19:
27:
54:
726:, had become a major supply depot for the Confederate army. After the Battle of Honey Springs, General Cooper retreated to Perryville, where his troops could be resupplied. General Blunt, who had returned to Fort Gibson, learned that the Confederates had regrouped there and believed his troops could capture the depot and destroy Cooper's forces. Blunt reassembled a force and led them to Perryville. Arriving there on August 23, 1863, he found that the Confederate commanders, Cooper and Watie, had already left for
833:
603:
761:. The Union Army claimed victory because 49 Confederates were killed, while the Union forces suffered no deaths. The encounter had no strategic impact on the outcome of the Civil War. This was the last significant skirmish of the war in Indian Territory. It was a defeat for the Confederates, but the mistreatment of civilians and killings of wounded soldiers by the Union troops strengthened the resolve of Confederates and their sympathizers to continue the fight.
813:
General Stand Watie, which attacked only objectives having military value. They destroyed only houses and barns used by Union troops as headquarters, for quartering troops or for storing supplies. Watie also targeted military supply trains because that not only deprived the Union troops of food, forage and ammunition but gave significant amounts of other booty that he could distribute to his men. One of Watie's most notable successes during this time was the
4525:
1869:
4583:
4535:
734:, remained at Perryville. Blunt attacked under cover of darkness and the two sides exchanged artillery fire. The Union forces quickly scattered the Confederates, who eventually retreated again, leaving their supplies behind. Blunt's forces captured whatever supplies they could use, then burned the town. Instead of following the retreating Confederates southwest toward Boggy Depot, Blunt proceeded to attack
849:
776:
594:, who fought at Pea Ridge, and other officers operating out of the Indian Territory had to fight on without support. The Union army recaptured its forts in the territory, but was forced to temporarily abandon them when faced with ongoing raids by Stand Watie; later the Union recaptured them again. Stand Watie was the last Confederate commander in the field to surrender.
696:, who commanded a force of 3,000–6,000 men composed primarily of Native Americans. Cooper's troops became unorganized and retreated when wet gunpowder caused misfires and rain hampered their movements. The battle was the largest of the war in the Indian Territory. Following the battle, which essentially secured the Indian Territory for the Union,
539:
their own farms because of raids by pro-Confederacy
Indians and fled to Kansas or Missouri, seeking protection from better-organized Union forces there. The Union did not have enough troops to control the few roads, and it was not feasible to sustain a large military operation by living off the land. This was demonstrated in 1862 when General
639:, causing the Confederates stationed there to withdraw. However, the Union supply train failed to arrive and supplies of food, forage and ammunition ran low. Weer dithered about what to do next and found solace in drinking heavily. The men under his command soon mutinied, arresting Weer and putting Colonel
787:
The Second Battle of Cabin Creek was part of a plan conceived by
Confederate Brigadier General Stand Watie, who had been promoted from colonel after the First Battle of Cabin Creek. The plan was to have a Confederate force attack central Kansas from Indian Territory, raiding Union Army facilities and
622:
to lead an expedition into the Indian
Territory. The expedition included five white regiments, two Indian regiments and two artillery battalions, more than 5,000 men in all. The main objective of the expedition was to escort the Indian refugees who had fled to Kansas back to their homes in the Indian
867:
officially became the last
Confederate general to surrender on June 25, 1865. Watie went to Washington, D.C. later that year for negotiations on behalf of his tribe; as the principal chief of the pro-Confederacy group elected in 1862, he was seeking recognition of a Southern Cherokee Nation. He did
673:. Williams was alerted to the attack and, despite the waters of the creek being swelled by rain, made a successful counterattack upon the entrenched Confederate position and forced them to flee. The battle was the first in which African-American troops fought side by side with their white comrades.
756:
attacked a
Confederate outpost in the Indian Territory. The outpost was guarded by about 90 poorly armed Confederate soldiers. The outpost was located where the Dragoon Road crossed the Middle Boggy River. The Confederates resisted, holding off the Union troops for about half an hour, then fled on
538:
was unprepared for the logistical challenges of trying to regain control of the territory from the
Confederate government. The area was largely undeveloped relative to its neighbors: roads were sparse and primitive, and railroads did not yet exist in the territory. Pro-Union Indians had abandoned
812:
and his gang committed a number of raids throughout the lands of the Five
Civilized Tribes. Armed gangs known as "free raiders" mostly stole horses and cattle, while burning the communities of both Confederate and Indian supporters. A third type of marauder was the Confederate Army unit led by
373:. At the onset of war, Confederate forces took possession of the U.S. army forts in the area. In June and July 1861, Confederate officers negotiated with Native American tribes for combat support. After refusing to allow Creek lands to be annexed by the Confederacy, the Creek Principal Chief
687:
Honey
Springs Depot, a site of frequent skirmishes, was chosen by General James G. Blunt as the place to engage the largest Confederate forces in Indian Territory. Anticipating that Confederate forces under General Douglas H. Cooper would attempt to join with those under General
552:
368:
and
Arkansas, which had already joined the Confederacy. The Confederacy took an interest in the territory, seeking a possible source of food in the event of a Union blockade, a connection to western territories, and a buffer between Texas and the Union-held
692:, who was moving to attack Fort Gibson, Blunt approached Honey Springs on July 17, 1863, with a force of 3,000 men, including Native Americans and African-American former slaves. On the morning of July 17, he engaged Cooper in the
643:
in command and bringing the expedition to an end before making any further progress into Indian
Territory. The expedition encouraged the organization of three Indian Home Guard regiments in support of the Union.
472:
895:. In the early 20th century, the Cherokee Nation voted to exclude the Freedmen from the tribe, unless they also had direct descent from a Cherokee (not just a Cherokee Freedman) listed on the
240:
887:
and give them full rights as members of their respective tribes, including rights to annuities and land allocations. The Southern Cherokee had wanted the U.S. government to pay to relocate
381:, acting without the consensus of their councils, agreed to be annexed by the Confederacy in exchange for certain rights, including protection and recognition of current tribal lands.
