471:
113:
nation, and later "persons of color" altogether. Cherokee judiciary and legislative bodies promulgated similar laws regarding race and enslaved status as the
Cherokee attempted to legally define themselves as equal to whites or European Americans, at the expense and exclusion of non-white and non-Indian groups, and in particular Blacks. The Cherokee aligned with the Confederacy in part due to their existing cultural, trading, and legal affinities with those states that had seceded. In addition, the Cherokee in Indian Territory opposed
130:
429:
341:, was killed leading a charge. Enraged, the remaining Cherokee were driven to avenge him. In retaliation for Astoogahtogeh's death, the Cherokee scalped the dead Union soldiers after the battle. After the event was reported in newspapers, Union soldiers would fear the Cherokee, but Thomas feared for the reputation of the Cherokee, as he did not want his people to be seen as barbaric. The scalps were sent to be buried with the soldiers they originally came from.
392:
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412:
Commissioner D.N. Cooley, who saw opportunities in splitting the factions of the
Cherokee, as represented by Ross and Watie. Cooley even went as far as to portray Ross as a traitor, when Ross had always been a Union advocate. The Cherokee were forced to adopt their slaves into the tribe, and to allow settlement of their lands by whites. In effect, due to the Cherokee split and the maneuverings of Cooley, the Cherokee suffered the worst of
135:
301:
19:
150:, joined the Confederate cause, and on June 1, 1861, began recruiting for all-Indian units that became part of the Confederate army. Full-blooded Cherokee tended to support Ross (who was primarily Scottish) while the mixed-blooded Cherokee supported the 3/4 Cherokee Stand Watie. Stand Watie in 1862 was elected Chief of the newly declared Southern Cherokee Nation.
181:
Pike, a proponent of securing Indian
Territory for the CSA, facilitated treaties with various tribes by mid-1861. Confederate President Jefferson Davis referred to a now-lost Act for the protection of certain tribes, outlining future policy. Pike's negotiations led to the Treaty with the Creek Nation
364:
In May 1861, William H. Thomas began recruiting
Cherokees from the Quallatown, North Carolina area. The first two companies were composed mostly of Indian soldiers. They were called the Junaluska Zouaves. Thomas' Confederates were sometimes referred to as Thomas' Legion or Thomas' Legion of Cherokee
112:
for the Trail of Tears. They had adopted "Southern ways" before their removal from the
Southeast. Cherokee society held slavery as a primary institution throughout the pre-war period, instituting laws that explicitly prohibited primarily "black (or negro) slaves" from obtaining citizenship in their
407:
In comparison to the other signatories, the
Cherokee were especially keen in remaining neutral, but this opposition gradually collapsed with Confederate battlefield success: the ninth and final "treaty of friendship and alliance" was signed on October 7, 1861, in Tahlequah. Financial concerns were
376:
Companies: Company A (Captain James W. Terrell), Company B (Captain G. M. Hanks), Company C (Captain Elisha G. Johnson), Company D (Captain
William B. Love), Company E (Captain Julius M. Welch), Company F (Captain J. M. McConnell), Company G (Captain Daniel G. Fisher), Company H (Captain Thomas J.
403:
outbreak following the war. Thomas and many of his followers were deeply in debt, to the point that the federal government recognized the eastern tribe as separate from the western tribe, and filed a lawsuit against the
Cherokee's creditors, in effect leaving the protection of the Cherokee to the
411:
In the west, at the end of the war, with the Union victorious, the Union
Cherokee established policies that confiscated land from the Confederate Cherokee. The Federal government promised the Confederate Cherokee that the laws promoting the confiscation would be annulled. This was due to Indian
348:, and thereafter fought for the Union. Others convinced their captors they also would defect to the Union side, but instead returned to Thomas and told him Union officials offered $ 5,000 for Thomas' scalp. After this, many of his men were sent to fight in Virginia, some of whom were present at
88:—southwestern North Carolina, southeastern Tennessee, western South Carolina and northeastern Georgia. The Cherokee attempted to address their grievances by taking their problems to the American Federal judicial system. In 1830, a delegation led by Chief
153:
For the duration of the war, a series of small battles and constant guerrilla warfare were waged by
Cherokee in the Indian Territory. Stand Watie officially became the last Confederate general to end fighting on June 25, 1865, at
356:'s surrender. The rest of the Legion continued to fight until surrendering along with the commanding officer of the District of Western North Carolina to the Union commander they had captured on 10 May 1865.
372:
Field & Staff: Colonel William H. Thomas, Lieutenant Colonel James R. Love, Major William W. Stringfield, Luther C. May (Adjutant), James W. Terrell (A.Q.M.), John W. Lawing (Surgeon), and Hezekiah West
98:. The Indian cases set a precedent in Indian Country but the United States still enforced removal of most of the Cherokee Nation to west of the Mississippi River, along what became known as the
5498:
1056:
Moore, Jessie Randolph. "The Five Great Indian Nations: Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Creek: The Part They Played in Behalf of the Confederacy in the War Between the States."
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408:
crucial for many of these tribes, as abrogating federal treaties would result in the loss of an income stream, much alone the forfeiture of principal amounts obtained via past talks.
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3274:
2028:
1850:
987:
Fisher, Paul Thomas. "Confederate empire and the Indian treaties: Pike, McCulloch, and the Five Civilized Tribes, 1861–1862" (MA thesis Baylor U. 2011).
41:
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in June 1862, Thomas personally captured a Union Soldier, after which each of his men vowed to capture at least one "Yankee" before the war was over.
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349:
338:
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875:"As long as grass shall grow and water run: The treaties formed by the Confederate States of America and the tribes in Indian Territory, 1861"
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323:
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3308:
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489:
484:
102:. After the removals, the Cherokee Nation was based west of the Mississippi River. Some Cherokee remained in the Blue Ridge Mountains.
190:
During the Civil War, the Cherokee Nation had approximately 21,000 members with 3,000 of them serving in the Confederacy as soldiers.
