066:
8054:
8030:
8006:
7994:
7982:
7970:
7958:
7946:
7934:
7922:
7910:
7898:
7886:
7862:
7855:
7835:
7828:
7816:
7792:
7785:
7758:
7746:. Retrieved
7726:
7719:
7707:. Retrieved
7687:
7680:
7668:. Retrieved
7662:
7655:
7643:
7631:. Retrieved
7627:the original
7622:
7612:
7600:
7588:. Retrieved
7568:
7546:
7534:. Retrieved
7514:
7507:
7495:. Retrieved
7475:
7468:
7456:. Retrieved
7444:
7432:
7408:
7401:
7392:
7380:
7368:
7358:26 September
7356:. Retrieved
7347:
7337:
7325:
7313:
7301:
7289:. Retrieved
7285:the original
7280:
7256:
7244:
7232:
7224:
7219:
7207:. Retrieved
7191:The Guardian
7190:
7180:
7168:
7152:
7136:
7124:. Retrieved
7110:
7098:
7082:
7070:
7051:
7043:
7042:André Wink,
7038:
7024:
7017:
6993:
6986:
6958:
6940:
6935:
6896:
6884:
6852:
6840:. Retrieved
6832:Khan Academy
6831:
6822:
6813:
6807:
6795:. Retrieved
6781:
6769:
6760:
6744:
6738:
6726:. Retrieved
6710:. ABC-CLIO.
6706:
6699:
6687:. Retrieved
6667:
6660:
6644:
6623:
6611:
6576:
6564:
6552:
6540:
6528:
6516:
6504:
6492:
6480:. Retrieved
6471:
6462:
6443:
6431:
6416:
6404:
6392:
6380:
6372:
6367:
6355:. Retrieved
6335:
6328:
6320:
6298:. Retrieved
6278:
6271:
6251:
6241:
6233:
6225:
6217:
6212:
6204:
6199:
6187:
6175:
6156:
6137:
6125:
6118:Mattock 1981
6113:
6097:
6078:
6059:
6047:
6028:
6012:
5988:
5976:
5957:
5945:
5933:
5921:
5909:
5897:
5892:, p. 53
5873:
5861:
5849:
5830:
5815:
5806:
5787:
5775:. Retrieved
5766:
5757:
5738:
5718:
5706:
5688:
5678:
5673:, p. 22
5666:
5661:, p. 19
5646:
5641:, p. 19
5634:
5621:. Retrieved
5612:
5603:
5591:. Retrieved
5582:
5573:
5559:. Retrieved
5550:
5540:
5528:. Retrieved
5514:
5494:
5487:
5465:
5455:
5421:
5417:Parker, John
5411:
5405:
5378:
5372:
5360:. Retrieved
5327:
5323:
5313:
5301:. Retrieved
5282:
5272:
5260:. Retrieved
5251:
5241:
5229:. Retrieved
5220:
5210:
5198:. Retrieved
5165:
5161:
5151:
5129:
5124:
5114:
5105:
5097:
5092:
5073:John Hunwick
5067:
5027:
5018:
5013:
5003:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4970:
4962:
4949:
4937:
4931:
4891:
4864:
4822:
4799:
4784:
4777:barracks in
4775:Borj en-Nâam
4774:
4759:
4747:
4739:
4736:Ross E. Dunn
4733:
4725:
4714:
4704:
4675:
4656:
4645:
4635:
4630:
4628:
4616:
4602:
4600:
4572:
4553:
4522:
4507:
4498:
4484:
4480:
4470:
4456:
4419:
4408:
4400:hippopotamus
4390:
4379:
4373:
4335:
4315:
4281:
4258:
3831:
3829:
3806:
3798:
3779:
3771:Dhul-Qarnayn
3756:
3733:
3713:
3694:
3687:
3674:Yuan History
3672:
3642:
3620:
3612:Yellow River
3605:
3581:Yuan dynasty
3570:
3489:Yuan dynasty
3478:
3467:
3459:Dar al-Islam
3440:
3438:
3403:
3364:
3342:and visited
3337:
3328:
3325:
3317:
3297:
3270:
3239:
3228:Yuan dynasty
3223:
3217:
3184:Sutlej river
3169:
3138:
3125:
3117:
3091:
3080:
3074:
3023:Hagia Sophia
3016:
2998:
2990:Golden Horde
2988:Flag of the
2976:
2958:
2938:Golden Horde
2927:
2924:, Kazakhstan
2901:Central Asia
2876:
2865:
2854:
2846:
2831:
2806:
2804:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2722:
1940:Hagia Sophia
1791:
1772:coral stones
1741:
1736:
1716:
1710:
1705:coral stones
1666:
1657:
1631:
1600:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1535:
1505:
1490:
1447:
1416:
1393:
1379:
1356:
1333:
1322:
1276:Abd al-Wadid
1273:
1268:
1256:
1254:
487:North Africa
476:
444:
437:
407:Shams al-Din
400:
380:
360:
355:
349:
326:Central Asia
314:North Africa
256:
252:
251:
242:ibn Baṭṭūṭah
234:
231:Epithet
217:
200:
191:Shams al-Dīn
183:
170:
159:Notable work
36:
11099:1369 deaths
11094:1304 births
11066:Middle Ages
10990:Ivan Petlin
10986:(1591–1666)
10980:(1552–1610)
10962:(1465–1540)
10944:(1549-1553)
10913:(1304–1369)
10911:Ibn Battuta
10901:(1290–1353)
10895:(1289-1363)
10889:(1286–1331)
10883:(1254–1324)
10877:(1247–1328)
10871:(1242—1282)
10865:(1230–1309)
10859:(1211–1279)
10772:Amoghavajra
10474:Ibn Battuta
10454:Al-Dimashqi
10237:9th century
10229:Geographers
10102:Yule, Henry
9911:Ibn Battuta
9846:15 November
9800:Yule, Henry
9777:14 November
9754:14 November
9725:14 November
9643:14 November
9623:14 November
9603:14 November
9583:14 November
9563:14 November
9488:Lee, Samuel
9368:9 September
9071:20 December
9039:16 December
9009:16 December
8690:, pp.
8318:9–10 Vol. 1
8316:, pp.
8257:, pp.
8233:, pp.
8213:, pp.
8037:, pp.
7863:Ibn Battuta
7330:Waines 2010
6879:, pp. 97–98
6456:193, Vol. 2
6300:15 November
6104:, pp.
6089:, pp.
5733:, p. 8
5303:27 November
5077:Niger River
5053: /
4917: /
4841:Ibn Fadhlan
4722:Historicity
4624:sub-Saharan
4529:Volga River
4376:Niger River
4347:Mali Empire
3736:Grand Canal
3729:solar deity
3616:Grand Canal
3601:watermelons
3575:in China's
3521:Philippines
3412:, Northern
3281:Arabian Sea
3176:Khyber Pass
3145:Islamic law
3094:Indus River
3067:Afghanistan
3055:Tarmashirin
3035:Öz Beg Khan
3001:Öz Beg Khan
2994:Öz Beg Khan
2798:. He spent
2749:Nile valley
2212:Philippines
2180:Adam's Peak
2020:Afghanistan
1956:Caspian Sea
1587:he visited
1522:, he met a
1486:Hulagu Khan
1472:across the
1429:plateau to
1421:across the
1290:, and then
431:al-Wasiti's
371:historicity
346:West Africa
322:East Africa
318:Middle East
257:Ibn Battuta
172:Arabic name
128:Traveller,
69:Léon Benett
48:Ibn Battuta
11088:Categories
10960:Tomé Pires
10881:Marco Polo
10730:Vajrabodhi
10718:Kumārajīva
10654:Influences
10592:(al-Bakrī)
10459:Abu'l-Fida
10413:Ibn Jubayr
10315:Ibn Hawqal
9456:21 January
9298:, London:
8964:7 February
8925:7 February
8725:, p.
8664:Apetz 1819
8291:M-S p. ix.
8175:430 Vol. 4
8173:, p.
8075:385 Vol. 4
8073:, p.
8015:376 Vol. 4
8013:, p.
7633:5 November
7209:6 December
7126:12 January
7089:, p.
7064:100 Vol. 3
7062:, p.
6907:, p.
6842:6 December
6604:Hrbek 1962
6482:6 December
6454:, p.
6425:192 Vol. 2
6423:, p.
6357:6 November
6169:149 Vol. 2
6167:, p.
6150:142 Vol. 2
6148:, p.
6072:125 Vol. 2
6070:, p.
6041:100 Vol. 2
6039:, p.
6001:404 Vol. 1
5999:, p.
5938:Hrbek 1962
5882:105 Vol. 1
5880:, p.
5841:, p.
5822:, p.
5798:, p.