4183:
465:
4502:
4329:
2044:
972:
Weer had been elevated to brigadier general in the Kansas militia in 1862, but was only a colonel of the 4th Kansas Volunteer Infantry at the time of the Indian Expedition.
1665:
458:
543:'s "Indian Expedition" into the Indian Territory from Kansas met with disaster when food and supplies were quickly exhausted and Union supply trains failed to arrive.
233:
666:. Both the First and Second Battles of Cabin Creek were launched by the Confederate Army to disrupt Union Army supply trains bound from Fort Scott to Fort Gibson.
364:
Before the outbreak of war, the United States government relocated all soldiers in the Indian Territory to other key areas, leaving the territory unprotected from
4012:
3467:
3462:
3472:
226:
4233:
4122:
4107:
1951:
391:
The following Indian Nations not only had suffered forced migration at the hands of the American government but signed treaties of alliance with the CSA:
4786:
3899:
3819:
2347:
1872:
938:
286:
2081:
3927:
788:
encouraging Indian tribes in western Kansas to join in an attack on the eastern part of the state. Watie presented the plan to his superior, General
266:
2342:
1325:
590:
in March 1862 established federal control of Arkansas and Missouri and limited the Confederate government's ability to protect its Indian allies.
4117:
4092:
3894:
3802:
2352:
2086:
1658:
3944:
3587:
2976:
2855:
658:
Two military engagements were fought at the Cabin Creek Battlefield in the Cherokee Nation within Indian Territory. The location was where the
4571:
4471:
3829:
3582:
3577:
3003:
1349:
4791:
2835:
1905:
4549:
4392:
3922:
2971:
2730:
808:
From 1864 until the early summer of 1865, hostilities in the Indian Territory consisted mainly of guerrilla attacks. Confederate Colonel
1276:
1024:
Quantrill's gang later broke up into smaller groups. Quantrill himself was killed while leading a raid in western Kentucky in July 1865.
579:. On December 26, 1861, Confederate forces again attacked, this time driving Opothleyahola and his people to Kansas during a snowstorm.
384:
After reaching Kansas and Missouri, Opothleyahola and Native Americans loyal to the Union formed three volunteer regiments known as the
4486:
4349:
4334:
2381:
1651:
923:
305:
4339:
4102:
4072:
3710:
3639:
2337:
2332:
4253:
4188:
2890:
2865:
2101:
2076:
2026:
2006:
112:
107:
53:
891:
from the tribe. Later the issue of citizenship caused contention when American Indian lands were allotted to households under the
4456:
4431:
4147:
3844:
3740:
3592:
2925:
2805:
2016:
1794:
709:
507:
158:
2815:
4397:
4142:
2885:
2880:
2555:
1815:
933:
814:
385:
341:
2725:
1082:
575:, but were repulsed after several waves, leading to a Southern defeat. Opothleyahola then moved his camp to a new location at
3969:
2961:
2956:
2820:
2720:
1971:
1688:
1572:
928:
290:
270:
102:
4796:
4228:
3932:
3904:
3143:
2951:
2920:
2850:
2710:
2284:
943:
792:, on February 5, 1864. Maxey approved the plan on the condition that the attack would start by October 1, to coincide with
868:
not return home until May 1866. The US government negotiated only with the Cherokee who had supported the Union; it named
18:
4764:
4218:
4208:
3859:
3567:
2930:
2895:
2790:
2368:
1578:
1500:
1454:
117:
97:
2845:
4369:
4359:
4344:
4112:
3937:
2966:
2915:
2860:
2825:
2810:
2800:
2785:
2760:
2715:
2700:
2635:
2512:
1961:
918:
908:
353:
349:
214:
194:
153:
148:
143:
127:
82:
35:
4564:
4481:
4364:
4354:
4082:
3678:
3572:
3449:
2946:
2910:
2830:
2770:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2695:
2126:
2118:
1996:
1940:
913:
735:
567:. A total of 7,000 men, women, and children resided in his camp. A force of 1,400 Confederate soldiers under Colonel
563:
The first battle in the territory occurred on November 19, 1861. Opothleyahola rallied Indians to the Union cause at
204:
92:
87:
77:
2875:
2840:
2780:
2735:
1898:
345:
289:, the Indian Territory was the scene of numerous skirmishes and seven officially recognized battles involving both
4441:
4426:
4308:
4268:
4167:
4152:
4137:
4132:
3964:
3869:
2900:
2795:
2755:
2476:
2312:
365:
122:
4466:
3785:
3549:
2905:
2870:
2775:
2481:
2011:
1709:
1596:
Lause, Mark. Race & Radicalism in the Union Army. (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2009)
321:
872:
as the rightful principal chief (he had gone into exile in 1862 when the majority supported the Confederacy).
3824:
3745:
3562:
3028:
2486:
2294:
1087:
512:
294:
61:
31:
879:, U.S. officials forced land concessions upon the tribes; it also required the Cherokee and other tribes to
26:
4557:
4097:
3839:
3629:
3604:
3316:
2391:
2096:
2036:
1822:
1810:
770:
522:
517:
4579:
623:
Territory; a secondary objective was to hold the territory for the Union. Weer's expedition departed from
4528:
4276:
4027:
3864:
3854:
3849:
3807:
3231:
2530:
1981:
1891:
1784:
1224:
653:
497:
415:
377:
led the Creek supporters of the Union to Kansas, having to fight along the way. Leaders from each of the
1469:
989:, over 150 miles away from Weer's position. All of this had to come by wagon trains down the Texas Road.
4419:
4007:
3834:
3717:
3695:
3624:
3539:
2600:
2401:
2279:
2261:
1322:
1219:
869:
669:
In the First Battle of Cabin Creek, which occurred July 1–2, 1863, the Union escort was led by Colonel
298:
278:
1610:
4658:
4538:
4451:
4407:
4213:
3995:
3797:
3770:
3750:
3651:
3457:
3362:
2660:
2575:
2491:
2141:
2066:
1229:
1015:
The Texas Road was also known as the Osage Trace, Osage Trail, Immigrant Road and the Military Road.