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Cooper, Captain James W. Cooper), Company I (Captain Willis Parker, Captain Joseph A. Kinsey), Company K (Captain Thomas A. Butler)
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1761:
671:
276:
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2898:
1983:
1678:
1073:
950:
917:
5522:
5155:
4859:
4831:
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3878:
3847:
3777:
3637:
3211:
2153:
499:
344:
After a number of Thomas' men were captured in February 1864, some were convinced by the Union that they were fighting for
1718:
333:
The Legion would become infamous due to their actions on September 15, 1862. While trying to stop a Union advance through
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3642:
3627:
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2888:
2223:
1787:
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Chief of the Cherokee John Ross was adamant that the Union was not dissolved. However, another leader of the Cherokee,
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in July 1861, followed by agreements with eight more tribes, concluding with the Cherokee in October of that year.
5368:
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2070:
1558:
5393:
4712:
4476:
3832:
3797:
3702:
3408:
2938:
2470:
2445:
2291:
2218:
2128:
1093:
647:
4751:
4672:
4489:
3955:
3413:
3221:
2228:
1963:
1805:
1728:
1631:
314:, led by William H. Thomas, a European-American who was adopted Cherokee, were originally stationed outside
5024:
4766:
4556:
4531:
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3023:
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2700:
2490:
2485:
2316:
2193:
1504:
1371:
319:
288:
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5203:
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4791:
4781:
4776:
4734:
4158:
3457:
2908:
2818:
2405:
1626:
1475:
1458:
1294:
861:
Histories of the Several Regiments and Battalions from North Carolina in the Great War 1861-'65, Vol. III
806:
Hauptman, Laurence M. (1995). "Confederate Rangers of the Smokies, Wil-Usdi's Eastern Band of Cherokee".
270:
237:
166:
In early 1861, the Confederate States of America emerged, prompting a request for the establishment of a
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517:
94:
89:
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1988:
1930:
1825:
1815:
1529:
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1178:
772:. Vol. 39, no. 2 (Mar/Apr 2018 ed.). Bandera, Texas: Charlie Richie Sr. pp. 63–65
494:
476:
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2148:
2088:
1948:
1810:
1778:
1585:
264:
258:
106:
539:""Perpetual Peace and Friendship": The Cherokee-Confederate Coalition in the American Civil War"
68:. The Cherokee partnered with the Confederacy in order to get funds, as well as ultimately full
56:
mountain passes of western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. Out west, Confederate Cherokee
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5014:
4588:
4178:
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2987:
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1978:
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246:
69:
49:
815:
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3103:
3088:
2981:
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1830:
1509:
1431:
1335:
728:
546:
459:
Monuments were dedicated for the Cherokee's wartime participation in the early 20th century.
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1752:
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315:
282:
85:
8:
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3632:
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2903:
2725:
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2241:
2183:
2163:
2083:
1968:
1860:
1768:
1536:
1453:
1243:
1233:
1208:
365:
Indians and Highlanders. They were later designated as the 69th North Carolina Regiment.
252:
527:
Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of History and Culture; retrieved 31 Aug 2011
26:, the only American Indian to reach the rank of general in the Civil War on either side.
5510:
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2168:
1835:
1573:
1519:
1514:
1426:
1310:
1223:
976:
610:
602:
36:
4193:
719:
Hauptman, Laurence M. (1995). "The General, The Western Cherokee and the Lost Cause".
5461:
4717:
4319:
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3333:
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2345:
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2198:
2158:
2133:
2018:
1973:
1938:
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1524:
1494:
1484:
1383:
1330:
1213:
1183:
1110:
1089:
1069:
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1000:
946:
819:
808:
732:
721:
614:
594:
311:
114:
538:
4329:
4198:
4168:
4163:
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3358:
3108:
3098:
3058:
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2560:
2440:
2365:
2256:
2178:
1958:
1652:
1578:
1563:
1552:
1436:
1419:
1366:
1325:
1260:
1250:
1173:
968:
586:
61:
121:, when he said that Lincoln would open the Indian Territory for white settlement.
5403:
4692:
4541:
4434:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4294:
4263:
4173:
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2251:
2203:
2103:
2078:
1925:
1915:
1880:
1773:
1590:
1147:
575:"Legislating Women's Sexuality: Cherokee Marriage Laws in the Nineteenth Century"
524:
118:
391:
4471:
4419:
4258:
4223:
4183:
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4055:
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4005:
3284:
3125:
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2213:
2143:
1875:
1870:
1568:
1408:
1320:
1188:
918:"As Cities Remove Confederate Monuments, Cherokees Grapple With Civil War Past"
326:, and harass Union troops that invaded Tennessee. While briefly working around
109:
99:
81:
129:
5675:
4739:
4339:
4334:
4324:
4299:
4208:
4203:
4045:
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3995:
3965:
3303:
2928:
2765:
2755:
2565:
2540:
2530:
2515:
2395:
2360:
2326:
2003:
1865:
1350:
1039:
Cherokee Women In Crisis: Trail of Tears, Civil War, and Allotment, 1838-1907
598:
353:
5536:
5208:
5185:
5175:
5170:
4707:
4649:
4561:
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4429:
4228:
4126:
2785:
2720:
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2600:
2355:
2281:
2208:
1340:
1289:
590:
3980:
3018:
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2745:
2705:
2595:
2545:
2520:
2480:
1345:
1284:
1272:
171:
155:
147:
139:
57:
23:
428:
5363:
4238:
4000:
3201:
3196:
2695:
2690:
2680:
2655:
2475:
2430:
2410:
2390:
2380:
1935:
1393:
1315:
980:
606:
574:
300:
53:
696:"Civil War Virtual Museum | Native Americans in the War | Albert Pike"
4627:
2810:
2715:
2710:
2675:
2500:
2435:
2415:
2385:
2188:
1943:
1910:
1840:
1713:
1398:
1085:
Rebel Chief: The Motley Life of Colonel William Holland Thomas C.S.A.
