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need of frontier protection, and the loss of postal service routes under the United States government, as reasons for their separation. The ordinance proposed the question of secession to the western portions of the territory. On March 28 a second convention in present-day Tucson met and ratified the ordinance. The conventions subsequently established a provisional territorial government for the
Confederate "Territory of Arizona." Owings was elected again as provisional governor and
1876:
2496:
1864:
36:
1810:
1355:
1202:
1249:
1329:, ending with another Confederate victory and the capture of 25 men of that unit including its commander. The next day after disarming and paroling the captured New Mexican enlisted men, Coopwood retired southward along the west bank of the river with the two captured Union officers and an NCO to a camp 15 miles to the north of
1182:
convention to join the
Confederacy. On March 16 the convention adopted a secession ordinance, citing the region's common interests and geography with the Confederacy, their political sympathy with the Southern secession movement, their opposition to the "sectional" party, the "Black" Republicans, the
1013:
The political geography of the two
Arizona Territories differed in that the Confederate Arizona was approximately the southern half of the historic New Mexico Territory, while the Union-defined Arizona Territory was approximately the western half of what had been New Mexico Territory, which became
1142:
After the start of the
American Civil War, support for the Confederacy was strong in the southern part of the New Mexico Territory. Some residents felt neglected by the United States government. They worried about the lack of sufficient troops to fight the
1377:
In 1862 Baylor was ousted as governor of the territory by
President Davis, and the Confederate loss at the Battle of Glorieta Pass forced Confederate retreat from the territory. On March 30, Union forces fought a smaller engagement against a detachment of
1270:
across the border from
Mesilla. With support from the secessionist residents of Mesilla, Baylor's 2nd Texas Mounted Rifles entered the territory and took a position in the town on July 25. Union forces under Major Isaac Lynde at nearby
2112:
1408:
By July 1862, Union forces of the
California Column were approaching the territorial capital of Mesilla from the west but severe flooding of the Rio Grande barred their way and they had to divert north to Fort Thorn and the
1782:
Kiser, William S. "The
Confederate Territory of Arizona." Turmoil on the Rio Grande : History of the Mesilla Valley, 1846–1865. 175. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2011. Project MUSE. Web. 15 Nov.
1297:
On August 1, 1861, the victorious Baylor proclaimed the existence of a
Confederate Arizona Territory, which comprised the area defined in the Tucson convention the previous year. He appointed himself as permanent
943:, the Confederates had to retreat from the territory, and by July 1862, effective Confederate control of the territory had ended. Delegates to the secession convention had voted in March 1861 to secede from the
2105:
1326:
1413:
and wait two weeks for the water to fall enough for a crossing. With Canby advancing down the east bank of the Rio Grande and the loss of control of the countryside to New
Mexican guerillas after the
2098:
570:
1575:
888:
1106:
Since the proceedings of the Tucson convention were never ratified by the United States Congress, the Provisional Territory was not considered a legal entity. For a time it operated as a
1134:
1908:
2580:
1099:. Many people in the area were pro-slavery, with business connections in southern states, from which some had migrated. In addition, all of this new territory lay below the old
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563:
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1065:
In February 1858, the New Mexico territorial legislature adopted a resolution in favor of the creation of the Arizona Territory. The border was to be defined along the
881:
423:
1401:
The following month a small picket troop of the Rangers north of Tucson fought with an equally small Union cavalry patrol from the California Column in the so-called
1290:. However, his retreat came to a halt in severe heat and was overtaken by Baylor. Lynde surrendered his command without a shot fired at San Augustine Springs, in the
1275:
prepared to attack Baylor. On July 25 the two armies met outside of town at the Battle of Mesilla in a brief engagement in which the Union troops were defeated.
556:
2525:
600:
1483:. Minor resistance in Arizona continued at the partisan level, and Confederate units under the banner of Arizona fought until the end of the war in May 1865.
