549:
534:
277:
33:
1286:
795:
3285:
66:
3255:
238:, putting the tracker not only above, but also behind the target. The proper technique requires changing the tracking vehicle's orbit to allow the rendezvous target to either catch up or be caught up with, and then at the correct moment changing to the same orbit as the target with no relative motion between the vehicles (for example, putting the tracker into a lower orbit, which has a shorter orbital period allowing it to catch up, then executing a
1247:
orbital velocity). Now in a slightly higher position, but with an orbital velocity that does not correspond to the local circular velocity, the chaser slightly falls behind the target. Small rocket pulses in the orbital velocity direction are necessary to keep the chaser along the radial vector of the target. If these rocket pulses are not executed (for example due to a thruster failure), the chaser will move away from the target. This is a
925:
325:
3190:
1330:
190:' guidance systems inserted the two craft into nearly identical orbits; however, this was not nearly precise enough to achieve rendezvous, as the Vostok lacked maneuvering thrusters to adjust its orbit to match that of its twin. The initial separation distances were in the range of 5 to 6.5 kilometers (3.1 to 4.0 mi), and slowly diverged to thousands of kilometers (over a thousand miles) over the course of the missions.
829:
1251:. For the R-bar approach, this effect is stronger than for the V-bar approach, making the R-bar approach the safer one of the two. Generally, the R-bar approach from below is preferable, as the chaser is in a lower (faster) orbit than the target, and thus "catches up" with it. For the R-bar approach from above, the chaser is in a higher (slower) orbit than the target, and thus has to wait for the target to approach it.
428:
870:
1055:(the position of the spacecraft in the orbit) must be matched. For docking, the speed of the two vehicles must also be matched. The "chaser" is placed in a slightly lower orbit than the target. The lower the orbit, the higher the orbital velocity. The difference in orbital velocities of chaser and target is therefore such that the chaser is faster than the target, and catches up with it.
436:
815:
1797:
Most observers felt that the U.S. moon landing ended the space race with a decisive
American victory. The formal end of the space race occurred with the 1975 joint Apollo–Soyuz mission, in which U.S. and Soviet spacecraft docked, or joined, in orbit while their crews visited one another's craft and
1058:
Once the two spacecraft are sufficiently close, the chaser's orbit is synchronized with the target's orbit. That is, the chaser will be accelerated. This increase in velocity carries the chaser to a higher orbit. The increase in velocity is chosen such that the chaser approximately assumes the orbit
300:
Somebody said ... when you come to within three miles (5 km), you've rendezvoused. If anybody thinks they've pulled a rendezvous off at three miles (5 km), have fun! This is when we started doing our work. I don't think rendezvous is over until you are stopped – completely stopped – with no relative
1208:
direction. If this is omitted (for example due to a thruster failure), the chaser will be carried to a higher orbit, which is associated with an orbital velocity lower than the target's. Consequently, the target moves faster than the chaser and the distance between them increases. This is called a
1043:
To properly understand spacecraft rendezvous it is essential to understand the relation between spacecraft velocity and orbit. A spacecraft in a certain orbit cannot arbitrarily alter its velocity. Each orbit correlates to a certain orbital velocity. If the spacecraft fires thrusters and increases
663:
to grapple and move the spacecraft to a berthing port on the US segment. However the updated version of Cargo Dragon will no longer need to berth but instead will autonomously dock directly to the space station. The
Russian segment only uses docking ports so it is not possible for HTV, Dragon and
233:
involved in the process. Simply pointing the active vehicle's nose at the target and thrusting was unsuccessful. If the target is ahead in the orbit and the tracking vehicle increases speed, its altitude also increases, actually moving it away from the target. The higher altitude then increases
1246:
to the orbital velocity of the passive spacecraft. When below the target the chaser fires radial thrusters to close in on the target. By this it increases its altitude. However, the orbital velocity of the chaser remains unchanged (thruster firings in the radial direction have no effect on the
1193:
to the flight path along the line of the radius of the orbit (called R-bar, as it is along the radial vector, with respect to Earth, of the target). The chosen method of approach depends on safety, spacecraft / thruster design, mission timeline, and, especially for docking with the ISS, on the
1207:
to the target's orbital velocity. In the V-bar approach from behind, the chaser fires small thrusters to increase its velocity in the direction of the target. This, of course, also drives the chaser to a higher orbit. To keep the chaser on the V-vector, other thrusters are fired in the radial
818:
Orbital rendezvous. 1/ Both spacecraft must be in the same orbital plane. ISS flies in a higher orbit (lower speed), ATV flies in a lower orbit and catches up with ISS. 2/At the moment when the ATV and the ISS make an alpha angle (about 2°), the ATV crosses the elliptical orbit to the
612:
are used at approximately six month intervals to transport crew members to and from ISS. With the introduction of NASA's
Commercial Crew Program, the US is able to use their own launch vehicle along with the Soyuz, an updated version of SpaceX's Cargo Dragon; Crew Dragon.
301:
motion between the two vehicles, at a range of approximately 120 feet (37 m). That's rendezvous! From there on, it's stationkeeping. That's when you can go back and play the game of driving a car or driving an airplane or pushing a skateboard – it's about that simple.
1071:
Space rendezvous of an active, or "chaser", spacecraft with an (assumed) passive spacecraft may be divided into several phases, and typically starts with the two spacecraft in separate orbits, typically separated by more than 10,000 kilometers (6,200 mi):
225:'s upper stage. McDivitt was unable to get close enough to achieve station-keeping, due to depth-perception problems, and stage propellant venting which kept moving it around. However, the Gemini 4 attempts at rendezvous were unsuccessful largely because
1834:
1039:
The standard technique for rendezvous and docking is to dock an active vehicle, the "chaser", with a passive "target". This technique has been used successfully for the Gemini, Apollo, Apollo/Soyuz, Salyut, Skylab, Mir, ISS, and
Tiangong programs.