846:
Roster of North Carolina Troops in the War Between the States, Vol. 4
5506:
972:
4632:
2740:
2465:
2375:
2013:
1403:
1133:
648:"The Cherokee Nation and the Civil War | Teaching with the Library"
400:
175:
65:
32:
765:
672:"Confederacy signs treaties with Native Americans | July 12, 1861"
134:
2296:
2038:
1953:
1890:
1277:
959:
Dale, Edward Everett (1947). "The Cherokees in the Confederacy".
345:
1037:
5430:
List of films and television shows about the American Civil War
1998:
1905:
1900:
1388:
1203:
1198:
848:. Ashe & Gatling, State Printers and Binders. p. 151.
18:
2660:
1895:
3152:
2800:
1102:
92:
defended Cherokee rights before the U.S. Supreme Court in
2637:
United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (1939–present)
844:
Moore, John W. (1882). "Sixty-Ninth Regiment--Infantry".
161:
138:
The Cherokee Braves Flag, as flown by Cherokee General
105:
The Cherokee blamed the federal government and former
84:, the Cherokee Nation was centered in and around the
1017:
Between Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War
863:. Nash Brothers, Book and Job Printers. p. 731.
810:
Between Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War
723:
Between Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War
466:
158:, in the southeast portion of the Indian Territory.
48:
Theaters. In the east, Confederate Cherokees led by
395:
Cherokee Confederates reunion in New Orleans, 1903.
1014:
807:
801:
799:
720:
5673:
5116:Confederate States presidential election of 1861
2537:Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory (1839–1907)
2497:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (1824-present)
796:
60:led primarily Native Confederate forces in the
4940:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.
859:Clark, Walter (1901). "Sixty-Ninth Regiment".
5492:
2826:
1118:
712:
174:appointed as Commissioner for tribes west of
909:
852:
757:
124:
839:
837:
835:
789:
787:
766:"Southeastern Indians During The Civil War"
307:was the commander of the well-known legion.
227:1st Squadron of Cherokee Mounted Volunteers
200:2nd Regiment of Cherokee Mounted Volunteers
197:1st Regiment of Cherokee Mounted Volunteers
5687:Indian Territory in the American Civil War
5682:Native Americans in the American Civil War
5499:
5485:
2833:
2819:
1125:
1111:
490:Native Americans in the American Civil War
485:Indian Territory in the American Civil War
209:1st Cherokee Battalion of Partisan Rangers
203:3rd Cherokee Regiment of Volunteer Cavalry
5697:Cherokee Nation in the American Civil War
915:
750:
748:
572:
231:
206:Cherokee Regiment (Special Services), CSA
5692:North Carolina in the American Civil War
3029:Treatment of slaves in the United States
1035:
1021:(First ed.). New York: Free Press.
1012:
891:
832:
805:
784:
718:
390:
322:. Their primary duty was to protect the
299:
128:
52:hindered Union forces trying to use the
17:
4772:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
2944:South Carolina Declaration of Secession
1088:(1st ed.). New York: Forge Books.
1081:
337:, a popular leader among the Cherokee,
243:Battle of Bird Creek (December 9, 1861)
5674:
4757:Modern display of the Confederate flag
2840:
1063:
994:
940:
745:
536:
277:Ambush of the steamboat J. R. Williams
162:Creation of a Bureau of Indian Affairs
5480:
4975:
4364:
3928:
3151:
2954:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
2852:
2814:
1106:
997:Oklahoma, a History of Five Centuries
858:
843:
221:Meyer's Battalion of Cherokee Cavalry
218:Scales' Battalion of Cherokee Cavalry
958:
943:The Cherokee Nation in the Civil War
916:McCleland, Jacob (August 31, 2017).
763:
645:
500:Southern Cherokee Nation of Kentucky
423:
399:The eastern Cherokee faced a severe
117:'s campaigning in 1860 on behalf of
5111:Committee on the Conduct of the War
4787:United Daughters of the Confederacy
2139:First Cherokee Female Seminary Site
1234:Cherokee Supplement (Unicode block)
1042:. The University of Alabama Press.
215:Cherokee Special Services Battalion
72:as a sovereign, independent state.
13:
5181:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864
4976:
4520:impeachment managers investigation
2899:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1788:Sequoyah Constitutional Convention
934:
295:
14:
5708:
4606:Reconstruction military districts
3054:Abolitionism in the United States
3009:Plantations in the American South
2924:Origins of the American Civil War
2457:Cherokee Nation West (1810-1839)
2422:Cherokee Nation East (1794-1839)
359:
5460:
5451:
5450:
4589:Enforcement Act of February 1871
4562:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867
1612:Cherokee Preservation Foundation
999:, University of Oklahoma Press,
945:, University of Oklahoma Press,
469:
427:
133:
5374:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864
5236:When Johnny Comes Marching Home
4797:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
2592:Cherokee Nation (1975–present)
961:The Journal of Southern History
900:
867:
185:
4477:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
2292:Hiwassee River Heritage Center
2219:Chief Vann House Historic Site
2129:Cherokee Removal Memorial Park
1013:Hauptman, Laurence M. (1995).