874:
2535:
1901:
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in West Texas. The government in exile remained in Texas for the duration of the war, although MacWillie continued to represent the territory in the
1371:
161:
1894:
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1334:
1256:
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for a few hours with the Confederates until their ammunition was depleted, forcing the Mounted Infantry to retire northward to their base at
1080:. In July 1860, the convention drafted a constitution for a "Territory of Arizona" to be organized out of the New Mexico Territory south of
2590:
1732:
1259:
primarily because it offered Confederate access to California. Consequently, it was the scene of several important battles in the war's
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1359:
833:
168:
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1344:
The proposal to organize the Confederate Territory of Arizona was passed by the Confederate Congress in early 1862 and proclaimed by
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had raised concerns about being able to effectively govern the southern part of the territory. It was separated from the rest by the
1398:, was the westernmost engagement of regular forces in the Civil War, and successfully delayed the advance of the California forces.
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2540:
2441:
2436:
1970:
1965:
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Before the start of the war, the land of the current states of New Mexico and Arizona was part of the New Mexico Territory and the
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100:
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1995:
1990:
1790:. n.p.: ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2013. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 15 Nov. 2015. Alouisville7 (talk) 23:18, 15 November 2015 (UTC)
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806:
2090:
72:
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2126:
1611:
913:
295:
142:
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1960:
750:
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1814:
932:
79:
53:
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2446:
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1975:
1955:
765:
745:
1577:
The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies. Series 1 – Volume 9
2456:
2431:
2416:
2401:
2041:
2036:
2029:
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1985:
1940:
1333:. There a Union column of Mounted Infantry sent to relieve the New Mexican militia force caught up with Coopwood, and
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862:
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775:
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240:
2007:
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1950:
1945:
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on February 14, 1862. Coincidentally, Arizona statehood was approved exactly fifty years later on February 14, 1912.
852:
740:
735:
725:
119:
86:
2256:
2474:
2355:
2274:
1114:, government for the intended Arizona Territory. Lewis S. Owings, Governor of the Provisional Territory, appointed
1027:
670:
2451:
1980:
1480:
1476:
1453:
1441:
770:
665:
615:
1444:
marks the only known Confederate combat deaths in the modern confines of Arizona. Other engagements include the
68:
1179:
1095:
Anti-slavery Representatives opposed creating a new territory, as they feared it had the potential to become a
57:
2385:
2379:
1918:
917:
709:
397:
146:
1886:
19:
This article is about the Confederate territory that existed from 1861 to 1865. For the U.S. territory, see
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1100:
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for the protection of the Territory from marauding Apaches and bandits. Two companies were raised in the
1037:
1007:
2293:
2152:
1471:. For the rest of the war, California Column troops controlled all of Confederate Arizona, Franklin and
1076:
In April 1860, impatient for Congress to act, the territory called a convention and 31 delegates met in
1006:, where it remained for the duration of the civil war. The territory continued to be represented in the
2349:
1842:
1704:
1585:
1436:. The battle is considered part of the American Civil War. There were also several engagements between
1379:
1367:
1366:
Efforts by the Confederacy to secure control of the region led to the New Mexico Campaign. Baylor sent
1232:
1147:. These Native Americans were attacking White settlers, killing off ranchers and mining camps all over
948:
1542:
990:. His hold on the area was broken after Glorieta Pass (March 26–28, 1862), the defining battle of the
2468:
2331:
1856:
1395:
1160:
650:
1463:
The territorial government relocated to Franklin, then with Confederate military units retreated to
2262:
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635:
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1449:
1123:
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374:
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1457:
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936:
680:
630:
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2176:
1636:
1051:
952:
944:
504:
477:
1010:, and Confederate troops continued to fight under the Arizona banner until the war ended.
181:
8:
2361:
2319:
2299:
2196:
2164:
2016:
1517:
1303:
1187:
was chosen as a delegate to petition for the territory's admission into the Confederacy.
1148:
1081:
1023:
991:
968:
956:
332:
213:
197:
1761:
Finch, L. Boyd. "Arizona in Exile: Confederate Schemes to Recapture the Far Southwest."
