27:
325:). Similar organizations exist around the world. Membership in a professional association generally entails a degree of post-secondary education and established research. When independent scholars participate in academic conferences, they may be referred to as an unaffiliated scholar, since they do not hold a position in a university or other institution.
237:. In 2010, twelve percent of US history scholars were independent. Independent scholars typically have a Master's degree or PhD. In history, independent scholars can be differentiated from popular history hosts for television shows and amateur historians "by the level to which their publications utilize the analytical rigour and academic writing style".
175:
Generally speaking, the record of these scholar-gentlemen has been a worthy one. It was good enough to be praised and imitated in 18th century Europe. Nevertheless, it has given China a tremendous handicap in their transition from government by men to government by law, and personal considerations in
204:
The progress of science involves momentous interests. It merits the attention of all sincere lovers of truth. Every ...scholar is under obligations to contribute towards the ever-progressive unfolding of its riches and power. ...should combine their energies to bring to view what has eluded the keen
107:
The common themes are that a scholar is a person who has a high intellectual ability, is an independent thinker and an independent actor, has ideas that stand apart from others, is persistent in her quest for developing knowledge, is systematic, has unconditional integrity, has intellectual honesty,
209:
Many scholars are also professors engaged in the teaching of others. In a number of countries, the title "Research
Professor" refers to a person who is primarily engaged in research, and who has few or no teaching obligations. The title is used in this sense in the United Kingdom, where it is known
213:
Research
Professor is quite often the most senior rank of a research-focused career in the U.K and northern Europe, and regarded as equal in rank, to a teaching full professorship. Frequently, the job of research professor has permanent employment, like a tenured professor in the U.S., and the
98:
o be a scholar involves more than mere learning... A genuine scholar possesses something more: he penetrates and understands the principle and laws of the particular department of human knowledge with which he professes acquaintance. He imbibes the life of
Science... his mind is transfused and
336:
Writer Megan Kate Nelson's article "Stop
Calling Me Independent" says the term "marginalizes unaffiliated scholars" and is unfairly seen as an indicator of "professional failure". Rebecca Bodenheimer says that independent scholars, like herself, attending conferences and who also do not have a
332:
calls earning an income the biggest challenge of being an independent scholar. Due to challenges of making a living as a scholar without an academic position, "any independent scholars depend on having a gainfully employed partner". To get access to libraries and other research facilities,
199:
In his 1847 address, Emmanuel Vogel
Gerhart asserted that scholars have an obligation to rigorously continue their studies, so as to remain aware of new knowledge being generated, and to contribute their own insights to the body of knowledge available to all:
89:
scholar whose whole inward intellectual and moral being has been symmetrically unfolded, disciplined and strengthened under the influence of truth... No one faculty should be drawn out to the neglect of others. The whole inner man should be unfolded
337:
university name on their official name badge, feel like the "independent scholar" term is perceived as a "signal that a scholar is either unwanted by the academy or unwilling to commit to the sacrifices necessary to succeed as an academic".
124:
used by scholars to make their claims about the world as valid and trustworthy as possible, and to make them known to the scholarly public. It is the methods that systemically advance the teaching, research, and
77:, and describes a university-educated individual who has achieved intellectual mastery of an academic discipline, as instructor and as researcher. Moreover, before the establishment of universities, the term
692:
94:
Gerhart argued that a scholar can not be focused on a single discipline, contending that knowledge of multiple disciplines is necessary to put each into context and to inform the development of each:
221:, with an exception that research professors in the U.S. are often non-permanent positions, that must fund their salaries from external sources. This is not the case in most other countries.
508:
684:
103:
A 2011 examination outlined the following attributes commonly accorded to scholars as "described by many writers, with some slight variations in the definition":
661:
429:
548:
214:
position is held by a particularly distinguished scholar. Thus, the title is seen as more prestigious than a teaching full professorship.
725:
314:
196:, composed of scholar-bureaucrats (scholars, professionals, and technicians) who administered the dynastic rule of the Joseon dynasty.
218:
145:
Scholars have generally been upheld as creditable figures of high social standing, who are engaged in work important to society. In
49:. A scholar can also be an academic, who works as a professor, teacher, or researcher at a university. An academic usually holds an
318:
500:
210:
as
Research Professor at some universities, and Professorial Research Fellow at other institutions and in northern Europe.
81:
identified and described an intellectual person whose primary occupation was professional research. In 1847, minister
636:
607:
484:
457:
328:
While independent scholars may earn an income from part-time teaching, speaking engagements, or consultant work, the
627:
Peak
Learning: How to Create Your Own Lifelong Education Program for Personal Enlightenment and Professional Success
329:
61:
work outside the academy yet may publish in academic journals and participate in scholarly public discussion.
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133:
inquiry. Scholarship is creative, can be documented, can be replicated or elaborated, and can be and is
653:
426:
35:
310:
121:
20:
399:
The Proper
Vocation of a Scholar: An Address, Delivered at the Opening of the New Diagnothian Hall
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to perform the tasks of daily governance. Such civil servants earned academic degrees by means of
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540:
192:(the "middle people"), in accordance with the Confucian system. Socially, they constituted the
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vision of those men of noble intellectual stature who have lived and died before them.