688:
664:
639:
630:
621:
566:
530:
511:
224:Cherokee Battalion of Infantry
64:, in what is now the state of
22:Confederate Brigadier General
1:
5508:International response to the
4892:Ladies' Memorial Associations
4594:Enforcement Act of April 1871
4490:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
4365:
2229:Museum of the Cherokee People
700:www.civilwarvirtualmuseum.org
369:69th North Carolina Regiment
273:(July 1, 1863 – July 2, 1863)
194:First Cherokee Mounted Rifles
75:
5025:Confederate revolving cannon
4767:Sons of Confederate Veterans
4638:South Carolina riots of 1876
4616:Indian Council at Fort Smith
4567:South Carolina riots of 1876
4532:Knights of the White Camelia
3024:Slavery in the United States
2317:Five Civilized Tribes Museum
2194:Red Clay State Historic Park
1806:Cherokee Towns (pre-Removal)
1132:
419:
386:
320:Strawberry Plains, Tennessee
289:Second Battle of Cabin Creek
7:
5379:New York City riots of 1863
5204:Battle Hymn of the Republic
4955:United Confederate Veterans
4792:Children of the Confederacy
4782:United Confederate Veterans
4777:Southern Historical Society
3929:
3409:Price's Missouri Expedition
2879:Timeline leading to the War
2853:
2801:Cherokee-language Knowledge
2621:Chadwick "Corntassel" Smith
1642:Cherokee Southwest Township
1627:Keetoowah Nighthawk Society
1559:Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)
1476:1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles
1295:Flag of the Cherokee Nation
462:
271:First Battle of Cabin Creek
10:
5713:
5347:Confederate Secret Service
4935:Grand Army of the Republic
4827:Grand Army of the Republic
4645:Southern Claims Commission
1762:Cherokee Nation v. Leavitt
1737:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
1647:Oconaluftee Indian Village
1622:Original Keetoowah Society
1066:Footsteps of the Cherokees
1036:Johnston, Carolyn (2003).
814:. The Free Press. p.
727:. The Free Press. p.
646:Bell, Danna (2022-11-10).
518:"Watie, Stand (1806–1871)"
95:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
5624:
5517:
5446:
5422:
5335:Confederate States dollar
5307:
5249:
5194:
5146:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863
5141:Emancipation Proclamation
5103:
5035:Medal of Honor recipients
4992:
4988:
4971:
4923:Confederate Memorial Hall
4905:
4884:
4842:
4814:
4805:
4725:Confederate Memorial Hall
4698:Confederate History Month
4678:Civil War Discovery Trail
4658:
4579:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
4410:
4385:Reconstruction Amendments
4375:
4371:
4360:
4282:
4151:
4144:
4084:
3948:
3941:
3937:
3924:
3866:
3613:
3606:
3437:
3293:
3252:
3220:
3187:
3180:
3176:
3147:
3044:
2994:Emancipation Proclamation
2962:
2863:
2859:
2848:
2796:
2335:
2174:Trail of Tears State Park
2124:Cherokee National Capitol
2114:
1796:
1701:
1599:
1530:Jackson and McMinn Treaty
1505:Treaty of Dewitt's Corner
1359:
1303:
1239:Cherokee Immersion School
1166:
1140:
1082:Thomsen, Paul A. (2004).
991:; bibliography pp 107–19.
941:Confer, Clarissa (2007),
579:Journal of Social History
495:Cherokee military history
477:American Civil War portal
125:Trans-Mississippi Theater
5409:U.S. Sanitary Commission
5320:Battlefield preservation
5226:Marching Through Georgia
5151:Hampton Roads Conference
5126:Confiscation Act of 1862
5121:Confiscation Act of 1861
4897:U.S. national cemeteries
4703:Confederate Memorial Day
4688:Civil War Trails Program
4557:New Orleans riot of 1866
2307:Fort Smith Historic Site
2075:Western Cherokee Nation
1674:Cherokee Central Schools
1459:Battle of Lindley's Fort
1229:Cherokee (Unicode block)
505:
238:Battle of Wilson's Creek
168:Bureau of Indian Affairs
5330:Confederate war finance
4950:Southern Cross of Honor
4918:1938 Gettysburg reunion
4913:1913 Gettysburg reunion
4611:Reconstruction Treaties
4584:Enforcement Act of 1870
4467:Freedman's Savings Bank
3084:Lane Debates on Slavery
2909:Lincoln–Douglas debates
2666:Tahlonteeskee (warrior)
2652:Other notable Cherokee
1586:Jacob Brown Grant Deeds
995:Gibson, Arrell (1981),
652:The Library of Congress
573:Yarbrough, Fay (2004).
523:August 5, 2011, at the
265:Battle of Honey Springs
259:Battle of Prairie Grove
107:United States President
5389:Richmond riots of 1863
5315:Baltimore riot of 1861
5095:U.S. Military Railroad
5015:Confederate Home Guard
4747:Historiographic issues
4713:Historical reenactment
3212:Revenue Cutter Service
3079:William Lloyd Garrison
2988:Dred Scott v. Sandford
2586:William Charles Rogers
2506:William Holland Thomas
2282:The Great Trading Path
1449:Cherokee–American wars
1064:Rozema, Vicki (2007),
1058:Chronicles of Oklahoma
879:treatiesportal.unl.edu
554:Cite journal requires
537:Tindle, James (2019).
396:
350:Appomattox Court House
328:Chattanooga, Tennessee
308:
305:William Holland Thomas
247:Battle of Chustenahlah
232:Battles and Skirmishes
212:2nd Cherokee Artillery
143:
50:William Holland Thomas
27:
5354:Great Revival of 1863
5231:Maryland, My Maryland
5020:Confederate railroads
4683:Civil War Roundtables
4552:Meridian riot of 1871
4547:Memphis riots of 1866
3104:George Luther Stearns
3089:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
2982:Crittenden Compromise
2312:Port Royal State Park
1537:Transylvania Purchase
1510:Treaty of Hard Labour
1432:Siege of Fort Loudoun
1158:United Keetoowah Band
591:10.1353/jsh.2004.0144
394:
303:
178:and south of Kansas.
132:
21:
5241:Daar kom die Alibama
5156:National Union Party
4832:memorials to Lincoln
4752:Lost Cause mythology
4457:Eufaula riot of 1874
4445:Confederate refugees
3658:District of Columbia
3285:Union naval blockade
3131:Underground Railroad
2919:Nullification crisis
2576:Samuel Houston Mayes
1753:The Cherokee Tobacco
1745:Worcester v. Georgia
1729:freedmen controversy
1689:Sequoyah High School
1679:Cherokee High School
1542:Chickamauga Cherokee
1500:Treaty of Turkeytown
1490:Treaty of New Echota
1466:Nickajack Expedition
1444:Cherokee War of 1776
404:federal government.