309:
was a passing glance—the equivalent of a male walking down a busy main street with plenty of traffic whizzing by and he spots a cute girl walking on the other side. He's going 'Hey wait' but she's gone. That's a passing glance, not a
1202:
The V-bar approach is an approach of the "chaser" horizontally along the passive spacecraft's velocity vector. That is, from behind or from ahead, and in the same direction as the orbital motion of the passive target. The motion is
1044:(or decreases) its velocity it will obtain a different orbit, one that correlates to the higher (or lower) velocity. For circular orbits, higher orbits have a lower orbital velocity. Lower orbits have a higher orbital velocity.
1945:
1830:
1939:"A Summary of the Rendezvous, Proximity Operations, Docking, and Undocking (RPODU) Lessons Learned from the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) Orbital Express (OE) Demonstration System Mission"
570:. The Progress spacecraft were used for re-supplying the station. In this space rendezvous gone wrong, the Progress collided with Mir, beginning a depressurization that was halted by closing the hatch to
1059:
of the target. Stepwise, the chaser closes in on the target, until proximity operations (see below) can be started. In the very final phase, the closure rate is reduced by use of the active vehicle's
786:" (RPODU) for the set of all spaceflight procedures that are typically needed around spacecraft operations where two spacecraft work in proximity to one another with intent to connect to one another.
760:
rocket / LM inside LM adapter / CSM (in order from bottom to top at launch, also the order from back to front with respect to the current motion), with CSM crewed, LM at this stage uncrewed:
1257:
proposed meeting ISS cargo needs with a vehicle which would approach the station, "using a traditional nadir R-bar approach." The nadir R-bar approach is also used for flights to the ISS of
1871:, page 65, "Since 1985 all Russian spacecraft had used the Kurs computers to dock automatically with the Mir station" ... "All the Russian commanders had to do was sit by and watch."
2302:
1692:
1938:
3226:
1978:
1388:– the process of moving an orbiting object from its current position to a desired position, in such a way that no orbiting obstacles are contacted along the way
2007:
1506:
506:
The first rendezvous of two spacecraft from different countries took place in 1975, when an Apollo spacecraft docked with a Soyuz spacecraft as part of the
1359:
3319:
722:
and/or finally bring the satellite to a graveyard orbit, after which the CX-OLEV can possibly be reused for another satellite. Gradual transfer from the
2204:
1886:
1533:
1664:
3219:
1610:
1483:
888:
578:
A rendezvous takes place each time a spacecraft brings crew members or supplies to an orbiting space station. The first spacecraft to do this was
481:
in
October 1968. Automated systems brought the craft to within 200 meters (660 ft), while Beregovoy brought this closer with manual control.
158:
The same rendezvous technique can be used for spacecraft "landing" on natural objects with a weak gravitational field, e.g. landing on one of the
2250:
1640:
455:. Gemini 6 was to have been the first docking mission, but had to be cancelled when that mission's Agena vehicle was destroyed during launch.
296:. The spacecraft were not equipped to dock with each other, but maintained station-keeping for more than 20 minutes. Schirra later commented:
3335:
2367:
1579:
3212:
1784:
537:
Most rendezvous are for docking, as in this photo of the crews and spaceship models of the historic first time Soviet and US spacecraft
250:
engineer André Meyer later remarked, "There is a good explanation for what went wrong with rendezvous." The crew, like everyone else at
1277:
of the passive spacecraft—that is, from the side and out-of-plane of the orbit of the passive spacecraft—is called a Z-bar approach.
711:
235:
2182:
2300:
2227:
644:
2249:
Johnson, Michael D.; Fitts, Richard; Howe, Brock; Hall, Baron; Kutter, Bernard; Zegler, Frank; Foster; Mark (September 18, 2007).
1681:
2282:
3067:
989:
749:
389:
1242:
The R-bar approach consists of the chaser moving below or above the target spacecraft, along its radial vector. The motion is
3450:
3330:
1778:
961:
361:
1811:
1456:
3299:
3127:
1343:
162:
would require the same matching of orbital velocities, followed by a "descent" that shares some similarities with docking.
1974:
3410:
2040:
17:
1916:
1553:
1189:
are in-line with the flight path of the spacecraft (called V-bar, as it is along the velocity vector of the target) and
968:
368:
3357:
3235:
783:
422:
152:
1868:
1860:
1450:
1419:
1026:
1008:
942:
906:
856:
842:
798:
408:
342:
2319:
1230:, extends along a line directly ahead of the station. Shuttles approach the ISS along the V-bar when docking at the
3388:
3383:
3122:
3002:
2421:
2000:
1442:
710:
Possible future rendezvous may be made by a yet to be developed automated Hubble
Robotic Vehicle (HRV), and by the
1513:
975:
375:
3087:
2841:
3160:
2799:
2790:
2527:
946:
346:
143:
and approach to a very close distance (e.g. within visual contact). Rendezvous requires a precise match of the
3267:
957:
684:
357:
2208:
3107:
2577:
1530:
1348:
723:
1882:
1063:. Docking typically occurs at a rate of 0.1 ft/s (0.030 m/s) to 0.2 ft/s (0.061 m/s).
639:
also used this system to dock with the
Russian segment of the ISS. Several uncrewed spacecraft use NASA's
3445:
3052:
1734:
1661:
1385:
1223:
667:
Space rendezvous has been used for a variety of other purposes, including recent service missions to the
605:
59:
2318:
Bessel, James A.; Ceney, James M.; Crean, David M.; Ingham, Edward A.; Pabst, David J. (December 1993).