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but is not synonymous with "an academic". In the 17th and 18th centuries, the term
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156:
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371:
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54:
149:, in the period from 206 BC until AD 1912, the intellectuals were the
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is anyone who conducts scholarly research outside universities and traditional
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57:, such as a master's degree or a doctorate (PhD). Independent scholars and
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In previous centuries, some independent scholars achieved renown, such as
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A research professorship, has a somewhat similar sense of prestige in the
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298:: the French participants in—sometimes referred to as "citizens" of—the
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117:
108:
has some convictions, and stands alone to support these convictions.
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188:, who knew how to read and write, and had been designated, as the
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independent scholars have to seek permission from universities.
155:("Scholar-gentlemen"), who were civil servants appointed by the
130:
449:
The
Chinese Mind: Essentials of Chinese Philosophy and Culture
317:. In Canada, the equivalent professional association is the
582:
The New Cassel's French–English, English–French
Dictionary
306:
aimed at edification, education, and cultural refinement.
313:
exists for independent scholars: this association is the
280:. The term "man of letters" derives from the French term
129:
of a given scholarly or academic field of study through
719:
501:"Classification of Ranks and Titles | Faculty Handbook"
445:
272:
in the 20th century. There was also a tradition of the
45:
is a person who is a researcher or has expertise in an
16:
Person who pursues academic and intellectual activities
171:
philosophy. Historian Wing-Tsit Chan concludes that:
472:
349:– The category of scholars, people who study a field
624:
732:
415:Theoretical Nursing: Development and Progress
85:spoke of the role of the scholar in society:
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726:National Coalition of Independent Scholars
473:The Korea Foundation (February 12, 2016).
315:National Coalition of Independent Scholars
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391:
389:
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409:
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319:Canadian Academy of Independent Scholars
184:(1392–1910), the intellectuals were the
69:In contemporary English usage, the term
25:
685:"The Plight of the Independent Scholar"
683:Bodenheimer, Rebecca (29 August 2017).
570:The Oxford English Reference Dictionary
224:
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446:Charles Alexander Moore, ed. (1967).
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176:Chinese government have been a curse.
73:sometimes is equivalent to the term
355:(學民思潮) Hong Kong political movement
13:
695:from the original on 23 March 2020
664:from the original on 23 March 2020
596:The Independent Scholar's Handbook
551:from the original on 23 March 2020
522:
427:Aacn.nche.edu, Retrieved 15OCT2012
140:
14:
782:
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660:. Chronicle of Higher Education.
452:. U of Hawaii Press. p. 22.
99:moulded by its energy and spirit.
652:Nelson, Megan (8 October 2017).
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631:. New York City: J.P. Tarcher.
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587:
511:from the original on 2018-07-09
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572:Second Edition, (1996) p. 130.
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466:
439:
420:
330:University of British Columbia
64:
1:
654:"Stop Calling Me Independent"
377:
479:. 한국국제교류재단. pp. 73–74.
248:during the 18th century and
7:
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10:
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294:came to be applied to the
116:or scholarship, a body of
18:
302:, which evolved into the
256:in the 19th century, and
137:through various methods.
112:Scholars may rely on the
36:Gerbrand van den Eeckhout
311:professional association
309:In the United States, a
163:, and also were skilled
21:Scholar (disambiguation)
397:Emanuel Vogel Gerhart,
323:Simon Fraser University
623:Gross, Ronald (1991).
594:Gross, Ronald (1993).
541:"Independent Scholars"
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476:Koreana – Winter 2015
413:Afaf Ibrahim Meleis,
321:(in association with
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83:Emanuel Vogel Gerhart
32:Scholar and His Books
29:
741:Academic terminology
691:. Inside Higher Ed.
225:Independent scholars
161:Imperial examination
59:public intellectuals
19:For other uses, see
300:Republic of Letters
262:Sir Steven Runciman
231:independent scholar
47:academic discipline
689:insidehighered.com
432:2017-07-15 at the
194:petite bourgeoisie
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347:Category:Scholars
152:Scholar-officials
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401:(July 2, 1847).
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372:Citizen science
367:Autodidacticism
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141:Role in society
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55:terminal degree
51:advanced degree
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756:Intelligence
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666:. Retrieved
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358:Scholarship
167:, and knew
65:Definitions
735:Categories
515:2023-04-11
505:www.bu.edu
378:References
353:Scholarism
283:belletrist
276:, such as
118:principles
751:Knowledge
254:Karl Marx
169:Confucian
122:practices
766:Academia
746:Scholars
699:23 March
693:Archived
668:23 March
662:Archived
555:23 March
549:Archived
509:Archived
430:Archived
341:See also
296:literati
235:academia
186:literati
131:rigorous
127:practice
75:academic
771:Thought
724:of the
547:. UBC.
190:chungin
79:scholar
71:scholar
43:scholar
761:Wisdom
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304:salon
53:or a
701:2020
670:2020
633:ISBN
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557:2020
481:ISBN
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120:and
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23:.
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