4635:
4414:
4298:
4223:
4198:
4193:
4157:
4077:
3775:
3760:
3341:
2625:
2590:
2525:
2466:
2461:
2191:
1763:
1737:
1732:
731:
572:
435:
1481:
1470:
Messer, Dr. Carroll. "Battle of Middle Boggy: Phillips' Expedition of 1864 into Indian Territory."
1439:
1384:
1360:
1292:
1261:
1134:
4402:
4022:
3990:
3985:
3683:
3656:
3048:
2545:
2535:
2307:
2302:
2156:
1842:
1789:
876:
693:
682:
502:
313:
209:
635:
for two weeks, waiting for a Union supply train. One detachment from the main force moved on to
304:
Most tribal leaders in Indian Territory aligned with the Confederacy. A total of at least 7,860
4641:
4601:
4387:
4087:
3661:
3251:
3088:
3063:
2595:
2496:
2411:
2151:
2060:
1758:
1742:
1003:
999:
841:
747:
632:
628:
624:
576:
38:
of Missouri and Kentucky which both had Confederate state governments as well as Unionist, the
4747:
4711:
4303:
4203:
4017:
3666:
3619:
3529:
3497:
3204:
3194:
2640:
2630:
2615:
2565:
2520:
2176:
2161:
2054:
1847:
1643:
1405:
1059:
719:
715:
670:
378:
317:
1600:
Slavery in the Cherokee Nation: The Keetowah Society and the Defining of a People, 1855–1867
836:
42 years after the end of the Civil War, Indian Territory entered the Union as the State of
4741:
4723:
4717:
4461:
4313:
4286:
3755:
3534:
3517:
3174:
2670:
2655:
2650:
2620:
2605:
2585:
2203:
2107:
1991:
689:
1624:
Contested Territory: Whites, Native Americans and African Americans in Oklahoma, 1865–1907
1460:
Gibson, Arrell Morgan. p.70. 1984. Available on Google Books.Retrieved September 21, 2014.
855:(Choctaw) sought reconciliation and led his tribe's delegation to sign the Treaty of 1866.
8:
4729:
4587:
4446:
4238:
4127:
4001:
3646:
3599:
3346:
3306:
3291:
3184:
3033:
2705:
2665:
2540:
2501:
2471:
2426:
2386:
1986:
1976:
948:
663:
583:
450:
174:
39:
1400:
1054:
4676:
4629:
4624:
4292:
4162:
3688:
3673:
3554:
3512:
3484:
3321:
3286:
3133:
3093:
2610:
2580:
2570:
2446:
2441:
2421:
2416:
2396:
2146:
2049:
1966:
1914:
1852:
1638:"The Prairie Was on Fire": Eyewitness Accounts of the Civil War in the Indian Territory
986:
953:
587:
282:
254:
67:
3266:
1310:
Combat, Supply and the Influence of Logistics During the Civil War in Indian Territory
1193:
4699:
4534:
3790:
3392:
3326:
3261:
3164:
3083:
3043:
2645:
2451:
2406:
2021:
1693:
1568:
1149:
888:
809:
697:
640:
568:
556:
4670:
4652:
3402:
3271:
3241:
3236:
3169:
3108:
3103:
3058:
2560:
2550:
2456:
2436:
2431:
2181:
2171:
2131:
1768:
982:
892:
400:
309:
262:
199:
4476:
3765:
3614:
3507:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3367:
3336:
3246:
3189:
3179:
3138:
2166:
2136:
1956:
1329:
793:
789:
700:
became the primary means of engagement between opposing forces in the territory.
564:
395:
4682:
4647:
3544:
3492:
3331:
3296:
3256:
3148:
3128:
3123:
3078:
2357:
2198:
2186:
797:
615:
607:
534:
After abandoning its forts in the Indian Territory early in the Civil War, the
405:
274:
4780:
3812:
3412:
3407:
3397:
3372:
3281:
3276:
3118:
3113:
3098:
3068:
3038:
2376:
2001:
602:
440:
374:
297:
and Native Americans loyal to the United States government, as well as other
1108:
832:
4607:
4281:
4258:
4248:
4243:
3780:
3722:
3634:
3609:
3522:
3502:
3301:
3199:
852:
758:
619:
540:
425:
410:
333:
3053:
2091:
2071:
896:
864:
860:
780:
752:
On February 13, 1864, a force of about 350 Union troops supported by two
727:
636:
591:
34:
including the mostly Union-aligned but deeply divided and split southern
4436:
3311:
3073:
2274:
2269:
1591:
880:
821:
723:
659:
535:
344:
to serve in the Indian Territory and occasionally in adjacent areas of
840:. However, American Indians would not become full U.S. citizens until
4735:
3700:
1883:
1033:
The free raiders were mostly outcasts from the Five Civilized Tribes.
325:
4705:
4582:
3705:
837:
753:
420:
337:
258:
43:
329:
820:
in September 1864. Watie surrendered, along with his troops, at
4503:
List of films and television shows about the American Civil War
1551:
The Civil War and the Subversion of American Indian Sovereignty
1505:. p. 73. Available on Google Books. Retrieved January 11, 2015.
884:
848:
430:
370:
1673:
985:, while animal feed and other supplies had to be carried from
775:
1586:
Gibson, Arrell Morgan. "Native Americans and the Civil War,"
2225:
1124:. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 4.
1283:
1995. Available on Google Books. Accessed October 15, 2015.
551:
1617:
When the Wolf Came: The Civil War and the Indian Territory
730:. Only a small rear guard, commanded by Brigadier General
480:
1605:
Smith, Troy. "The Civil War Comes to Indian Territory,"
1565:
A South Divided: Portraits of Dissent in the Confederacy
1350:""The Second Battle of Cabin Creek." Hancock, Marvin J,
631:
in Indian Territory on July 3. The expedition camped at
316:, as both officers and enlisted men; most came from the
273:
tribes and was occupied mostly by tribes which had been
1316:
340:
nations. The Union organized several regiments of the
559:
commanded Confederate forces in the Indian Territory
939:
Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War
662:crossed Cabin Creek, near the present-day town of
610:, commander of U.S. forces in the Indian Territory
388:. It fought in the Indian Territory and Arkansas.
