216:
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134:
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544:, waste attracts more waste. Therefore, cleaning up existing illegal dumps is a helpful deterrent for additional illegal dumping. The United States Environmental Protection Agency instituted a program to cap open dumps in tribal communities. 1,100 of these dumps exist in the United States and pose health and environmental risks to the surrounding communities. The open dumps are closed off with a clay liner and soil depth accounting for infiltration and erosion. "Native dryland grass" is planted on top of the newly covered dump to prevent erosion and water monitoring wells are installed nearby.
382:
771:
467:
2500:
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per bag of garbage thrown out, contribute to illegal dumping. Although the intent of unit pricing is to encourage people to use other forms of waste disposal such as recycling and composting, people often turn to disposing of waste in unauthorised areas to save money. Additionally, weak enforcement of laws prohibiting illegal dumping and a lack of public awareness regarding the environmental, health, and economic dangers of illegal dumping contribute.
25:
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1928:
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Installation of fake cameras has also been shown to be a deterrent. Police patrols, helicopter and plane surveillance, and community surveillance are also options for increasing risk. A police presence generally deters illegal activity, while US community surveillance depends upon residents reporting known illegal dumpers to law enforcement for a reward. The cities of
672:. Additionally, the Chinese government has invested in improved e-waste collection and processing. Locally, various Chinese cities have constructed “recycling industrial parks” where e-waste can be processed efficiently and without harm to the environment. Regulations on e-waste have been implemented in the Chinese regions of
232:
The reasons people dump illegally vary; however, research indicates that lack of legal waste disposal options is a primary factor. A shortage of legal disposal options drives demand for waste removal service, increasing prices. Studies also have found unit pricing, which involves charging a set price
487:
waste services to residents to encourage legal disposal. If free or subsidised programs are not feasible due to funding limitations, cities must ensure affordability of waste disposal services. Offering alternative disposal options such as recycling and compost centres is also recommended. Fines or
359:
In addition to decreasing property values and, therefore, tax revenue for governments, illegal dumping costs governments millions of dollars in clean up costs. In the United
Kingdom, the Environmental Protection Agency spends £100–150 million annually to investigate and clean up illegal dump sites.
474:
Cities can implement periodic compliance campaigns, which involve randomly conducted “crackdowns” by law enforcement. Increased police patrols, anti-dumping signage posted in known illegal disposal sites, random inspections of property, and publicity regarding convicted illegal dumpers and the use
655:
generated during dumping, dismantling, and burning throughout the recycling process. Particles emitted are carried through the air and deposited nearby recycling centres and in surrounding areas. Leachates and wastewater infiltrate the soil, drinking water, livestock, and fish, exposing humans to
531:
City governments can implement education campaigns to further mitigate illegal dumping. For example, cities can inform residents and businesses of legal waste disposal avenues through mailed flyers, newspaper and radio announcements, and posters. Posting signs near known illegal dumping sites can
223:
Illegal dumping involves the unauthorised disposal of numerous types of waste. Typical materials dumped include building materials from construction sites, such as drywall, roofing shingles, lumber, brick, concrete, and siding. Other frequently dumped materials include automobile parts, household
714:
is heavily regulated, with most households having on average one 240 litre bin for recyclable waste and one similar bin of non recyclable waste every week; some areas have additional similar or smaller bins for garden, food, or specific recycling waste. Any large rubbish, e.g., old furniture and
580:
The environmental pollution caused by the illegal dumping has resulted in elevated instances of cancer and cancer mortality in the region. In 2014 and 2015, the
Italian government funded health screenings to track the rise in illnesses in Campania. Studies conducted using the data collected from
404:
and beautifying illegal dump sites. Adding aesthetic amenities such as grass, flowers, and benches demonstrates that the site is well maintained, discouraging dumpers. Additionally, increasing community use of the area will adjust locals’ perception of the site from dumping ground to valued open
507:
Cities can also deter illegal dumping by offering disposal options for materials and substances banned from landfills, such as tires, toxic and hazardous waste, and medical waste. The
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection recommends chipping or shredding tires so that they can be
1582:
SepĂşlveda, Alejandra; Schluep, Mathias; Renaud, Fabrice G.; Streicher, Martin; Kuehr, Ruediger; HagelĂĽken, Christian; Gerecke, Andreas C. (January 2010). "A review of the environmental fate and effects of hazardous substances released from electrical and electronic equipments during recycling:
715:
mattresses, may need to be taken to the local waste depot by the home owner at their own expense, although many councils will collect certain items for free or for a small fee. This leads to some people simply leaving their waste in open public spaces or untended public gardens. This is called
748:
increases, so does the number of individuals and businesses that fly-tip, and the UK government has made it easier for members of the public to report fly-tipping. The fine or punishment is normally defined by the local council that operates in the local area in which the rubbish was dumped.