5777:6 December
5749:, p.
5725:, p.
5653:, p.
5623:7 February
5593:1 November
5561:7 February
5530:1 November
5231:7 December
5200:7 December
5139:References
5038:21°17′33″N
4992:Hrbek 1962
4965:from 1184.
4959:Ibn Jabayr
4905:36°29′25″E
4902:22°19′51″N
4881:; Arabic:
4667:Samuel Lee
4607:Concubines
4584:Al Juwayni
4556:Maghrebian
4514:Ibn Jubayr
4511:Andalusian
4467:Ibn Juzayy
4327:salt mines
4261:al-Andalus
4253:Al-Andalus
4124:I-n-Azaoua
3996:Alexandria
3752:Empress Qi
3533:Henry Yule
3465:to China.
3447:Al-Shafi‘i
3398:See also:
3379:Shah Jalal
3371:Bangladesh
3367:Chittagong
3277:Sharavathi
3071:Hindu Kush
2954:Uzbeg Khan
2528:Alexandria
2464:Tajikistan
2448:Uzbekistan
2228:Chittagong
1703:, made of
1570:After the
1325:Alexandria
720:Alexandria
421:Early life
397:travelogue
383:patronymic
367:Marco Polo
330:South Asia
130:Geographer
18:Ibn Batuta
11078:Biography
11042:Geography
10992:(17th c.)
10968:(16th c.)
10956:(16th c.)
10950:(16th c.)
10932:(15th c.)
10840:(12th c.)
10780:(770-842)
10774:(705–774)
10768:(704–760)
10766:Bodhisena
10736:Peroz III
10732:(671–741)
10726:(637-735)
10720:(344–413)
10664:(Ptolemy)
10662:Geography
10551:Amīn Rāzī
10541:Piri Reis
10351:Al-Biruni
10300:Al-Masudi
10019:470669765
9682:162206137
9480:165774422
9443:163430554
9407:162784401
9264:162501637
9116:243444596
8885:Gibb 1958
8861:Gibb 1929
8847:, Vol. 1
8781:, Vol. 1
8767:Dunn 2005
8698:, Vol. 1
8646:, Vol. 1
8632:Dunn 2005
8628:Gibb 1958
8616:Dunn 2005
8612:Gibb 1958
8469:Dunn 2005
8426:Dunn 2005
8414:Dunn 2005
8402:Dunn 2005
8387:Dunn 2005
8376:Elad 1987
8372:Dunn 2005
8357:Dunn 2005
8310:Dunn 2005
8267:Dunn 2005
8243:Dunn 2005
8199:Dunn 2005
8187:Dunn 2005
8146:219625829
8083:Dunn 2005
8047:Dunn 2005
8023:Dunn 2005
7999:Dunn 2005
7987:Dunn 2005
7975:Dunn 2005
7963:Dunn 2005
7951:Dunn 2005
7915:Dunn 2005
7903:Dunn 2005
7891:Dunn 2005
7821:Dunn 2005
7763:Dunn 2005
7605:Dunn 2005
7551:Dunn 2005
7385:Dunn 2005
7306:Yule 1916
7249:Yule 1916
7237:Dunn 2005
7199:0261-3077
7161:Dunn 2005
7141:Dunn 2005
7103:Dunn 2005
7056:Gibb 1971
6964:Routledge
6928:Aiya 1906
6913:Dunn 2005
6909:92 Vol. 3
6901:Gibb 1971
6857:Dunn 2005
6774:Dunn 2005
6628:Gibb 1962
6616:Gibb 1962
6600:Gibb 1962
6596:Dunn 2005
6581:Gibb 1962
6569:Gibb 1962
6557:Dunn 2005
6533:Gibb 1962
6521:Gibb 1962
6509:Gibb 1962
6497:Dunn 2005
6448:Gibb 1962
6436:Dunn 2005
6409:Dunn 2005
6397:Gibb 1962
6192:Gibb 1962
6180:Dunn 2005
6161:Dunn 2005
6142:Dunn 2005
6130:Dunn 2005
6083:Dunn 2005
6064:Dunn 2005
6052:Dunn 2005
6033:Dunn 2005
6021:Dunn 2005
6017:Gibb 1958
6005:Gibb 1958
5993:Dunn 2005
5981:Dunn 2005
5950:Elad 1987
5926:Gibb 1958
5914:Gibb 1958
5902:Dunn 2005
5890:Dunn 2005
5886:Gibb 1958
5866:Dunn 2005
5843:67 Vol. 1
5835:Dunn 2005
5824:27 Vol. 1
5800:26 Vol. 1
5792:Dunn 2005
5751:21 Vol. 1
5743:Dunn 2005
5731:Gibb 1958
5727:13 Vol. 1
5711:Dunn 2005
5698:611714368
5671:Dunn 2005
5659:Dunn 2005
5639:Dunn 2005
5448:Dunn 2005
5352:144835824
5344:1832-8334
5182:0016-7398
5144:Citations
5128:French: "
5041:5°37′30″W
4996:Dunn 2005
4988:Gibb 1962
4875:; fully:
4873:ابن بطوطة
4814:Expo 2020
4806:Ibn Majid
4734:In 1987,
4684:(BNF) in
4673:in 1829.