1179:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 117–120.
4778:
4189:Confederate States presidential election of 1861
1150:"Union and Confederate Indians in the Civil War"
1102:
764:
4013:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.
1553:(McFarland &Company, Inc. Publishers 2017)
1482:Steven L. Warren, "Middle Boggy, Battle of,"
1344:
1342:
1255:
1137:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture
647:
4565:
1899:
1659:
1560:, Chapter 1. 1995. Available on Google Books.
1387:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
1083:"How the US Civil War Divided Indian Nations"
466:
234:
1619:(University of Arkansas Press, 2013), 404 pp
1484:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
1443:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
1432:
1385:Steven L. Warren, "Cabin Creek, Battles of"
1334:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
1312:, University of Central Oklahoma, p. 57
1295:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
1264:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
1262:Tom Franzmann, "Indian Expedition of 1862."
597:
359:
1339:
783:, the last Confederate general to surrender
4787:Indian Territory in the American Civil War
4572:
4558:
1906:
1892:
1675:Indian Territory in the American Civil War
1666:
1652:
1495:
1493:
1293:John D. May, "Locust Grove, Battle of",
1194:"United States Volunteers – Indian Troops"
924:Native Americans in the American Civil War
738:, which he captured on September 1, 1863.
676:
473:
459:
241:
227:
1286:
741:
269:that had been set aside specifically for
2102:Treatment of slaves in the United States
1475:
1472:May 17, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
1270:
847:
831:
774:
601:
550:
257:, most of what is now the U.S. state of
25:
17:
3845:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
2017:South Carolina Declaration of Secession
1490:
1080:
710:Battle of Perryville (Indian Territory)
703:
4779:
3830:Modern display of the Confederate flag
1913:
1526:
1514:
1463:
1448:
1426:
1307:
1249:
1174:
1119:
934:Indian Home Guard (American Civil War)
22:Map of the unorganized territory, 1860
4553:
4048:
3437:
3001:
2224:
2027:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
1925:
1887:
1647:
1567:. Nashville: Cumberland House, 2007.
1188:
1186:
1177:Oklahoma, a History of Five Centuries
929:Confederate Units of Indian Territory
454:
1544:The Cherokee Nation in the Civil War
1135:Tom Franzmann. "Indian Home Guard."
1122:The Cherokee Nation in the Civil War
1109:American Civil War Resource Database
1081:Pollard, Bryan (November 23, 2020).
944:Conclusion of the American Civil War
803:
4792:Native American history of Oklahoma
4184:Committee on the Conduct of the War
3860:United Daughters of the Confederacy
1640:(Oklahoma Historical Society, 2001)
1626:(Louisiana State Univ. Press, 2000)
1378:
714:Perryville, a town halfway between
546:
42:, and allied tribes in present-day
13:
4254:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864
4049:
3593:impeachment managers investigation
1972:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1630:
1536:
1183:
1006:counties in northeastern Oklahoma.
919:Seminole in the American Civil War
909:Cherokee in the American Civil War
627:and met with early success at the
582:The decisive Union victory at the
555:Colonel (later Brigadier General)
277:from their ancestral lands in the
14:
4808:
3679:Reconstruction military districts
2127:Abolitionism in the United States
2082:Plantations in the American South
1997:Origins of the American Civil War
1558:Civil War in the Indian Territory
1279:Civil War in the Indian Territory
914:Choctaw in the American Civil War
4581:
4533:
4524:
4523:
3662:Enforcement Act of February 1871
3635:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867
1868:
1867:
52:
4447:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864
4309:When Johnny Comes Marching Home
3870:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
1848:Indian Council at Camp Napoleon
1520:
1508:
1445:, 2009. Accessed March 1, 2015.
1420:
1401:"Battle Summary: Honey Springs"
1393:
1301:
1243:
1027:
1018:
1009:
992:
981:Ammunition had to be sent from
975:
966:
3550:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
1546:(Univ.of Oklahoma Press, 2007)
1486:. Retrieved February 28, 2015.
1389:. Regtrieved December 30, 2014
1354:. Retrieved September 5, 2014"
1336:. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
1212:
1168:
1142:
1128:
1113:
1074:
1047:
1:
3965:Ladies' Memorial Associations
3667:Enforcement Act of April 1871
3563:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
3438:
1609:(Sept 2013) 59#3 pp 279–319
1590:(1985) 9#4 pp. 385–410
1323:"Indian Expedition of 1862."
1055:"Civil War Sites in Oklahoma"
1040:
998:The site lies in present-day
295:Confederate States of America
4098:Confederate revolving cannon
3840:Sons of Confederate Veterans
3711:South Carolina riots of 1876
3689:Indian Council at Fort Smith
3640:South Carolina riots of 1876
3605:Knights of the White Camelia
2097:Slavery in the United States
1853:Indian Council at Fort Smith
1267:. Accessed October 15, 2015.
827:
771:Second Battle of Cabin Creek
765:Second Battle of Cabin Creek
446:
7:
4797:American Civil War by state
4452:New York City riots of 1863
4277:Battle Hymn of the Republic
4028:United Confederate Veterans
3865:Children of the Confederacy
3855:United Confederate Veterans
3850:Southern Historical Society
3002:
2482:Price's Missouri Expedition
1952:Timeline leading to the War
1926:
1710:Price's Missouri Expedition
1225:Oklahoma Historical Society
902:
796:already planned by General
654:First Battle of Cabin Creek
648:First Battle of Cabin Creek
10:
4813:
4420:Confederate Secret Service
4008:Grand Army of the Republic
3900:Grand Army of the Republic
3718:Southern Claims Commission
863:in Choctaw lands, General
768:
745:
707:
680:
651:
279:Southeastern United States
4757:
4692:
4659:Antelope Hills Expedition
4617:
4594:
4519:
4495:
4408:Confederate States dollar
4380:
4322:
4267:
4219:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863
4214:Emancipation Proclamation
4176:
4108:Medal of Honor recipients
4065:
4061:
4044:
3996:Confederate Memorial Hall
3978:
3957:
3915:
3887:
3878:
3798:Confederate Memorial Hall
3771:Confederate History Month
3751:Civil War Discovery Trail
3731:
3652:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
3483:
3458:Reconstruction Amendments
3448:
3444:
3433:
3355:
3224:
3217:
3157:
3021:
3014:
3010:
2997:
2939:
2686:
2679:
2510:
2366:
2325:
2293:
2260:
2253:
2249:
2220:
2117:
2067:Emancipation Proclamation
2035:
1936:
1932:
1921:
1863:
1835:
1803:
1777:
1751:
1725:
1718:
1702:
1681:
1588:American Indian Quarterly
1308:Harris, Jason T. (2008),
1297:Retrieved April 13, 2013.