316:Knoxville, Tennessee
291:(September 19, 1864)
283:Battle of Fort Smith
86:Blue Ridge Mountains
5399:Supreme Court cases
5166:Radical Republicans
4945:Old soldiers' homes
4929:Confederate Veteran
4855:artworks in Capitol
4574:Reconstruction acts
4435:Colfax riot of 1873
3399:Richmond-Petersburg
3004:Fugitive slave laws
2934:Popular sovereignty
2914:Missouri Compromise
2904:Kansas-Nebraska Act
2184:Rattlesnake Springs
1769:Cherokee Commission
1454:Battle of Hightower
1341:Kâ'lanû Ahkyeli'skï
1244:New Kituwah Academy
1209:Green Corn Ceremony
1060:29 (1951): 324–336.
253:Battle of Pea Ridge
249:(December 26, 1861)
40:were active in the
5511:American Civil War
5220:A Lincoln Portrait
5161:Politicians killed
5085:U.S. Balloon Corps
5080:Union corps badges
4860:memorials to Davis
4730:Disenfranchisement
4601:Reconstruction era
4482:Timber Culture Act
4440:Compromise of 1877
3404:Franklin–Nashville
3074:Frederick Douglass
2977:Cornerstone Speech
2894:Compromise of 1850
2842:American Civil War
2376:Outacite of Keowee
2287:The Great War Path
2262:Oconaluftee valley
2247:Stick Ball Grounds
2169:Tellico Blockhouse
1574:Indian Removal Act
1520:Treaty of Hopewell
1515:Treaty of Lochaber
1471:American Civil War
1427:Anglo-Cherokee War
1311:Ani Hyuntikwalaski
764:Ferguson, Robert.
439:. You can help by
397:
309:
261:(December 7, 1862)
144:
37:American Civil War
28:
5669:
5668:
5474:
5473:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5272:Italian Americans
5257:African Americans
5214:John Brown's Body
4967:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4880:
4879:
4718:Robert E. Lee Day
4462:Freedmen's Bureau
4425:Brooks–Baxter War
4356:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4140:
4139:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3329:Northern Virginia
3275:Trans-Mississippi
3248:
3247:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3035:Uncle Tom's Cabin
2972:African Americans
2808:
2807:
2761:Clement V. Rogers
2631:Chuck Hoskin, Jr.
2581:Thomas Buffington
2346:Moytoy of Tellico
2267:Oconaluftee River
2199:Hair Conrad Cabin
2134:Chieftains Museum
1685:Sequoyah Schools
1547:Overhill Cherokee
1525:Treaty of Holston
1495:Treaty of Tellico
1485:Cherokee treaties
1256:Spiritual beliefs
1075:978-0-89587-346-0
1068:, John F. Blair,
952:978-0-8061-3803-9
906:Gibson pp.128,129
457:
456:
255:(March 6–8, 1862)
240:(August 10, 1861)
42:Trans-Mississippi
5704:
5660:
5653:
5646:
5639:
5637:Native Americans
5632:
5630:Foreign soldiers
5617:
5610:
5602:
5595:
5588:
5581:
5574:
5567:
5560:
5553:
5546:
5539:
5532:
5525:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5478:
5477:
5464:
5454:
5453:
5277:Native Americans
5262:German Americans
5055:Partisan rangers
5050:Official Records
4990:
4989:
4973:
4972:
4865:memorials to Lee
4812:
4811:
4373:
4372:
4362:
4361:
4149:
4148:
3946:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3926:
3925:
3899:Washington, D.C.
3693:Indian Territory
3653:Dakota Territory
3611:
3610:
3528:Chancellorsville
3319:Jackson's Valley
3309:Blockade runners
3185:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3149:
3148:
3109:Thaddeus Stevens
3099:Lysander Spooner
3059:Susan B. Anthony
2861:
2860:
2850:
2849:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2812:
2811:
2731:Markwayne Mullin
2561:Dennis Bushyhead
2441:Charles R. Hicks
2366:Moytoy of Citico
2257:Tuckasegee River
2179:Brainerd Mission
2164:Sequoyah's Cabin
2071:Cherokee Nations
1709:Principal Chiefs
1702:Politics and law
1653:Unto These Hills
1617:Warriors Society
1579:Cherokee descent
1553:Cherokee Phoenix
1437:Battle of Echoee
1420:Battle of Taliwa
1399:skiagusta (rank)
1326:Moon-eyed people
1261:Moon-eyed people
1179:National holiday
1127:
1120:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1078:
1053:
1032:
1020:
1009:
984:
955:
929:
928:
926:
924:
913:
907:
904:
898:
895:
889:
888:
886:
885:
871:
865:
864:
856:
850:
849:
841:
830:
829:
813:
803:
794:
791:
782:
781:
779:
777:
770:The Backwoodsman
761:
755:
752:
743:
742:
726:
716:
710:
709:
707:
706:
692:
686:
685:
683:
682:
668:
662:
661:
659:
658:
643:
637:
634:
628:
625:
619:
618:
570:
564:
563:
557:
552:
550:
542:
534:
528:
515:
479:
474:
473:
472:
452:
449:
431:
424:
380:Total: 1,125 men
137:
62:Indian Territory
5712:
5711:
5707:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5658:Seminole Nation
5656:
5649:
5644:Cherokee Nation
5642:
5635:
5628:
5620:
5613:
5605:
5598:
5591:
5584:
5577:
5570:
5563:
5556:
5549:
5542:
5535:
5528:
5521:
5513:
5505:
5475:
5470:
5434:
5418:
5303:
5267:Irish Americans
5245:
5190:
5099:
5090:U.S. Home Guard
5030:Field artillery
4984:
4983:
4959:
4901:
4876:
4838:
4807:
4801:
4693:Civil War Trust
4660:
4654:
4542:Ethnic violence
4527:Kirk–Holden war
4406:
4367:
4344:
4278:
4136:
4080:
3933:
3908:
3862:
3615:
3602:
3433:
3414:Sherman's March
3394:Bermuda Hundred
3289:
3244:
3216:
3172:
3171:
3135:
3094:J. Sella Martin
3064:James G. Birney
3040:
2958:
2884:Bleeding Kansas
2872:
2855:
2844:
2839:
2809:
2804:
2792:
2781:Kimberly Teehee
2641:James L. Gordon
2626:Bill John Baker
2611:Wilma Mankiller
2551:William P. Ross
2526:Patrick Lambert