438:
Increasing offenders’ risk of arrest is also a way to combat illegal dumping. The most common way to accomplish this is through surveillance measures, such as video cameras. Camera footage can help law enforcement officials identify dumpers while also collecting data on peak dumping periods.
372:
Efforts to combat illegal dumping vary in each situation as solutions are crafted with specific community dynamics in mind. However, common approaches include a combination of limiting access to illegal dumping sites, surveillance, enforcement, and increasing access to legal waste disposal
355:
Illegal dumping also negatively affects surrounding property values. Unattractive and odorous accumulations of waste discourage commercial and residential developers from improving communities. Additionally, existing residents may have difficulty “taking pride” in their neighborhoods.
318:; and lymphohematopoietic diseases. Beyond negative health outcomes due to pollution and toxic waste, illegal dumps pose a physical threat. Unstable piles of material and exposed nails threaten harm to humans, specifically children who may be attracted to illegal dumps as play areas.
576:
such as unauthorised burying of toxic waste under places frequented by humans. Frequent fires at dumping sites and illegal waste fires set by residents have resulted in contamination of the air and drinking water. Additionally, the land has deteriorated due to the illegal waste.
253:
or hazardous materials infiltrating soil and drinking water threaten the health of local residents. Additionally, illegal dump sites that catch fire pollute the air with toxic particles. Environmental pollution due to illegal dumping can damage health. Short-term issues include
627:. Foreign governments often send e-waste to China as the informal sector offers cheaper recycling services. China is not only the “largest e-waste dumping site”, it also generates large amounts of e-waste. In 2006, China produced 1.3 kg of e-waste per capita.
495:
and improving waste storage in high density residential areas provides residents with convenient waste disposal options. Communication of available services is important to the success of such programs. Offering similar accommodations for
2357:
408:
Adding barriers such as fencing, rocks, locked gates, and concrete blocks prevents offenders from accessing dump sites with their vehicles, completely deterring illegal dumping or reducing the volume of disposed materials. For example,
1026:
Fly-tipping is taking place on a "massive scale" across the UK, the
Countryside Alliance has warned. Some 2.5m cases of illegal dumping were recorded between April 2005 and 2006, it said, with 1,249,527 incidents reported in Liverpool
413:
erected fences around rural dumping sites prevented vehicles from gaining access. Continued monitoring 12 months later showed that 80% of dump sites protected by the fences experienced negligible illegal waste disposal activity.
659:
In recent years, China has begun to address the informal e-waste sector. At the governmental level, improvements have been made to waste management practices through adoption of
Western management schemes such as those found in
761:
developed a “profile” of the typical illegal dumper. Characteristics of offenders include local residents, construction and landscaping contractors, waste removers, scrap yard operators, and automobile and tire repair shops.
630:
The informal e-waste sector lacks formal government oversight and pays its workers low wages while using recycling practices that expose both workers and the environment to toxic materials. Toxic substances are found in
245:, are designed to contain waste and prevent byproducts infiltrating the surrounding environment, illegal dumping areas do not typically incorporate the same safeguards. Due to this, illegal dumping may sometimes lead to
1531:
Chi, Xinwen; Streicher-Porte, Martin; Wang, Mark Y.L.; Reuter, Markus A. (April 2011). "Informal electronic waste recycling: A sector review with special focus on China".
483:
Removing illegal dumpers’ reasons for improperly disposing of waste is also an option for governing bodies. Offenders often dump to save money. Cities can offer free or
389:
Most violators dump waste at night because darkness helps them avoid detection. Consequently, lighting known or potential illegal dumping sites deters the practice. In
188:
by the type and amount of material and/or the manner in which it is discarded. An example of littering could be throwing a cigarette on the ground. However, emptying a
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805:. Open dumps are sometimes removed shortly after they are created, but most will persist for an indefinite period of time when the site is situated in the
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597:
mortality in one of
Campania's districts. The study attributed this increase in cancer and cancer mortality with toxic exposures from the illegal waste.