1230:Oklahoma State University
1120:Confer, Clarissa (2007).
598:Indian Expedition of 1862
493:
360:Native American alliances
287:Trans-Mississippi Theater
4482:U.S. Sanitary Commission
4393:Battlefield preservation
4299:Marching Through Georgia
4224:Hampton Roads Conference
4199:Confiscation Act of 1862
4194:Confiscation Act of 1861
3970:U.S. national cemeteries
3776:Confederate Memorial Day
3761:Civil War Trails Program
3630:New Orleans riot of 1866
1440:"Perryville, Battle of,"
959:
815:ambush of the steamboat
573:Battle of Round Mountain
301:and Confederate troops.
285:of 1830. As part of the
4403:Confederate war finance
4023:Southern Cross of Honor
3991:1938 Gettysburg reunion
3986:1913 Gettysburg reunion
3684:Reconstruction Treaties
3657:Enforcement Act of 1870
3540:Freedman's Savings Bank
2157:Lane Debates on Slavery
1982:Lincoln–Douglas debates
1580:The History of Oklahoma
1577:Gibson, Arnell Morgan.
1502:The History of Oklahoma
1499:Gibson, Arnell Morgan.
1456:The History of Oklahoma
1175:Gibson, Arrell (1981).
877:Reconstruction Treaties
694:Battle of Honey Springs
683:Battle of Honey Springs
677:Battle of Honey Springs
614:In 1862, Union General
4642:Cutthroat Gap Massacre
4462:Richmond riots of 1863
4388:Baltimore riot of 1861
4168:U.S. Military Railroad
4088:Confederate Home Guard
3820:Historiographic issues
3786:Historical reenactment
2285:Revenue Cutter Service
2152:William Lloyd Garrison
2061:Dred Scott v. Sandford
1352:Chronicles of Oklahoma
1328:July 28, 2010, at the
856:
845:
784:
748:Battle of Middle Boggy
742:Battle of Middle Boggy
629:Battle of Locust Grove
625:Baxter Springs, Kansas
611:
560:
482:Operations to Control
261:was designated as the
46:
23:
4748:Oklahoma City bombing
4712:Crazy Snake Rebellion
4610:(9th–15th century CE)
4604:(11th millennium BCE)
4595:Prior to 19th century
4427:Great Revival of 1863
4304:Maryland, My Maryland
4093:Confederate railroads
3756:Civil War Roundtables
3625:Meridian riot of 1871
3620:Memphis riots of 1866
2177:George Luther Stearns
2162:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
2055:Crittenden Compromise
1406:National Park Service
1060:National Park Service
851:
835:
794:an attack on Missouri
778:
671:James Monroe Williams
605:
554:
379:Five Civilized Tribes
318:Five Civilized Tribes
291:Native American units
29:
21:
4742:Red River Bridge War
4724:Osage Indian murders
4718:Green Corn Rebellion
4636:Comanche–Mexico Wars
4314:Daar kom die Alibama
4229:National Union Party
3905:memorials to Lincoln
3825:Lost Cause mythology
3530:Eufaula riot of 1874
3518:Confederate refugees
2731:District of Columbia
2358:Union naval blockade
2204:Underground Railroad
1992:Nullification crisis
1542:Confer, Clarissa W.
1220:"Civil War Refugees"
704:Battle of Perryville
436:Seneca–Cayuga Nation
312:participated in the
4730:Tulsa race massacre
4588:History of Oklahoma
4472:Supreme Court cases
4239:Radical Republicans
4018:Old soldiers' homes
4002:Confederate Veteran
3928:artworks in Capitol
3647:Reconstruction acts
3508:Colfax riot of 1873
2472:Richmond-Petersburg
2077:Fugitive slave laws
2007:Popular sovereignty
1987:Missouri Compromise
1977:Kansas-Nebraska Act
1622:Wickett, Murray R.
1198:civilwararchive.com
1156:. February 16, 2002
949:History of Oklahoma
664:Big Cabin, Oklahoma
584:Battle of Pea Ridge
4677:Oklahoma Territory
4630:Arkansas Territory
4625:Louisiana Purchase
4293:A Lincoln Portrait
4234:Politicians killed
4158:U.S. Balloon Corps
4153:Union corps badges
3933:memorials to Davis
3803:Disenfranchisement
3674:Reconstruction era
3555:Timber Culture Act
3513:Compromise of 1877
2477:Franklin–Nashville
2147:Frederick Douglass
2050:Cornerstone Speech
1967:Compromise of 1850
1915:American Civil War
1811:Middle Boggy Depot
1615:Warde, Mary Jane.
1563:Downing, David C.
1429:, pp. 122–125
1200:. January 28, 2008
954:Oklahoma Territory
857:
846:
824:on June 23, 1865.
785:
779:Brigadier General
612:
588:northwest Arkansas
561:
523:Second Cabin Creek
518:Middle Boggy Depot
283:Indian Removal Act
267:unorganized region
265:. It served as an
255:American Civil War
68:American Civil War
62:Confederate States
47:
32:Confederate States
24:
4774:
4773:
4706:State of Oklahoma
4700:State of Sequoyah
4602:Cooper Bison Kill
4547:
4546:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4345:Italian Americans
4330:African Americans
4287:John Brown's Body
4040:
4039:
4036:
4035:
3953:
3952:
3791:Robert E. Lee Day
3535:Freedmen's Bureau
3498:Brooks–Baxter War
3429:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3213:
3212:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2402:Northern Virginia
2348:Trans-Mississippi
2321:
2320:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2108:Uncle Tom's Cabin
2045:African Americans
1881:
1880:
1831:
1830:
1607:Civil War History
1602:(Routledge, 2003)
1573:978-1-58182-587-9
1556:Cottrell, Steve.