1602:
1479:
3440:
3273:
3032:
2859:
1231:
636:
258:
involved. As a result, we all got a whole lot smarter and really perfected rendezvous maneuvers, which
2384:
2377:
3430:
3314:
3309:
3170:
1354:
1048:
640:
2179:
originally presented at COLLOQUE: MECANIQUE SPATIALE (SPACE DYNAMICS) TOULOUSE, FRANCE NOVEMBER 1989
1273:
An approach of the active, or "chaser", spacecraft horizontally from the side and orthogonal to the
737:
Alternatively the two spacecraft are already together, and just undock and dock in a different way:
3325:
3304:
3155:
2680:
2261:
715:
700:
251:
3165:
2473:
2278:
Rendezvous
Strategy of the Japanese Logistics Support Vehicle to the International Space Station,
1060:
935:
493:
335:
148:
76:
53:
305:
Schirra used another metaphor to describe the difference between the two nations' achievements:
3435:
3027:
2629:
2549:
2537:
2364:
1571:
1369:
719:
688:
668:
239:
43:
1764:
1296:
and Apollo 2 lander in the background, in a first ever visit of an independent mission beyond
982:
382:
155:, procedures which bring the spacecraft into physical contact and create a link between them.
3150:
3092:
3062:
2850:
2727:
2695:
2665:
2624:
2609:
2488:
1632:
1374:
1258:
1254:
1227:
1167:
848:
753:
659:
spacecraft all maneuver to a close rendezvous and maintain station-keeping, allowing the ISS
648:
632:
3175:
2997:
2781:
2670:
2639:
2567:
2542:
2517:
2478:
2459:
2414:
2327:
2142:
2055:
1186:
779:
731:
727:
452:
2050:. Space Systems Technology and Operations Conference, Orlando Florida, April 21–25, 2003.
884:
8:
3352:
3340:
3037:
2832:
2572:
2359:
2174:
1364:
805:
680:
656:
624:
563:
39:
2393:
2331:
2223:
2146:
2059:
2710:
2599:
2497:
2071:
1760:
1335:
616:
533:
69:
548:
276:
3204:
3077:
2975:
2905:
2660:
2614:
2532:
2324:
Air Force
Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio – School of Engineering
2317:
2280:
1864:
1856:
1774:
1770:
1446:
1415:
745:
587:
255:
230:
202:
2075:
2039:
Wertz, James R.; Bell, Robert (2003). Tchoryk, Jr., Peter; Shoemaker, James (eds.).
503:
achieved the first internal transfer of crew members between two docked spacecraft.
32:
2989:
2753:
2715:
2589:
2559:
2512:
2150:
2108:
2063:
2001:"TRACK AND CAPTURE OF THE ORBITER WITH THE SPACE STATION REMOTE MANIPULATOR SYSTEM"
1379:
1274:
1174:
704:
620:
609:
507:
470:
171:
144:
128:
95:
27:
Series of orbital maneuvers to bring two spacecraft into the vicinity of each other
2251:"Astrotech Research & Conventional Technology Utilization Spacecraft (ARCTUS)"
3097:
2690:
2594:
2584:
2483:
2407:
2371:
2360:
Analysis of a New
Nonlinear Solution of Relative Orbital Motion by T. Alan Lovell
2306:
2286:
2116:
1815:
1668:
1557:
1537:
1436:
1311:
1297:
763:
the CSM separated, while the four upper panels of the LM adapter were disposed of
2155:
2130:
3193:
3145:
3137:
3132:
3017:
3012:
2943:
2923:
2914:
2507:
2493:
2469:
2464:
2439:
1709:
672:
448:
259:
247:
213:
NASA's first attempt at rendezvous was made on June 3, 1965, when US astronaut
187:
2079:
178:
launched pairs of spacecraft from the same launch pad, one or two days apart (
147:
of the two spacecraft, allowing them to remain at a constant distance through
3424:
3347:
3047:
3042:
2961:
2604:
2522:
2388:
1908:
1391:
1307:
1285:
1262:
1219:
1052:
769:
the CSM connected to the LM while that was still connected to the third stage
652:
285:
159:
136:
48:
2119:, it is the maximum Earth central angle from the altitude of the spacecraft.
1204:
492:
docked, collecting the two crew members of Soyuz 5, which had to perform an
3112:
3022:
2896:
2879:
2737:
2634:
2502:
2248:
1831:"Space Station Launch Delays Will Have Little Impact on Overall Operations"
794:
538:
222:
214:
175:
3284:
1438:
The Rocket Men: Vostok & Voskhod, The First Soviet Manned Spaceflights
3254:
3117:
2952:
2722:
2702:
2619:
2335:
696:
567:
194:
65:
766:
the CSM turned 180 degrees (from engine backward, toward LM, to forward)
443:
The first docking of two spacecraft was achieved on March 16, 1966 when
3393:
2685:
2399:
2041:"Autonomous Rendezvous and Docking Technologies – Status and Prospects"
1315:
1293:
1243:
1190:
949: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
741:
Soyuz spacecraft from one docking point to another on the ISS or Salyut
542:
463:
459:
349: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
132:
2067:
484:
The first successful crewed docking occurred on January 16, 1969 when
458:
The Soviets carried out the first automated, uncrewed docking between
3378:
3102:
2454:
1303:
1289:
1047:
For orbital rendezvous to occur, both spacecraft must be in the same
660:
289:
36:
924:
324:
3373:
1171:
757:
583:
579:
522:
518:
514:
500:
444:
293:
218:
183:
179:
1855:
Bryan Burrough, Dragonfly: NASA and the crisis aboard Mir, (1998,
3007:
2112:
1215:
489:
485:
478:
474:
435:
1968:
1966:
199:
Line-Of-Sight Guidance Techniques For Manned Orbital Rendezvous.
1540:/ Interviewed by Doug Ward / Elk Lake, Michigan – June 29, 1999
692:
595:
591:
558:
427:
284:
Rendezvous was first successfully accomplished by US astronaut
619:
are also used to rendezvous with and resupply space stations.
2812:
2431:
1963:
1414:. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 117–118.
140:
119:
1212:, and is a natural safeguard in case of a thruster failure.