990:
719:. In addition, commercial or industrial users may fly-tip to avoid waste handling charges, as will unofficial and unlicensed waste disposal firms.
1090:
Ichinose, Daisuke; Yamamoto, Masashi (January 2011). "On the relationship between the provision of waste management service and illegal dumping".
397:
lights in dumping “hot spots”. Following installation of the lights, the city received fewer complaints regarding illegal dumping in those areas.
2335:
854:
758:
541:
509:
361:
329:. Tires, a material frequently dumped because most municipalities ban their disposal in landfills, provide an ideal breeding ground for
2182:
877:
207:, meaning "spontaneously or extemporaneously; done as one goes, or during another activity" – to throw away carelessly or casually.
241:
Effects of illegal dumping include health, environmental, and economic consequences. While legal waste disposal locations, such as
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and disposing in a designated community site. The city also recommends utilizing mail back services to dispose of used syringes.
822:
89:
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instituted free return services for
Chinese customers who wish to dispose of old electronic products from the two companies.
61:
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Triassi, Maria; Alfano, Rossella; Illario, Maddalena; Nardone, Antonio; Caporale, Oreste; Montuori, Paolo (February 2015).
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recommends disposing of household hazardous and toxic waste in the nearest community drop off location. For example,
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generated by office buildings, restaurants, schools, and factories will also decrease instances of illegal dumping.
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911:
42:
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1997:
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133:
75:
619:. The informal e-waste sector recycles the majority of e-waste in China, which is supplied through consumption,
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2217:
2172:
46:
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1168:"Environmental Pollution from Illegal Waste Disposal and Health Effects: A Review on the "Triangle of Death""
1626:
57:
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987:
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2157:
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2002:
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711:
390:
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Senior, Kathryn; Mazza, Alfredo (September 2004). "Italian "Triangle of death" linked to waste crisis".
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2207:
2037:
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Similar rules apply to disposal of medical waste. In Boston, officials recommend storing syringes in a
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are a common punishment for a person caught dumping at an open dump. Open dumps are commonly found in
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According to the BBC, fly-tipping costs councils in
England and Wales more than ÂŁ50m annually (2016).
121:
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2320:
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2187:
882:
606:
553:
410:
1459:
560:, Italy is Europe's largest illegal waste dump. The area, which encompasses Italian municipalities
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35:
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due to stagnant water collected within. Mosquitos transfer life-threatening diseases, such as
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82:
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in the UK have led to illegal waste dumping. Materials illegally disposed of can range from
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1972:
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8:
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Combating illegal dumping also involves promoting legal waste disposal avenues. Offering
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onto land, including waste dumped or tipped on a site with no licence to accept waste.
169:
1498:
821:... a multi-family dumpsite of any size or content. Open dumping is illegal under the
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2313:
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2084:
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2047:
2027:
1967:
1892:
1704:
1608:
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1502:
1207:
1189:
1115:
1043:
Oxford
English Dictionary, online edition, November 2010. Retrieved: 28 January 2011.
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459:
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with no permission in a public or private area can be classified as illegal dumping.
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2012:
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1449:"Proper Use and Disposal of Waste and Syringes" mass.gov. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
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opportunities. Listed below are common techniques employed by governing bodies:
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1705:"Solid Waste Management | Pacific Southwest: Waste Programs | US EPA"
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794:
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431:
295:
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recycled in other uses such as highways, playgrounds, and running tracks. The
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An attempt to limit access in Guam with a No
Dumping and No Trespassing sign.
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299:
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1007:
348:. Outbreaks of fire at illegal dump sites can lead to forest fires, causing
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1982:
1962:
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appliances, household waste, furniture, yard scraps, and medical waste.
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1842:
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806:
648:
565:
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2017:
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775:
689:
275:
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24:
1987:
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330:
271:
242:
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1957:
1172:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Sign in Ireland intended to deter illegal dumping, threatening a
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1902:
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825:(RCRA). The hazards of open dumping can include the release of
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561:
513:
326:
322:
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279:
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126:
1366:"Get a Reward for Reporting Illegal Dumping | City of Oakland"
1897:
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644:
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427:
250:
173:
161:
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615:, or e-waste, presents environmental and health concerns in
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such as rodents and insects; and physical hazards such as
1679:"'It fell off the back of the van' - fly-tipping excuses"
1389:"Waste tire management" mass.gov. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
1012:
785:
are locations where illegally dumped, abandoned piles of
640:
516:, Massachusetts holds drop off days four times per year.