2371:Standing Turkey
2331:
2277:Sycamore Shoals
2252:Cullasaja River
2204:Nancy Ward Tomb
2154:John Ross House
2116:
2110:
2104:Qualla Boundary
2079:Cherokee Nation
1881:Hiwassee Island
1811:Amoyeligunahita
1798:
1792:
1697:
1664:Female Seminary
1637:Heritage groups
1607:Heritage Center
1595:
1591:Texas Cherokees
1404:outacite (rank)
1355:
1299:
1162:
1148:Cherokee Nation
1136:
1131:
1096:
1076:
1050:
1029:
1007:
973:10.2307/2197976
953:
937:
935:Further reading
932:
922:
920:
914:
910:
905:
901:
896:
892:
883:
881:
873:
872:
868:
857:
853:
842:
833:
826:
804:
797:
792:
785:
775:
773:
762:
758:
753:
746:
739:
717:
713:
704:
702:
694:
693:
689:
680:
678:
670:
669:
665:
656:
654:
644:
640:
635:
631:
626:
622:
571:
567:
555:
553:
544:
543:
535:
531:
525:Wayback Machine
516:
512:
508:
475:
470:
468:
465:
453:
447:
444:
437:needs expansion
422:
389:
362:
298:
296:Western Theater
285:(July 31, 1864)
279:(June 15, 1864)
267:(July 17, 1863)
234:
188:
164:
127:
119:Abraham Lincoln
78:
12:
11:
5:
5710:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5654:
5651:Choctaw Nation
5647:
5633:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5615:United Kingdom
5611:
5603:
5596:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5504:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5481:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5458:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5414:Women soldiers
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5369:Naming the war
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5200:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5005:Campaign Medal
5002:
4996:
4994:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4980:Related topics
4977:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4818:
4816:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4727:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4708:Decoration Day
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4664:
4662:
4661:Reconstruction
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4515:second inquiry
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4479:
4472:Homestead Acts
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4420:Alabama Claims
4416:
4414:
4412:Reconstruction
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4400:15th Amendment
4397:
4395:14th Amendment
4392:
4390:13th Amendment
4381:
4379:
4369:
4368:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4153:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4021:J. E. Johnston
4018:
4016:A. S. Johnston
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3956:R. H. Anderson
3952:
3950:
3943:
3935:
3934:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3818:South Carolina
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3793:North Carolina
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3518:Fredericksburg
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3458:Wilson's Creek
3455:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3270:Lower Seaboard
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3182:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3126:Harriet Tubman
3123:
3122:
3121:
3114:Charles Sumner
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2949:States' rights
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2864:
2857:
2856:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2815:
2806:
2805:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2776:Hastings Shade
2773:
2771:Durbin Feeling
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2751:Jenny McIntosh
2748:
2743:
2738:
2736:Yvette Herrell
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2716:Nunnahitsunega
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2686:Elias Boudinot
2683:
2678:
2673:
2671:Turtle-at-Home
2668:
2663:
2658:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2571:Johnson Harris
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2401:Dragging Canoe
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2351:Attakullakulla
2348:
2342:Early leaders
2339:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2214:Bussell Island
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2159:Ross's Landing
2156:
2151:
2146:
2144:Judaculla Rock
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2117:memorial sites
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1984:Spike Bucktown
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1802:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1774:Cherokee Strip
1766:
1758:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1671:
1666:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1569:Trail of Tears
1561:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1411:
1409:Raven of Chota
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1321:Horned Serpent
1318:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1079:
1074:
1061:
1054:
1048:
1033:
1027:
1010:
1005:
992:
985:
967:(2): 159–185.
956:
951:
936:
933:
931:
930:
908:
899:
897:Confer pp. 150
890:
866:
851:
831:
824:
795:
783:
756:
744:
737:
711:
687:
663:
638:
629:
620:
585:(2): 385–406.