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along the Rio Grande and surprised a Union force of New Mexican militia cavalry in a
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1927:
1544:
Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861–1865. Volume I
1348:
1314:
1291:
1119:
1085:
1077:
685:
328:
982:
Arizona was proclaimed a Confederate territory on August 1, 1861, after Colonel
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1445:
1418:
1267:
1248:
1070:
995:
983:
605:
315:
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into the war. Arizona settlers were also disturbed by the closing of the
1118:
to raise the first Territorial Militia. This comprised three companies of
2146:
1464:
1318:
1003:
348:
206:
1672:
1601:, biography of James Henry Tevis, p. 1, Arizona State University Library
1428:
volunteers who fought at Stanwix Station and Picacho Pass fought at the
1266:
In July 1861 a force under Lieutenant-Colonel John R. Baylor arrived in
1163:
route and their stations in March 1861, which had connected the Arizona
1468:
1387:
1338:
1283:
1172:
1069:. The legislature proposed that all the Indians of New Mexico would be
999:
960:
951:, and seek to join the Confederacy. It consisted of the portion of the
539:
2141:
2053:
1391:
35:
1299:
1164:
994:. In July 1862, the Confederate territorial government withdrew to
1156:
964:
534:
24:
1793:
Raymond, McCoy. "Arizona Early Confederate Territory." Montana:
1681:
1556:
186:
Map of the Confederate States with Arizona Territory highlighted
1809:
1437:
1433:
1405:
again delaying the advance of the California Column to Tucson.
1144:
1059:
1648:
Sacks, B. (1963). "The Creation of the Territory of Arizona".
1493:
List of governors of dependent territories in the 19th century
1151:. This became open warfare following the February 3–9, 1861
971:, along the southern border. The breakaway region overlapped
1354:
920:
that existed from August 1, 1861, to May 26, 1865, when the
1540:
1201:
1417:
the Confederates abandoned Mesilla and retreated south to
1382:, a Confederate force destroying supply depots along the
1573:
1460:
and a number of other smaller skirmishes and massacres.
1370:
to Tucson to protect the population from the Apache and
1788:
Texas, New Mexico, And Arizona, Confederate District of
1516:
The Confederate Territory of Arizona was proclaimed in
1255:
Arizona was thought to be important to the role of the
1088:
as the Territorial Governor, and elected a delegate to
2581:
Political history of the Confederate States of America
578:
1840:
1302:. Among his cabinet members was the Mesilla attorney
2601:
Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2561:Governments in exile during the American Civil War
1770:The Confederate Invasion of New Mexico and Arizona
1138:1861 map showing the Confederate Arizona Territory
1050:. As early as 1856, the territorial government in
1226:Herbert's Battalion, Arizona Cavalry (1862–1863)
2512:
1705:"Chapter IV. Confederate and Federal Occupation"
1372:delay the advance of Union troops from Fort Yuma
1178:In March 1861, the citizens of Mesilla called a
1547:. 58th Cong. 2d sess. S. Doc. 234. Washington:
1498:New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War
1282:and began a march north to join the troops at
1257:New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War
1103:of demarcation between slave and free states.
16:Territory of the Confederate States of America
2526:States and territories disestablished in 1865
2106:
1902:
1237:Capt. R. L. Swope's Company (Arizona Rangers)
882:
564:
1233:Capt. G. H. Oury's Company (Arizona Rangers)
1229:Capt. Thomas Helm's Company (Arizona Guards)
2536:1861 establishments in New Mexico Territory
2521:States and territories established in 1861
2113:
2099:
1909:
1895:
1733:"How Arizona almost didn't become a state"
1313:The next month, Baylor's cavalrymen under
959:, including parts of the modern states of
889:
875:
571:
557:
1671:
1325:west of the Rio Grande at the village of
1197:List of Arizona Territory Civil War units
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1353:
1247:
1215:Arizona Guards (Pinos Altos mining camp)
1200:
1133:
2513:
2374:The Great Republic of Rough and Ready
2094:
1890:
1647:
1599:Hayden Pioneer Biographies Collection
1541:United States. Cong. Senate (1904) .
1126:mining camp, and another at Mesilla.
552:
2566:New Mexico in the American Civil War
1221:Minute Men (Pinos Altos mining camp)
1190:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2591:Pre-statehood history of New Mexico
2142:Kingdoms and Provinces of New Spain
1014:the basis for present-day Arizona.
13:
1754:
1702:
1243:
1067:32nd meridian west from Washington
386:• Col. Baylor's Proclamation
14:
2612:
2531:Arizona in the American Civil War
1802:
1574:United States. War Dept. (1883).