3398:
814:
676:
469:
The first Soviet cosmonaut to attempt a manual docking was
226:
113:
772:
the CSM/LM combination then separated from the third stage
695:
crew rendezvoused with and attached a rocket motor to the
292:
spacecraft within 1 foot (30 cm) of its sister craft
104:
600:
201:
As a NASA astronaut, Aldrin worked to "translate complex
2135:
International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
205:
into relatively simple flight plans for my colleagues."
2385:
Handbook Automated Rendezvous and Docking of Spacecraft
3234:
2131:"Optimal Control for Proximity Operations and Docking"
718:
that has run out of fuel. The CX-OLEV would take over
513:
The first multiple space docking took place when both
2205:"STS-104 Crew Interviews with Charles Hobaugh, Pilot"
107:
1434:
1360:
Deliberate crash landings on extraterrestrial bodies
1325:
590:
missions have successfully made rendezvous with six
116:
110:
101:
2394:
Docking system agreement key to global space policy
2260:. Long Beach, California. p. 7. Archived from
1883:"Japanese Cargo Craft Captured, Berthed to Station"
879:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
98:
2298:Success! Space station snags SpaceX Dragon capsule
2128:
1166:A variety of techniques may be used to effect the
2224:"Shuttle Discovery nears rendezvous with station"
2038:
1310:, performed the first ever rendezvous outside of
714:, which is being developed for rendezvous with a
3422:
1689:History Collection - Johnson Space Center - NASA
1177:necessary for proximity operations and docking.
2378:"Lunar Orbit Rendezvous and the Apollo Program"
2221:
1828:
1766:Encyclopedia of United States National Security
1702:
2168:
2166:
562:module following a collision with an uncrewed
271:
3220:
2415:
2175:"Shuttle Rendezvous and Proximity Operations"
1975:"ATV: a very special delivery - Lesson notes"
1548:
1546:
288:on December 15, 1965. Schirra maneuvered the
82:in lunar orbit after returning from a landing
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
1880:
1185:The two most common methods of approach for
254:, "just didn't understand or reason out the
2258:AIAA SPACE 2007 Conference & Exposition
2163:
2115:as seen from the center of the planet; for
1814:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
1803:
1556:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
857:Learn how and when to remove these messages
451:, rendezvoused and docked with an uncrewed
280:Gemini 7 photographed from Gemini 6 in 1965
151:. Rendezvous may or may not be followed by
3227:
3213:
3189:
2422:
2408:
2311:
1543:
1498:
1222:mission to conduct a V-bar arrival at the
2154:
2025:
1594:
1523:
1027:Learn how and when to remove this message
1009:Learn how and when to remove this message
907:Learn how and when to remove this message
891:, without removing the technical details.
409:Learn how and when to remove this message
2429:
1284:
813:
793:
547:
532:
434:
426:
275:
64:
31:
2215:
2172:
2122:
1798:performed joint scientific experiments.
1759:
1504:
1477:
1409:
1194:location of the assigned docking port.
208:
170:In its first human spaceflight program
145:orbital velocities and position vectors
14:
3423:
3068:Transposition, docking, and extraction
2320:"Prototype Space Fabrication Platform"
1919:from the original on February 10, 2010
1633:"NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details"
1403:
1318:and taking parts of it back to Earth.
1180:
778:NASA sometimes refers to "Rendezvous,
750:transposition, docking, and extraction
242:back to the original orbital height).
197:submitted his doctoral thesis titled,
3208:
2403:
2230:from the original on December 2, 2008
1931:
1809:
1698:from the original on October 7, 2022.
1572:"On The Shoulders of Titans - Ch12-7"
1280:
1131:1,000–100 meters (3,280–330 ft)
889:make it understandable to non-experts
789:
582:, which successfully docked with the
473:who unsuccessfully tried to dock his
2129:Lee, Daero; Pernicka, Henry (2010).
1829:Marcia S. Smith (February 3, 2012).
1727:
1600:
1486:from the original on October 9, 2011
1435:Hall, Rex; David J. Shayler (2001).
1344:Androgynous Peripheral Attach System
1066:
947:adding citations to reliable sources
918:
863:
822:
730:will take a number of months, using
671:. Historically, for the missions of
627:have automatically docked with both
347:adding citations to reliable sources
318:
3411:Category:Spacecraft docking systems
2013:from the original on August 7, 2020
1981:from the original on April 29, 2021
1951:from the original on August 7, 2020
1471:
756:of the sequence third stage of the
683:would rendezvous and dock with the
525:space station during January 1978.
439:Gemini 8 docking with Agena vehicle
24:
3236:Docking and berthing of spacecraft
2185:from the original on July 27, 2013
1837:from the original on June 13, 2020
1787:from the original on July 26, 2020
1643:from the original on April 3, 2020
1613:from the original on April 3, 2020
1582:from the original on April 3, 2020
1459:from the original on April 2, 2020
1412:Manned Spacecraft, Second Revision
752:was performed an hour or so after
541:docking in 1975 of the concluding
423:Docking and berthing of spacecraft
46:to determine distance between the
25:
3462:
3128:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
2353:
2326:. Accession number ADA273904: 9.
2222:WILLIAM HARWOOD (March 9, 2001).
2173:Pearson, Don J. (November 1989).
1889:from the original on May 19, 2017
1710:"Model of a Soyuz-4-5 spacecraft"
1382:of orbits around the Earth's axis
1268:
1237:
1197:
838:This section has multiple issues.
75:ascent stage rendezvous with the
3283:
3253:
3188:
3123:Interplanetary Transport Network
3003:Collision avoidance (spacecraft)
1328:
923:
868:
827:
323:
314:
94:
3088:Astronomical coordinate systems
2842:Longitude of the ascending node
2291:
2271:
2242:
2197:
2097:
1993:
1972:Arrival of the ATV to the ISS,
1901:
1874:
1849:
1822:
1753:
1735:"NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details"
1674:
1655:
1144:100–10 meters (328–33 ft)
1118:to 1 kilometer (3,300 ft)
1093:(out of sight, out of contact)
934:needs additional citations for
846:or discuss these issues on the
334:needs additional citations for
229:engineers had yet to learn the
3161:Retrograde and prograde motion
2078:. Paper 5088-3. Archived from
1881:Jerry Wright (July 30, 2015).