565:
556:|journal=
529:
509:
507:
504:
503:
502:
497:
492:
487:
481:
480:
464:
461:
455:
454:
434:
432:
421:
418:
414:Reconstruction
388:
385:
384:
383:
382:
381:
378:
374:
361:
358:
312:Thomas' Legion
297:
294:
293:
292:
286:
280:
274:
268:
262:
256:
250:
244:
241:
233:
230:
229:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
187:
184:
163:
160:
126:
123:
115:William Seward
110:Andrew Jackson
100:Trail of Tears
82:Indian removal
77:
74:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5709:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5659:
5655:
5652:
5648:
5645:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5631:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5594:
5590:
5587:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5569:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5527:
5524:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5502:
5497:
5495:
5490:
5488:
5483:
5482:
5479:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5457:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5384:Photographers
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5359:Gender issues
5357:
5355:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5187:
5186:War Democrats
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5176:Union Leagues
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5075:Turning point
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5045:Naval battles
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4808:and memorials
4804:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4668:Commemoration
4666:
4665:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4510:first inquiry
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4430:Carpetbaggers
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4363:
4359:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3853:West Virginia
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3773:New Hampshire
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3733:Massachusetts
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3473:Hampton Roads
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3463:Fort Donelson
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3359:Morgan's Raid
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3304:Anaconda Plan
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3280:Pacific Coast
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:Positive good
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2929:Panic of 1857
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2889:Border states
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2847:
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2824:
2822:
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2803:
2802:
2795:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:Redbird Smith
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2756:Sam Sixkiller
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
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2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
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2647:
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2639:
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2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
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2599:
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2593:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:Joel B. Mayes
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:Lewis Downing
2539:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2531:Richard Sneed
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:Gerard Parker
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:Tahlonteeskee
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2446:William Hicks
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2396:Little Turkey
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2327:Cherokee Path
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2115:Landmarks and
2113:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:Eastern Band
2094:
2090:
2089:Tahlonteeskee
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2059:Running Water
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1669:Male Seminary
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:Organizations
1598:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1097:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1049:9780817384661
1045:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1028:9780029141809
1024:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1006:0-8061-1758-3
1002:
998:
993:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
954:
948:
944:
939:
938:
919:
912:
903:
894:
880:
876:
870:
862:
855:
847:
840:
838:
836:
827:
825:9780029141809
821:
817:
812:
811:
802:
800:
790:
788:
771:
767:
760:
751:
749:
740:
738:9780029141809
734:
730:
725:
724:
715:
701:
697:
691:
677:
673:
667:
653:
649:
642:
633:
624:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
569:
561:
548:
540:
533:
526:
522:
519:
514:
510:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
478:
467:
460:
451:
442:
438:
435:This section
433:
430:
426:
425:
417:
415:
409:
405:
402:
393:
379:
375:
371:
370:
368:
367:
366:
357:
355:
354:Robert E. Lee
351:
347:
342:
340:
339:Astoogahtogeh
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
306:
302:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
235:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
191:
183:
179:
177:
173:
169:
159:
157:
151:
149:
141:
136:
131:
122:
120:
116:
111:
108:
103:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
83:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:
34:
25:
20:
16:
5643:
5325:Bibliography
5308:Other topics
5286:
5250:By ethnicity
5218:
5171:Trent Affair
5070:Signal Corps
4927:
4650:White League
4537:Ku Klux Klan
4450:Confederados
4377:Constitution
4249:D. D. Porter
4102:Breckinridge
3813:Rhode Island
3808:Pennsylvania
3563:Spotsylvania
3523:Stones River
3503:2nd Bull Run
3453:1st Bull Run
3339:Stones River
3240:Marine Corps
3207:Marine Corps
3046:Abolitionism
3033:
2986:
2798:
2786:Shawna Baker
2721:Ned Christie
2646:John W. Hair
2606:Ross Swimmer
2601:W. W. Keeler
2356:Amouskositte
2302:Tuckaleechee
2272:Abrams Creek
2234:Untokiasdiyi
2209:Blythe Ferry
1760:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1651:
1551:
1470:
1416:Tribal Wars
1290:Booger dance
1153:Eastern Band
1084:
1065:
1057:
1038:
1016:
996:
964:
960:
942:
923:September 7,
921:. Retrieved