1481:2nd Confederate States Congresses
2586:Pre-statehood history of Arizona
2495:
2494:
2475:Provisional Government of Hawaii
2356:Provisional Government of Oregon
2275:Provisional Government of Mexico
2006:
1874:
1862:
1850:
1808:
1306:, who served as the territorial
1028:History of slavery in New Mexico
914:organized incorporated territory
700:
509:
495:
470:
289:Organized incorporated territory
180:
160:
143:Organized incorporated territory
34:
2596:Texas in the American Civil War
2576:Political history of New Mexico
2541:1865 disestablishments in Texas
1795:The Magazine of Western History
1454:Battle of the Florida Mountains
1390:, 80 miles east of its base at
353:Arizona Territorial Legislature
45:needs additional citations for
1763:The Journal of Arizona History
1725:
1696:
1641:
1630:
1604:
1592:
1567:
1534:
1510:
1394:. This skirmish, known as the
1:
2551:1860s in New Mexico Territory
2386:Confederate States of America
1527:
1017:
918:Confederate States of America
2571:Political history of Arizona
2380:The Kingdom of Beaver Island
1212:Arizona Militia (1860–1862)
1129:
925:Trans-Mississippi Department
7:
2556:American Civil War by state
2081:Organized January 18, 1862.
1917:Political divisions of the
1772:, Westernlore Press, 1958.
1486:
1278:Major Lynde then abandoned
1008:Confederate States Congress
10:
2617:
2546:1860s in Arizona Territory
2350:Republic of the Rio Grande
1586:Cornell University Library
1584:. p. 722 – via
1582:Government Printing Office
1549:Government Printing Office
1380:Company A, Arizona Rangers
1368:Company A, Arizona Rangers
1194:
1021:
23:. For the U.S. state, see
18:
2490:
2332:Republic of Indian Stream
2137:
2070:
2052:
2015:
2004:
1926:
1637:Handbook of Texas online.
1442:Battle of Dragoon Springs
1396:Battle of Stanwix Station
1261:Trans-Mississippi Theater
1218:Arizona Rangers (Mesilla)
1161:Butterfield Overland Mail
1084:. The convention elected
1058:, a difficult stretch of
591:
525:
449:
445:
441:
437:
420:
407:
394:
384:
371:
367:
357:
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294:
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275:
271:
232:
225:
190:
179:
157:
152:
141:
136:
2294:Santa Fe de Nuevo México
2269:Second Republic of Texas
2263:Republic of the Floridas
2251:Republic of East Florida
2245:Republic of West Florida
2209:United States of America
2153:Santa Fe de Nuevo México
2129:within the contemporary
1612:"Ordinance of secession"
1503:
1415:Second Battle of Mesilla
1386:route of advance on the
1185:Granville Henderson Oury
1101:Missouri Compromise line
1036:, which ran parallel to
234: • Coordinates
2257:First Republic of Texas
1709:www.library.arizona.edu
1450:Battle of Cookes Canyon
998:. With the approach of
941:Battle of Glorieta Pass
927:, commanded by General
922:Confederate States Army
172:States (August 1, 1861)
170:Flag of the Confederate
1703:Farish, Thomas Edwin.
1440:and Confederates. The
1403:Battle of Picacho Pass
1363:
1252:
1208:
1139:
375:Ordinance of Secession
2326:Republic of Madawaska
2227:Trans-Oconee Republic
1458:Battle of Pinos Altos
1430:Battle of Apache Pass
1357:
1317:, marched north from
1251:
1204:
1195:Further information:
1137:
1073:to northern Arizona.
1022:Further information:
975:, established by the
939:. However, after the
937:Shreveport, Louisiana
69:"Confederate Arizona"
2320:Republic of Fredonia
2017:Governments in exile
1817:at Wikimedia Commons
1651:Arizona and the West
953:New Mexico Territory
945:New Mexico Territory
601:San Augustine Spring
505:New Mexico Territory
478:New Mexico Territory
396:• Organized by
54:improve this article
2469:Free State of Jones
2362:California Republic
2197:Republic of Watauga
2165:Provincias Internas
2127:unrecognized states
1828:. Fort Tour Systems
1822:"Sibley Expedition"
1815:Confederate Arizona
1786:Pierpaoli, Paul G.
1768:Kerby, Robert Lee,
1304:Marcus H. MacWillie
1149:Traditional Arizona
1082:34th parallel north
1024:Arizona Organic Act
992:New Mexico Campaign
910:Confederate Arizona
671:2nd Dragoon Springs
666:1st Dragoon Springs
583:Confederate Arizona
409:• Occupied by
252: /
2481:Republic of Hawaii
2177:Florida Occidental
1919:Confederate States
1857:American Civil War
1520:on August 1, 1861.