1549:Connole, Joseph.
1277:Cottrell, Steve.
889:Cherokee Freedmen
810:William Quantrill
804:Guerrilla warfare
698:guerrilla warfare
641:Frederick Salomon
569:Douglas H. Cooper
557:Douglas H. Cooper
531:
530:
498:First Cabin Creek
386:Indian Home Guard
342:Indian Home Guard
251:
250:
175:Arizona Territory
40:Arizona Territory
4804:
4671:Washita Massacre
4653:Indian Territory
4586:
4585:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4551:
4550:
4537:
4527:
4526:
4350:Native Americans
4335:German Americans
4128:Partisan rangers
4123:Official Records
4063:
4062:
4046:
4045:
3938:memorials to Lee
3885:
3884:
3446:
3445:
3435:
3434:
3222:
3221:
3019:
3018:
3012:
3011:
2999:
2998:
2972:Washington, D.C.
2766:Indian Territory
2726:Dakota Territory
2684:
2683:
2601:Chancellorsville
2392:Jackson's Valley
2382:Blockade runners
2258:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2222:
2221:
2182:Thaddeus Stevens
2172:Lysander Spooner
2132:Susan B. Anthony
1934:
1933:
1923:
1922:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1885:
1884:
1871:
1870:
1769:Tonkawa Massacre
1723:
1722:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1517:, p. 9, 158
1512:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1452:
1446:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1397:
1391:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1365:
1359:. Archived from
1358:
1346:
1337:
1332:Franzmann, Tom.
1320:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1299:
1290:
1284:
1274:
1268:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1154:civilwarhome.com
1146:
1140:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1051:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1007:
996:
990:
983:Fort Leavenworth
979:
973:
970:
893:Dawes Commission
618:ordered Colonel
547:Military actions
513:Devil's Backbone
488:
486:
485:Indian Territory
475:
468:
461:
452:
451:
401:Chickasaw Nation
314:Confederate Army
310:Indian Territory
306:Native Americans
293:allied with the
263:Indian Territory
243:
236:
229:
186:Indian Territory
183:Allied tribes in
136:Dual governments
56:
49:
48:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4753:
4688:
4613:
4590:
4580:
4578:
4548:
4543:
4507:
4491:
4376:
4340:Irish Americans
4318:
4263:
4172:
4163:U.S. Home Guard
4103:Field artillery
4057:
4056:
4032:
3974:
3949:
3911:
3880:
3874:
3766:Civil War Trust
3733:
3727:
3615:Ethnic violence
3600:Kirk–Holden war
3479:
3440:
3417:
3351:
3209:
3153:
3006:
2981:
2935:
2688:
2675:
2506:
2487:Sherman's March
2467:Bermuda Hundred
2362:
2317:
2289:
2245:
2244:
2208:
2167:J. Sella Martin
2137:James G. Birney
2113:
2031:
1957:Bleeding Kansas
1945:
1928:
1917:
1912:
1882:
1877:
1859:
1827:
1799:
1773:
1747:
1714:
1698:
1677:
1672:
1636:Edwards, Whit.
1633:
1631:Primary sources
1539:
1537:Further reading
1534:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1498:
1491:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1453:
1449:
1438:Edwards, Whit.
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1366:on May 12, 2013
1363:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1330:Wayback Machine
1321:
1317:
1306:
1302:
1291:
1287:
1275:
1271:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1129:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
997:
993:
980:
976:
971:
967:
962:
905:
875:As part of the
830:
806:
790:Samuel B. Maxey
773:
767:
750:
744:
712:
706:
685:
679:
656:
650:
600:
549:
532:
527:
489:
484:
481:
479:
449:
421:Comanche Nation
416:Seminole Nation
396:Cherokee Nation
362:
271:Native American
247:
184:
74:
66:
64:
12:
11:
5:
4810:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4745:
4739:
4733:
4727:
4721:
4715:
4709:
4703:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4680:
4674:
4668:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4648:Indian Removal
4645:
4639:
4633:
4627:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4605:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4591:
4577:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4554:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4531:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4487:Women soldiers
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4442:Naming the war
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4273:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4078:Campaign Medal
4075:
4069:
4067:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4053:Related topics
4050:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3891:
3889:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3781:Decoration Day
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3737:
3735:
3734:Reconstruction
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3588:second inquiry
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3552:
3545:Homestead Acts
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3493:Alabama Claims
3489:
3487:
3485:Reconstruction
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3473:15th Amendment
3470:
3468:14th Amendment
3465:
3463:13th Amendment
3454:
3452:
3442:
3441:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3094:J. E. Johnston
3091:
3089:A. S. Johnston
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3029:R. H. Anderson
3025:
3023:
3016:
3008:
3007:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2891:South Carolina
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2866:North Carolina
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2591:Fredericksburg
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2531:Wilson's Creek
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2343:Lower Seaboard
2340:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2199:Harriet Tubman
2196:
2195:
2194:
2187:Charles Sumner
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2022:States' rights
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1843:Reconstruction
1839:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1817:J. R. Williams
1813:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1738:Chusto-Talasah
1735:
1733:Round Mountain
1729:
1727:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1584:
1575:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1489:
1474:
1462:
1447:
1431:
1419:
1392:
1377:
1338:
1315:
1300:
1285:
1269:
1254:
1242:
1211:
1182:
1167:
1141:
1127:
1112:
1101:
1073:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1008:
991:
974:
964:
963:
961:
958:
957:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
904:
901:
842:17 years later
829:
826:
805:
802:
798:Sterling Price
769:Main article:
766:
763:
746:Main article:
743:
740:
732:William Steele
708:Main article:
705:
702:
690:William Cabell
681:Main article:
678:
675:
652:Main article:
649:
646:
616:James G. Blunt
608:James G. Blunt
606:Major General
599:
596:
571:initiated the
548:
545:
529:
528:
526:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
494:
491:
490:
478:
477:
470:
463:
455:
448:
445:
444:
443:
441:Shawnee Nation
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
406:Choctaw Nation
403:
398:
361:
358:
281:following the
249:
248:
246:
245:
238:
231:
223:
220:
219:
218:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
189:
188:
180:
179:
178:
177:
169:
168:
164:
163:
162:
161:
156:
151:
146:
138:
137:
133:
132:
131:
130:
125:
120:
115:
113:South Carolina
110:
108:North Carolina
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
71:
70:
58:
57:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4809:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4575:
4570:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4530:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4457:Photographers
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4432:Gender issues
4430:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4259:War Democrats
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4249:Union Leagues
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4148:Turning point
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4118:Naval battles
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3881:and memorials
3877:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3741:Commemoration
3739:
3738:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:first inquiry
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3503:Carpetbaggers
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3432:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2926:West Virginia
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2846:New Hampshire
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2806:Massachusetts
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:Hampton Roads
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:Fort Donelson
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2432:Morgan's Raid
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2377:Anaconda Plan
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2353:Pacific Coast
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2087:Positive good
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:Panic of 1857
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1962:Border states
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1874:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:Honey Springs
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1529:, p. 156
1528:
1523:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1494:
1487:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1381:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1345:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1311:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1252:, p. 121
1251:
1246:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1178:
1171:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1116:
1110:
1105:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1077:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1030:
1021:
1012:
1005:
1001:
995:
988:
984:
978:
969:
965:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
900:
899:(1902–1906).