911:
902:
893:
882:. Retrieved
878:
869:
860:
854:
845:
809:
776:February 19,
774:. Retrieved
769:
759:
722:
714:
703:. Retrieved
699:
690:
679:. Retrieved
675:
666:
655:. Retrieved
651:
641:
636:Gibson p.119
632:
627:Gibson p.117
623:
582:
578:
568:
547:cite journal
532:
513:
458:
445:
441:adding to it
436:
410:
406:
398:
363:
360:Organization
352:for General
343:
332:
310:
189:
186:Organization
180:
165:
152:
145:
104:
93:
79:
31:
29:
15:
5131:Copperheads
4843:Confederate
4735:Black Codes
4061:E. K. Smith
3942:Confederate
3889:New Orleans
3884:Chattanooga
3748:Mississippi
3648:Connecticut
3616:territories
3607:Involvement
3568:Cold Harbor
3558:Fort Pillow
3548:Chattanooga
3543:Chickamauga
3493:Seven Pines
3483:New Orleans
3448:Fort Sumter
3389:Valley 1864
3222:Confederacy
3019:Slave Power
2999:Fire-Eaters
2746:Major Ridge
2726:John Martin
2706:Joseph Vann
2596:J. B. Milam
2521:Joyce Dugan
2491:John Rogers
2486:John Looney
2481:Sam Houston
2411:Incalatanga
2224:Mantle Rock
2149:Long Island
1886:Island town
1724:1842 revolt
1632:Youth Choir
1331:Nun'Yunu'Wi
1285:Stomp dance
1273:Black drink
1268:Ethnobotany
793:Rozema p.49
754:Rozema p.48
335:Baptist Gap
172:Albert Pike
156:Fort Towson
148:Stand Watie
140:Stand Watie
70:recognition
58:Stand Watie
54:Appalachian
24:Stand Watie
5676:Categories
5600:San Marino
5364:Juneteenth
4885:Cemeteries
4762:Red Shirts
4673:Centennial
4623:Red Shirts
4031:Longstreet
3961:Beauregard
3904:Winchester
3879:Charleston
3848:Washington
3783:New Mexico
3778:New Jersey
3638:California
3614:States and
3598:Five Forks
3583:Mobile Bay
3553:Wilderness
3533:Gettysburg
3513:Perryville
3498:Seven Days
3429:Appomattox
3354:Gettysburg
3314:New Mexico
3181:Combatants
3156:Combatants
3069:John Brown
2799:See also:
2701:David Vann
2696:James Vann
2691:Wauhatchie
2681:Goingsnake
2656:Nancy Ward
2476:John Jolly
2431:Pathkiller
2391:Old Tassel
2381:Oconostota
2049:Turtletown
2044:Turkeytown
2034:Tuckasegee
1969:Oostanaula
1916:Long Swamp
1911:Kulsetsiyi
1660:Education
1394:Ani-kutani
1351:Tsul 'Kalu
1316:Deer Woman
1095:0765309580
884:2024-03-14
705:2024-03-14
681:2024-03-14
657:2024-03-14
373:(Chaplain)
76:Background
5609:(as Siam)
5523:Australia
5342:Espionage
5136:Diplomacy
5104:Political
5060:POW camps
4806:Monuments
4633:Scalawags
4628:Redeemers
4366:Aftermath
4315:Pinkerton
4254:Rosecrans
4219:McClellan
4122:Memminger
3858:Wisconsin
3823:Tennessee
3743:Minnesota
3718:Louisiana
3593:Nashville
3538:Vicksburg
3468:Pea Ridge
3419:Carolinas
3374:Red River
3369:Knoxville
3349:Tullahoma
3344:Vicksburg
3324:Peninsula
3296:campaigns
3162:Campaigns
2939:Secession
2711:Bob Benge
2676:Junaluska
2511:Tsaladihi
2501:Yonaguska
2451:John Ross
2436:Big Tiger
2416:Tagwadihi
2406:Kunokeski
2386:Savanukah
2322:Tlanusiyi
2189:Fort Cass
2084:Tahlequah
2064:Titsohili
2029:Tsatanugi
1944:Nickajack
1931:Nantahala
1926:Nacoochee
1856:Dirt town
1836:Conasauga
1826:Chilhowee
1816:Brasstown
1797:Towns and
1779:in Kansas
1714:Blood Law
1346:U'tlun'ta
1224:syllabary
615:144646968
599:0022-4529
420:Monuments
387:Aftermath
324:Alum Cave
90:John Ross
5607:Thailand
5456:Category
5297:Seminole
5287:Cherokee
5040:Medicine
4993:Military
4906:Veterans
4740:Jim Crow
4505:timeline
4300:Ericsson
4283:Civilian
4264:Sheridan
4224:McDowell
4184:Farragut
4169:Burnside
4159:Anderson
4152:Military
4132:Stephens
4092:Benjamin
4085:Civilian
3971:Buchanan
3949:Military
3894:Richmond
3843:Virginia
3788:New York
3763:Nebraska
3753:Missouri
3738:Michigan
3728:Maryland
3713:Kentucky
3688:Illinois
3663:Delaware
3643:Colorado
3628:Arkansas
3588:Franklin
3508:Antietam
3379:Overland
3334:Maryland
3253:Theaters
3159:Theaters
2616:Joe Byrd
2556:Utselata
2546:Degataga
2466:Degadoga
2461:The Bowl
2239:Standing
2099:Cherokee
2054:Tuskegee
2014:Tomotley
2009:Tomassee
1974:Red Clay
1921:Mialoquo
1876:Hiwassee
1871:Frogtown
1861:Ducktown
1851:Crowtown
1799:villages
1384:Treaties
1377:military
1372:timeline
1336:Nûñnë'hï
1214:Language
1184:Calendar
1134:Cherokee
521:Archived
463:See also
448:May 2023
401:smallpox
176:Arkansas
66:Oklahoma
33:Cherokee
5586:Prussia
5579:Morocco
5565:Ireland
5530:Bahamas
5423:Related
5292:Choctaw
5282:Catawba
5065:Rations
5010:Cavalry
4872:Removal
4500:efforts
4484:of 1873
4330:Stevens
4325:Stanton
4310:Lincoln
4269:Sherman
4204:Halleck
4194:Frémont
4179:Du Pont
4117:Mallory
4076:Wheeler
4011:Jackson
3991:Forrest
3931:Leaders
3874:Atlanta
3838:Vermont
3758:Montana
3698:Indiana
3673:Georgia
3668:Florida
3633:Arizona
3623:Alabama
3573:Atlanta
3488:Corinth
3440:battles
3384:Atlanta
3364:Bristoe
3265:Western
3260:Eastern
3165:Battles
2964:Slavery
2868:Origins
2854:Origins
2741:Sequoya
2361:Old Hop
2297:Chatata
2039:Tugaloo
2024:Toxoway
2004:Tellico
1994:Talulah
1979:Settico
1954:Nununyi
1949:Nikwasi
1891:Isunigu
1846:Coyotee
1821:Chatuga
1719:Slavery
1564:Removal
1367:History
1360:History
1304:Legends
1278:Kanuchi
1251:Marbles
1219:history
1174:Society
1167:Culture
981:2197976
676:HISTORY
607:3790444
346:slavery
170:, with
80:Before
46:Western
35:in the
5593:Russia
5572:Mexico
5558:Hawaii
5551:France
5544:Canada
5537:Brazil
5466:Portal
5404:Tokens
4340:Welles
4320:Seward
4305:Hamlin
4274:Thomas
4209:Hooker
4174:Butler
4127:Seddon
4112:Hunter
4097:Bocock
4071:Taylor
4066:Stuart
4056:Semmes
4036:Morgan
3996:Gorgas
3976:Cooper
3867:Cities
3803:Oregon
3768:Nevada
3708:Kansas
3678:Hawaii
3578:Crater
3478:Shiloh
3438:Major
3424:Mobile
3294:Major
3168:States
3119:Caning
2336:People
1999:Tanasi
1989:Talisi
1964:Oconee
1939:Echota
1906:Kituwa
1901:Keowee
1866:Etowah
1765:(2005)
1757:(1871)
1748:(1832)
1740:(1831)
1389:Kituwa
1204:Ghigau
1199:Gadugi
1194:Chiefs
1141:Tribes
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5196:Music
4815:Union
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4495:trial
4295:Chase
4290:Adams
4259:Scott
4234:Meigs
4229:Meade
4199:Grant
4189:Foote
4164:Buell
4145:Union
4107:Davis
4051:Price
4041:Mosby
3986:Ewell
3981:Early
3966:Bragg
3828:Texas
3723:Maine
3683:Idaho
3189:Union
2661:Tsali
2426:Enola
2242:Stone
2019:Toqua
1959:Ocoee
1896:Joara
1841:Cowee
1831:Chota
1413:Wars
1189:Clans
977:JSTOR
611:S2CID
603:JSTOR
506:Notes
5394:Salt
5000:Arms
4850:List
4822:List
4335:Wade
4244:Pope
4214:Hunt
4046:Polk
4006:Hood
4001:Hill
3833:Utah
3798:Ohio
3703:Iowa
3235:Navy
3230:Army
3202:Navy
3197:Army
1755:case
1090:ISBN
1070:ISBN
1044:ISBN
1023:ISBN
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947:ISBN
925:2017
820:ISBN
778:2018
733:ISBN
595:ISSN
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4026:Lee
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