1411:San Diego Crossing
1364:
1288:Edward R. S. Canby
1253:
1209:
1140:
1056:Jornada del Muerto
1002:, it relocated to
986:'s victory at the
979:in February 1863.
967:. The capital was
929:Edmund Kirby Smith
716:American Civil War
710:Confederate States
621:Gallinas Mountains
424:Surrender of C.S.
362:American Civil War
256:32.267°N 106.700°W
147:Confederate States
2508:
2507:
2344:Republic of Texas
2239:State of Muskogee
2221:State of Franklin
2088:
2087:
2062:Arizona Territory
1813:Media related to
1720:Arizona Historian
1426:California Column
1384:California Column
1191:Confederate units
1116:James Henry Tevis
988:Battle of Mesilla
973:Arizona Territory
902:Arizona Territory
899:
898:
823:Arizona Territory
694:
693:
616:Florida Mountains
547:
546:
521:
520:
517:
516:
491:Arizona Territory
483:
482:
426:Trans-Mississippi
323:• 1862–1865
310:• 1861–1862
284: • Type
218:
203:
137:Arizona Territory
130:
129:
122:
104:
21:Arizona Territory
2608:
2498:
2497:
2368:State of Deseret
2338:Indian Territory
2306:Coahuila y Tejas
2300:Sonora y Sinaloa
2233:Hawaiian Kingdom
2215:Vermont Republic
2171:Florida Oriental
2115:
2108:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2074:Admitted to the
2010:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1812:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1729:
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1722:
1717:
1715:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1675:
1645:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1618:on June 22, 2015
1614:. Archived from
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1561:Internet Archive
1538:
1521:
1514:
1360:Confederate flag
1323:small engagement
1308:attorney general
1167:colonies to the
1043:Lower California
1038:William Walker's
1034:Gadsden Purchase
977:Union government
891:
884:
877:
834:Indian Territory
831:Allied tribes in
784:Dual governments
704:
697:
696:
586:
585:
573:
566:
559:
550:
549:
513:
512:
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487:
486:
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473:
467:
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451:
450:
427:
403:January 18, 1862
285:
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264:
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262:
261:32.267; -106.700
257:
253:
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249:
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125:
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2606:
2605:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2486:
2312:Las Californias
2288:Alta California
2203:United Colonies
2189:Alta California
2133:
2119:
2089:
2084:
2066:
2048:
2011:
2002:
1922:
1915:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1820:
1805:
1800:
1757:
1755:Further reading
1752:
1751:
1741:
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1731:
1730:
1726:
1713:
1711:
1701:
1697:
1646:
1642:
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1621:
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1610:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1572:
1568:
1551:. p. 691.
1539:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1489:
1419:Franklin, Texas
1349:Jefferson Davis
1315:Bethel Coopwood
1292:Organ Mountains
1246:
1244:Major campaigns
1199:
1193:
1155:, that brought
1132:
1120:Arizona Rangers
1086:Lewis S. Owings
1030:
1020:
908:referred to as
895:
832:
722:
714:
712:
695:
690:
651:Stanwix Station
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43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
26:
22:
2396:
2277:(1823–1824)
2061:
1830:. Retrieved
1825:
1794:
1787:
1769:
1762:
1740:. Retrieved
1736:
1727:
1719:
1712:. Retrieved
1708:
1698:
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1649:
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1632:
1620:. Retrieved
1616:the original
1606:
1598:
1594:
1576:
1569:
1559:– via
1543:
1536:
1512:
1473:Fort Quitman
1462:
1432:against 500
1424:In 1862 the
1423:
1407:
1400:
1376:
1365:
1358:Raising the
1343:
1319:Camp Robledo
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1000:Union troops
981:
909:
906:colloquially
901:
900:
822:
656:Picacho Pass
582:
460:Succeeded by
459:
454:
416:July 8, 1862
217:; 1862–1865)
212:
131:
116:
110:January 2013
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2483:(1894–1898)
2477:(1893–1894)
2471:(1863–1865)
2427:Mississippi
2390:1861–1865;
2382:(1850–1856)
2370:(1849–1850)
2358:(1841–1848)
2346:(1836–1846)
2340:(1834–1907)
2334:(1832–1835)
2322:(1826–1827)
2314:, 1836–1846
2308:, 1824–1835
2302:, 1824–1830
2296:, 1821–1846
2290:, 1821–1836
2284:, 1821–1824
2280:1835–1846;
2259:(1812–1813)
2241:(1799–1803)
2235:(1795–1893)
2223:(1784–1788)
2217:(1777–1791)
2211:(1776–1783)
2205:(1775–1776)
2199:(1772–1777)
2191:, 1804–1821
2185:, 1769–1801
2183:La Luisiana
2179:, 1783–1821
2173:, 1783–1821
2167:, 1776–1821
2161:, 1690–1821
2155:, 1598–1821
2149:, 1565–1821
2147:New Navarre
1961:Mississippi
1921:(1861–1865)
1467:abandoning
1465:San Antonio
1124:Pinos Altos
1097:slave state
1004:San Antonio
933:surrendered
751:Mississippi
681:Apache Pass
676:2nd Mesilla
631:Pinos Altos
596:1st Mesilla
455:Preceded by
433:26 May 1865
398:Confederacy
349:Legislature
259: /
207:San Antonio
202:(1861–1862)
2515:Categories
2042:government
2030:government
1996:government
1881:New Mexico
1832:August 12,
1826:Fort Tours
1528:References
1469:West Texas
1388:Gila River
1362:in Tucson.
1339:Fort Craig
1335:skirmished
1331:Fort Thorn
1284:Fort Craig
1173:California
1018:Background
961:New Mexico
641:Fort Thorn
540:New Mexico
428:Department
276:Government
80:newspapers
2447:Tennessee
2422:Louisiana
2123:sovereign
2054:Territory
1976:Tennessee
1956:Louisiana
1797:1962: 16.
1765:1992: 57.
1742:April 27,
1714:April 27,
1664:0894-8410
1392:Fort Yuma
1346:President
1180:secession
1130:Secession
1110:, if not
912:, was an
848:Chickasaw
815:Territory
766:Tennessee
746:Louisiana
153:1861–1865
2500:Category
2457:Virginia
2432:Missouri
2417:Kentucky
2402:Arkansas
2037:Missouri
2025:Kentucky
1986:Virginia
1941:Arkansas
1690:15876763
1682:87643843
1673:40167054
1557:05012700
1487:See also
1300:governor
1165:frontier
1108:de facto
1090:Congress
1052:Santa Fe
947:and the
863:Seminole
843:Cherokee
802:Virginia
797:Missouri
792:Kentucky
776:Virginia
731:Arkansas
646:Valverde
333:in exile
296:Governor
247:106°42′W
214:in exile
2412:Georgia
2407:Florida
2397:Arizona
2392:Alabama
2121:Former
1951:Georgia
1946:Florida
1936:Alabama
1869:Arizona
1843:Portals
1622:July 5,
1518:Mesilla
1438:Apaches
1434:Apaches
1157:Cochise
1112:de jure
1071:removed
969:Mesilla
965:Arizona
916:of the
853:Choctaw
741:Georgia
736:Florida
726:Alabama
713:in the
626:Placito
535:Arizona
422:•
373:•
244:32°16′N
198:Mesilla
191:Capital
145:of the
94:scholar
25:Arizona
2376:(1850)
2364:(1846)
2352:(1840)
2328:(1827)
2271:(1819)
2265:(1817)
2253:(1812)
2247:(1810)
2229:(1794)
1928:States
1776:
1688:
1680:
1670:
1662:
1555:
1456:, the
1452:, the
1448:, the
1145:Apache
1078:Tucson
1060:desert
1047:Sonora
686:La Paz
661:Tucson
300:
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2452:Texas
2159:Tejas
2076:Union
1981:Texas
1783:2015.
1668:JSTOR
1504:Notes
1477:First
949:Union
858:Creek
771:Texas
606:Tubac
314:Col.
101:JSTOR
87:books
1834:2017
1774:ISBN
1744:2017
1716:2017
1686:OCLC
1678:LCCN
1660:ISSN
1624:2005
1553:LCCN
1479:and
1171:and
1169:East
1045:and
1026:and
963:and
411:U.S.
327:Dr.
226:Area
73:news
2125:or
935:at
56:by
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108:(
98:·
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27:.
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