364:
estimates several million in costs each year nationwide.
488:
charges for clean-up costs can also act as a deterrent.
417:
164:
illegally instead of using an authorised method such as
137:
Illegal dumping in a residential subdivision, north of
1316:"Bureau of Street Services - Illegal dump report form"
1038:
572:, experiences illegal waste disposal practices by the
547:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2415:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
2548:
1089:
184:Illegal dumping is typically distinguished from
219:Illegally dumped tires on the side of the road.
1741:
1653:"Report fly-tipping or illegal waste dumping"
910:. Brampton.ca. 7 October 2010. Archived from
855:United States Environmental Protection Agency
759:United States Environmental Protection Agency
581:these screenings found elevated instances of
542:United States Environmental Protection Agency
535:
510:United States Environmental Protection Agency
362:United States Environmental Protection Agency
236:
997:a guide for the public, crimereduction.co.uk
936:. Rdek.bc.ca. 30 August 2011. Archived from
600:
400:Other methods of limiting access include re-
367:
227:
210:
1484:
849:, poisonous gases, and/or piercing objects.
203:, meaning "to throw out of a vehicle", and
1748:
1734:
1201:
1183:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
769:
475:surveillance can deter illegal dumping.
465:
453:
451:all implement similar reporting schemes.
421:
380:
214:
132:
120:
2445:High-level radioactive waste management
900:
478:
2549:
1645:
1585:Environmental Impact Assessment Review
1426:"Get rid of household hazardous waste"
1341:"Illegal Dumping - City of Sacramento"
1161:
1159:
878:Toxic waste dumping by the 'Ndrangheta
823:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
1729:
1526:
1524:
1285:
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1281:
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1133:
1131:
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1085:
1083:
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1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
418:Increase surveillance and enforcement
2460:Sewage regulation and administration
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1627:"Fly Tipping in the United Kingdom"
1156:
1067:"Document Display | NEPIS | US EPA"
1008:"UK fly-tipping 'on massive scale'"
981:
926:
793:are left in noticeable quantities.
172:. It is the illegal deposit of any
13:
1521:
1274:
1126:
1080:
1046:
1032:
1000:
548:Illegal dumping in Campania, Italy
14:
2578:
1460:"Tribal Waste Management Program"
1400:"Household Hazardous Waste (HHW)"
1224:
706:
2510:
2509:
2498:
2440:Extended producer responsibility
1926:
1583:Examples from China and India".
752:
249:of the surrounding environment.
125:Illegal dumping at Scales Road,
23:
1998:Mechanical biological treatment
1697:
1671:
1619:
1575:
1478:
1452:
1443:
1418:
1392:
1383:
1358:
1333:
1308:
1244:
1218:
1112:10.1016/j.reseneeco.2010.01.002
765:
376:
344:Tires and electronic waste are
34:needs additional citations for
1295:NSW Environment & Heritage
952:
179:
16:Act of dumping waste illegally
1:
1499:10.1016/s1470-2045(04)01561-x
1092:Resource and Energy Economics
893:
774:Open dump by a rural lane in
290:. Long-term concerns include
1553:10.1016/j.wasman.2010.11.006
841:; the increased presence of
744:As the cost of disposing of
526:
7:
2450:History of waste management
861:
746:household rubbish and waste
532:also help deter offenders.
391:Canada Bay, New South Wales
321:Illegal dumps also attract
10:
2583:
2038:fluorescent lamp recycling
1605:10.1016/j.eiar.2009.04.001
712:Rubbish disposal in the UK
604:
536:Cleaning up existing dumps
237:Effects of illegal dumping
2493:
2407:
2376:
2286:
2138:
1935:
1924:
1771:
1291:"Prevent illegal dumping"
1139:"NC DEQ: Illegal Dumping"
883:Triangle of death (Italy)
607:Electronic waste in China
601:Electronic waste in China
411:Maitland, New South Wales
368:Deterring illegal dumping
228:Causes of illegal dumping
211:Types of materials dumped
199:is derived from the verb
2420:China's waste import ban
1345:www.cityofsacramento.org
458:Anti-dumping signage in
352:and destroying habitat.