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
866:
862:
854:
850:
843:
839:
834:
825:
823:
819:
818:
817:J.R. Williams
811:
801:
799:
795:
791:
782:
777:
772:
762:
760:
755:
749:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
711:
701:
699:
695:
691:
684:
674:
672:
667:
665:
661:
655:
645:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
621:
617:
609:
604:
595:
593:
589:
585:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
558:
553:
544:
542:
537:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
503:Honey Springs
501:
499:
496:
495:
492:
487:
476:
471:
469:
464:
462:
457:
456:
453:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
431:Quapaw Nation
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
392:
389:
387:
382:
380:
376:
375:Opothleyahola
372:
367:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
244:
239:
237:
232:
230:
225:
224:
222:
221:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
192:
191:
190:
187:
182:
181:
176:
173:
172:
171:
170:
166:
165:
160:
159:West Virginia
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
141:
140:
139:
135:
134:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
75:
73:
72:
69:
63:
60:
59:
55:
51:
50:
45:
41:
37:
36:border states
33:
28:
20:
16:
4758:21st century
4693:20th century
4664:
4638:(1821–1870s)
4618:19th century
4608:Spiro Mounds
4398:Bibliography
4381:Other topics
4323:By ethnicity
4291:
4244:Trent Affair
4143:Signal Corps
4000:
3723:White League
3610:Ku Klux Klan
3523:Confederados
3450:Constitution
3322:D. D. Porter
3175:Breckinridge
2886:Rhode Island
2881:Pennsylvania
2765:
2636:Spotsylvania
2596:Stones River
2576:2nd Bull Run
2526:1st Bull Run
2412:Stones River
2313:Marine Corps
2280:Marine Corps
2119:Abolitionism
2106:
2059:
1816:
1759:Locust Grove
1743:Chustenahlah
1674:
1637:
1623:
1616:
1606:
1599:
1587:
1579:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1522:
1510:
1501:
1483:
1477:
1465:
1455:
1450:
1442:
1434:
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1404:
1395:
1386:
1380:
1370:December 30,
1368:. Retrieved
1361:the original
1351:
1333:
1318:
1309:
1303:
1294:
1288:
1281:, Chapter 1.
1278:
1272:
1263:
1257:
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1223:
1214:
1202:. Retrieved
1197:
1176:
1170:
1158:. Retrieved
1153:
1144:
1136:
1130:
1121:
1115:
1104:
1092:. Retrieved
1086:
1076:
1064:. Retrieved
1058:
1049:
1029:
1020:
1011:
994:
977:
968:
874:
858:
853:Allen Wright
816:
807:
786:
759:Fort Washita
757:foot toward
751:
713:
686:
668:
657:
633:Locust Grove
620:William Weer
613:
581:
562:
541:William Weer
533:
483:
426:Osage Nation
411:Creek Nation
390:
383:
363:
303:
252:
185:
15:
4679:(1890–1907)
4667:(1861–1865)
4655:(1834–1907)
4632:(1819−1824)
4204:Copperheads
3916:Confederate
3808:Black Codes
3134:E. K. Smith
3015:Confederate
2962:New Orleans
2957:Chattanooga
2821:Mississippi
2721:Connecticut
2689:territories
2680:Involvement
2641:Cold Harbor
2631:Fort Pillow
2621:Chattanooga
2616:Chickamauga
2566:Seven Pines
2556:New Orleans
2521:Fort Sumter
2462:Valley 1864
2295:Confederacy
2092:Slave Power
2072:Fire-Eaters
1823:Cabin Creek
1785:Cabin Creek
1689:Confederacy
1527:Confer 2007
1515:Confer 2007
1427:Gibson 1981
1250:Gibson 1981
1088:History.com
897:Dawes Rolls
865:Stand Watie
861:Fort Towson
781:Stand Watie
728:Boggy Depot
720:Scullyville
716:Boggy Depot
637:Fort Gibson
592:Stand Watie
577:Chustenalah
253:During the
103:Mississippi
30:Map of the
4781:Categories
4765:OU Bombing
4437:Juneteenth
3958:Cemeteries
3835:Red Shirts
3746:Centennial
3696:Red Shirts
3104:Longstreet
3034:Beauregard
2977:Winchester
2952:Charleston
2921:Washington
2856:New Mexico
2851:New Jersey
2711:California
2687:States and
2671:Five Forks
2656:Mobile Bay
2626:Wilderness
2606:Gettysburg
2586:Perryville
2571:Seven Days
2502:Appomattox
2427:Gettysburg
2387:New Mexico
2254:Combatants
2229:Combatants
2142:John Brown
1795:Perryville
1764:Fort Wayne
1682:Combatants