4612:Byzantium
4590:, and an
4535:to visit
4533:New Sarai
4325:with its
4318:Sijilmasa
4284:Marrakech
4273:Gibraltar
4188:Gibraltar
4172:Marrakech
4028:Sijilmasa
3844:Palestine
3821:Abu Sa'id
3809:Kozhikode
3748:Khanbaliq
3725:conjurers
3690:Guangzhou
3614:with the
3593:porcelain
3493:Bismillah
3470:Majapahit
3426:areca nut
3340:Sri Lanka
3232:Himalayan
3188:Pakpattan
3164:Pakpattan
3073:. In the
3051:Samarkand
3043:Aral Seas
3019:Byzantine
2972:Astrakhan
2922:Turkestan
2914:Silk Road
2895:Balikesir
2761:Palestine
2592:Bethlehem
2576:Jerusalem
2480:Samarqand
2164:Sri Lanka
2084:Kozhikode
2004:Samarkand
1908:Astrakhan
1892:Feodosiya
1760:Inhambane
1650:Mogadishu
1532:diarrhoea
1497:Silk Road
1493:Abu Sa'id
1464:south to
1435:mausoleum
1400:Ilkhanate
1375:Bethlehem
1371:Jerusalem
1104:Mogadishu
784:Bethlehem
768:Jerusalem
402:the Rihla
356:The Rihla
308:), was a
102:Marrakesh
55:ابن بطوطة
10834:(9th c.)
10828:(9th c.)
10822:(9th c.)
10816:(9th c.)
10810:(8th c.)
10804:(8th c.)
10798:(8th c.)
10792:(8th c.)
10786:(8th c.)
10762:(7th c.)
10756:(7th c.)
10750:(7th c.)
10744:(7th c.)
10738:(7th c.)
10711:Pre-Yuan
10510:Zheng He
10387:al-Zuhri
10361:Al-Bakri
10305:Istakhri
10180:Archived
10165:LibriVox
10151:Archived
10148:Volume 3
10140:Archived
10137:Volume 2
10129:Archived
10126:Volume 1
10108:(1911).
9931:(2002),
9840:Archived
9771:Archived
9748:Archived
9719:Archived
9700:(15–25).
9692:(1820).
9637:Archived
9617:Archived
9597:Archived
9577:Archived
9557:Archived
9490:(1829),
9468:(1818).
9447:archived
9362:archived
9282:Archived
9215:(2005),
9126:(1819).
9093:(1906).
9065:Archived
9033:Archived
9003:Archived
8958:Archived
8919:Archived
8783:p. xxiii
8711:Lee 1829
8456:Archived
8156:29 April
8150:Archived
7878:Archived
7808:archived
7742:Archived
7703:Archived
7584:Archived
7530:Archived
7491:Archived
7458:14 March
7449:Archived
7424:Archived
7352:Archived
7203:Archived
7120:Archived
7091:4 Vol. 4
7030:Archived
7009:Archived
6978:Archived
6889:Lee 1829
6836:Archived
6791:Archived
6749:Archived
6722:Archived
6683:Archived
6649:Archived
6476:Archived
6351:Archived
6294:Archived
5965:Archived
5771:Archived
5686:(1967).
5655:1 Vol. 1
5617:Archived
5587:Archived
5568:lineage.
5555:Archived
5524:Archived
5463:(1989).