1781:Agricultural wastewater
1185:10.3390/ijerph120201216
988:Fly tipping and the law
971:Oxford University Press
737:, much of which may be
168:or using an authorised
2505:Environment portal
2183:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2073:water recycling shower
934:"Illegal Dumping Info"
859:
779:
729:and domestic items to
471:
463:
435:
386:
288:respiratory infections
220:
142:
130:
1873:Municipal solid waste
1853:Industrial wastewater
967:UK English Dictionary
819:
773:
695:Corporations such as
469:
462:, Victoria, Australia
457:
425:
393:, the city installed
384:
218:
160:), is the dumping of
136:
124:
2068:water heat recycling
1973:Garden waste dumping
993:26 July 2011 at the
479:Provide alternatives
470:Surveillance camera.
260:congenital illnesses
43:improve this article
2567:Environmental crime
2435:Eco-industrial park
2023:appliance recycling
1943:Anaerobic digestion
1888:Post-consumer waste
1786:Biodegradable waste
1597:2010EIARv..30...28S
1545:2011WaMan..31..731C
1487:The Lancet Oncology
1262:on 24 December 2019
1104:2011REEco..33...79I
803:abandoned buildings
611:Illegal dumping of
493:kerbside collection
166:curbside collection
2480:Waste minimisation
2425:Cleaner production
2090:Reusable packaging
2003:Mechanical sorting
1806:Construction waste
1406:. 25 November 2015
847:hypodermic needles
780:
735:construction waste
656:toxic substances.
472:
464:
436:
387:
221:
143:
141:, Ontario, Canada
131:
2544:
2543:
2475:Waste legislation
2384:Sanitation worker
2358:London Convention
2294:Bamako Convention
2085:Resource recovery
2053:textile recycling
2048:plastic recycling
2028:battery recycling
1968:Ecological design
1893:Radioactive waste
1370:www.oaklandca.gov
1252:"Illegal Dumping"
977:on June 27, 2020.
908:"Illegal Dumping"
813:without adequate
778:, Surrey, England
723:Taxes on landfill
554:triangle of death
540:According to the
119:
118:
111:
93:
58:"Illegal dumping"
2574:
2557:Waste management
2513:
2512:
2503:
2502:
2368:OSPAR Convention
2299:Basel Convention
2110:Waste collection
2100:Sewage treatment
2058:timber recycling
2033:bottle recycling
2013:Reclaimed lumber
2008:Photodegradation
1930:
1848:Industrial waste
1816:Electronic waste
1811:Demolition waste
1791:Biomedical waste
1765:waste management
1750:
1743:
1736:
1727:
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1631:Bournemouth Echo
1623:
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1616:
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1573:
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1533:Waste Management
1528:
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1471:
1466:. 13 August 2015
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1287:
1272:
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1258:. Archived from
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1231:epa.illinois.gov
1222:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1187:
1178:(2): 1216–1236.
1163:
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1087:
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1021:
1004:
998:
985:
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973:. Archived from
956:
950:
949:
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945:
930:
924:
923:
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919:
904:
857:
801:, backyards and
613:electronic waste
521:sharps container
502:industrial waste
114:
107:
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92:
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2516:Category: Waste
2497:
2489:
2470:Waste hierarchy
2403:
2394:Waste collector
2372:
2363:Oslo Convention
2282:
2134:
2130:Waste-to-energy
2125:Waste treatment
2095:Right to repair
1993:Landfill mining
1978:Illegal dumping
1931:
1922:
1883:Packaging waste
1878:Open defecation
1838:Hazardous waste
1767:
1754:
1724:
1723:
1714:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1677:
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1309:
1299:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1225:Batty, Stuart.
1223:
1219:
1164:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1127:
1088:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1047:
1040:fly-tipping, n.
1037:
1033:
1019:
1017:
1016:. 19 March 2007
1006:
1005:
1001:
995:Wayback Machine
986:
982:
958:
957:
953:
943:
941:
932:
931:
927:
917:
915:
906:
905:
901:
896:
864:
858:
853:
843:disease vectors
815:public services
768:
755:
709:
609:
603:
550:
538:
529:
481:
420:
379:
370:
339:West Nile virus
239:
230:
213:
182:
146:Illegal dumping
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2580:
2570:
2569:
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2389:Street sweeper
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2273:United Kingdom
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
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2175:
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2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2063:tire recycling
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2043:land recycling
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1953:Biodegradation
1950:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1913:Surface runoff
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1801:Chemical waste
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1721:
1696:
1685:. 30 July 2016
1670:
1659:. 6 April 2017
1644:
1618:
1574:
1539:(4): 731–742.