1625:
1564:
1428:
675:that landed astronauts on the
664:Cygnus to find a berth there.
13:
1:
3268:International Docking Adapter
1601:Agle, D.C. (September 1998).
1507:"From Earth to Moon to Earth"
1397:
685:Apollo Command/Service Module
566:in September 1997 as part of
431:Gemini 8 Agena target vehicle
3451:Projects established in 1965
3108:Equatorial coordinate system
1349:Clohessy-Wiltshire equations
724:geostationary transfer orbit
186:in 1963). In each case, the
7:
2156:10.5139/IJASS.2010.11.3.206
1763:, ed. (December 21, 2005).
1386:Path-constrained rendezvous
1321:
1224:International Space Station
1157:<10 meters (33 ft)
606:International Space Station
272:First successful rendezvous
60:International Space Station
10:
3467:
3274:Pressurized Mating Adapter
2860:Longitude of the periapsis
1671:NASA, NSSDC Master Catalog
1529:Oral History Transcript /
799:Command and service module
679:, the ascent stage of the
637:Automated Transfer Vehicle
420:
165:
135:, one of which is often a
3407:
3366:
3315:Common Berthing Mechanism
3310:Chinese Docking Mechanism
3292:
3281:
3260:
3251:
3242:
3184:
3171:Specific angular momentum
3076:
2988:
2932:
2868:
2821:
2761:
2752:
2648:
2558:
2447:
2438:
2365:The Visitors (rendezvous)
2111:of the spacecraft's true
1833:. spacepolicyonline.com.
1410:Gatland, Kenneth (1976).
1355:Common Berthing Mechanism
586:station on June 7, 1971.
2048:SPIE AeroSense Symposium
716:geosynchronous satellite
701:communications satellite
657:Orbital Sciences' Cygnus
552:Damaged solar arrays on
477:craft with the uncrewed
221:craft to meet its spent
3166:Specific orbital energy
1913:www.orbitalrecovery.com
1667:April 13, 2020, at the
1111:(in sight, in contact)
1084:Typical phase duration
1061:reaction control system
703:to allow it to make an
528:
494:extravehicular activity
447:, under the command of
223:Titan II launch vehicle
149:orbital station-keeping
2578:Geostationary transfer
2370:April 3, 2020, at the
2207:. NASA. Archived from
1603:"Flying the Gusmobile"
1536:March 4, 2016, at the
1370:Lunar orbit rendezvous
1300:
1292:astronaut Conrad with
1259:H-II Transfer Vehicles
1249:natural braking effect
1210:natural braking effect
1140:Proximity Operations B
1127:Proximity Operations A
820:
811:
784:Docking, and Undocking
748:, a maneuver known as
720:orbital stationkeeping
689:lunar orbit rendezvous
669:Hubble Space Telescope
631:and the ISS using the
575:
545:
440:
432:
312:
303:
281:
269:
234:orbital period due to
217:tried to maneuver his
83:
62:
3151:Orbital state vectors
3093:Characteristic energy
3063:Trans-lunar injection
2851:Argument of periapsis
2528:Prograde / Retrograde
2489:Hyperbolic trajectory
2305:May 25, 2012, at the
2267:on February 27, 2008.
1909:"orbitalrecovery.com"
1560:on November 29, 2010.
1443:Springer–Praxis Books
1375:Mars orbit rendezvous
1351:for co-orbit analysis
1288:
817:
797:
754:Trans Lunar Injection
732:Hall effect thrusters
691:maneuvers. Also, the
649:H-II Transfer Vehicle
551:
536:
466:on October 30, 1967.
438:
430:
307:
298:
279:
244:
139:, arrive at the same
68:
35:
2998:Bi-elliptic transfer
2518:Parabolic trajectory
2285:May 5, 2021, at the
2211:on February 3, 2002.
1818:on October 30, 2007.
1480:"Orbital Rendezvous"
1445:. pp. 185–191.
1314:by landing close to
1306:, the second crewed
1187:proximity operations
1081:Separation distance
943:improve this article
780:Proximity-Operations
728:geosynchronous orbit
453:Agena Target Vehicle
343:improve this article
209:First attempt failed
3038:Low-energy transfer
2332:1993MsT..........9B
2226:. SPACEFLIGHT NOW.
2147:2010IJASS..11..206L
2060:2003SPIE.5088...20W
1761:Samuels, Richard J.
1662:NSSDC ID: 1967-105A
1637:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
1365:Flyby (spaceflight)
1181:Methods of approach
681:Apollo Lunar Module
633:Kurs docking system
625:Progress spacecraft
564:Progress spacecraft
521:were docked to the
153:docking or berthing
40:Christopher Cassidy
18:In-orbit rendezvous
3446:1965 introductions
3367:Navigation systems
3033:Inclination change
2681:Distant retrograde
2396:– October 20, 2010
1336:Spaceflight portal
1301:
1281:Surface rendezvous
1053:phase of the orbit
958:"Space rendezvous"
821:
812:
790:Phases and methods
641:berthing mechanism
617:Robotic spacecraft
576:
546:
496:to reach Soyuz 4.