5356:Archived
5324:Parergon
5297:Archived
5256:Archived
5225:Archived
5194:Archived
4830:See also
4802:Al Bakri
4756:Damascus
4549:Khorasan
4524:Scholars
4396:Timbuktu
4383:Suleyman
4331:brackish
4307:Timbuktu
4156:Cagliari
4092:Timbuktu
3900:Tangiers
3860:Sardinia
3716:Hangzhou
3705:Hangzhou
3661:trumpets
3644:fānzhǎng
3608:Quanzhou
3573:Quanzhou
3545:Quanzhou
3541:Tawalisi
3513:Dai Viet
3481:Tawalisi
3442:madh'hab
3377:to meet
3344:Sri Pada
3304:Buddhist
3266:Sumatran
3246:Khambhat
3180:Peshawar
3085:—
2859:—
2796:Hamidids
2743:and the
2737:Anatolia
2707:Anatolia
2560:Damascus
2433:Pakistan
2403:Bulgaria
2340:Hangzhou
2308:Quanzhou
2148:Maldives
2068:Khambhat
1972:Aral Sea
1828:Anatolia
1786:and the
1739:reeds".
1733:Tanzania
1395:El-Hajji
1390:Muhammad
1359:Damascus
1350:port of
1136:Zanzibar
752:Damascus
493:Journeys
393:Muhammad
390:Abdullah
363:Zheng He
310:Maghrebi
134:explorer
11144:Malikis
11054:History
11018:Morocco
11004:Portals
10742:Narsieh
10520:Fei Xin
10515:Ma Huan
10371:Domiyat
10254:Ya'qubi
9662:Bibcode
8849:p. xvii
7748:13 June
7709:13 June
7670:13 June
7590:13 June
7536:13 June
7497:13 June
7291:14 June
6797:13 June
6728:19 June
6689:19 June
5362:20 June
5262:20 June
5190:1790500
5085:Nyamina
5017:In the
4779:Tangier
4726:German
4678:Algeria
4564:Tabrizi
4537:Bolghar
4489:Travels
4459:Marinid
4444:Tangier
4411:Takedda
4339:Oualata
4323:Taghaza
4277:Granada
4267:. King
4263:on the
4204:Granada
4140:Takedda
4060:Oualata
4044:Taghaza
3964:Algiers
3916:Tlemcen
3852:Abu Sir
3782:Beijing
3740:Beijing
3665:Kazerun
3519:of the
3455:Mappila
3422:camphor
3418:Sumatra
3414:Sumatra
3352:Madurai
3333:dowries
3329:Travels
3262:Zamorin
3254:Calicut
3250:Gujarat
3242:bandits
3220:treason
3135:viziers
3047:Bukhara
3039:Caspian
2968:Bolghar
2887:Ephesus
2872:bazaars
2819:Erzurum
2800:Ramadan
2792:Eğirdir
2780:Antalya
2769:Genoese
2765:Latakia
2741:Red Sea
2624:Baghdad
2388:Antalya
2356:Beijing
2260:Myanmar
2196:Vietnam
2116:Honavar
2100:Sumatra
2036:Isfahan
1988:Bukhara
1780:monsoon
1756:Malindi
1725:Mombasa
1685:eunuchs
1642:Somalia
1617:Somalia
1597:Rasulid
1580:Red Sea
1578:on the
1553:, Yemen
1524:Kurdish
1470:Isfahan
1450:Baghdad
1407:Khanate
1382:Ramadan
1352:ʿAydhab
1348:Red Sea
1310:Ottoman
1296:caravan
1284:Tlemcen
1216:Latakia
1168:Al-Hasa
1120:Mombasa
832:Baghdad
688:Tripoli
624:Algiers
608:Miliana
544:Tlemcen
528:Tangier
478:madhhab
459:Tangier
455:Morocco
138:scholar
84:Tangier
10808:Hyecho
10479:Lin Nu
10051:
10017:
9996:
9977:
9958:
9939:
9917:
9898:
9866:
9788:"Akhī"
9680:
9541:
9518:
9478:
9441:
9405:
9399:180444
9397:
9341:
9262:
9234:
9223:
9153:
9138:192612
9136:
9114:
8950:
8700:p. xvi
8578:
8547:
8520:
8493:
8448:
8340:
8300:p. 310
8144:
7870:
7843:
7800:
7734:
7695:
7576:
7522:
7483:
7416:
7197:
7001:
6970:
6875:
6714:
6675:
6343:
6286:
6259:
5696:
5502:
5482:time."
5473:
5429:
5393:
5350:
5342:
5289:
5188:
5180:
5081:Bamako
4955:Tigris
4869:Arabic
4793:, the
4680:, the
4671:London
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