1520:
1493:(9): 525–527.
1477:
1451:
1442:
1417:
1391:
1382:
1357:
1332:
1320:bss.lacity.org
1307:
1273:
1256:www.dep.pa.gov
1243:
1227:"Open Dumping"
1217:
1155:
1125:
1079:
1045:
1031:
999:
980:
951:
925:
898:
897:
895:
892:
891:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
863:
860:
851:
767:
764:
754:
751:
731:abandoned cars
708:
707:United Kingdom
705:
670:European Union
605:Main article:
602:
599:
549:
546:
537:
534:
528:
525:
480:
477:
419:
416:
378:
375:
369:
366:
308:cardiovascular
238:
235:
229:
226:
212:
209:
181:
178:
148:, also called
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2579:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
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2537:
2536:Organizations
2534:
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2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2508:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2495:
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2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:Landfill fire
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
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2418:
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2413:
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2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2312:
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2310:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2304:EU directives
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2278:United States
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
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2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
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2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:Waste sorting
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2074:
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2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
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2044:
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2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1863:Marine debris
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
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1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
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1792:
1789:
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1778:
1776:
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1770:
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1762:
1758:
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1746:
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1737:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1633:. 17 May 2017
1632:
1628:
1622:
1614:
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1527:
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1512:
1508:
1504:
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1465:
1461:
1455:
1446:
1431:
1427:
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1405:
1401:
1395:
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1371:
1367:
1361:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1296:
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1209:
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1199:
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1191:
1186:
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1177:
1173:
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1109:
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1101:
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1093:
1086:
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1062:
1060:
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1054:
1052:
1050:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1028:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1003:
996:
992:
989:
984:
976:
972:
968:
966:
961:
955:
940:on 2 May 2013
939:
935:
929:
914:on 2 May 2020
913:
909:
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899:
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808:
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792:
788:
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777:
772:
763:
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753:United States
750:
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
718:
713:
704:
702:
698:
693:
691:
688:province and
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
666:United States
663:
657:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
628:
626:
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584:
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517:
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494:
489:
486:
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468:
461:
456:
452:
450:
446:
442:
433:
429:
424:
415:
412:
406:
403:
398:
396:
395:solar powered
392:
383:
374:
365:
363:
357:
353:
351:
347:
342:
341:, to humans.
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
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113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2408:Other topics
2399:Waste picker
2326:incineration
2105:Urban mining
1983:Incineration
1977:
1963:Durable good
1908:Sharps waste
1868:Mining waste
1713:. Retrieved
1711:. 2009-12-16
1708:
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1682:
1673:
1661:. Retrieved
1656:
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1630:
1621:
1591:(1): 28–41.
1588:
1584:
1577:
1536:
1532:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1463:
1454:
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1429:
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1403:
1394:
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1369:
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1344:
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:
1310:
1298:. Retrieved
1294:
1264:. Retrieved
1260:the original
1255:
1246:
1234:. Retrieved
1230:
1220:
1175:
1171:
1146:. Retrieved
1142:
1098:(1): 79–93.
1095:
1091:
1070:. Retrieved
1039:
1034:
1025:
1018:. Retrieved
1011:
1002:
983:
975:the original
963:
954:
942:. Retrieved
938:the original
928:
916:. Retrieved
912:the original
902:
888:Urban runoff
831:heavy metals
820:
811:public space
782:
781:
766:Open dumping
756:
743:
721:
716:
710:
694:
658:
629:
610:
595:liver cancer
579:
551:
539:
530:
518:
506:
490:
482:
473:
437:
407:
399:
388:
377:Limit access
371:
358:
354:
343:
335:encephalitis
320:
240:
231:
222:
204:
200:
196:
194:
183:
170:rubbish dump
153:
149:
145:
144:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2430:Downcycling
2377:Occupations
2346:waste water
2243:Switzerland
2233:South Korea
2223:New Zealand
2148:Afghanistan
2120:Waste trade
2080:Repurposing
1918:Toxic waste
1898:Scrap metal
1833:Green waste
1796:Brown waste
1773:Major types
1020:16 December
873:Road debris
727:green waste
717:fly tipping
637:particulate
621:importation
441:Los Angeles
402:landscaping
346:combustible
304:respiratory
197:fly tipping
180:Terminology
154:fly tipping
150:fly dumping
2551:Categories
2485:Zero waste
2287:Agreements
2218:Kazakhstan
2173:Bangladesh
1958:Composting
1843:Heat waste
1828:Food waste
1821:by country
1715:2017-04-11
1430:Boston.gov
1143:deq.nc.gov
894:References
807:wilderness
783:Open dumps
741:or toxic.