441:
433:
358:"Space rendezvous"
282:
236:Kepler's third law
84:
63:
3441:Orbital maneuvers
3418:
3417:
3322:docking mechanism
3202:
3201:
3176:Two-line elements
2984:
2983:
2906:Eccentric anomaly
2748:
2747:
2615:Orbit of the Moon
2474:Highly elliptical
2085:on April 25, 2012
2068:10.1117/12.498121
1780:978-0-7619-2927-7
1771:SAGE Publications
1531:James A. McDivitt
1226:. The V-bar, or
1164:
1163:
1067:Rendezvous phases
1037:
1036:
1029:
1019:
1018:
1011:
993:
917:
916:
909:
861:
746:Apollo spacecraft
608:(ISS). Currently
588:Human spaceflight
419:
418:
411:
393:
256:orbital mechanics
231:orbital mechanics
203:orbital mechanics
131:during which two
129:orbital maneuvers
16:(Redirected from
3458:
3431:Space rendezvous
3287:
3257:
3245:Space rendezvous
3229:
3222:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3192:
3191:
3133:Lagrangian point
3028:Hohmann transfer
2973:
2959:
2950:
2941:
2921:
2912:
2903:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2877:
2857:
2848:
2839:
2830:
2810:
2806:
2797:
2788:
2779:
2759:
2758:
2728:Heliosynchronous
2677:Lagrange points
2630:Transatmospheric
2445:
2444:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2381:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2334:. Archived from
2315:
2309:
2295:
2289:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2255:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2126:
2120:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2045:
2036:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1878:
1872:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1769:(1st ed.).
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1686:
1682:"Part 1 - Soyuz"
1678:
1672:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1550:
1541:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1519:on May 27, 2014.
1518:
1512:. Archived from
1511:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1407:
1380:Nodal precession
1338:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1147:45 – 90 minutes
1075:
1074:
1032:
1025:
1014:
1007:
1003:
1000:
994:
992:
951:
927:
919:
912:
905:
901:
898:
892:
872:
871:
864:
853:
831:
830:
823:
705:orbital maneuver
610:Soyuz spacecraft
471:Georgy Beregovoy
414:
407:
403:
400:
394:
392:
351:
327:
319:
267:
240:Hohmann transfer
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
89:space rendezvous
51:
21:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3403:
3362:
3288:
3279:
3258:
3247:
3238:
3233:
3203:
3198:
3180:
3098:Escape velocity
3079:
3072:
3053:Rocket equation
2980:
2972:
2966:
2957:
2948:
2939:
2928:
2919:
2910:
2901:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2875:
2864:
2855:
2846:
2837:
2828:
2817:
2808:
2804:
2800:Semi-minor axis
2795:
2791:Semi-major axis
2786:
2777:
2771:
2744:
2666:Areosynchronous
2650:
2644:
2625:Sun-synchronous
2610:Near-equatorial
2554:
2434:
2428:
2376:
2372:Wayback Machine
2356:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2338:on May 31, 2012
2316:
2312:
2307:Wayback Machine
2296:
2292:
2287:Wayback Machine
2276:
2272:
2264:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2220:
2216:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2171:
2164:
2127:
2123:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2043:
2037:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1973:
1971:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1879:
1875:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1827:
1823:
1808:
1804:
1790:
1788:
1781:
1773:. p. 669.
1758:
1754:
1744:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1714:MAAS Collection
1708:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1669:Wayback Machine
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1607:Air & Space
1599:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1576:www.hq.nasa.gov
1570:
1569:
1565:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1538:Wayback Machine
1528:
1524:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1453:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1312:Low Earth Orbit
1298:Low Earth Orbit
1283:
1271:
1240:
1228:velocity vector
1200:
1183:
1117:
1110:
1099:
1092:
1069:
1033:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1004:
998:
995:
952:
950:
940:
928:
913:
902:
896:
893:
885:help improve it
882:
873:
869:
832:
828:
792:
647:. The Japanese
594:stations, with
531:
425:
415:
404:
398:
395:
352:
350:
340:
328:
317:
274:
268:
266:
211:
188:launch vehicles
168:
97:
93:
77:command module
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3464:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3416:
3415:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3271:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3194:List of orbits
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3146:Orbit equation
3143:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3018:Gravity assist
3015:
3013:Delta-v budget
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2970:
2964:
2955:
2946:
2944:Orbital period
2936:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2924:True longitude
2917:
2915:Mean longitude
2908:
2899:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2835:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2802:
2793:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2671:Areostationary
2668:
2663:
2654:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2640:Very low Earth
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2568:Geosynchronous
2564:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2550:Transfer orbit
2547:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2508:Lagrange point
2505:
2500:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2430:Gravitational
2427:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2382:
2374:
2362:
2355:
2354:External links
2352:
2350:
2349:
2310:
2290:
2270:
2241:
2214:
2196:
2162:
2141:(3): 206–220.
2121:
2109:angular radius
2104:
2096:
2024:
1992:
1962:
1930:
1900:
1873:
1848:
1821:
1802:
1779:
1752:
1741:(in Norwegian)
1726:
1701:
1691:. p. 11.
1673:
1654:
1624:
1593:
1563:
1542:
1522:
1497:
1470:
1451:
1427:
1420:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1323:
1320:
1282:
1279:
1270:
1269:Z-bar approach
1267:
1239:
1238:R-bar approach
1236:
1234:docking port.
1218:was the third
1199:
1198:V-bar approach
1196:
1182:
1179:
1162:
1161:
1160:<5 minutes
1158:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1134:1 to 5 orbits
1132:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1068:
1065:
1035:
1034:
1017:
1016:
931:
929:
922:
915:
914:
876:
874:
867:
862:
836:
835:
833:
826:
791:
788:
776:
775:
774:
773:
770:
767:
764:
742:
673:Project Apollo
643:rather than a
530:
527:
499:In March 1969
449:Neil Armstrong
421:Main article:
417:
416:
331:
329:
322:
316:
313:
273:
270:
264:
210:
207:
184:Vostok 5 and 6
180:Vostok 3 and 4
167:
164:
127:) is a set of
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3463:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:Astrodynamics
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3413:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3348:Soyuz Kontakt
3346:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3256:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3225:
3223:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3195:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3141:-body problem
3140:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3043:Oberth effect
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2962:Orbital speed
2956:
2954:
2947:
2945:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2918:
2916:
2909:
2907:
2900:
2898:
2883:
2881:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2854:
2852:
2845:
2843:
2836:
2834:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2803:
2801:
2794:
2792:
2785:
2783:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2716:Earth's orbit
2714:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2573:Geostationary
2571:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:Wigbert Fehse
2386:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2167:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2009:
2002:
1996:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1947:
1940:
1934:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1869:0-06-093269-4
1866:
1862:
1861:0-88730-783-3
1858:
1852:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1791:September 20,
1786:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1677:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1515:
1508:
1505:Buzz Aldrin.