1412:August 10,
1235:August 10,
1204:August 10,
1160:August 10,
1094:August 29,
1066:August 10,
1041:References
987:Fort Scott
881:emancipate
822:Doaksville
736:Fort Smith
724:Texas Road
660:Texas Road
536:Union Army
508:Perryville
4736:Dust Bowl
4683:Land runs
4665:Civil War
4415:Espionage
4209:Diplomacy
4177:Political
4133:POW camps
3879:Monuments
3706:Scalawags
3701:Redeemers
3439:Aftermath
3388:Pinkerton
3327:Rosecrans
3292:McClellan
3195:Memminger
2931:Wisconsin
2896:Tennessee
2816:Minnesota
2791:Louisiana
2666:Nashville
2611:Vicksburg
2541:Pea Ridge
2492:Carolinas
2447:Red River
2442:Knoxville
2422:Tullahoma
2417:Vicksburg
2397:Peninsula
2369:campaigns
2235:Campaigns
2012:Secession
1836:Aftermath
1703:Campaigns
870:John Ross
828:Aftermath
754:howitzers
565:Deep Fork
447:Logistics
326:Chickasaw
308:from the
200:Chickasaw
167:Territory
118:Tennessee
98:Louisiana
4529:Category
4370:Seminole
4360:Cherokee
4113:Medicine
4066:Military
3979:Veterans
3813:Jim Crow
3578:timeline
3373:Ericsson
3356:Civilian
3337:Sheridan
3297:McDowell
3257:Farragut
3242:Burnside
3232:Anderson
3225:Military
3205:Stephens
3165:Benjamin
3158:Civilian
3044:Buchanan
3022:Military
2967:Richmond
2916:Virginia
2861:New York
2836:Nebraska
2826:Missouri
2811:Michigan
2801:Maryland
2786:Kentucky
2761:Illinois
2736:Delaware
2716:Colorado
2701:Arkansas
2661:Franklin
2581:Antietam
2452:Overland
2407:Maryland
2326:Theaters
2232:Theaters
1873:Category
1592:in JSTOR
1326:Archived
903:See also
838:Oklahoma
354:Arkansas
350:Missouri
338:Seminole
322:Cherokee
259:Oklahoma
215:Seminole
195:Cherokee
154:Virginia
149:Missouri
144:Kentucky
128:Virginia
83:Arkansas
44:Oklahoma
4738:(1930s)
4726:(1920s)
4685:(1890s)
4496:Related
4365:Choctaw
4355:Catawba
4138:Rations
4083:Cavalry
3945:Removal
3573:efforts
3557:of 1873
3403:Stevens
3398:Stanton
3383:Lincoln
3342:Sherman
3277:Halleck
3267:Frémont
3252:Du Pont
3190:Mallory
3149:Wheeler
3084:Jackson
3064:Forrest
3004:Leaders
2947:Atlanta
2911:Vermont
2831:Montana
2771:Indiana
2746:Georgia
2741:Florida
2706:Arizona
2696:Alabama
2646:Atlanta
2561:Corinth
2513:battles
2457:Atlanta
2437:Bristoe
2338:Western
2333:Eastern
2238:Battles
2037:Slavery
1941:Origins
1927:Origins
1719:Battles
722:on the
330:Choctaw
275:removed
205:Choctaw
93:Georgia
88:Florida
78:Alabama
65:in the
4767:(2005)
4750:(1995)
4744:(1931)
4732:(1921)
4720:(1917)
4714:(1909)
4708:(1907)
4702:(1905)
4673:(1868)
4661:(1858)
4644:(1833)
4539:Portal
4477:Tokens
3413:Welles
3393:Seward
3378:Hamlin
3347:Thomas
3282:Hooker
3247:Butler
3200:Seddon
3185:Hunter
3170:Bocock
3144:Taylor
3139:Stuart
3129:Semmes
3109:Morgan
3069:Gorgas
3049:Cooper
2940:Cities
2876:Oregon
2841:Nevada
2781:Kansas
2751:Hawaii
2651:Crater
2551:Shiloh
2511:Major
2497:Mobile
2367:Major
2241:States
2192:Caning
1611:online
1571:
885:slaves
883:their
371:Kansas
352:, and
346:Kansas
336:, and
320:: the
4282:Dixie
4269:Music
3888:Union
3732:Post-
3568:trial
3368:Chase
3363:Adams
3332:Scott
3307:Meigs
3302:Meade
3272:Grant
3262:Foote
3237:Buell
3218:Union
3180:Davis
3124:Price
3114:Mosby
3059:Ewell
3054:Early
3039:Bragg
2901:Texas
2796:Maine
2756:Idaho
2262:Union
1694:Union
1364:(PDF)
1357:(PDF)
1004:Mayes
1000:Craig
960:Notes
366:Texas
334:Creek
299:Union
210:Creek
123:Texas
4467:Salt
4073:Arms
3923:List
3895:List
3408:Wade
3317:Pope
3287:Hunt
3119:Polk
3079:Hood
3074:Hill
2906:Utah
2871:Ohio
2776:Iowa
2308:Navy
2303:Army
2275:Navy
2270:Army
1804:1864
1778:1863
1752:1862
1726:1861
1569:ISBN
1414:2008
1372:2014
1237:2008
1206:2008
1162:2008
1096:2022
1068:2008
1002:and
718:and
3312:Ord
3099:Lee
859:At
586:in
4783::
1492:^
1403:.
1341:^
1228:.
1222:.
1196:.
1185:^
1152:.
1085:.
1057:.
800:.
356:.
348:,
332:,
328:,
324:,
4573:e
4566:t
4559:v
1907:e
1900:t
1893:v
1667:e
1660:t
1653:v
1583:.
1458:.
1416:.
1374:.
1239:.
1208:.
1164:.
1098:.
1070:.
844:.
474:e
467:t
460:v
242:e
235:t
228:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_(14770606281).jpg)
.png)