692:province.
684:province,
668:, and the
649:wastewater
625:production
591:colorectal
566:Marigliano
498:commercial
485:subsidised
445:Sacramento
205:on the fly
99:April 2017
69:newspapers
2562:Waste law
2465:Upcycling
2331:landfills
2321:framework
2314:Recycling
2309:batteries
2238:Sri Lanka
2198:Hong Kong
2163:Australia
2140:Countries
2018:Recycling
1936:Processes
1757:Biosolids
1613:0195-9255
1561:0956-053X
1507:1470-2045
1194:1661-7827
1120:0928-7655
960:"fly-tip"
776:Tatsfield
739:hazardous
690:Guangdong
653:effluents
633:leachates
527:Education
331:mosquitos
276:dizziness
272:headaches
247:pollution
243:landfills
195:The term
190:trash bin
186:littering
129:, England
2526:Journals
2341:vehicles
2263:Thailand
2253:Tanzania
1988:Landfill
1948:Balefill
1689:11 April
1683:BBC News
1663:11 April
1569:21147524
1515:15384216
1212:25622140
991:Archived
862:See also
852:—
686:Zhejiang
678:Shanghai
639:matter,
587:lymphoma
583:leukemia
558:Campania
2193:Georgia
2168:Belgium
2158:Armenia
2153:Albania
1709:Epa.gov
1593:Bibcode
1541:Bibcode
1470:12 June
1435:25 June
1410:25 June
1375:12 June
1350:12 June
1325:12 June
1300:12 June
1266:12 June
1236:12 June
1203:4344663
1148:12 June
1100:Bibcode
1072:12 June
944:28 July
918:28 July
833:to the
799:forests
682:Jiangsu
674:Beijing
574:Camorra
460:Glenroy
449:Oakland
405:space.
350:erosion
327:insects
316:nervous
268:anxiety
139:Toronto
83:scholar
2514:
2268:Turkey
2258:Taiwan
2228:Russia
2208:Israel
2178:Brazil
1903:Sewage
1858:Litter
1763:, and
1657:Gov.uk
1637:18 May
1611:
1567:
1559:
1513:
1505:
1464:US EPA
1404:US EPA
1210:
1200:
1192:
1118:
1027:alone.
965:Lexico
868:Litter
827:toxics
809:or in
791:debris
701:Lenovo
664:, the
651:, and
623:, and
589:, and
568:, and
562:Acerra
514:Boston
447:, and
430:3,000
323:vermin
296:kidney
292:cancer
282:; and
280:nausea
264:stress
256:asthma
251:Toxins
127:London
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2531:Lists
2521:Index
2248:Syria
2213:Japan
2203:India
2188:Egypt
1761:waste
839:water
795:Fines
787:waste
697:Nokia
662:Japan
645:fumes
641:ashes
617:China
312:brain
300:liver
174:waste
162:waste
90:JSTOR
76:books
2351:WEEE
2336:RoHS
1691:2017
1665:2017
1639:2017
1609:ISSN
1565:PMID
1557:ISSN
1511:PMID
1503:ISSN
1472:2018
1437:2018
1412:2018
1377:2018
1352:2018
1327:2018
1302:2018
1268:2018
1238:2018
1208:PMID
1190:ISSN
1150:2018
1116:ISSN
1074:2018
1022:2008
946:2013
920:2013
837:and
829:and
789:and
757:The
733:and
699:and
593:and
570:Nola
552:The
500:and
432:fine
360:The
337:and
325:and
294:and
286:and
278:and
266:and
62:news
1601:doi
1549:doi
1495:doi
1198:PMC
1180:doi
1108:doi
1013:BBC
835:air
556:in
284:eye
201:tip
152:or
45:by
2553::
1759:,
1707:.
1681:.
1655:.
1629:.
1607:.
1599:.
1589:30
1587:.
1563:.
1555:.
1547:.
1537:31
1535:.
1523:^
1509:.
1501:.
1489:.
1462:.
1428:.
1402:.
1368:.
1343:.
1318:.
1293:.
1276:^
1254:.
1229:.
1206:.
1196:.
1188:.
1176:12
1174:.
1170:.
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