1501:
1485:
1481:
1478:Buzz Aldrin.
1474:
1463:September 25,
1458:
1454:
1452:1-85233-391-X
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1421:0-02-542820-9
1417:
1413:
1406:
1402:
1393:
1392:Soyuz Kontakt
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:lunar landing
1305:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1276:
1275:orbital plane
1266:
1264:
1263:SpaceX Dragon
1260:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:Space Shuttle
1217:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1195:
1192:
1191:perpendicular
1188:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1168:translational
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1109:
1108:Drift Orbit B
1106:
1105:
1102:1 to 20 days
1101:
1095:
1091:
1090:Drift Orbit A
1088:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1064:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1049:orbital plane
1045:
1041:
1031:
1028:
1013:
1010:
1002:
991:
988:
984:
981:
977:
974:
970:
967:
963:
960: –
959:
955:
954:Find sources:
948:
944:
938:
937:
932:This section
930:
926:
921:
920:
911:
908:
900:
890:
886:
880:
877:This section
875:
866:
865:
860:
858:
851:
850:
845:
844:
839:
834:
825:
824:
816:
810:
807:
804:as seen from
803:
802:Charlie Brown
800:
796:
787:
785:
781:
771:
768:
765:
762:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
740:
739:
738:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
662:
658:
654:
653:SpaceX Dragon
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
611:
607:
604:and with the
603:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:
555:
550:
544:
540:
535:
526:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
504:
502:
497:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
467:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
437:
429:
424:
413:
410:
402:
391:
388:
384:
381:
377:
374:
370:
367:
363:
360: –
359:
355:
354:Find sources:
348:
344:
338:
337:
332:This section
330:
326:
321:
320:
315:First docking
311:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
286:Wally Schirra
278:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
243:
241:
237:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
206:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
182:in 1962, and
181:
177:
173:
163:
161:
160:Martian moons
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
137:space station
134:
130:
124:
91:
90:
81:
80:
74:
73:
70:Lunar Module
67:
61:
57:
56:
50:
49:Space Shuttle
45:
41:
38:
34:
30:
19:
3409:
3244:
3156:Perturbation
3138:
3113:Ground track
3057:
3023:Gravity turn
2974:
2967:
2960:
2951:
2942:
2922:
2913:
2904:
2897:True anomaly
2895:
2880:Mean anomaly
2878:
2858:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2811:
2798:
2789:
2782:Eccentricity
2780:
2738:Lunar cycler
2711:Heliocentric
2651:other points
2600:Medium Earth
2498:Non-inclined
2340:. Retrieved
2336:the original
2323:
2313:
2297:
2293:
2277:
2273:
2262:the original
2257:
2244:
2232:. Retrieved
2217:
2209:the original
2199:
2189:November 26,
2187:. Retrieved
2178:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2099:
2087:. Retrieved
2080:the original
2051:
2047:
2015:. Retrieved
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1953:. Retrieved
1933:
1921:. Retrieved
1912:
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1885:. nasa.gov.
1876:
1851:
1839:. Retrieved
1824:
1816:the original
1805:
1796:
1789:. Retrieved
1765:
1755:
1743:. Retrieved
1738:
1729:
1717:. Retrieved
1713:
1704:
1688:
1676:
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1636:
1627:
1617:December 15,
1615:. Retrieved
1606:
1596:
1584:. Retrieved
1575:
1566:
1558:the original
1525:
1514:the original
1500:
1488:. Retrieved
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1441:. New York:
1437:
1430:
1411:
1405:
1302:
1272:
1253:
1248:
1241:
1214:
1209:
1201:
1184:
1165:
1152:
1139:
1126:
1121:1 to 5 days
1107:
1089:
1070:
1057:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1023:
1005:
996:
986:
979:
972:
965:
953:
941:Please help
936:verification
933:
903:
894:
878:
854:
847:
841:
840:Please help
837:
808:
806:Lunar Module
801:
777:
736:
709:
666:
645:docking port
628:
615:
599:
577:
571:
557:
553:
539:Apollo-Soyuz
512:
508:Apollo–Soyuz
505:
498:
483:
468:
457:
442:
405:
396:
386:
379:
372:
365:
353:
341:Please help
336:verification
333:
308:
304:
299:
283:
245:
215:Jim McDivitt
212:
198:
192:
176:Soviet Union
169:
157:
88:
87:
85:
78:
71:
54:
29:
3118:Hill sphere
2953:Mean motion
2833:Inclination
2822:Orientation
2723:Mars cycler
2661:Areocentric
2533:Synchronous
2342:November 3,
1810:Mark Wade.
1745:October 22,
1719:October 22,
999:August 2020
697:Intelsat VI
635:, Europe's
568:Shuttle-Mir
399:August 2020
310:rendezvous.
195:Buzz Aldrin
44:rangefinder
3425:Categories
3293:Mechanisms
3058:Rendezvous
2754:Parameters
2590:High Earth
2560:Geocentric
2513:Osculating
2470:Elliptical
1812:"Soyuz 11"
1554:"Gemini 4"
1398:References
1316:Surveyor 3
1294:Surveyor 3
1265:vehicles.
1244:orthogonal
1172:rotational
1051:, and the
969:newspapers
897:April 2010
843:improve it
543:Space Race
464:Cosmos 188
460:Cosmos 186
369:newspapers
262:now uses."
133:spacecraft
3379:Canadarm2
3103:Ephemeris
3080:mechanics
2990:Maneuvers
2933:Variation
2696:Libration
2691:Lissajous
2595:Low Earth
2585:Graveyard
2484:Horseshoe
2234:March 17,
2089:August 3,
1985:April 29,
1304:Apollo 12
1290:Apollo 12
1261:, and of
1255:Astrotech
1175:maneuvers
849:talk page
661:Canadarm2
510:mission.
55:Endeavour
37:Astronaut
3374:Canadarm
3261:Adapters
2869:Position
2494:Inclined
2465:Circular
2368:Archived
2303:Archived
2283:Archived
2228:Archived
2183:Archived
2181:. NASA.
2076:64002452
2008:Archived
2006:. NASA.
1979:Archived
1946:Archived
1923:April 9,
1917:Archived
1887:Archived
1863:) 2000,
1841:June 13,
1835:Archived
1785:Archived
1693:Archived
1665:Archived
1647:April 9,
1641:Archived
1611:Archived
1586:April 9,
1580:Archived
1534:Archived
1484:Archived
1457:Archived
1322:See also
1205:parallel
758:Saturn V
584:Salyut 1
580:Soyuz 11
523:Salyut 6
519:Soyuz 27
515:Soyuz 26
501:Apollo 9
445:Gemini 8
294:Gemini 7
290:Gemini 6
265:—
219:Gemini 4
193:In 1963
79:Columbia
58:and the
3078:Orbital
3048:Phasing
3008:Delta-v
2813:Apsides
2807:,
2605:Molniya
2523:Parking
2460:Capture
2448:General
2380:. NASA.
2328:Bibcode
2143:Bibcode
2113:horizon
2107:is the
2056:Bibcode
2017:July 7,
1977:. ESA.
1955:May 16,
1893:May 15,
1216:STS-104
1153:Docking
1096:>2 λ
983:scholar
883:Please
744:In the
726:to the
712:CX-OLEV
651:(HTV),
598:, with
490:Soyuz 5
486:Soyuz 4
479:Soyuz 2
475:Soyuz 3
383:scholar
166:History
42:uses a
3394:Lyappa
3326:Gemini
3305:Apollo
2734:Other
2635:Tundra
2503:Kepler
2479:Escape
2432:orbits
2074:
2054:: 20.
1867:
1859:
1777:
1490:May 4,
1449:
1418:
1078:Phase
985:
978:
971:
964:
956:
809:Snoopy
693:STS-49
655:, and
596:Skylab
592:Salyut
572:Spektr
559:Spektr
385:
378:
371:
364:
356:
260:Apollo
174:, the
172:Vostok
3320:FREND
3276:(PMA)
3270:(IDA)
2976:Epoch
2765:Shape
2703:Lunar
2657:Mars
2649:About
2620:Polar
2440:Types
2265:(PDF)
2254:(PDF)
2083:(PDF)
2072:S2CID
2044:(PDF)
2011:(PDF)
2004:(PDF)
1949:(PDF)
1942:(PDF)
1696:(PDF)
1685:(PDF)
1517:(PDF)
1510:(PDF)
1232:PMA-2
990:JSTOR
976:books
621:Soyuz
390:JSTOR
376:books
141:orbit
72:Eagle
52:
3399:TORU
3389:Kurs
3384:Igla
3358:USIS
3353:SSVP
3336:IBDM
3331:IDSS
3300:APAS
2768:Size
2707:Sun
2686:Halo
2538:semi
2344:2011
2236:2009
2191:2011
2091:2019
2052:5088
2019:2017
1987:2021
1957:2020
1925:2018
1895:2017
1865:ISBN
1857:ISBN
1843:2020
1793:2020
1775:ISBN
1747:2021
1739:NASA
1721:2021
1649:2018
1619:2018
1588:2018
1492:2012
1465:2016
1447:ISBN
1416:ISBN
1170:and
962:news
819:ISS.
699:F-3
677:Moon
623:and
554:Mir'
529:Uses
517:and
488:and
462:and
362:news
227:NASA
3341:NDS
2543:sub
2455:Box
2387:by
2151:doi
2117:LEO
2105:max
2064:doi
1116:max
1114:2 λ
1098:max
945:by
887:to
687:in
629:Mir
601:Mir
345:by
252:MSC
248:GPO
246:As
3427::
2891:,
2887:,
2496:/
2472:/
2322:.
2256:.
2177:.
2165:^
2149:.
2139:11
2137:.
2133:.
2070:.
2062:.
2046:.
2027:^
1965:^
1944:.
1915:.
1911:.
1795:.
1783:.
1737:.
1712:.
1687:.
1639:.
1635:.
1609:.
1605:.
1578:.
1574:.
1545:^
1482:.
1455:.
852:.
782:,
734:.
707:.
556:s
120:uː
114:eɪ
86:A
3228:e
3221:t
3214:v
3139:n
2971:0
2968:t
2958:v
2949:n
2940:T
2920:l
2911:L
2902:E
2893:f
2889:θ
2885:ν
2876:M
2856:ϖ
2847:ω
2838:Ω
2829:i
2809:q
2805:Q
2796:b
2787:a
2778:e
2423:e
2416:t
2409:v
2346:.
2330::
2238:.
2193:.
2159:.
2153::
2145::
2103:λ
2093:.
2066::
2058::
2021:.
1989:.
1959:.
1927:.
1897:.
1845:.
1749:.
1723:.
1651:.
1621:.
1590:.
1494:.
1467:.
1424:.
1030:)
1024:(
1012:)
1006:(
1001:)
997:(
987:·
980:·
973:·
966:·
939:.
910:)
904:(
899:)
895:(
881:.
859:)
855:(
574:.
412:)
406:(
401:)
397:(
387:·
380:·
373:·
366:·
339:.
123:/
117:v
111:d
108:n
105:ɒ
102:r
99:ˈ
96:/
92:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
